Aerobic Respiration Power Point
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Transcript of Aerobic Respiration Power Point
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Lecture 7
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Metabolism The Transformation of Energy
• Cells either get their energy either by ________________ or _________ ________.
• But a cell can’t just use sunlight or nutrients to run cellular reactions.
• What type of fuel is needed to run a cell? _____
Cells Can’t Eat Hamburgers
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_________ and _________
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
ATP Production and Energy Storage
Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism
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Building and Breaking Down Molecules
Anabolic Reaction (anabolism)
The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are _________ into the complex materials of living tissue.
Catabolic Reaction(catabolism)
The metabolic ___________ of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.
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Metabolism Simplified
Endergonic ReactionsExergonic
Reactions
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Catabolism and Anabolism
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
ATP Production and Energy Storage
Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism
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Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
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Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
What do they have to do with metabolism?
•Cells use special molecules to carry electrons (often in H atoms).
•This is potential energy.
•Two important __________ __________– Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) → add electrons & hydrogen →
NADH– Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) → add electrons and hydrogen → FADH2
•Think of these energy carriers as rechargeable batteries. (When they have the electrons and hydrogens they are charged up, when they don’t, they need charging.)
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Catabolism and Anabolism
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
ATP Production and Energy Storage
Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism
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Production &
Energy Storage
Phosphorylation – organic phosphate is added to substrate
ATPATP
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Catabolism and Anabolism
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
ATP Production and Energy Storage
Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism
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•Organisms catabolize (______________) carbohydrates as the primary energy source for anabolic reactions.
•The monosaccharide __________ is used most commonly.
•Glucose catabolized by:– Aerobic cellular respiration → Results in complete breakdown of glucose
to carbon dioxide, water and a lot of
– Anaerobic respiration & Fermentation → Only partially breaks down glucose, into pyruvic acid and organic waste products and a little .
Carbohydrate Catabolism
ATPATP
ATPATP
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration →
Utilizes ____________, synthesis of acetyl CoA, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and ATPATP
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Glycolysis• Occurs in ___________
of most cells.
• Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules of _______________.
• Produces a net gain of 2
• Produces 2 NADH
ATPATP
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Figure 5.14
Glycolysis Energy Investment & Lysis
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Figure 5.14
Glycolysis Energy Conserving Stage
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration →
Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of ________, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and
ATPATP
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Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA
The two molecules of pyruvic acid result in:
– Two molecules of __________– Two molecules of _____
(This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe out.)
– Two molecules of ______ (electron carrier)
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration →
Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of acetyl-CoA, ____________, and electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and
ATPATP
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•Great amount of energy remains in bonds of acetyl-CoA
•The Krebs cycle transfers much of this energy to electron carriers NAD+ and FAD
•Occurs in _________ of prokaryotes and in matrix of _________ in eukaryotes.
Kreb’s Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle)
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Figure 5.19
The Krebs Cycle
The two molecules of Acetyl Co-A result in:
– Two molecules of
– Two molecules of ________ (electron carrier)
– Six molecules of ________ (electron carrier)
– Four molecules of _______(This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe out.)
ATP
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration →
Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of acetyl-CoA, Kreb’s cycle, and ____________________; results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and
ETC MOVIE: http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie.htm
ATPATP
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Electron Transport
• Most of the ATP made in cellular respiration comes from the stepwise release of energy through a series of redox reactions between molecules known as an electron transport chain (ETC).
• Located in cristae of __________ in eukaryotes and in the ________________ of prokaryotes.
Three main events important in the ETCs generation of ATP:
1. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________
Image: www.cartage.org.lb/.../Mitochondria.htm
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Electron Transport
1. ________________
• The electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) bring electrons and protons (H+) to the ETC.
• Carrier molecules in the membrane of the mitochondria pass electrons from one to another and ultimately to final electron acceptor.
Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Mitochondrial_electron_transport_chain.png
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Electron Transport
2. ______________________
• Energy from each electron being passed down the chain is used to pump protons (H+) from one side of the membrane to the other.
• Proton gradient = type of ____________ (difference in ion concentration on either side of a membrane) … potential energy available for work in cell.
Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Mitochondrial_electron_transport_chain.png
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Electron Transport
3. ________________
•H+ ions flow down proton gradient through protein channels (ATP synthase) that phosphorylate ADP to make ATP.
Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Mitochondrial_electron_transport_chain.png
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Electron Transport
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Electron Transport
ETC Movie: http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie.htm
ETC Animated Graphic: http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html
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Image: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/glucose.html
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Image: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect12.htm
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Aerobic cellular respiration →
Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of _________ to carbon dioxide, water &
The ultimate objective is to make molecules to do cellular work.
Each NADH results in 3 ATP, Each FADH2 results in 2 ATP.
A total of 38 molecules of ATP are formed from one molecule of glucose.
Lets figure out how we got 38 ATP by the end of aerobic respiration.
ATP
ATP
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Where does all this energy come from?
In other words, how do we get glucose to begin with?
____________ - organism that makes organic compounds from inorganic sources.
Plants, some bacteria, and some protista make their own food using light energy.
___________- organism that cannot make organic compounds from inorganic sources.
They obtain their organic compounds by consuming other organisms. Almost all animals, fungi and some Protista and bacteria.
Sun → Autotroph → Heterotroph
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Conversion of Energy
• Every food chain begins with __________ pathways in organisms that synthesize their own organic molecules from inorganic carbon dioxide.
• Most of these organisms capture light energy from the sun and use it to drive the synthesis of _________from CO2 and H2O by a process called photosynthesis.
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Cells that Run on Solar Power
•Organisms capture light energy with pigment molecules; primarily – ______________.
•Prokaryotic autotrophs have chlorophyll in their cytoplasm.
•Eukaryotic autotrophs have chlorophyll organized in special photosystems within ________________ organelles.
Cyanobacteria are large photosynthetic bacteria.
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Metabolic Processes … Bottom Line
• Every cell acquires __________.
• Metabolism requires energy from _______ or from ___________ of nutrients.
• Energy is ultimately converted to _____ .
• is used to do cellular
work.
ATP