ADVERBUL

ADVERBUL

Determina un verb in sensul lui concret, de baza

Determina un adjectivEx: He runs quickly because he is extremely quick.

In general adverbul este terminat in ly, dar nu tot ce are ly este adverb.

De regula se formeaza din adjectiv + ly.

Modificari ortografice:

1) daca adjectivul se termina in e, acesta se pastreaza ely

Ex: nice nicely

Exceptii:

due duly (datorat)

true truly

whole wholly

2) daca adjectivul se termina in le, se transforma e in y/ ly

Ex: capable capably

3) daca adjectivul se termina in ll, se adauga doar lly

Ex: full fully

4) daca adjectivul se termina in ic, se adauga ally

Ex: automatic automatically

5) daca adjectivul se termina in y, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de consoana, se transforma in i si se adauga ily

Ex: pretty prettily

gay gaily

Exceptii:

shy shyly

wry wryly

coy coyly (sfios)

6) adjectivul good face adverbul well

! ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly

Ex: usually = usual + ly

bitterly = bitter + ly

awfully = awful + ly

Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)

1. bright = brightly

2. sound = soundly

3. fair = fairly

4. tight = tightly(sunt echivalente)

5. dear = dearly

6. dead = deadly

7. cheap = cheaply

Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.

! forma in ly se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv

Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu he is dead tired).

Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)

Ex: She bought it cheap.

dar

We traveled cheaply.

Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite

clean = complet

cleanly = intr-o maniera curata

clear = exact

clearly = intr-o maniera clara

close = apropiat

closely = indeaproape

deep = adanc

deeply = profund

direct = direct

directly = imediat

due = spre (la busola)

Ex: They went due South.

duly = punctual

easy = usor

Ex: Take it easy!easily = intr-o maniera lejera

free = gratis

freely = pe sleau, deschis

full = complet

fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa

hard = greu

hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc

high = sus

highly = foarte

just = tocmai

justly = asa cum se cuvine

late = tarziu

lately = in ultima vreme

large = extins

largely = pe scara larga

most = majoritatea

mostly = cu precadere

near = langa

nearly = aproape ca

pretty = foarte

prettily = intr-o maniera draguta

right = exact

rightly = cu precizie, clar

sharp = fix

sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa

short = brusc

shortly = imediat

Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles

fast

far

early

alike

alone

past

solo

straight

next

little

outside

! daca adjectivul se termina in ly, el devine adverb prin contructia

in a + adj + manner Ex: He is a friendly person.

adj

He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.

adv

coward = las (substantiv)

cowardly = las (adjectiv)

in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)

Gradele de comparatie

Se construiesc astfel:

1) daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se fac cu er si est)

Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast2) daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung (cu more si the most)

Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most quickly of all / very quickly

Comparatia regulata

well better the best

badly worse the worst

much more the most

far farther the farthest

further the furthest

near nearer the next

little less the least

late later the last

Adverbe de timp

ago se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent

Ex: I saw her one hour ago.

! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune beforeEx: I told her that I had met her one hour before.

for arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.

Ex: I havent met her for two years.

! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut

Ex: I was a student for two years (Im no longer a student).

! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)

! nu se pune for dupa verbele:

to last

to take

to wait

to spend

to stayEx: Ive been waiting ten minutes, (si nu Ive been waiting for ten minutes).

It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).

since arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.

Ex: I havent met her since Monday.

Locutiuni adverbiale

subst + after + substday after day

year after year

month after month

during urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care presupune actiuni paralele.

During poate fi inlocuit cu in daca se refera la perioade de timp

Ex: during my life = in my life

from to poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii

Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand)

I get up at 8 oclock and work till 10 oclock.

! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from to in loc de to

Adverbul de mod

fairly foarte, dar nu extraordinarEx: Your story is fairly interesting.

Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul la gradul pozitiv.

quite este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere favorabila.Ex: This car is quite cheap.

! cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie, quite capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.

Ex: Your dress is quite unique.

rather se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este = foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative.

Ex: This car is rather expensive.

Poate fi precedat si urmat de articolul a

Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.

This is rather a difficult exercise.

pretty foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)

Ex: Im pretty tired.

very Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau superlativ)

Ex: I do my very best.

He is very much faster than I am.

much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul

Ex: He is much faster than I am.

by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul

Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.

too se cupleaza cu pozitivul

Ex: He is too fast.

enough se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el

Ex: He is fast enough for a champion.

so se cupleaza- cu much, many, little, few + substantiv

- cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv

Ex:It is so difficult.

I have so many friends / so much money.

There is so little time left.

such urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de a

- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la plEx:He is such a man.

They are such interesting persons.