Advancing Indirect Potable Reuse in...
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Advancing Indirect Potable Reuse in Oklahoma Michael J. Graves Michael J. Watts, P.E., Ph.D.
Transcript of Advancing Indirect Potable Reuse in...
Advancing Indirect Potable Reuse in Oklahoma
Michael J. GravesMichael J. Watts, P.E., Ph.D.
Indirect Potable Reuse Drivers
“In Oklahoma, the period between January and March was the driest since 1921, including the 1930s Dust Bowl years”
The Wall Street Journal, 4/12/11, Ana Campoy
Any Relief In Sight?
Indirect Potable Reuse Drivers
• Stream studies (TMDLs)– Improving stream quality– Establish new permits– Reducing PS loads– Lower bacteria counts– More stringent nutrient requirements
• POTWs forced to consider Advanced Treatment alternatives
Indirect Potable Reuse Drivers
Wastewater ReuseWastewater Reuse
Reuse in Oklahoma
• HB 3055 Water for 2060 Act• 1st in the Nation• No more fresh water consumed in 2060 than is today
ODEQ Reuse Regulations
Reuse Categories
Category No. 1 Indirect Potable Reuse/ Aquifer Recharge.
Category No. 2 Application where there is a relatively high risk to human exposure such as residential irrigation.
Category No. 3 Application where there is lesser risk to human exposure such as irrigation of vineyards, restricted golf course irrigation
Category No. 4 Low risk application such as pasture for non-dairy animals or sod farms.
ODEQ Reuse Regulations
Reuse Categories
Category No. 1 Indirect Potable Reuse/ Aquifer Recharge.
Category No. 2 Application where there is a relatively high risk to human exposure such as residential irrigation.
Category No. 3 Application where there is lesser risk to human exposure such as irrigation of vineyards, restricted golf course irrigation
Category No. 4 Low risk application such as pasture for non-dairy animals or sod farms.
Stakeholder Workshops on IPR
Municipal League
Municipal League
UniversityUniversity
Water SuppliersWater
Suppliers
ODEQODEQOWRBOWRB
IndustryIndustry
PublicPublic
Sub Comm #1 Sub Comm #2
Indirect Water Reuse Subcommittee
• Technology– Current treatment methods for producing high‐quality effluent are not recognized in the ODEQ construction standards
• Membranes• Advanced Oxidation• Etc.
Indirect Water Reuse Subcommittee
• Water Quality Standards– Current WQS don’t allow new point source discharges into a Sensitive Water Supply (SWS)
– SWS• Public Water Supply
Must demonstrate “no impact”
Implementation of Indirect Potable Reuse
What is the RISK?Indirect Potable Reuse
Water Reclamation
Facility
Environmental BufferEnvironmental BufferAquatic Human
Cyanobacteria Cyanotoxins
Bio‐accumulation of recalcitrant organics (plasticizers, flame retardants, etc.)
Xeno‐androgens/xeno‐estrogens
Antibiotic bacterial gene transfer
Potential System Impacts
What is the RISK?Direct Potable Reuse
Water Reclamation
Facility
Environmental Buffer
Aquatic Human
National Research Council (2012) –“The risk from 24 selected chemicalcontaminants in the two potable reuse scenariosdoes not appear to exceed the risk in commonexisting water supplies.”
Potential System Impacts
Robust, conservative engineering with multiple‐barriers for pathogens and anthropogenic organic pollutants
y
Water TreatmentFacility
IPR remains most realistic scenario for potable reuse in most cases
• Most Significant Obstacle to DPR• Public Acceptance / YUCK Factor Copyright 2007 by City Wire
If IPR is here to stay. . .
• A multi‐pronged approach is needed to protect against deterioration of freshwater resources
• Example: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCP)
• Multiple point‐ and non‐point sources in urban hydrosphere
• Buy‐in and participation of all watershed stakeholders needed to fully protect sensitive water supplies from impacts of waste‐indicator compound (e.g., PPCPs) accumulation
PPCPs: A Tangled Web. . .
Sound Engineering+
BMPs
Leachate as Source of PPCPs
USGS Monitoring: IN Landfill 2000 – 2002 (Buszka et al. 2009)
Waste‐Indicators Max Concentration (g/L)
Bisphenol‐a 1.3
Tributyl Phosphate 0.64
Ibuprofen 3.1
diethylphthalate 1.2
Impact of Pre-oxidation on PPCPs in Leachate
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
C/C
0
TCEPControl
TCEP O3/H2O2
TBEP O3TCEP O3TBEP
ControlTBEP
O3/H2O2
E2Control
E2 O3/H2O2
E2 O3
Day 0 Day 5 Day 10-15
t1/2
Control
50/50 Ozonated Leachate/Sludge Slurry
Source: Feng and Watts 2013
Advanced Septic Systems
Domestic Wastewater
Source: Anderson, Florida DOH 2012
Significant decrease in both EDC concentration and estrogenic activity
Source: Stanford and Weinberg 2010
Impact of California Title 22 & Florida Reuse Regulations
• “Gold‐standard” for wastewater reclamation for IPR
Activated Sludge
MicrofiltrationMembranes
Reverse Osmosis
UV Advanced Oxidation
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Impact of MF / RO / UV on PPCPsCASE Study: Orange County Water District (CA)
70 MGD of reclaimed wastewater for aquifer recharge
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Parts p
er trillion (ppt)
GemfibrozilOxybenzoneDEET
UV Disinfection+Oxidation
Source: OCWD/Snyder
Schools of Thought on AOP
The Role of Advanced Oxidation (with UV or O3) in IPR
1. Can be used to provide oxidative barrier for priority pollutants that pass RO• Nitrosamines (NDMA)
• 1,4‐Dioxane
2. Enhanced Disinfection + conversion of recalcitrant organics to biodegradable organic carbon
•OH
Defined treatment goals for 70‐90% oxidation(CA Title 22)
EDC half-life in wastewater-influenced streams. . .
Fourmile Creek• t1/2 > 30 days
Boulder Creek• t1/2 ~ 10 days
South Platte River• t1/2 ~ 15 days
Impact of Pre-oxidation on PPCPs in Leachate
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
C/C
0
TCEPControl
TCEP O3/H2O2
TBEP O3TCEP O3TBEP
ControlTBEP
O3/H2O2
E2Control
E2 O3/H2O2
E2 O3
Day 0 Day 5 Day 10-15
t1/2
Control
50/50 Ozonated Leachate/Sludge Slurry
Source: Feng and Watts 2013
Sensitive Water Supply
The complete picture for water resource protection from PPCPs
Advanced Water Reclamation
Solid Waste Management
Multi‐barrier Treatment
