Advances in vitamin mineral nutrition in livestock
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Transcript of Advances in vitamin mineral nutrition in livestock
Dr. Rameswar Panda
Teaching Asst.
College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad
Advances in Vitamin & Mineral
Nutrition in Livestock
Mineral
s
Function Cause of deficiency
Cu Transport of Iron in the body, synthesis of
collagen, myelin sheath formation, component
of cytochrome oxidase,
superoxidase,ceruloplasmin, tyrosinase,
stability to DNA/RNA.
High Mo, Cu:Mo ratio below
3:1,
Fe Component of catalase, oXidase, peroxidase,
Myoglobin, transferrin, ferittin
Parasitic infestation, raw
cotton seed meal feeding
Zn Component of 70 enzymes like alcoholic
dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, carboxy
peptidase,DNA-RNApolymerase,
spermatogenesis, helps in Vit-A utilisation,
integrity of immune system, prostaglandin
metabolism,
Over cultivation of soil.
Mn Constituent of arginase, carboxylase,
transferase, hydrolase, mucoploysaccharide
synthesis, glycoprotein synthesis, maintains
membrane integrity, regulate CL
Prolonged intake of dry
fodder, in poultry Mn
deficiency occures due to
deficiency of Ca,P.
Co Recycling of methionine, purine and pyrimidine
synthesis
Legumes are superior in Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Co than the grasses.
Grasses has higher content of Mn and Mo than the legumes.
Straw and Stover contains excess tannin, silica and oxalates.
Straws are the major roughage source for animal feeding.
With increased soil PH, there has been drastic decrease in Mn level.
The soil in tropical climate is deficient in P.
Requirement of minerals for RuminantsMajor
Minerals
(% of diet)
Young
stock
Lactating
animals
Sheep and goat Maximum
tolerable limit
Ca 0.50 0.70 0.50 2.0
P 0.31 0.48 0.27 1.0
Mg 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.50
S 0.16 0.25 0.26 0.40
Na 0.10 0.18 0.18 1.5
K 0.65 1.0 0.70 3.0
Trace minerals
(mg/kg DM)
Young stock Lactating animal Sheep and Goat
Co 0.10 0.10 0.10
Cu 10.0 10.0 10.0
Fe 50.0 50.0 50.0
Mn 40.0 40.0 40.0
Zn 40.0 40.0 40.0
Calcium
1. Forages are good source of
Ca.
2. Ca in feed stuff is present in the form of oxalate and
phytate.
3. Addition of lactose and
casein increase the absorption
and retention of Ca in both
ruminants and non ruminants.
4.The descending order of Ca bioavailabilty
*Ca gluconate>Mono calciumphosphate>Dicalcium phosphate>Ca Chloride> bone meal> egg shell>lime stone>oyster shell>Ca sulphate> Ca Carbonate
Phosphorous
Known as master mineral
Naturally occuring phytic
acid is hydrolysed by
ruminants, except poultry
and swine
Worldwide P is the most deficient mineral.
In plants, available as Phytic acid, which should be degraded to Phosphoric acid by phytase to make it available to animals.
Cereal grains and oil seed
contain moderate to
high amount of P.
Magnesium
Most Mg occurs in bones and muscles.
Grass tetany happens due to deficiency of Mg in serum and CSF caused by feeding of lush grass high in K and low in Ca
and Mg.
Apparent absorption of Mg from plant is 20-45%.
Supplimentation of readily formentable
carbohydrate increase the Mg absorption.
Mg in sulphate form is better absorbed.
Potassium
The third most abundant mineral in
the body, the measure cation in
the intracellular fluid
a. Forage contain K @ 1-4%
b. Average absorption of K from
plants is 87-94%.
c.K is excreted from the body primiarily in the form of urine.
d.Bioavaolability of K in the order of KCl>Kbicarbonate>K sulphate/carbonate
Sulphur
1. Sulphur is the component of Methionine, Cystine, Cysteine, Thiamine and Biotin.
2. Inorganic S rumen microbes Organic Sulphur
S. Amino acids synthesized from
Sulphides oxidised sulphates
K.Sulphate> Mg sulphate>Na Sulphate>Ca sulphate
Sorghum deficient in S.
Chromium
a.Glucose Tolerance Factor
b. 0.02-1mg/kg Crstressed animals
Produce meat animals with less fat and more fat
Cobalt
3-13% of Co is converted to
VitB12
Copper
Cu is available more from concentrate diets.
The requirement is increased by both S and Mo.
React to thiomolybdeatesto form insolube
complex.
S cu sulphide
Cu
Storage-liver
Excretion-bile
Well absorbed form- Cu Sulphate &Cupric carbonate
T3
T4
Iodine
Thyroxine
Energy metabolism
Goiterogenic substances
Thiocyanate
glucosinolatesExample-
Soyabean meal &
cotton seed meal
Brassica
Thiouracil goitrogenIodination of Tyrosine molecules
Fe
Oxygen Transport
>50% Iron (HB)
Deficiency is secondary
Cereal grains (30-60mg/kg)
Oil seeds (100-200mg/kg)
Meat and fish meal (400-500mg/kg)
Forage (70-500mg/kg)
Milk deficient
Animal protein high in Fe
Iron variation in forage is due to soil
contamination
Ca/P Fe
Manganese
Component of Arginase, carboxylase , Superoxide dismutase
Cereal grains-5-40mg/kg
Forage-30-50mg/kg
Animal protein-5-15mg/kg
Molybdenum
Component of Xanthine oxidase
Deficiency not common in cattle
Sulphate and Molybdenum have common
transport system
The conditions favouring Mo uptake in forages are
a. High moisture
b. Alkaline/neutral PH
c. High organic content
SELENIUM
Glutathione peroxidase-1st selenium metalloenzyme
G.Peroxidase reduces hydrogen peroxide, prevents oxidative damage to the body
Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase- deiodination
of thyroxine to triiodothyronine
(metabolically active)
Selenium toxicity
1. Blind staggers
2. Alkali disease/degnala
Vit-E and Se are intercorrelated.
Zn
A. strong role in immune system
B. Every phase of growth requires Zn.
C. a role in steroid genesis, vit-A metabolism D. Zn & Vit-A have synergestic action.
A. Role in reproductive status of the females.
B. Relative bioavailability of Zn is 60-70%.
Curtailing of menace of Mineral deficiency
A.Enrichment of soil
B. Mineral biofortification
of plants
C.Directmethod of
mineral supplimentation
D. Supplimentationof area specific mineral mixture
NEWER TRACE ELEMENTS
Boran increase Ca & Mg retention
Li-> effective in recovery of bovine spastic paresis
Si- helps in glycosamineand collagen
synthesis.
Supplimentation of Vanadium at 0.1ppm increase growth
rate, RBC and hameoglobinlevel and helped in bone formation in jaw defect.
Present in plants in the form of carotenes and
carotenoids.
Deficiency associated with vision, bone
development, epithelial structure and maintenance.
Supplementation of Zn reduces the deficiency
of Vit A
10 times dietary level of Vit A depress Vit E
utilisation.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Comprised of antirachiticcompounds
Two forms
a. Ergocalciferol(D2), derived from ergosterol
b. Cholecalciferol(D3),derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol, found
in animals
a. absorbed in intestine along with lipid and bile
salts.
b. Requirement in cattle-250IU/kg DM
Deficiency vit D- Rickets (young)->failure to utilise Ca,P
Osteomalacia (adults)-> Bone weaken,fracture
Vitamin E
Occures in feed as ὰ-tocopherol,stored in liver Adipose tissue
Vit-E requirement in calf is 60IU/kg DM.
Vit-E deficiency can be precipitated by the intake of unsaturated fats.
Muscular dystrophy, white muscle disease
Prevents mastitis during periparturientperiod
Vitamin K
Vit K
Antihaemorrhagic
Phylloquinone(K1)->plants
Menaquinone(K2)->fbacterial flora
Sweet clover disease
Antagonist to dicumarol
Ruminants->VitK2
Vit K1-> abundant
Water soluble vitamins (Vit B)
Abundant in milk.
Synthesized by rumen organisms.
Vitamin B12
4.5%Co
Metabolism of nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrate,fat
Adenosylcobalamine
Methylcobalamine
Propionate metabolism
B1
Cocarboxylase
Role in TCA cycle
Glucose metabolism
Nervous disorder
Glucose supply to the brain
Synthesis by rumen organisms
Liver detoxification of blood NH3 to urea and liver metabolism of
ketone in ketosis
Coenzyme of NAD & NADP
a. Dietary niacin
b. Tryptophan to niacin
c. Ruminalsynthensis
Scaly dermatitis
Young animals Microcytic anemia
Choline
Essential for maintaining cell structure and
formation of acetyl choline.
All naturally occurring fats contain choline.
Calves fed a synthetic milk diet containing 15%
caesin exhibited signs of choline deficiency.
It is recommended to add 0.26% choline in milk
replacers.