Advances in ornamental / Vol. 2 / Herbaceous perennials and … · 2014. 2. 25. · —Photoperiod...

ADVANCES IN ORNAMENTAL

HORTICULTUREVolume 2

Herbaceous Perennials and Shade Loving Foliage Plants

Prof. Supriya Kumar BhattacharjeeFormerly

M.Sc. (Ag,), Ph.D.

Scientist S-3 and Head

Division of Medicinal and Aromatic CropsIndian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore

Professor of Horticulture and Professor-in-ChargeBidhan Chandra Krishi ViswavidyalayaN. B. Campus, Coochbehar, W. Bengal

Principal Scientist, 1CAR, New Delhi

Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi

Project Coordinator

All India Coordinated Research Project on Floriculture

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi

Pointer Publishers

Jaipur 302 003 (Raj) India

Contents

Preface v

Colour Plates xxi

Contributors xxiii

1. ORCHIDS 1-65

—S. P. Das andS. K. Bhattacharjee

Introduction- I

What are Orchids? 2

Orchids in Human Affairs 3

Orchids in Flower Production 3

Orchids as Medicine 3

Phytochemicals from Orchids 3

Orchids as Spice, Flavouring Agent and Food 4

Orchids as Jewellery 4

Other Uses of Orchids 4

Distribution ofOrchids 5

Types of Orchids 5

Classification ofOrchid Family 6

Growing Orchids: Early Misconceptions 6

Orchid Growing: Basics 6

Growing Orchids: Crucial Factors 7

—Temperature 7

—Light 9

—Photoperiod 10

—Humidity 11

—Ventilation 11

—Watering 11

X

—Potting Mixture 12

—Potting Material 12

—Feeding 15

—Container 16

—Repotting 17

Flowering Control in Orchids 17

Post-Harvest Management 18

Propagation of Orchids 20

—Division 21

—Back Bulb 21

—Keikis 22

—Cutting 22

—Pruning 22

—Seed 23

—Mericloning 23

Orchid Breeding 23

—Natural Hybridisation 23

—Artificial Hybridisation 24

—Hybridisation 24

—How to Proceed 25

—Breeding Objectives 25

—Breeding in Important Genera 26

—Cattleya 26

—Cymbidium 27

—Vanda 28

—Phalaenopsis 29

—Dendrobium 31

—Paphiopedilum 31

Orchid Seed Culture 32

—Raising Plants from Seeds 32

—Seed Age 33

—Seed Storage 34

—Disinfection 34

—Seed Treatment 35

Seed Sowing 36

—Media 36

—Nitrogen and its Source 36

—Carbohydrate and its Source 37

Growth Regulators 37

—Auxins 37

—Cytokinins 38

—Gibberelic Acid 39

—Darkening Agents 39

—Complex Additives 40

xi

2. CARNATION 66-80—Sanyat Misra, Pragya and R. L. Misra

Introduction66

Morphology and Classification 67Species 68Genetics and Breeding 68

—Inheritance of Characters 69

—Breeding 69Varieties 70Growth and Flowering 71

Propagation 72Cultivation 73

—Soil 73

—Growing Structures 73

—Planting 73

—Depth and Spacing 74

—Pinching and Disbudding 74

—Support 74

Nutrition 75

Irrigation 75

Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling 75Diseases 76

Physiological Disorder 77Pests 78

3. CHRYSANTHEMUM 81-108—T. Arumugam, M. Jawaharlal and M. Vijayakumar

Introduction 81

Origin and Distribution 81

Taxonomy 82

—Flowers 82

—Cultivars 82

Classification•83

—Flower Form 83

—Cultural Types 83

—Classification of Chrysanthemums According to National

Chrysanthemum Society (NCS) of America 84

Cultivars 85

—Chrysanthemum Varieties Evolved in India 85

Genetics 85

Crop Improvement 87

—Selection 87

—Hybridisation 87

—Mutation Breeding 88

—In Vitro Studies 88

xii

Production Technology 88

—Growth and Flowering 88

—Environmental Factors 89

—Light 89

—Temperature 92

—Carbon Dioxide 93

—Soil.. 93

Propagation 94—Purchase of Rooted Cuttings 94

—Propagation Environment 94

—Sanitation 95

—Temperature 95

—Light 95

—Mist 95

—Media 95

—Rooting Hormone 95—Growth Retardant 95

—Sucker 95

—Cutting 95

-^Stock Plant Production 96

—Rooting of Cuttings 96

—Micropropagation 96

Planting 96

—Potting Media 97

—Transplanting 97

—Manuring 97

—Nutrient 98

—Fertilisation 98

—Irrigation 99

—Pinching 99

—Disbudding 100

Growth Retardants 101

Scheduling 101Post-Harvest Technology of Chrysanthemum 102

—Maturity 102

—Harvesting 102

—Grading and Bunching 102—Pre-Treatments 102

—Chemical Solutions 103

—Storage 103

—Ethylene Sensitivity 104

—Freezing Injury 104Pests and Diseases 104

xiii

4. ANTHURIUM 109-129

—D. Prakash, K. Sujatha and Sangama

Introduction 109

Morphology and Classification 109

Species and Cultivars 110

Genetics and Breeding IllGrowth and Flowering 112


—Temperature 112

—Light 113

—C02 113

—Role ofGrowth Substances 113

Propagation 113

—Seed Propagation 113

—Vegetative Propagation 114

—Tissue Culture 115

Media 118

Nutrition 118

—Nutrition and Growth Regulators 119

—Nutrition and Shade 120

Harvesting, Grading, Preservation and Packaging 120

—Water Relations 121

—Holding Solutions 122

—Storage 123

Diseases and Pests 123

—Fungal Diseases 123

—Bacterial Diseasesv—

124

—Viral Diseases 124

—Pests 124

5. GERBERA 130-149

—V. L. Sheela

Introduction 130

Botanical Description 131


Genetics and Breeding 132

—Floral Biology !33

—Breeding Objectives 133

—Breeding Methods 133

—Mutation Breeding 134

Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 134

Soil and Climatic Requirements 136

Agro-Techniques 137

—Preparation ofSoil and Planting '37

—Propagation '37

xiv

—Manure and Fertilisers 138

—Irrigation 138

Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling 138

Pot Culture of Gerbera 140

Greenhouse Cultivation 140

Diseases and Pests 142

6. HELICONIA 150-165

—V. L. Sheela

Introduction 150

Taxonomy 151


Floral Biology 155

Biotechnology and Micropropagation 155

Habitats 157

Nursery Practices 157

Environmental Factors 157

Agro-Techniques 160

—Spacing 160

—Manipulation ofGrowth and Flowering 161

—Manure and Fertiliser 161

Harvesting and Post-Harvest Technology 161

Insect Pests and Disease 162

7. BIRDOF PARADISE 166 -173

—K. N. Shiva andS. K. Bhattacharjee

Introduction 166

Crop Improvement 166

Environmental Factors 167

Agrotechniques 168

—Soil and Climate 168

Propagation 168

—Planting 169


—Irrigation and Inter-Culture 169

—Yield 169

Post-Harvest Technology 170

Insect Pests and Diseases 170

Gaps and Future Research Needs 171

8. SOLIDAGO 174-181

—B. Biswas and T. Mandal

Introduction 174

Medicinal Properties 174

Botanical Description 175


XV


Climate 176

Photoperiod 176

Propagation 177

—Seed Propagation 177


Agro-Techniques 177

—Soil, Planting Time and Spacing 177


—Irrigation 178

—Weeding 178

—Harvesting and Post-Harvest Treatments 178

—Diseases and Insects 178

9. PRIMULA 182-220

—Y. D. Sharma andJ. S. Wazir

Importance182

Origin, History and Distribution 182

Principal Areas of Cultivation 183

General Botanical Description 183

Classification 183

Species 184

Commercial Cultivars 192

Breeding and Genetics 195

Production Technology 197

—Cultivation 197

—Propagation 198

—Seed Germination 198

—BioTechnology 200

—Individual Culture 201


—Temperature203

—Light203

—Water 204

—Nutrition 204

—Media 205

—Height Control 207

—Spacing207

—Schedule and Timing207

Flowering Control and Dormancy207

Post-Harvest Technology209

Marketing209

Diseases210

Insects211

Aphids215

xvi

10 PELARGONIUM 221-272

—J. S. Wazir

Introduction 221

Origin 222

History and Distribution 222

Principal Areas of Commercial Cultivation 226

Botanical Distribution 226

Classification 227

Novelty Pelargoniums 229

Floral Biology 230

Genetics and Breeding 230

Pelargonium Breeding Programme 231

—Specific Objectives in Breeding Programmes 235

Species 237

Cultivars 241

Agro Techniques 245

—Pelargoniums as Bedding Plants 245

—Pelargoniums as Flowering Potted Plants 246

Propagation 247


—Tissue Culture in Pelargoniums 251

Role of Environmental Factors 253

—Temperature and Pelargonium Vegetative Stage 253

—Temperature and Pelargonium Reproductive Stage 253

—Light and Pelargonium Vegetative Stage ,254


Nutrition 257

Watering 258

Pinching 258

Carbon Dioxide 259

Post Production Care and Handling 259

—Marketing and Merchandising 259

—Storage and Transportation 259

—Consumer Preferences 260

Physiological Disorders 260

—Oedema 260

—Petal Shatter 261

—Blindness 261

Diseases 261

—Foliar Diseases 261

—Vascular Wilt Diseases 264

—Stem and Root Diseases 265

—Bacterial Fasciation 266

—Viral Diseases 266

Insects 268

xvii

1. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS WITH ATTRACTIVE FOLIAGES 273-343

—A. K. Pal

Introduction 273

Importance 274

Propagation 274

Environmental Requirements for Propagation 275

—Light 275

—Temperature 275

—Water 276


—Spacing 276

—Nutrition 276

—Rooting Hormones 276

Methods of Propagation 276

—Seed 276

—Cuttings 276

—Division 277

—Air Layering 277

—Runners 277

—Spores 277

—Tissue Culture 278

Agro-Techniques 278

—Production Factors 278

—Potting Mixture Components 279

—Planting 281

—Nutrition 281

Water 283


Plant Protection •

285

—Diseases 285

—Insects and Mites 286

—Physiological Disorders 286

Foliage Plants and Environment 287

—Light 287

—Temperature289

—Relative Humidity 289

—Rainfall 289

—Wind 289


Foliage Plants of Commercial Importance 289

Aglaonema •289

—Cultivated Species and Varieties 290

—Propagation 292

—Media and Nutrition 292

—Environment and Growth 292

xviii

—Diseases and Pests 293


Calathea 294

—Cultivated Species and Varieties 294

—Propagation 295

—Media and Nutrition 295

—Growth and Environment 2%


Chlorophytum 296

—Species and Cultivars 296

—Propagation 297


—Medicinal Use and Environmental Purification 297

Cordyline ,297

—Species and Varieties 298

—Propagation 298

—Nutrition 299

—Growth and Environment 299



Dieffenbachia 300


—Propagation 302

—Cultivation 303




—Toxic Effects 306

Dracaena 306


—Propagation 307

—Media and Fertilisers 309


—Growth Regulator Spray 310


—Medicinal Use 310

Monstera 310


—Propagation 311

—Media and Fertiliser 311




Peperomia 312


xix

—Propagation 322

—Media and Fertiliser 322

—Effect ofLight 322

—Height Reduction 322


Philodendron 322


—Propagation 324

—Media325

—Fertiliser 326

—Growth and Environment '. 326

—Irrigation 326

—Effects ofGrowth Retardants 326


Scindapsus 327


—Propagation 327


—Diseases 328

Index 344

Advances in ornamental / Vol. 2 / Herbaceous perennials and … · 2014. 2. 25. · —Photoperiod...

Documents

Transcript of Advances in ornamental / Vol. 2 / Herbaceous perennials and … · 2014. 2. 25. · —Photoperiod...