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![Page 1: Advances in Geosynchronous Observations of the Earth and Atmosphere UW-Madison Paul Menzel NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research With considerable.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f395503460f94c55a2b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Advances in Geosynchronous Observations of the Earth and Atmosphere
UW-Madison
Paul MenzelNESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research
With considerable help fromcolleagues at
Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS)Madison, WI
Early days of ATS and SMSMultispectral with VASAn Operational Sounder
Planning GOES-R40 years in Geostationary Orbit
May 2006
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Early images of clouds from the polar orbiting TIROS in 1960
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Introduction of Geostationary Satellites
On 6 December 1966the Applications Technology Satellite (ATS-1)
was launched.
ATS-1's spin scan cloud camera (Suomi and Parent 1968) provided full disk visible images of the earth and its cloud cover every 20 minutes. The spin scan camera on ATS-1 occurred because of an extraordinary effort by Verner Suomi and Homer Newell, when the satellite was already well into its fabrication.
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“the clouds moved - not the satellite” Verner Suomi
11 Dec 66
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ATS-1 picture showing plumes and streamers drifting eastward from a couple of large convective cloud systems
Ted Fujita
15 Mar 67
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ATS-1 in Dec 1966 was soon followed by a color version,
ATS-3 in Nov 1967
ATS-1 (B/W)
ATS-3 (color)
ATS-3
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Suomi, Parent, and Fujita
create first colormovie of planet
Earth with ATS-III pictures
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18 November 1967
Phillips, SSEC Library, 2005
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The success of ATS led to NASA's SynchronousMeteorological Satellite (SMS) in 1974,an operational prototype dedicated to meteorology.
SMS-1&2 and subsequent NOAA GOES provided:
– Multi-spectral imagery at 1 km spatial resolution in the visible and 7 km in the infrared window channel;
– Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) providing low resolution GOES images and conventional weather maps to users with low cost receiving stations;
– Data Collection System (DCS) relaying data from remote platforms to a central processing facility.
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• In 1977, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched Meteosat providing 2.5 km visible imagery and 5 km infrared window and water vapor imager. The water vapor imagery changed how we view the earth.
Three GOES and one Meteosat were used in the 1979 First Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Experiment to define atmospheric circulations.
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Meteosat Water Vapor Image from 1978
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• By 1980, the GOES evolved to the Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) expanding the multispectral measurement capability to atmospheric temperature and moisture sounding (Smith et al. 1981).
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GOES VAS12 Infrared Channels (1 Visible Channel)
Filter Wheel Radiometer
Transparent Operation of VAS
• Venetian blinding (1/3 time share with operational imager)
• Sounding demonstration, not operational (cancelled in RISOP)
• Noisy (spin budget reduced for CONUS coverage)
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Nowcasting with VAS
Hourly Total-Totals Index (degree Centigrade) on 20
July 1981 showed locations of subsequent severe convective storms.
Thunderstorms (TRW) which were observed
between 20 and 23 GMT are also shown.
Smith et al
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• In April 1994, the GOES was launched on a three axis stable platform (enabling better signal to noise in the measurements) and expanded to separate imaging and sounding instruments (allowing operational soundings for the first time).
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GOES-8/12
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First visible image from GOES-8
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Images of hurricanes help with intensity and track forecasts
Wade, ORA & CIMSS
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Cloud drift winds possible ten years ago
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High Density Winds associated with Hurricane Bonnie
Velden, CIMSS
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IR window cloud temps used to estimate rainfall amounts: example from Hurricane Mitch where 2 ft fell in one day
Scofield, ORA
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GOES provides accurate SST estimates with good coverage
Wu, ORA
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Diurnal changes of 2 to 3 C seen in GOES SST measurements
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Multispectral Detection of Volcanic Ash with GOES-8
Ellrod, ORA
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25
Fires and smoke detected in GOES-8 imagery on 9 May 1998 at 15:45 UTC
FFire detection product (bottom) ire detection product (bottom) and visible imagery showing and visible imagery showing smoke (right)smoke (right)
Prins, CIMSS
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GOES-12 Sounder – Brightness Temperature (Radiances) – 12 bands
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Resulting hail from 13 April 2006 in Madison, WI
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Hole in Menzel gutter caused by hail on 13 Apr 06
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View from ground
View from space Hourly LI indicates instability 5 hours before
OK tornado 3 May 99
530 CDT (2330 UTC)
1800 UTC
2300 UTC
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GOES axis of high LI indicates subsequent storm track 24 Jul 2000
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Atmospheric Instability
NWS Forecaster responses (Summer of 1999) to: "Rate the usefulness of LI, CAPE & CINH (changes in time/axes/gradients in the hourly product) for location/timing of thunderstorms." There were 248 valid weather cases.- Significant Positive Impact (30%)- Slight Positive Impact (49%)- No Discernible Impact (19%)- Slight Negative Impact (2%)- Significant Negative Impact (0)
Figure from the National Weather Service, Office of Services
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Hourly coverage from two GOES-Sounders * radiances 4 to 15 um* clear sky temperature and moisture profiles* cloud amount and height* motion from moisture and cloud features
Raob coverage 2x/day* all weather temperature and moisture profiles* wind profiles along ascent path
GOES sounders provide regional coverage every hour
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GOES Sounder derived T(p) & Q(p) in 3-4 km layersco-located GOES & balloon temperature & moisture soundings:
GOES (black) smoothes the atmospheric profile compared to radiosonde (red)
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Oct 2001 forecast impact (%) for T, u, v, RH fields after 24-hrs of Eta model integration
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May 9, 1994
April 1, 2003
GOES-8Nine YearsOperational Service
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In 2002, EUMETSAT
launched SEVIRI
with 12 Channels
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Kerkmann, EUMETSAT
MSG sees volcanic ash and SO2 and ash inhibiting downwind convection
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Evolution to GOES-R
Advanced Baseline Imager Hyperspectral Environmental Sounder
Lightning MapperCoastal Water Imager
Space Environment Sensors• Multispectral full disk imaging at 0.5 to 2 km every 10 minutes for
clouds, aerosols, atmospheric motion• High spectral resolution (~0.5 cm-1) resolution for temperature and
moisture soundings with greatly improved vertical resolution and boundary layer penetration.
• Coastal Waters Imaging with more frequent views of U.S. coastal ocean resolving rapid changes due to tides and coastal currents
• Lightning Mapper tracking discharge in clouds and enhancing sever wx characterization
• Space Sensors measuring solar input
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Spectral bands on the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)
“0.64m” “0.86m” “1.38m”
“1.61m” “2.26m” “3.9m” “6.19m”
“6.95m” “7.34m”
“0.47m”
“8.5m” “9.61m”
“10.35m” “11.2m” “12.3m” “13.3m”
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Bands on the GOES-12 Imager
“0.64m” “0.86m” “1.38m”
“1.61m” “2.26m” “3.9m” “6.19m”
“6.95m” “7.34m”
“0.47m”
“8.5m” “9.61m”
“10.35m” “11.2m” “12.3m” “13.3m”
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Applications of the spectral bands on the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)
“0.64m” “0.86m” “1.38m”
“1.61m” “2.26m” “3.9m” “6.19m”
“6.95m” “7.34m”
“0.47m”
“8.5m” “9.61m”
“10.35m” “11.2m” “12.3m” “13.3m”
Aerosols Vegetation Cirrus Clouds
Snow
Upper-level SO2
Fires
Total Ozone
Low-levelMoisture
Surfacefeatures
Cloud height
Cloud phase
Particle size
Heritage
Heritage
Mid-level H2O winds
Upper-level H2O winds
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Evolution to GOES-R
Advanced Baseline Imager Hyperspectral Environmental Sounder
Lightning MapperCoastal Water Imager
Space Environment Sensors• Multispectral full disk imaging at 0.5 to 2 km every 10 minutes for
clouds, aerosols, atmospheric motion• High spectral resolution (~0.5 cm-1) resolution for temperature and
moisture soundings with greatly improved vertical resolution and boundary layer penetration.
• Coastal Waters Imaging with more frequent views of U.S. coastal ocean resolving rapid changes due to tides and coastal currents
• Lightning Mapper tracking discharge in clouds and enhancing sever wx characterization
• Space Sensors measuring solar output
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Atmospheric transmittance inH2O sensitive region of spectrum
Spectral change of 0.5 cm-1 causes BT changes > 10 C
AIRS BT[1386.11] – BT[1386.66]
Spectral sensitivityof AIRS Data
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Improved Moisture ProfilesImproved Moisture Profiles
Alt
itu
de
(km
)
Relative H
um
idity (%
)
Distance (75 km)
Andros Is. Bahamas, 12 Sep 98
NASTRaob
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Significant Findings from GOES-R Sounder OSSE Geo-Increased Spectral Resolution Sounder (Geo-I) sees into Boundary Layer (BL) providing low level (850 RH) moisture information; Geo-Broadband Radiometer (Geo-R) only offers information above BL (700 RH)
OSSE 12 hr assimilation followed by 12 hr forecast
Soundings + Winds 850hPa RH Validation
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour
S1 S
core
CONV
GEO-R
GEO-I
Soundings + Winds 700hPa RH Validation
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour
S1 S
core
CONV
GEO-R
GEO-I
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LEO VS. GEO 850hPa RH Validation
30
35
40
45
50
55
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour
S1
Sco
re
CONV
LEO
GEO-I
Significant Findings from GOES-R Sounder OSSE Two polar orbiting interferometers (Leo) do not provide the temporal coverage to sustain forecast improvement out to 12 hours. Only the hourly Geo-Increased Spectral Resolution Sounder (Geo-I) observations depict moisture changes well enough for forecast benefit.
OSSE 12 hr assimilation followed by 12 hr forecast
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40 years on the geostationary road
GIFTS (2009?)
time
SMS (1974)
ATS (1966)
VAS (1980)
Meteosat (1977)
GOES Sounder (1994)
HES (2016)
MTG (2015)
SEVIRI on MSG (2002)
JAMI (2004)
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SummaryThe geostationary remote sensing capability has had many positive consequences: – it has saved thousands of lives and millions of dollars from the ravages of storms; – it has made meteorological satellite data routinely available to nations around the
globe; – and, in conjunction with improvements in numerical weather prediction, it has
helped to improve forecast skill significantly.
NOAA is evolving its geostationary remote sensing capabilities:– faster imagers with more spectral bands complemented by – high spectral resolution sounders.
The creative mind of Verner Suomi enabled geostationary weather observations - that technology has become the cornerstone of worldwide remote sensing today.