A Cryogenic Engineering Conference Pub/ication

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

VOLUME 4

Proceedings of the 1958 Cryogenic Engineering Conference

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts

September 3-5,1958

K. D. TIMMERHAUS, Editor Chemical Engineering Department

University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado

Distributed by

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 1960

ISBN 978-1-4757-0542-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-0540-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9

FOREWORD

The Cryogenic Engineering Conference was fortunate this year to have the Mas sachusetts Institute of Technology as the host for the fou:rth national meeting of this kind. This institution was the first in the United States to recognize the irnportance of the cryogenic engineering field with the installation of a cryogenic engineering laboratory in 1949 under the able direction of Professor S. C. Collins. The cryogenic industry is indebted to hirn for rnany significant advances in this relatively new engineering field. It is fitting, therefore, that the Proceedings of the 1958 Cryogenic Engineering Conference be dedicated to Professor. Collins, recent recipient of the first Karnerlingh Onnes gold rnedal.

1958 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

B. W. Birrningharn

S. C. Collins

H. O. McMahon

K. D. Tirnrnerhaus

R. S. Warner, Jr.

W. T. Ziegler

National Bureau of Standards

Mas sachus etts Institute of Technology

Arthur D. Little, Inc.

National Bureau of Standards University of Colorado

Advanced Research Projects Agency Office of the Secretary of Defense

Georgia Institute of Technology

i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Cryogeriic Engineering Conference Committee gratefully acknowledges the continued support and interest of the following organizations who have made both the 1958 Cryogenic Engineering Conference and the publication of this Proceedings possible.

Aerojet-General Corporation L' Air Liquide Air Products, Inc. Allison Division, General Motors Arnerican Messer Corporation Aro Equipment Corporation Beech Aircraft Corporation Bell Aircraft Boeing Airplane Company Cambridge Corporation Convair Curtiss-Wright Corporation Garrett Corporation General Electric Company Herrick L. Johnston, Inc. Hofman Laboratories Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. Linde Company A. D. Little, Inc. The Martin Company National Bureau of Standards North Arnerican Aviation, Inc. Northrop Aircraft Pesco Products Div. --Borg Warner Corp. Philips Electronics, Inc. Pioneer Central--Div. of Bendix Aviation Ronan and Kunzl, Inc. Ramo - Wooldridge Corporation Stearns-Roger Manufacturing Company Sundstrand-Turbo Superior Air Products, Inc. Thompson Products United Aircraft Westinghouse Electric Corporation

ii

CONTENTS

1958 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ...

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

PAPERS PRESENTED

Cryogenic Properties

A-1 High Ener gy Liquid Propellants for

A-2

Rockets

G. R. Kinney National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

Hydrocarbon-Oxygen Systems Solubility

C. McKinley and E. S. J. Wang Air Products, Inc.

A-3 Compatibility of Materials with Liquid

A-4

A-5

Oxygen ...... .

H. M. Peckham and R. L. Hauser The Martin Company

Thermodynamic Properties of Neon ....•

E. F. Yendall Linde Company

Magnetic Losses at Low Temperatu"res ..

E. H. Brown and J. R. Brennand, Jr. CEL National Bureau of Standards

iii

PAGE

i

ii

1

11

26

47

65

Gryogenic Properties (continued)

B-1

B-2

B-3

B-4

B-5

B-6

Wear and Friction in Liquid Nitrogen with Austenitic Stainless Steel Having Various Surface Goatings .......•.

D. W. Wisander and R. L. Johnson National Advisory Gommittee for Aeronautics

The Stability of Austenitic Stainless Stecls at Low Temperatures as Determined by Magnetic Measurements

R. P. Reed and R. P. Mikesell GEL National Bureau of Standards

The Tensile and Impact Strength of Annealed and Welded 5086 Aluminum Down to 20 0 K •••••• . ••..

R. P. Mikesell and R. P. Reed GEL National Bureau of Standards

Mechanical Testing of Aluminum Weldments ....••..•

S. A. Nuccitelli and M. W. Mote, Jr. University of Denver

Bonding Plastic to Metal for High Strength at Low Temperatures

G. E. Eppinger and W. J. Love University of Denver

Mechanical Properties of Insu1ating Plastic Foams at Low Temperatures ..

R. M. McGlintock GEL National Bureau of Standards

iv

PAGE

71

84

101

114

123

132

PAGE Cryogenic Equipment

C-1 The Performance of Glass Fiber lnsula-tion under High Vacuum. • . • . . . . • • . .• 141

R. M. Christiansen and M. Hollingsworth, Jr. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation

C-2 High Performance Cryogenic Containers.. 154

J. M. Canty arid R. Gabarro Linde Company

C-3 Ultra Low Temperature Production and Control in Environmental Testing and Application Facilities. • • . • . • • . . • . • •. 160

J. Meisler Philips Electronics, lnc.

C-4 An Airborne Cryogenic System for Pneumatic Power Generation, Cooling, and Other Uses I •••••• ,. I •• , ••• , , •• , 174

R. H. Ball Sundstrand-Turbo

C-5 Cryogenic Systems as Auxiliary Power Sources for Aircraft and Missile Applica-

C-6

tions ••••• I •••••••••••••••••••

C. Hohmann and W. Patterson Vickers, lnc.

A Liquid Air Device for Cooling the Wearer of a Totally Enclosed Liquid Rocket Propellant Handler' s Suit ..•.

H. E. Agen Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command

D. Leffingwell Pioneer Central-Div.of Bendix Aviation Corporation

v

184

196

PAGE

Cryogenic Equipment (continued)

D-l

D-2

D-3

D-4

A New Method for Detecting Cavitation and Turbulence in Cryogenic Fluids ..•

J. Clark The Garret Corp., AiResearch Mfg. Div.

Design Study of Liquid Oxygen Pumping Systems for Missile Fueling Incorpor­ating Vented Storage Tanks •••...••

T. A. Carter, Jr. and C. R. Crusan Turbocraft Company

High Pressure Pumping Equipment for Cryogenic Liquids ...•.

C. F. Gottzman and A. H. Holcombe Linde Company

Pumping of Liquid Hydrogen ......••

G. Caine, L. Schafer and D. Burgeson Pesco Products Div.of Borg Warner Corporation

D-5 Camparisan and Correlation of Centrifugal Pump Caviatation Test Results Handling

203

218

231

241

Liquid Oxygen and Water . • • . • . • 255

D-6

T. A. Carter, Jr. and C. R. Crusan Turbocraft Company

F. Thodal Cambridge Corporation

An Analysis of Dual-Phase Flow at the Inlet to a Centrifugal Cryogenic Pump ••

S. Prelowski and G. H. Caine Pesco Products Div.ofBorg Warner Corporation

vi

264

PAGE

Gryogenic Processes

E-l

E-2

E-3

E-4

Measurement of the Flow of Liquefied Gases with Sharp-Edged Orifices ...

R. J. Richards, R. B. Jacobs, and W. G. Pestalozzi GEL National Bureau of Standards

Flow Gonversion Kinetics of Ortho and Parahydrogen ......•..•••..

D. H. Weitzel. J. H. Blake, and M. Konecnik GEL National Bureau of Standards

Poisoning and Reactivatiori of Ortho­Parahydrogen Gonversion Gatalyst ...

R. N. Keeler and K. D. Timmerhaus GEL National Bureau of Standards

Atmospheric Heat Transfer to Vertical Tanks Filled with Liquid Oxygen.

F. E. Ruccia and G. M. Mohr Arthur D. Little. Inc.

272

286

296

307

E-5 Hydrogen Separation- -A Gompromise with Reversibility. • . . • . . . . . . • . • . . . . . •. 319

D. V. Eyre L' Air Liq uide

Gryogenic Equipment (continued)

F-l A Vacuum Insulated Transfer Line for Liquefied Gases •.•..

D. H. Tantum and F. Farrar British Oxygen Research and Development. Ltd.

vii

326

F-2 Economic and Design Considerations for a 650 Foot High Vacuwn Insulated Transfer

F-3

Line

P. D. Fuller and W. R. Peavy Stearns-Roger Manufacturing Company

Pressurized Transfer of Cryogenic Liquids . . . . . .. . .. I ••••

D. C. Bowersock, R. W. Gardner, and R. C. Reid Arthur D. Little, Inc.

F-4 Prediction of Pressure Drop in Two-Phase

PAGE

335

342

Single-Component Fluid Flow . • • . . . • • • 357

F-5

F-6

F-7

M. R. Hateh, R. B. Jacobs, R. J. Richards, R. N. Boggs, and G. R. Phelps

CEL National Bureau of Standards

Pressurized Cooldown of Cryogenic Transfer Lines •••..•...••••

J. C. Burke, W. R. Byrnes, A. H. Post. and F. E. Ruccia Arthur D. Little. Inc.

Pressurized Discharge of Liquid Nitrogen from an Uninsulated Tank •.•...

G. J. Van Wylen, S. K. Fenster. H. Merte. Jr .• and W. A. Warren University of Michigan

Ultrasonic Gaging of Cryogenic Liquids ••

P. Turkheimer Bogue Electric Manufacturing Company

viii

378

395

403

Gryogenic Applications

G-1

G-2

Some Methods for Reducing Heat Leak Through Support Members in Liquefied Gas Storage Vessels ••.••..

R. W. Arnett, L. O. MuHen, and K. A. War ren GEL National Bureau of Standards

Performance of a Piston-Expanded Bubble Ghamber •.••.•..•.••

J. E. Jensen Brookhaven National Laboratory

G-3 Gryogenic Approach to Localized Gooling

PAGE

410

418

of Infrared Detectors. • • . • • • • . . . • • •• 426

R. Gulbertson Aro Equipment Gorporation

G-4 Analytical Methods for Liquid Oxygen . •• 436 G. P. Smith Linde Gompany

G-5 Methods of Gaging Liquid Oxygen. • . . . .• 443

D. G. Bowersock, Jr., P. G. GampbeH, and R. G. Reid

Arthur D. Little, Inc.

G-6 Applications and Economics of the Norelco Gas Liquefier for Recovery of Flash Gases .•••

J. Meisler Philips Electronics, Inc.

ix

454

Additional Papers (not presented)

H-l

H-2

H-3

Pilot Plant Studies of the Low Tempera­ture Distillation of Hydrogen Isotopes .

T. M. Flynn, K. D. Timmerhaus and D. H. Weitzel

CEL National Bureau of Standards

Testing and Operation of Ball Bearings Submerged in Liquefied Gases .••..

K. B. Martin and R. B. Jacobs CEL National Bureau of Standards

Wide-Range Cryostat Temperature Contra!. .

R. D. Goodwin CEL National Bureau of Standards

PAGE

464

476

487

AUTHOR INDEX •••••• , I •• , ••••••••••• I ••••• , 496

x