Advanced Theories of Physical Conditioning Physical Activity, Health, and Hypokinetic Disease.

Advanced Theories of Advanced Theories of Physical ConditioningPhysical Conditioning

Physical Activity, Health, and Hypokinetic

Disease

OverviewOverview

Physical activity levels have dropped over the last 25 years.

OverviewOverview

Automation and other technologies have contributed greatly to lessening physical activity at work and home.

OverviewOverview

Sixty percent of all Americans still do not get the recommended amount of physical activity needed for health benefits.

In fact, 25 percent of all adults are not active at all.

OverviewOverview

Inactivity increases with age and is more common among women than men and among those with lower income and less education than among those with higher income or education.

OverviewOverview

Nearly half of young people aged 12-21 are not vigorously active on a regular basis.

Physical activity declines dramatically with age during adolescence.

OverviewOverview

Female adolescents are much less physically active than male adolescents.

OverviewOverview

Fewer than one in four children get 20 minutes of vigorous activity every day of the week.

OverviewOverview

Less than one in four reported getting at least half an hour of any type of physical activity every single day.

OverviewOverview

Physical activity peaks in 10th grade, at 11 hours per week as the median, and then begins a steady decline that is likely to continue into the adult years.

OverviewOverview

In all grade levels, girls get significantly less activity than boys, yet three-quarters of the girls surveyed felt they get enough exercise.

OverviewOverview

About one in four children do not get any physical education in school.

OverviewOverview

Only 19 percent of all high school students are physically active for 20 minutes or more in physical education classes every day during the school week.

OutcomesOutcomes

Lack of regular physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle have led to a rise in hypokinetic diseases in the United States.

OutcomesOutcomes

The major hypokinetic diseases are cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and musculoskeletal disorders.

OverviewOverview

Inactivity and poor diet cause at least 300,000 deaths a year in the U.S.

Only tobacco causes more preventable deaths.

OutcomesOutcomes

Heart disease Diabetes Colon cancer High blood pressure.

OutcomesOutcomes

Can be prevented or improved through regular physical activity.

Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for 42% of all deaths in the U.S.


13.5 million people have coronary heart disease.

1.5 million people suffer from a heart attack in a given year.

50 million people have high blood pressure.


4.7 million people have congestive heart failure.

3.8 million have strokes.

CHD Risk FactorsCHD Risk Factors

The positive risk factors for coronary heart disease are the following:

age, family history, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and physical inactivity.

HypertensionHypertension

Hypertension is a chronic, persistent elevation of blood pressure, affecting an estimated one out of every four adults in the U.S.

HypercholesterolemiaHypercholesterolemia

An elevation in blood cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

It is associated with increased risk of developing CVD.

HypercholesterolemiaHypercholesterolemia

HDL-C values exceeding 45 mg per dl are desirable, and women tend to have higher HDL-C compared to men.

Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus

9 million people have adult-onset (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes.

Regular physical activity reduces risk of developing NIDDM through its association with weight loss and the effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.

CancerCancer

95,000 people are newly diagnosed with colon cancer each year.

Regular physical activity helps to protect against the development of colon cancer.

Obesity and Obesity and OverfatnessOverfatness

The prevalence of obesity in the U.S. is on the rise; one out of every three adults (60 million people) and more than one out of every five children are overfat.


12-14 percent of children, ages 6-17, are overfat

Obesity-related diseases cost the U.S. economy more than $100 billion every year.


Obesity is more than just an aesthetic problem.

Excess body fatness poses a threat to both the quality and length of one’s life.

Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Diseases and DisordersDiseases and Disorders

Osteoporosis (25 million) and low back syndrome are musculoskeletal disorders afflicting millions of people in the U.S. each year.

Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Diseases and DisordersDiseases and Disorders

250,000 people suffer from a hip fracture each year.

1. Physiological Benefits.a. Improved physical fitness.

1) Improves strength and endurance.

2) Helps build healthy bones and muscles.

Benefits of Physical Benefits of Physical Activity.Activity.

Benefits of Physical Benefits of Physical ActivityActivity..

3) Improves body composition (both fat and muscle).

4) Improves blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

Benefits of Physical Benefits of Physical Activity.Activity.

b. Helps to develop the neuromuscular system.

c. Skill development.d. Improves cardiac function as

indicated by an increased stroke volume, cardiac output, blood volume, and total hemoglobin.

Medical Benefits.Medical Benefits.

a. Reduces the risk of developing or dying from some of the leading causes of illness and death in the U.S.

b. Reduces the risk of dying prematurely.


c. Acts as deterrent to CHD due to its effects on blood lipids, blood volume, and total hemoglobin.

d. Reduces the risk of developing diabetes.

e. Reduces the risk for developing high blood pressure by modifying insulin resistance and obesity.


f. Helps reduce blood pressure in people who already have high blood pressure.

g. Is associated with a reduction in atherosclerotic diseases.


i. Reduces the risk of developing colon cancer.

h. Treatment and rehabilitation.


j. Helps older adults become stronger and better able to move about without falling.

Psychological Benefits.Psychological Benefits.

a. Improves cognitive function.1) Promotes changes in brain structure and function in infants and young children.


2) Sensory stimulation through physical activity is essential for the optimal growth and development of the young nervous system.


3) Promotes early cognitive function through imitation, symbolic play, development of language, and the use of symbols.

4) Assists in the development and refinement of perceptual abilities involving vision, balance, and tactile sensations.


5) Aids the development of cognition through opportunities to develop learning strategies, decision making, acquiring, retrieving, and integrating information and solving problems.


b. Reduces anxiety and stress and increases self-esteem.

c. Reduces feelings of depression.


d. It’s fun. e. Improves self image.

Sociological Benefits.Sociological Benefits.

a. Improves self-discipline. b. Can be a social experience.

Physical Activity and Physical Activity and CADCAD

Individuals who exercise regularly reduce their relative risk of developing CAD by a factor of 1.5 to 2.4. (American Heart Association 1995)


Physical activity exerts its effect independently of smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, diabetes, or family history of CAD.


People who engage in regular exercise as part of their rehabilitation following a myocardial infarction have improved survival rates compared to individuals who do not exercise during their rehabilitation.

Physical Activity and Physical Activity and HypertensionHypertension

Epidemiological studies report an inverse relationship between blood pressure and physical activity level in women and men.

Physical Activity and Physical Activity and HypertensionHypertension

Regular physical activity, however, does not lower blood pressure which is already normal.

Physical Activity and Physical Activity and Lipid ProfilesLipid Profiles

Regular physical activity, especially habitual aerobic exercise, positively affects lipid metabolism.

HDL-C increases in response to endurance training.

RecommendationsRecommendations

To benefit health and prevent disease, every U.S. adult should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week.


Modest health benefits can be realized by exercising enough to burn as few as 150 kcals a day, or 1000 kcals a week.


This amount of physical activity decreases the risk of coronary heart disease by 50% and the risk of hypertension, diabetes, and colon cancer by 30%. (U.S. Dept. of Health and Human

Services 1996)


The Exercise and Physical Activity Pyramid


High intensity training and competitive sports require a solid fitness base to prevent injury, and offer relatively few health benefits.

Healthy People 2010Healthy People 2010

Physical activity and fitness is one of 20 priority areas included in this blueprint for a healthier America.

Healthy People 2010Healthy People 2010

There are currently 12 objectives related to Physical Activity and Fitness.

Advanced Theories of Physical Conditioning Physical Activity, Health, and Hypokinetic Disease.

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