Advanced Placement United States History Notes

8/3/2019 Advanced Placement United States History Notes

1/12

Advanced Placement United States History

1. Colonization Bad in Europe

Economic difficulties Need for raw materials

Religious fighting Good in Americas

Settled 40,000 years ago 75 million people Cities, art, religion, culture

1492 Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue2. Spains Empire

Spain wanted: Gold major prize for gold Godconverting the savages Glory conquering and exploiting the natives

Spain brought: The Roman Catholic religion Guns Horses Diseases

Native Americans saw Europeans as fascinating gods. Columbus and the conquistadores:

Tricked and cheated the Indians Drove them from their land Mistreated, exploited, and nearly exterminated them

Through Europeans who came to the America depended on Indians for labor, trade, andknowledge the barbarity of the conquest of the New World brought death to thousandsof Native Americans.

3. Englands Empire England based their claims to the New World on the explorations of John Cabot. Unlike Spain, these two nations were slow to follow exploration with permanent

settlement.

Spain was powerful, but: Spains economy unraveled The Protestant Reformation disrupted the Catholic Church

Queen Elizabeth supported colonization efforts by Englishmen such as Sir Walter Raleighon Roanoke Island.

4.

Englands Colonies The dismal early experienced of the English had shown that the cost of colonization was

too expensive for any individual investor.

It was merchant capitalists in quest of quick profits, and not the queen and largernational interests, that was the primary organizing force behind English efforts to found

colonies in North America.

In 1607, the joint-stock Condon Company founded Jamestown = Englands firstpermanent settlement in America.


2/12

Problems: Colony located on a swamp. Settlers lacked agricultural skilledmany starved Company officers, looking for quick profits, directed settlers to dig for gold instead

of plant crops.

Lack of common purpose

Infections and disease Indian attacks

Jamestown was saved when it began to produce its own food supply and John Rolfeinitiated the cultivation of tobacco for export.

To attract new settlers, the company made it easier for settlers to obtain their own land(headright system).

Gave them a rudimentary form of self-government in the House of Burgesses. The profitless colony lost its charter in 1624 and Virginia became a royal colony. Most settlers came for moneyPuritans came for religion. They accused the Anglican church of Arminianismpreaching a doctrine of good works

instead of pre-determination. Though tried to purify the church of its pope-ish elements most Puritans remained

members of the Anglican Church.

More radical Puritans, called Separatists, withdrew their membership from the AnglicanChurch and migrated to America.

These Pilgrims elected William Bradford as the governor of their Plymouth Plantationin New England.

The Mayflower Compact established a society based on law chosen by its members. The Indian named Squanto helped the hard-working settlers, but Plymouth never grew

rich nor well populated.

Their Great Migration began in 1630, and their carefully planned colony maintained aconstant influx of industrials and prosperous settlers.

The colonys government was a practical democracy headed by an elected legislaturethe General Courtchosen by the vote of male church members, and by an elected

governor, John Winthrop.

English Puritans organized the Massachusetts Bay Colony to establish a religious refugein America.

Church membership was obtained through a conversion experience. Most early male settlers satisfied this standard and could vote for governor and

deputies of the General Court.

5. Review Mercantilism England makes money by trading with the colonies (colonies export raw

materials, imported manufactured goods)

Spanish Empire Building Conquest of the natives for God, Gold, and Glory Columbian Exchange food, plants, and raw materials from America; diseases and

livestock from Europe

Joint-stock company goal is to make profit Tobacco Cash crop produced in southern states Indentured servants Main source labor, the settlers worked as slaves for freedom Headright system Pay or work in the fields to earn your own land.


3/12

PuritansCame in family groups. John Winthrop tries to create the city upon a hills(ideal Christian society with strict moral codes). Close associate of church and state.

Mayflower Compact Early representative government Women had no separate legal identity from husband (no property) Slavery spreads due to tobacco farms

Europe is economically dominant due to mercantilism and the Navigation Acts (coloniesmay only trade with England)

Puritanism is easing New colonies with religious freedom Republicanism spread belief in self-government and widespread ownership of

property

Natives are decimated6. Changing Colonies

Bigger colonies Greater reliance on slaves From indentured servants to slaves Bacons Rebellions:

Cause: High taxes and low tobacco prices

Effect: Bacon gets into the House of Burgesses Tobacco cultivation requires cheap labor Slavery is legal in all 13 colonies by 1700 Most Africans maintain cultural practices Stono Rebellion (1739):

Organized and led by slaves Defeated owners until caught by militia Negro Act forbade education of slaves, and set punishments for harsh treatment

of slaves

The Great Awakening (1730s): Wave of religious revivals New light ministries

Emotional faith Promote higher education and religious diversity Renewed missionary spirit (converted slaves) Women enter church congregations

7. Road to Revolution French and Indian War

England (colonists) defeat France (Natives) France relinquishes it North American Empire England dominates to the Mississippi Britain put new taxes on colonies

Stamp Act (1765) All legal documents required an expensive royal stamp Purpose raise money for British troops in America Americans mad because they had no voice in British Parliament

Effects of Stamp Act Colonists willing to use violence against England England claims legal hold over colonies


4/12

Patriots claim British birthrights Act repealed

8. Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party

Colonists destroy English Tea in protest because of unfair taxing

No taxation without representation The Coercive Acts

Britains response to the Boston Tea Party Closed Boston ports until damages

The Enlightenment Reason can improve the human condition Natural Rights People give government power Government exists to help the people Jefferson and Franklin

9. Independence Thomas Paine

Writes strongly worded common sense calling for independence Opposed monarchy Defended democracy

Deism God created the universe that is governed by natural laws Human reason can discover these laws God is hands-off

Declaration of Independence Based on the philosophy of natural rights (John Locke) Appealed to the sympathies of the English Accused King George III of tyranny10.Revolutionary War

Colonists Reasons George III was a tyrant No voice in Parliament British officials were corrupting them Quartering British troops Preserve local autonomy

The Battle of Saratoga (1777) Turning point of the war Huge victory for Americans Convinced the French to join fully

The French Alliance Wanted to weaken the British Supported with money and troops Forced England to sign the Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Paris (1783) American Independence New American boundaries


5/12

No persecution ofloyalists11.Review

1492 Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue Spanish conquistadores eagerly explored the New World for gold, god, and glory Spains power fades, economy unravel, and start of the Protestant Reformation.

Jamestown (Chesapeake Bay) South, settled by companies, grow tobacco Massachusetts Bay (Puritans) North, strict religion Indentured Servants

7 years as slave, then you get freedom Once free, they were still poor

Slavery Need for cheap labor leads to legalized slavery (Stono Rebellion)

The Great Awakening emotional faith higher education Women enter church congregations

Enlightenment Government serves the people

French/Indian War leads to new taxes Stamp Act eventually repealed Tea Tax leads to the Boston Tea Party No taxation without representation! French are key ally Saratoga is a key victory Treaty of Paris ends the war

12.Articles of Confederation Limited government

No authority to tax. No authority over the states.

Northwest Ordinance (1787) Created new states (Ohio the first) Excluded slavery in Ohio region Supported public education

Shays Rebellions Causes

Economic frustrations of Massachusetts farmers who could not pay debts inhard currency.

High taxes, deflation, foreclosures, crowding of debtors prisons. Demands

End to farm foreclosure End to debt prisons Relief from high taxation Increased circulation of paper money

Effects Convinces leaders that the Articles of Confederation is too weak. Shows need for stronger central government Federalists

13.Constitution


6/12

The Philadelphia Convention Alexander Hamilton, a pro-centralizing nationalist from New York, proposed a

convention to address constitutional reforms.

Congress endorsed this Philadelphia Convention, and all states except Rhode Islandsent delegates.

The convention elected George Washington as their president.

The Founding Fathers were: politically experienced pragmatic optimistic about America They agreed we need a system:

of federal republican government. that gets the authority from the people that remains responsible to the people

How should representation of each state be decided? population

How should slaves be counted? North: taxes South: votes

The Great (Connecticut) Compromise creates: The House of Representatives where representation was proportional. The Senate where each state had equal representation.

The Three-Fifths Compromise Three-fifths of the slaves would be counted for both purposes.

The Constitution Checks and balances President = administrative, military, diplomatic, appointive, and veto powers Court system = declares law void when they conflicted with the Constitution.14.Anti-Federalism

The Federalist Papers (1787) Hamilton and Madison wrote the federalists papers to support the constitution. A large republic will protect majority rights.

Anti-Federalists Opposed federalism and worried about federal tyranny Drew support from rural areas Argued that the president would have too much power Feared congressional taxes Worried the states would be overrun. Argued for individual rights15.Hamilton

Goals Promote growth Give financial interests a stake in the new country

National debt = blessing Proposals

Establish a national bank


7/12

Protective tariffs Fund the national debt Tax liquor Expand domestic manufacturing

Controversy with Jefferson Necessary and proper clause

Implied powers: what the constitution does not forbid; it permits (Jeffersonwas the opposite)

16. Jefferson The Revolution of 1800

Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans win the election They end the federalist decade The party in power leaves peacefully

Jeffersonian Democracy The farmers best exemplifies virtue/independence The Federalist government must not violate the rights of the states

(Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions) Freedom of Speech and Press are essential (Alien and Sedition Acts are violations) The scope/power of the Federal government should be reduced.

17.Louisiana Louisiana Purchase

Haitian slave revolt leads to France selling territory The purchase violated Jeffersons anti-federalism (pragmatism) USs largest acquisition of land

Marshall Court Chief Justice John Marshall = federalist

Opposed states rights Marbury v. Madison (1803) establishes judicial review. Court upholds supremacy of federal government

18.War of 1812 Causes

British impressments of U.S. Seamen British interference with U.S. commerce British aid to Natives on the frontier

Effects Contributed to the end of the federalist party. Intensified nationalism Promoted industrialization

James Monroe (1817-1825) Democratic-Republicans take over

Still tensions, tariffs, aid for states, slavery Monroe Doctrine

Unilateral declaration of independence from European foreign policy Warned Europe about further colonization in the West

Remaining Tensions North and South fighting over slavery, resources, and power


8/12

Missouri Compromise Settlers slavery debate

Missouri enters the union as a slave state to preserve the balance Maine joins the union as a free state Louisiana divided

19.Jackson

Jackson was a war hero from the War of 1812 Had great respect for the common man Was seen as a common man Dramatically expanded suffrage for white males Nominating conventions replace legislative caucuses Special privileges (for eastern elites) do not work for promoting/protecting the common

man.

Rewarding supporters and punishing opponents with appointments20.Trails of Tears

The Bank War

Jackson vetoes the Second Bank of the US (BUS) because: It was a bastion of special privilege It would hurt the common man

Consequences Explosion of credit State banks increase 2 party system emerges

Whigs follow Clay and the American System Jacksons Forced Removal of Natives

Forced the Cherokee off their land Cherokee go to the Supreme Court to challenge the removal order Worchester v. Georgia = Supreme Court upholds the right of the Cherokee to theirland Jackson did not recognize the decision

Trail of Tears Cherokee thrown off their land and put on reservations 1/4th of the population die on the trail Trail of Tears = route they took on the relocation

21.Tariff of 1828 Tariff of Abominations (1828)

First protective tariffs in US The South hates it because it increased costs of manufactured goods and decreased

cost of raw material Calhouns doctrine of nullification

Declared that the tariffs unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina Based on states rights arguments of the Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions

Opposition to Nullification Jackson opposed

22.The South King Cotton


9/12

Cotton Gin makes cotton SUPER profitable Textile manufacturing increases demand

New land expands jobs and slavery Southern Society

Majority of white male were poor farmers Majority of white families owned no slaves Small, wealthy families (20 or more slaves) dominate

Slave Society Social network, marriages, and kindred friends Increase birth rates = increased slave labor Free African Americans can own property Slaves create a separate culture Revolts infrequent, but slaves resist

Transportation Revolution Erie Canal sparks canal building Steam boat usage increases Railroad built (30,000 miles in 30 years) East connects with west (south left out) Trade opens

23.Rights Movements Cult of domesticity

Women could not vote, or serve on juries Republican Motherhoodwomen should be wives and mothers and focus on

domestic/family matters

Womens Movement Middle Class women fight for legal and educational rights Closely linked with anti-slavery movements Centered in the North

Seneca Falls (1848) All men and women are created equal Fight for womens:

Suffrage Property rights Divorce/custody rights Educational opportunity

Abolition Second great awakening as people become more aware of slavery Colonization society Worked to return freed slaves to Africa William Lloyd Garrison

The Liberator: Abolitionist paper Anti-Slavery Society Support of Womens rights split supporters

Frederick Douglass Prominent Black Abolitionist Also fought for women and natives

24.Expansion


10/12

Utopian Communities Escape the world and build a life of:

Morality Non-competiveness Cooperation

Education Proliferation of newspapers Compulsory school laws Teacher-trained schools State/local taxes for schools

Manifest Destiny Belief that the US would inevitably expand to the Pacific Ocean Used to gain support for expansion

Expansion TexasLone Star Republic until 1836

Not admitted to union because it was a slave state Oregon President Polk took land from the British

Fifty-fifty compromise The Mexican War

Polk US soldiers were killed by Mexican Soldiers who crosses the border Led by Lincoln (Whigs) US gains California and New Mexico

25.Road to War Douglas Popular Sovereignty

Settlers of a given territory should decide on whether or not they allowed slavery This was cemented in the Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Repealed Missiouri Compromise Increased tensions/debate over slavery Created the Republican party Fight over Kansas Split the Democrats Expanded slavery into the territories

The Dread-Scott Case (1857) Slave sues owner for freedom after they pass into a free state Supreme court rules that slaves are not citizens and cannot sue the government

The election of 1860 Lincoln (Republicans) accepted slavery where it existed, but opposed expansion Democrats split: North and South Lincoln won the electoral vote but not the popular vote South Carolina lead 7 states to succeed

26.North vs. South The North (Union)

Strong industrial base Extensive railroad network Larger population


11/12

Superior navy Abundant food Few trained officers Divided population

The South (Confederacy) Defensive war front (home field) Long coastline (cant blockade) Experienced commanders Money from cotton Close economic ties with England Smaller population Less industry

Emancipation Proclamation Delayed to appease slave owners in border states Strengthened Norths moral cause Rallied anti-slavery support in Europe Did not free slaves in border states (only rebel states

Congress in the Civil War National Bank system (national currency) Chartered transcontinental railroad High tariffs to protect US industry

27.Reconstruction The 13th Amendment

Abolished slavery and involuntary services The 14th Amendment

Made former slaves citizens (negated Dread-Scott) Provided equal legal protection for all citizens Enforced laws guaranteeing civil rights to freed slaves

The 15th Amendment Suffrage for black males Split womens rights groups

Some supported (Douglas) some opposed (should be universal)28.Black Codes

Radical Reconstruction In the South:

Race riots Confederates elected Attempts to get around the 14th amendment The Nadirextreme racism and discrimination Black Codes

Programs and Policies Military occupation of the South Restrictions of Andrew Johnson Johnson impeached by congress for obstructing the reconstruction acts

Achievements Improved schools


12/12

African Americans in the House and Senate Slaves to Sharecroppers

Most freedmen entered into sharecropper agreements with owners Led to a cycle of debt for tenant farmers (debt peonage) Freedmen did not get 40 acres and a mule

29.?

Advanced Placement United States History Notes

Documents

Transcript of Advanced Placement United States History Notes