Advanced Manufacturing Systems and Enterprisescgit.dps.uminho.pt/livro_final.pdf · Advanced...

Advanced Manufacturing Systems and Enterprises

Goran D. Putnik, Hélio Castro, Luís Ferreira, Rui Barbosa, Gaspar Vieira, Cátia Alves, Vaibhav Shah, Zlata Putnik,

Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Leonilde Varela

University of Minho School of Engineering


Towards Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing

University of Minho – School of Engineering

Goran D. Putnik, Hélio Castro, Luís Ferreira, Rui Barbosa, Gaspar Vieira,

Cátia Alves, Vaibhav Shah, Zlata Putnik, Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Leonilde Varela

Title: Advanced Manufacturing Systems and Enterprises

Subtitle: Towards Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing

Authors: Goran D. Putnik, Hélio Castro, Luís Ferreira, Rui Barbosa, Gaspar Vieira, Cátia Alves, Vaibhav Shah, Zlata Putnik, Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Leonilde Varela

Copyright ©2012 by Goran Putnik

First Edition: October 2012

Publishing company: University of Minho – School of Engineering

Review: LabVE

Print by: Copissaurio Repro, Lda.

Distribution by: LabVE – University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Production and Systems Engineering

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Any use made of the information in this document is entirely at the user's risk. No liability will be accepted by the authors.

iii

Creating a book is a hard, but compensating and

enriching, task. It involves an array of different

activities, such as book development process

management, organization and integration of

contents, technical editing of book, contacts

with printing company, distribution and other

activities, and finally, virtually the most

important task, interaction with readers, in

order to achieve the most important object of

creating a book that meets public expectations.

All these activities are not possible without

resources and collaboration of many parties.

The authors would like to acknowledge the help,

support and confidence of all those who made

this creation possible.

The authors wish to acknowledge the support

of:

1) The Foundation for Science and Technology

– FCT, Project PTDC/EME-GIN/102143/2008,

‘Ubiquitous oriented embedded systems for

globally distributed factories of

manufacturing enterprises’,

2) EUREKA, Project E! 4177-Pro-Factory UES.

We are also grateful to other members of the

research group on Distributed and Virtual

Manufacturing Systems and Enterprises

(DVMSE) and the Laboratory for Virtual

Enterprises (LabVE), of the Centre for Industrial

and Technology Management (CGIT), who are

not among the authors of this book, but who

were helping always when it was necessary.

Special thanks go to our institutions, the

University of Minho and Centre for Industrial

and Technology Management (CGIT), in

Portugal, for providing the material resources

and all necessary logistics.

Authors,

Guimarães, September 2012

Acknowledgments

v

About the subject

This book addresses the development of

advanced manufacturing systems and

enterprises in response to the nowadays

requirements for “new industrialization”,

“manufacturing revitalization” (The White

House – President Barack Obama, 2009), job

crisis resolution through new manufacturing,

“manufacturing renaissance” and similar, as a

vision on manufacturing as virtually

indispensable instrument for nowadays global

economic crisis resolution.

The concept of Ubiquitous and Cloud

Manufacturing Systems (UCMS), the subject of

this book, is expected to deliver the next

generation of methods and means for enabling

modern manufacturing enterprises capable to

respond to the above mentioned requirements.

The next generation of methods and means for

enabling modern manufacturing enterprises

should be characterized by the synergetic

effects that come from the domains of a)

innovative management and control

architecture, b) distributed systems of ICT, and

c) ubiquitous oriented embedded systems. The

focus of research presented in this book is on

the following technological contributions::

1) Development of an organisational model

for the UCMS, and a corresponding

infrastructure, based on a pilot laboratory

workshop, which will comprise organisational

infrastructures for providing higher level

supporting services for the UCMS object

manufacturing and business processes. The

main purpose of this infrastructure is to

provide a higher degree of UCMS robustness

in terms of interoperability, re-configurability

and agility, efficiency and effectiveness. The

special focuses are on services and tools for

UCMS organisational network development -

the human role and relationship in a UCMS, as

the most important part of an organisation:

roles spanning from equipment operators to

high level management.

Preface

vi

2) Testing of the organisational model of the

UCMS, and its infrastructure, based on the

pilot laboratory workshop.

The research results presented in the book are

developed within the “Ubiquitous oriented

embedded systems for globally distributed

factories of manufacturing enterprises” project,

reference PTDC/EME-GIN/102143/2008,

funded by the Portuguese Foundation for

Science and Technology (FCT), and approved as EUREKA project, reference E! 4177 UES.

Organization of the book

The book is consisted of two main parts. The

first part is organized through 5 chapters, of

which the first chapter makes an introduction in

the subject, the second chapter presents the

concepts of ubiquity, clouds, services systems

and the global idea of ubiquitous and cloud

manufacturing, in the third chapter an

architecture of ubiquitous and cloud

manufacturing system is provided, the fourth

chapter presents a pilot installation in

laboratorial environment, and, finally the fifth

chapter presents the conclusions. The second

part consists of 5 annexes that provide more

details on technical and implementation aspects

of the prototype model and the pilot installation

developed.

Expectation

The book provides researchers, scholars and

professionals with some of the most advanced

research developments, solutions and

implementations. It is expected to provide a

better understanding of advanced

manufacturing systems and enterprises and

their implementation as ubiquitous and cloud

manufacturing, in order to achieve the expected

and necessary transformative changes towards

true sustainability. We expect the book to be

read by academics (i.e., teachers, researchers

and students), technology solutions developers

and enterprise managers (including top-level

managers), and, specially, by entrepreneurs.

The book is also expected to help and support

teachers of graduate and postgraduate courses

from management, industrial engineering and

mechanical engineering to ICT.

Also, the authors believe that the concepts of

ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing may

influence the actual education practices, in both

domains - university education and professional

education, influencing both the course contents

(curricula) and the education technology itself.

Authors,

Guimarães, September 2012

vii

Acknowledgments iii

Preface v

Chapter I

Introduction: In search of new manufacturing

system paradigms 3

Chapter II

Ubiquity, Clouds, Services Systems and

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing 11

Ubiquitous Systems 12

Clouds 14

Manufacturing as service systems 16

Ubiquitous and cloud production network

idealization 18

Chapter III

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing: An

Architecture 23

Service system architecture 23

ICT platform architecture 26

Chapter IV

A Laboratorial Platform as Learning Factory for

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing adoption in

Industry and Community 4

UCMS laboratorial platform as a learning

factory 41

Platform’s functional architecture and its

implementation 48

Chapter V

Conclusions 55

References 59

Annexes 63

Annex I:

Distributed Informatics System for

Manufacturing: Specification and Architecture –

Hybrid architecture Client-Server + P2P 67

Annex II:

Distributed Informatics System for

Manufacturing: Specification and Architecture –

Cloud-based Architecture 83

Contents

viii

Annex III:

Laboratorial Platform as Learning Factory for

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing System -

Hybrid Architecture 97

Annex IV:

Laboratorial Platform as Learning Factory for

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing System -

Cloud-based Architecture 111

Annex V:

Pilot Laboratorial Plant for Ubiquitous and

Cloud Manufacturing Systems 129


Towards Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing

3

The traditional Manufacturing was superseded.

The new dynamic and global business model

forced traditional production processes to

change, in the sense of integrating them in a

global chain of resources and stakeholders. The

agility, quick reaction to market changes and

proactivity are essential, and the high

availability and capacity to effectively “answer”

to requirements are some of the main

competitiveness and sustainability criterion.

Additionally, new challenges have emerged,

such as - reallocation of manufacturing jobs,

declination of a number of manufacturing jobs,

emergence of new industries, environmental.

For example, in (The White House – President

Barack Obama, 2009) one of the challenges is

described in the following words:

“Manufacturing workers have paradoxically

often been victims of their sector’s own success,

as rapid productivity growth has meant that

goods can be produced with fewer workers,

contributing to a several decades-long trend of

declining employment. This trend has been

compounded by the shift of consumer spending

from manufactured goods like TVs and cars to

services like tourism, dining out and healthcare

as well as increased consumption of

manufacturing goods made elsewhere. And the

recent downturn has been particularly painful

for manufacturing companies, their workers and

the communities that rely on them.”

Chapter I

Introduction: In search of new manufacturing system paradigms

4

The challenge of reallocation of manufacturing

jobs emerges because of - “overall costs drive

manufacturers’ location choices. In today's

increasingly competitive global marketplace,

manufacturing activities will be undertaken by

private actors who will locate their factories

where total all-in cost is lowest.” (ibid.). It is

hard to believe that the concentration of,

virtually, all manufacturing in a couple of

countries, e.g., metaphorically, in a couple of

Asian countries now and in a couple of

European countries in the past, is beneficial to

the whole world.

While areas that have “concentration of

manufacturing activity” experience benefits for

virtually all, including companies, workers and

communities, the areas that lose manufacturing

jobs are heavily affected as well, albeit

negatively. For example, “Communities that

experience substantial declines in

manufacturing activity experience losses in

county population, slower growth in the number

of housing units and increases in the local

poverty rate. The adjustment to these losses is

slow and remains incomplete even decades

later” (ibid.), and similar. Equally, the

manufacturing job loss creates great negative

impacts on individual levels, on manufacturing

workers.

5

Figure 1.1 - Short term EU emission profile compared to 2ºC compatible long term target (p. 40) (European Commission, 2010b)

6

The environmental challenges are similarly

dramatic.

Concerning the quantitative measures, by the

Kyoto Protocol, European Community’s

commitment was to reduce 8% of the quantity

of emission (p. 21, Annex B) (United Nations,

1998). Later, in 2007, “The European Council

emphasizes that the EU is committed to

transforming Europe into a highly energy-

efficient and low greenhouse-gas-emitting

economy and decides that, (…) the EU makes a

firm independent commitment to achieve at

least a 20 % reduction of greenhouse gas

emissions by 2020 compared to 1990.” (p. 13)

(European Council, 2007).

But “To have a reasonable chance of staying

below the 2°C threshold, global GHG emissions

must be reduced to less than 50% of 1990 levels

by 2050” (p.3) (Commission of the European

Communities, 2009).

Additionally, EU offers to scale up the reduction

to 30% if other developed and developing

countries agree to take a fair share of the global

reduction.

It means, further, that the previously

established target is still insufficient to achieve

the long term objective of keeping the average

global temperature increase below 2°C by 2050.

In order to pursue this objective, developed

countries must point their emission targets for a

reduction in the order of 80% to 95% by 2050 as

compared to in 1990. (European Commission,

2010a)

In other words, it would be necessary to

accelerate the implementation of all

mechanisms for GHG reduction, especially after

2030 in order to compensate lower rate of

effort up to 2030. This is graphically presented

in Figure 1.1 (European Commission, 2010a).

Concerning the effort needed to respond to the

challenge, according to WWF, “The good news

is, we have the technology to start to fix the

problem.” (WWF, 2010).

The third global challenge is already well known

global financial crisis specially accentuated in

Europe.

7

Figure 1.2 – Number of papers by manufacturing concepts and year

8

All these three global challenges, the social,

environmental and economical, are parts of the

issue of sustainability.

Solutions to these challenges require a great set

of new mechanisms spanning from legislations

and regulations (national, regional,

international, global), social, cultural,

organizational, to technology advances.

Some of the instruments that are expected to

contribute to answering the above mentioned

challenges are new manufacturing paradigms,

in which context we are presenting research

intensification on recently proposed

manufacturing paradigms. In parallel, we are

witnessing an intensive search for new

manufacturing paradigms too. Both parameters

grow in numbers.

In literature, a number of designations could be

found, such as:

Ubiquitous Manufacturing

Enterprise Interoperability

Networked Enterprise

Lean Production/Manufacturing

Global Manufacturing

Mass Customization

Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems

Collaborative Engineering

Manufacturing Supply Chain

Virtual Enterprise

Enterprise Integration

Agile Manufacturing

Real-time Enterprises

Concurrent Engineering

Sustainable Manufacturing

Life Cycle Management

Remanufacturing

Digital Manufacturing

Cloud Manufacturing

Just In Time manufacturing

Flexible Manufacturing

Open Manufacturing

Craft Manufacturing

All-embracing manufacturing

Learning Factory

Extended Enterprise

Production Network

Grid Manufacturing

Micro Factory

Social Network Manufacturing

Desktop Factory

Pocket Factory

Fit Manufacturing Virtual Organization

In Figure 1.2, a number of papers in collections

of some of the World leading publishers

(Elsevier, Springer, Emerald, ACM, IEEE) per year

and per manufacturing concepts listed above is

shown, presenting growing intensity of research

9

on, and on a number of newly proposed, or

emerging, manufacturing concepts.

Equally, a great number of research projects on

the above referred manufacturing concepts, or

those that generated new manufacturing

concepts, were financed by a number of

national and international research

programmes (for example, the well-known EC

Frameworks Programmes in Europe – such as

FP7 and future Horizon 2020).

Some of the above mentioned manufacturing

concepts hypothesize on inter-enterprise

networking as one of the most promising

instruments to face the big sustainability

challenges, relying on exploration of so-called

“network effects”.

“Network effects occur when to an economic

agent, e.g., a consumer of a firm, the utility of

using a product or technology becomes larger as

its network of users grows in size (Farrell &

Saloner, 1985; Katz & Shapiro, 1985). The

network effect may set in motion a positive

feedback loop that will cause a product or

technology to become more prevalent in the

market.” (Den Hartigh, 2005).

Besides the network effects alone, as the

“positive feedback loop” instrument, extremely

interesting is their combination with other

phenomena, namely, social interaction effects,

scale effects and learning effects, that could be

considered as other “positive feedback loop”

instruments, which (the combination) may, and

is expected to, create the “increasing return”

effect.

10

Increasing returns are the opposite phenomena

to the well-known law of decreasing returns in

economy. The increasing returns occur when

the output of an economic system increases

more than proportionally with a rise of input

(Den Hartigh, 2005). The importance of

designing and investigating increasing returns

mechanisms are multiple (ibid): 1) “there is

growing evidence that increasing returns

actually do exist, at least in the relevant

business domain of firms”; 2) “it is becoming

more relevant in the increasingly information

and knowledge based business environment of

today” especially considering information

products and service sectors; and 3) “the

presence of increasing returns seems to be a

precondition for economic growth to occur at

all”.

The paradigm of Ubiquitous and Cloud

Manufacturing, whose architecture and

implementation framework are presented in

this book, is seen as an instrument for

manufacturing organizational and productive

capacity transformation, to contribute for the

above mentioned sustainability challenges.

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing is a

network based system conceived to enable a

combination of network effects, social

interaction effects, scale effects and learning

effects, in order to further enable the “positive

feedback loop” in the form of increasing return

as a virtual precondition for the needed

economic growth, as well as, the “positive

feedback loop” in the context of other two big

sustainability challenges, namely,

environmental and social.

11

“Globalization, innovation and ICT (Information

and Communication Technologies) are

transforming many sectors to anywhere,

anytime platforms”, towards an intelligent

business model under “design anywhere, make

anywhere, and sell anywhere” paradigm (Elliott,

2010). We would add “anytime” too. Traditional

stakeholders (suppliers and customers) are

“transformed” in services, where supplying or

using profiles are a question of needs or

context. One service (a Calculator, for instance)

can execute (supply) something using other

services (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication

and Division operations) (Usmani, Azeem,

Samreen, 2011).

Many of the existent infra-structures are

already ubiquitous and/or cloud based, or are

changing towards these virtual architectures. To

efficiently use those infra-structures the

applications must be transformed and follow

services oriented applications pattern.

Chapter II

Ubiquity, Clouds, Services Systems and Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing

12

Ubiquitous Systems

Ubiquity is a synonym for omnipresence, the

property of being present everywhere1 “The

state or quality of being, or appearing to be,

everywhere at once; actual or perceived

omnipresence. Omnipresence: the ability to be

at all places at the same time; usually only

attributed to God”2.

According to Weiser (1993) Ubiquitous

Computing represents: “Long-term the PC and

workstation will wither because computing

access will be everywhere: in the walls, on

wrists, and in “scrap computers” (like scrap

paper) lying about to be grabbed as needed.”

Weiser also used a powerful term: “calm

technology”, as another description of

Ubiquitous Systems.

Computing technology has evolved up to the

point when Ubiquitous Computing System

development and operation are possible, using

present network devices, protocols and

applications.

1 Wikipédia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquity

On the other hand, ubiquity has been addressed

in relation to manufacturing systems as well. In

(Foust, 1975) “the term ‘ubiquitous’” is

“explicitly defined to be functional in an

empirical context (…) The types of

manufacturing which are both market oriented

and have a frequency of occurrence greater than

a specific limit which can be empirically defined

are ubiquitous. …”.

Foust (1975) cites Alfred Weber’s definition of

ubiquitous manufacturing too: “Ubiquity

naturally does not mean that a commodity is

present or producible at every mathematical

point of the country or region. It means that the

commodity is so extensively available within the

region that, wherever a place of consumption is

located, there are (…) opportunities for

producing it in the vicinity. Ubiquity is therefore

not a mathematical, but a practical and

approximate, term

(praktischerNaherungsbegriff).”

2 Wiktionary: https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/ubiquity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquity

https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/ubiquity

13

Figure 2.1 – Types of Product-Service Systems (Meier H., Roy R., Seliger G., 2010)

Figure 2.2 – Industrial Product-Service Systems scientific fields of action (redrawn from Meier H., Roy R., Seliger G., 2010)

14

Clouds

Definition of ‘cloud’ is reinforced by (Group, E.,

2010) - as the reference source created within

the EC initiative – and, therefore, it is the most

relevant for an Advanced Manufacturing

Systems and/or Enterprise.

“A ‘cloud’ is a platform or infrastructure that

enables execution of code (services, applications

etc.), in a managed and elastic fashion, whereas

‘managed’ means that reliability according to

pre-defined quality parameters is automatically

ensured and ‘elastic’ implies that the resources

are put to use according to actual current

requirements observing overarching

requirement definitions – implicitly, elasticity

includes both up- and downward scalability of

resources and data, but also load-balancing of

data throughput.”

‘Cloud’ has a number of “particular

characteristics that distinguish it from classical

resource and service provisioning environments:

(1) it is (virtually) infinitely scalable; (2) it

provides one or more of an infrastructure for

platforms, a platform for applications or

applications (via services) themselves; (3) thus

clouds can be used for every purpose from

disaster recovery/business continuity through to

a fully outsourced ICT service for an

organisation; (4) clouds shift the costs for a

business opportunity from CAPEX to OPEX which

allows finer control of expenditure maintenance

reducing the entry threshold barrier; (5)

currently the major cloud providers have already

invested in large scale infrastructure and now

offer a cloud service to exploit it; (6) as a

consequence the cloud offerings are

heterogeneous and without agreed interfaces;

(7) cloud providers essentially provide

datacentres for outsourcing; (8) there are

concerns over security if a business places its

valuable knowledge, information and data on

an external service; (9) there are concerns over

availability and business continuity – with some

recent examples of failures; (10) there are

concerns over data shipping over anticipated

broadband speeds.” (Group, E., 2010).

15

Figure 2.3 – a) UMS has UCS as an operating system – Ubiquity of Computational resources only; b) UMS operates as UCS – Ubiquity of all Resources: Material processing, Knowledge, and Computational resources

Figure 2.4 – Ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing network idealization using cloud platform

16

Concerning the EU policy towards clouds, the

document refers two main recommendations:

Recommendation 1: The EC should stimulate

research and technological development in

the area of Cloud Computing,

Recommendation 2: The EC together with

Member States should set up the right

regulatory framework to facilitate the uptake

of Cloud computing.

Concerning the types of clouds, for an Advanced

Manufacturing Systems and/or Enterprise, the

most important are the concepts of ‘cloud’

types:

1. IaaS - Infrastructure as a Service,

2. PaaS - Platform as a Service,

3. SaaS - Software as a Service, and

4. “collectively *aaS (Everything as a Service)

all of which imply a service-oriented

architecture”, which includes, e.g., MaaS –

Manufacturing as a Service.

Manufacturing as service systems

Definition of the manufacturing as a service

system was conceived primarily by the

requirements for new business models in

manufacturing and not in relation to ‘clouds’.

However, ‘cloud’ has provided a new view and

capacity on/for manufacturing as service

systems. Manufacturing as the service system is

related to the concept of Industrial and Product-

Service Systems.

Industrial and Product-Service Systems (IPS2)

represents a “paradigm shift from the separated

consideration of products and services to a new

product understanding consisting of integrated

products and services [that] creates innovation

potential to increase the sustainable

competitiveness of mechanical engineering and

plant design. The latter allows business models

which do not focus on the machine sales but on

the use for the customer, e.g. in form of

continuously available machines. The business

model determines the complexity of delivery

processes. Characteristics of Industrial Product-

Service Systems allow covering all market

demands” (Meier H., Roy R., Seliger G., 2010).

17

Figure 2.5 – A service architecture for the Ubiquitous and Cloud Production implementation

18

Considering the Industrial and Product-Service

Systems approach, different sets, larger or

smaller, of these services are already offered by

different manufacturers such as, Mori Seiki Co.

LTD. enterprise integrating services of training,

square parts, field services, hotline and remote

services (Meier H., Roy R., Seliger G., 2010).

There are three types of Product-Service

Systems (Figure 2.1):

1. Service Products – service engineering

considers product and service as an

independent goods;

2. Extended Products - service engineering is

machine oriented, i.e., service is a product

extension;

3. Industrial Product-Service System -

simultaneous and interfering product and;

4. Service engineering.

Industrial Product-Service Systems’ scientific

fields of action are presented in Figure 2.2.

Ubiquitous and cloud production network

idealization

Considering the Ubiquitous Systems and Cloud

based platform concepts, an idea of distributed,

complex, scalable, and we can say, democratic

network was projected, that allows enterprises

and individuals entrepreneurs to adjust their

market position in a sustainable and

competitive way.

To the above mentioned definitions (by (Foust,

1975) and (Weber, 1928)), which consider

ubiquity of resources – anywhere, we add the

ubiquity in time – anytime, which (the

“anytime”), from its “side”, implies the dynamic,

on-line, seamless, enterprises’ organizational

and manufacturing system networking and

reconfigurability, or adaptability, that requires

new organisational architectures and meta-

enterprise organizations as creating and

operating environments, makes the UMS a true

new paradigm.

Virtually, any product domain can be

transformed functionally into a Product-

Service System. The transformation of a

concrete product into a transformation

Product-Service System depends, in reality,

of other factors, such as social and economic

factors.

19

Figure 2.6 – Figurative presentation of VE evolution: from conservative, minimal network domain, e.g. of the traditional “supply chain” architecture (a), towards ubiquitous network domain (d).

20

All these features are considered in Ubiquitous

and Cloud Manufacturing concepts. We suggest

an advanced manufacturing system in which

Ubiquitous and Cloud Computing is mapped

with direct adoption of ubiquitous and cloud

computing technologies. In this context,

resources are seen, essentially, as services that

can create a network. This manufacturing

service-oriented network can stimulate

production oriented to service-oriented

manufacturing (Cheng et al., 2010).

Therefore, Ubiquitous Manufacturing Systems

and Enterprises concept is related to the

availability of management, control and

operation functions of manufacturing systems

and enterprises anywhere, anytime, using

direct control, notebooks or handheld devices.

It is related with Ubiquitous Computing

Systems.

Ubiquitous Manufacturing Systems (UMS),

therefore, implies ubiquity of three general

types of resources in organizations:

Material processing resources (e.g.

machine tools and other

manufacturing/production equipment as

resources);

Information processing resources (e.g.

computational resources – includes

hardware and software, and services

creation); and

Knowledge resources (i.e. human

resources, considering the humans as

unique resources for knowledge generation

and new products and, at the end, the

ultimate effectiveness of organisations).

However, there are two quite different

approaches to the concept of UMS.

The first concept considers ubiquity of the

MS based on, i.e. using, the ubiquitous

computational systems (UCS) (see Figure

2.3 (a));

The second one, which is originally our

approach, considers ubiquity of the MS as a

homomorphism, i.e. it is a mapping, of the

ubiquitous computational systems (UCS),

(see Figure 2.3 (b)), (Putnik et al., 2004),

(Putnik et al., 2006), (Putnik et al., 2007).

The similar idea was referred in Murakami &

Fujinuma (2000), (cited by Serrano & Fischer;

2007). This approach is referred also as

“Ubiquitous networking” that “emphasises the

possibility of building networks of persons and

objects for sending and receiving information of

all kinds and thus providing the users with

services anytime and at any place”.

A ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing network

idealization using cloud platform in European

21

geographic space is presented in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.5 shows a framework for services

architecture construction to support the

Ubiquitous and Cloud Production, or

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing,

development and implementation.

Some hypothesis on UMS

The hypothesis is that UMS should be based on

a “hyper”-sized manufacturing network,

consisting of thousands, hundreds of

thousands, or millions of “nodes”, i.e. of

manufacturing resources units, freely accessible

and independent, Figure 2.6.

Further implications are that

1) UMS manufacturing units should be, in the

limit, “primitive”, i.e. individuals, or

individual companies, and individually owned

hardware/software resources,

2) Management and operation of UMS should

be informed by the discipline of “chaos and

complexity management in organizations”,

e.g. Chaordic System Thinking (CST) model

(Eijnatten et al, 2007),

3) Specific instruments should be used, such

as meta-organizations (e.g. Market of

Resources model), brokering and virtuality,

4) These UMS “hyper”-sized manufacturing

networks could be seen as manufacturing

resources Internet of Things,


networks could be seen as manufacturing

production social networks, enabling

advanced and emerging organizational and

business models based on crowdsourcing,

open source products, open source economy,

and others,


networks form and use clouds,

and others.

23

Service system architecture

As referred in the previous chapter, considering

the Ubiquitous Systems and Cloud based

platform concepts, an idea of distributed,

complex, scalable, and we can say, a democratic

network was projected, that allows enterprises

and individuals entrepreneurs to adjust and

project (referring to reactivity and proactivity,

respectively) their market position in a

sustainable and competitive way.

Thus, the services of real time data acquisition

(through intelligent production monitoring

services), product design and production

management services, are distributed in a

global network of resources (enterprises and

individuals entrepreneurs) that provide these

services. These services will be supported by a

cloud infrastructure.

The platform architecture is a projection of the

supporting architecture for Ubiquitous and

Cloud Manufacturing Systems, in which the

manufacturing system corresponds functionally

to a service system. That is, the ubiquitous

manufacturing system architecture. Figure 3.1,

is a ‘cloud’ based architecture that represents

the manufacturing system as a service system,

integrating the services for:

1) Real-time Data Acquisition Services for

real-time data acquisition from the

equipment through the embedded intelligent

information devices – services type:

‘Equipment Intelligent Monitoring Systems’,

2) Product Design Services, that integrates

four environments: a) Computer Aided

Design, b) Product data repository with

embedded Intelligent System for Decision

Making (for accessing all relevant data, actual

and historic as well as data analysis) from the

equipment in use, c) Mixed-reality

Environment, and d) Co-Creation

(Collaborative) Environment for co-creative

design – services type: ‘Product Design

Services’;

Chapter III

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing: an Architecture

24

3) Equipment Operation Services, that

integrates four environments: a) Equipment

Data Real-time with embedded Intelligent

System for Decision Making, that provides all

relevant data, actual and historic as well as

data analysis and management suggestions,

necessary for the production management b)

Management environment, for monitoring,

scheduling and controlling management

activities, with embedded Intelligent System

for Decision Making, c) Mixed-reality

Environment, and d) Co-Creation

(Collaborative) Environment for co-creative

management – services types: ‘Production

Management Services’ and ‘Production

Planning and Control Services’;

4) The ‘cloud’ infrastructure, that will provide

the

a) infrastructure for the manufacturing

system applications – of all three types of

resources: material processing resources,

information processing resources (i.e.

computational resources), and knowledge

resources – in the form of IaaS -

Infrastructure as a Service (including

manufacturing resources as a service – in

the form of MaaS),

b) platform for the manufacturing system

applications in the form of PaaS - Platform

as a Service, and

c) manufacturing system software

‘business’ applications in the form of SaaS -

Software as a Service.

For the architecture presented in Figure 3.1, the

possible technological support platform

oriented to the ‘cloud,’ is presented in Figure

3.2.

25

Figure 3.1 – Overall system architecture for development, implementation and validation

26

ICT platform architecture

The logical architecture of the ICT Platform is

architecture for integration of

“Representation”, “Mixed-reality

representation”, “Real-time management

model”, and “Communication for collaborative

management”.

It is basically a 3-tier layer architecture

consisting of (1) Presentation Layer, (2) Business

Layer and (3) Data Layer:

1) The ‘Presentation Layer’ represents/defines

applications and support for all interfaces,

views, presentations and communications for

users.

2) The ‘Business Layer’ represents/defines

applications and support for all ‘business’

applications such as Decision Making

applications, Intelligent System applications,

Services Workflows.

3) The ‘Data Layer’ represents/defines

applications and support for all applications for

data repository and management, including

knowledge bases (e.g. for Intelligent System on

the upper level).

For each layer the corresponding technology to

be employed is referred. Each logic layer

interacts with the other using appropriate

interoperability services. Its implementation is

supported by technologies capable and duly

integrated into the 'cloud'. A view of the

architecture is presented on Figure 3.3.

Furthermore, some functional modules, which

belong to the Business Layer, are presented.

27

Figure 3.2 – Technological support platform oriented to the cloud

28

Co-Creation platform: Semiotics and

Pragmatics, Co-Design, Co-Management, and

Co-*

Semiotics and Pragmatics – In its most simple

definition, semiotics is the science of ‘signs’. The

domain of semiotics comprises three fields:

syntax, semantics and pragmatics. While syntax

and semantics are well known in the

Manufacturing Systems (MS) science,

pragmatics is almost totally unknown as a

discipline. The universally accepted order

among the three semiotic fields, introduced by

Carnap (1942), is based on their degree of

abstractness in relation to complete signs and

semiosis: “ ‘If in an investigation explicit

reference is made to the speaker, or, to put it in

more general terms, to the user of language,

then we assign it to the field of pragmatics. … If

we abstract from the user of the language and

analyse only the expressions and their

designate, we are in the field of semantics. And

if, finally, we abstract from the designate also

and analyse only the relations between the

expressions, we are in (logical) syntax.’ (Carnap

1942: 9)”. This criterion could be considered of

the maximum importance as it ‘reveals’

proximity to the reality of syntactics, semantics

and pragmatics (Putnik G.D., Putnik Z., 2010).

The relevance of the semiotic approach in a

social context in engineering has emerged in

response to the failure of the traditional

‘technocentric’ approach to today’s information

systems (IS) and organisations’ requirements as

well as to the ‘software development crisis.’

(ibid.). In other words, the relevance of the

semiotic approach could be clearer if

considering that the biggest problem is in fact

data interpretation. Actually, the data

interpretation depends at the end only of

humans and implementing

semiotics/pragmatics directly addresses this

problem and introduces the instrument for its

treatment.

29

Presentation Layer Communication

o Audio chat

o Audio conference

o Video chat

o Video conference

o Messenger

o Others…

Resources

o Management

o Data

o Mixed-Reality

o Geo-reference

o Video

o Others…

Technology: JQuery, HTML5, CSS3

XMPP

Frameworks: OpenSimulator/SilverLight

Business Layer Tools

o Co-Creation (Co-Design, Co-Management,

Co-Maintenance, …)

o Audio conference

o Mixed-Reality

o Video conference

o Intelligent Systems

o Others…

o Brokering

o Selection and Reconfiguration

o Sustainability Technology:

Web Services / RESTful API

Cloud API (SaaS)

Data Layer Tools

o Quering

o Selection

o Refinement

Technology: Web Services / RESTful API

LINQ

Cloud API (SaaS)

DBMS

Figure 3.3 – ICT Platform Architecture

30

A vision of introduction of the

semiotics/pragmatics concept as an instrument

is shown in the Figure 3.4.

The semiotics approach, and in particular

pragmatics, in UCMS is additionally enhanced

through introduction of the concept of Co-

Creation.

Co-Creation – Co-Creation is already relatively in

regular use, especially in marketing and some

design practices and in these disciplines it refers

a joint design of product by designer and

costumer. This is relatively close to the

“traditional” Concurrent Engineering concept

and practices. However, the semantics is quite

different from theory to theory, from author to

author, from “user”-group to “user”-group,

from community to community. Even in the

scientific literature there are contradictory

definitions.

Not entering here in discussion on the “co-

creation”, or co-creativity or co-design or co-

evolution, models and definitions, the

interpretation of “co-creation” assumed in

UCMS is that co-creation process means that, in

the “minimal”, or “elementary” configuration,

there are two agents (minimum) that co-

creatively construct their product, whether the

“product” is a design of a new equipment (with

embedded intelligent information devices) or

e.g. a (predictive) maintenance action (– while

the “traditional” design / management / control

paradigm is a 1:1 relation). It means that these

activities and decision are co-constructed, or co-

created, by a group of designers and/or

managers, in order to achieve increased

cognitive capacity of agents, designers or

managers, and other stakeholders, in order to

enable and ensure faster and better decisions

and higher level coherence with the reality,

which is another objective (and performance

measure).

This approach, the co-creation or co-creativity

or co-design or co-evolution, is also in

accordance with recently promoted “semiotics

based manufacturing system integration” which

is, simplifying, a communicational based

system, rather than information transaction

based.

Collaboration (in design and management

processes) enables and ensures better decisions

by increasing the cognitive capacity of designers

and/or managers and other stakeholders and

higher level coherence with the reality through

implementation of co-creative management. In

other terms, the collaborative

design/management paradigm is oriented

towards effectiveness, rather than towards

efficiency, as the effectiveness is nowadays the

problem of the higher impact in organizations.

31

Figure 3.4 – Interfaces for communication in a MS Cell with both ‘pragmatic’ and ‘semantic’ communication channels

(Putnik G.D., Putnik Z., 2010)

Figure 3.5 – A video conferencing environment for “traditional” 1:1 “architecture of design and/or

management process”

Figure 3.6 – A video conferencing environment for “co-creative” oriented n:n “architecture of design and/or

management process”

Figure 3.7 – Future cyber-commons environment (Leigh & Brown, 2008)

32

Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6 present the

“traditional” 1:1 “architecture of design and/or

management process”, and the “co-creative”

oriented n:n “architecture of design and/or

management process (in a virtual, i.e. multi-

video conferencing environment)” respectively.

Figure 3.7 shows an advanced and complex

environment denominated as “cyber-commons

environment”, as another implementation for

co-creation environment.

Advanced manufacturing system architecture

will integrate environments, or so-called, co-

creative platforms, for three co-creative

environments:

1) Product design processes,

2) Operation, or production, management

processes, and

3) Integrated design-production processes.

It means that the co-creative processes, in both

groups of agents, will perform independently,

i.e. the designers will be capable to perform

their processes in their own environment

separately from the managers – ‘1st Co-

Creative cycle’ (Design Co-Creation), and the

managers will be capable to perform their

processes in their own environment separately

from the designers– ‘2nd Co-Creative cycle’

(Management Co-Creation). However,

additionally, both groups will be capable to

perform their processes jointly in a fully

integrated and systemic way – ‘3rd Co-Creative

cycle’ (Integrated Co-Creation), Figure 3.8.

The supporting technology will be based on

multi-user video-conferencing with auxiliary

functionalities. A vision is presented on the

Figure 3.9.

These three cycles, and the video-conferencing

environment, will provide full

semiotic/pragmatics effects and support in

order to enhance the cognitive and creative

capacities of the participants to the maximum,

and a full “co-creative”, or co-design or co-

evolving, and truly systemic environment.

Mixed-reality platform

Mixed Reality is defined as "...anywhere

between the extrema of the virtuality

continuum.", (Milgram P., Kishino A. F., 1994),

where “the Virtuality Continuum (VC) extends

from the completely real through to the

completely virtual environment with

augmented reality and augmented virtuality

ranging between”, Figure 3.10.

33

Figure 3.8 – Advanced manufacturing system co-creative platform, for three co-creative environments: 1) for product design processes, 2) for operation, or production, management processes, and 3) for integrated design-production processes.

34

“The conventionally held view of a Virtual

Reality (VR) environment is one in which the

participant-observer is totally immersed in, and

able to interact with, a completely synthetic

world. Such a world may mimic the properties

of some real-world environments, either

existing or fictional; however, it can also exceed

the bounds of physical reality by creating a

world in which the physical laws ordinarily

governing space, time, mechanics, material

properties, etc. no longer hold. What may be

overlooked in this view, however, is that the VR

label is also frequently used in association with

a variety of other environments, to which total

immersion and complete synthesis do not

necessarily pertain, but which fall somewhere

along a virtuality continuum. … a particular

subclass of VR related technologies that involve

the merging of real and virtual worlds, which we

refer to generically as Mixed Reality (MR)”.

Mixed-reality technologies are used, concerning

engineering and production, in a number of

advanced applications of design, training,

validation, control, management, marketing,

etc.

Within UCMS mixed-reality technologies will be

used for both (1) new generation products and

equipment design with embedded intelligent

information devices (for advancing production

performance and other functions e.g. reliability

and maintainability), creating virtual reality

environment of the workshops and equipment

for enhancing design performance and quality,

as well as for (2) production management

(including planning and control) services, in

which the manager will supervise the

workshops and equipment over virtual reality

models of the workshop or through the video

monitoring enriched by e.g. virtual tags with

relevant information attached to each

equipment in the workshop.

A vision for application of the mixed-reality

technologies presented in Figure 3.11, Figure

3.12 and Figure 3.13 shows a vision of the

manufacturing system environment, combining

the mixed-reality platform with co-creative

platform, and other relevant environments.

The mixed-reality platform could be developed

following the concepts of “metaverse”

environments, i.e. the mixed-reality platform

could be developed over a 3D metaverse

platform such as OpenSimulator

(opensimulator.org) or SecondLife™

(secondlife.com). 3D Application Servers such as

OpenSimulator (opensimulator.org) or

SecondLife™ (secondlife.com) provide a fast

track to developing virtual worlds. They seem to

be a natural choice for the development of the

35

Figure 3.9 – A vision of the multi-user video-conferencing system as the co-creative environment

Figure 3.10 – Reality-Virtuality continuum (Milgram & Kishino, 1994)

Figure 3.11 – Virtual reality

Figure 3.12 – Mixed reality - with virtual tags only

Figure 3.13 – Mixed reality – Augmented Reality form

36

type of prototype we are aiming at.

OpenSimulator, in particular, has the advantage

of being open source. This means the backend

can be programmed, making it highly

configurable and extensible.

An additional challenge is to render the objects

of the automatically generated environments

more realistically, both regarding their 3D look

and feel and the details of their behaviour, while

conforming to the high level model. Interactive

evolutionary computation approaches have

been used to speed the design process in

application areas ranging from facial image

generation, graphics, and 3D lighting to

industrial design (an extensive review can be

found in literature). The challenges in this

process include finding an adequate parametric

model of the object to be generated, an

algorithm to navigate the parameter space, and

an assessment function which often includes

user input. For example, genetics-based

algorithms have been used to prototype virtual

objects and to automatically generate

applications. In particular, the challenge is to

find parametric models of the 3D objects and

their behaviour and to assess the usefulness of

this evolutionary computation approach.

The platform should support both implicit and

explicit interactions. Implicit interactions

happen through virtual sensors that capture, for

example, the position of the user in the space.

Explicit interactions imply the availability of

virtual devices presented in the simulation. For

example, touch screens or simulated portable

devices.

Intelligent System

UCMS should implement a series of software

application for employment of intelligent

algorithms for diverse objectives such as

evaluation of behavioural curves in real-time,

pattern recognition, data mining, etc. These

techniques are to be combined with other

relevant techniques.

Sustainability

There are a number of “sustainability”

definitions depending on the context. However,

this is a critical issue for the society as a whole

and for many communities in particular. Besides

the differences, large number of communities,

and especially governmental bodies, agree that

the sustainability should address three

challenges, Figure 3.14 (Jovane F., 2007):

• “economical challenges, by producing

wealth and new services ensuring

37

Figure 3.14 – Fundamentals of sustainable development (Jovane F., 2007)

Figure 3.15 – Sustainable value-creating modules in a global network (Seliger G, et al., 2008)

38

development and competitiveness through

time;

• environmental challenges, by promoting

minimal use of natural resources (in particular

non-renewable) and managing them in the

best possible way while reducing

environmental impact;

• social challenges, by promoting social

development and improved quality of life

through renewed quality of wealth and jobs.”

(Jovane et al., 2008).

It means that UCMS should consciously

address all three challenges. The issues such

as ‘Products –What’, ‘Organization – When,

Where’, ‘Production Facilities – By’ and

‘HUMANS’ are mandatory to address, Figure

3.15 (Seliger G, et al., 2008).

At the “field level”, UCM products and services

must be:

“safe and ecologically sound throughout

their life cycle” (environmental

challenge);

appropriately designed equipment to “be

durable, repairable, readily recycled,

compostable, or easily biodegradable”

(economical and environmental

challenge);

produced and used in production to

reduce the energy costs and

environmental pollution by a factor of

minimum 20% (economical and

environmental challenge);

capable of new jobs creation (social

challenge)!

39

The proposed architecture addresses the three

aspects of sustainability: economic,

environmental and social, implementing them

in the following way:

• Economic and environmental

sustainability: Economic and environmental

sustainability is based on implementation of

specific software modules, with

corresponding analytical models, for

continuous evaluation of energy consumption

and costs, environmental pollution and

associated costs. These models and

applications will be embedded in data

acquisition services.

• Social sustainability: Advanced

manufacturing system components support

Social sustainability goals enabling “The

creation of new jobs” – This effect is possible

because the advanced manufacturing system

is conceived as a service system meaning a

great degree of “openness” for performing

these services, the maintenance

management and design services, by

individuals (“free-lancers”), micro and small

companies, that would form a dynamic

network of services providers. In this way a

potential for new jobs creation will be

dramatically increased.

41

UCMS laboratorial platform as a learning

factory

Competitiveness, innovation and sustainability,

internationalization and factories globally

distributed, networked businesses, real time

management and information and

communication technologies, as well as new

business models, are terms that have been

directly or indirectly embedded throughout the

previous chapters. The concepts of Ubiquitous

and Cloud Manufacturing were explored, by

presenting a model of advanced manufacturing

systems and enterprises, as well as an

architecture that is able to support it.

Although the idea of collaboration between

partners and enterprises, or even the

collaboration into a distributed network, and

the use of advanced ICT, may seem simple and

clear, and can represent an incentive for the

industry to ensure greater competitiveness and

sustainability by companies, the truth is that, it

is unclear how this interrelation works, as well

as what is the exact role of various stakeholders

including customers, products and services

suppliers, 'Brokers' and Meta Organization.

Chapter IV

A Laboratorial Platform as Learning Factory for Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing Adoption in Industry and Community

42

In this way, a laboratory platform, that

integrates physical components, was created, as

a complex computational solution, capable of

simulating network operations, and

representing a pilot installation of UCMS. The

objective of this laboratorial platform is to serve

as a learning factory platform to ensure the

adoption of the ubiquitous and cloud

manufacturing concepts in industry and

community, through training and through

carrying out real business operations in reduced

volume of services. Thus, the developed

platform has two general functionalities: (1) as

a learning factory - to increase competences,

skills, know-how, and to be a bridge for

competences, skills, know-how exchange, and

(2) as a new business generator - to transform

the traditional enterprises into future

enterprises.

In other words, this laboratorial platform, as

learning factory, allows the entrepreneurs,

manufacturing factories and enterprises to

work in network, communicate, and make

decisions in real time, through new technologies

and new organizational forms. Thus, with this

new type of work and business environment,

new products and businesses can emerge

among the users with the final objective to

achieve the desired competitiveness and

sustainability.

43

Figure 4.1 – A Learning Factory Platform applicability in industry and community

44

Although the concept of “Learning Factory” is

not very recent, the innovative platform’s

dimension is the application of the Learning

Factory concept for Ubiquitous and Cloud

Manufacturing as the Advanced Manufacturing

Systems and Enterprises agents for the XXI

Century.

The laboratorial platform, as learning factory,

allows the enterprises and the community to

learn and train the ubiquitous and cloud

concepts applicability (Figure 4.1), promoting

entrepreneurship and creation of new business

models.

“The mission of the Learning Factory is to

integrate design, manufacturing and business

realities into engineering education. This is

accomplished by providing a state-of-the-art,

hands-on active learning laboratory, a

practice-based curriculum, and real (industry-

driven) projects.”

(Lamancusa & Simpson, 2004)

“The Learning Factory is a paradigm shift to

industry-partnered, interdisciplinary, real-

world problem solving in engineering

education.”

(Lamancusa et al. 2008)

45

Figure 4.2 – A laboratorial pilot installation of a UCMS and as a UCMS learning factory environment

46

In industry, companies can use the platform

internally, for training their own personnel in

service-based manufacturing, product-service

systems, working over the Internet, and

generating competences on UCMS principles –

performing manufacturing services anytime,

anywhere. Companies can also use the platform

externally by performing learning and training

jointly with other companies through

exchanging services and creation of added-

value with other companies and through small

projects development with community (in the

first place with academia, but also with other

social groups, e.g. cooperating with

employment centres for personnel

requalification, and similar).

Use of the platform for external and internal

learning and training are also applicable in the

community through e.g. students’ curricular

activities (internal) and development of their

projects within the laboratory and among

themselves only – internal learning and training,

or in cooperation with, and in, companies –

external learning and training.

This type of training also promotes

entrepreneurship to solve the unemployment,

which is a critical issue for young people who

start their professional career.

47

Figure 4.3 – Resource Environment Figure 4.3 – UCMS Client’s control room

Figure 4.5 – Extended physical platform, as a Learning Factory of ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing Figure 4.6 – Informal demonstrator architecture

48

Platform’s functional architecture and its implementation

The laboratory platform was developed by the

University of Minho in the Laboratory of Virtual

Enterprises (LabVE) - Guimarães, Portugal. In

Figure 4.2 the laboratorial platform’s physical

installation is shown, as a pilot installation of

UCMS, and as a UCMS learning factory environment.

Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4 show one of the

machining resource, i.e. UCMS server’s,

environment – desktop machine-tools – and its

communicational interface, and the UCMS

control room – UCMS client’s environment –

and its large-screen communicational interface

for creation of virtual presence environments, respectively.

The installed platform (Figure 4.2) can be

extended with physical facilities into different

modules: Client, Broker and Resource (Figure

4.5), anywhere, in any institution, whether

academic or industrial, fixed or mobile, creating

a real true and physical ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing learning factory.

49

a) b) c) d)

Figure 4.7 – Frontends: a) Meta-organization, b) Client, c) Broker e d) Resource

Figure 4.8 – Meta-Organization module Figure 4.9 – Meta-Organization module: Dashboards for

Quality and Trust Management

Figure 4.10 – Client modules

50

Additionally, the installed platform can be

extended with virtual equipment modules that

can be installed in any computer to simulate a

machine tool operation, and in that way,

possibly to create real large networks for advanced experimentation and training.

Thus, the developed platform corresponds to

the logical architecture implementation of the

ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing concept

(Figure 4.6), able to simulate the concept similar

to a very near future industrial reality, that

would be based on Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing.

Platform Computational and Functional Modules

The laboratorial platform, as a UCMS pilot

installation and learning factory, has four

computational modules for the four types of

system agents: Meta-Organization, Customer,

Broker and Resource. Figure 4.7 presents the

four laboratorial platform computational

modules frontends.

Meta-Organization is an environment to

facilitate and manage the efficient dynamic

UCMS network reconfiguration and particular

UCMS execution networks, and to ensure

virtuality, as one of the dynamic reconfiguration

tools, with low transaction costs, low

confidentiality risks, protection of knowledge,

trust management (Cunha & Putnik, 2008).

The Meta-Organization manages the network

environment, since the registration till the

contract termination, ensuring the information

confidentiality, trust and ethics between the

customers, service and products providers, and

manages Brokers too (Figure 4.8). The meta-

organization manager is responsible for meta-

organization trust, quality and meta-

organization operations management, and has

a set of dashboards (Figure 4.9) in order to help

in management processes and the members of

the network, and a set of communication

channels – chat, video conferencing, and others

– to all users.

51

Figure 4.11– Single Screen Desktop Environment

Figure 4.12– Multiple Screens Large + Desktop Environment

Figure 4.13– Mobile application frontends (for smartphones)

52

Client registers and generates new production

orders, and then associates them to Brokers

(that will inform on the best resources to

accomplish a certain order). Similarly to the

other modules, Client has a set of management

tools and a set of communications channels

(email, chat, video conference and others)

properly embedded and integrated. At the end

of each production order the Client

communicates his evaluation of the Broker and

Resource as the feedback within the Total

Quality Management functionality, for the continuous system improvement (Figure 4.10).

If the resource allows, the Client can see the

production order to be/being executed by the

resource, and if the Client wishes (and resource

allows), he can control the resource, anywhere,

anytime, from a control room, or a PC or via

mobile devices (smartphone, tablets, laptops,

and others).

Client may use a single screen desktop

environment (Figure 4.11) or may use a control

room, in which it is possible to expand to large

screens for control and communication, among

other features (Figure 4.12). Additionally, the

Client can use applications based on mobile smartphones exclusively (Figure 4.13).

This ensures the essential multimodal support

for applications that are intended to be ubiquitous.

Broker is a middleware agent, whose principal

role is the dynamic reconfiguration

management. Also, he is the principal agent of

agility and virtuality that acts/operates between Client and Resources (Cunha & Putnik, 2008).

53

Figure 4.14– Broker module

Figure 4.15– Resource module

54

The Broker receives the incoming production

orders from Clients, selects the best Resources

candidates to propose to the Client. He has the

ability to negotiate with the Resource, e.g., to

negotiate the reference price for a particular

order, through chat, e-mail and video

conferencing, or other. When the order is

finished, the Broker communicates his

evaluation of the Client and Resource as the feedback (Figure 4.14).

Resource is any provider of any service, such as

machine-tools, human agents as service

providers (designers, managers, machine

operators, planners, schedulers, sellers, and

others), computing resources, software, etc.

The Resource receives and negotiates the

orders received through Broker by chat, video,

conferencing or e-mail. After the order

approval, a direct relation is established

between the Resource and the Client, and the

production order is executed by the Resource

(Figure 4.15).

As referred above, if the Resource allows, the

Client can see the production order to be/being

executed by the Resource and can control the

Resource, anywhere (when the Resource is a

machine, computer, or software), using a

control room, PC or via mobile devices (Figure

4.13). When the order is finished, the Resource

communicates his evaluation of the Client and Broker as the feedback to the system.

55

It could be said that new manufacturing

paradigms emerge. New approaches to

products and services for and by industry are

transforming the traditional companies’

organizations.

The concept of Ubiquitous and Cloud

Manufacturing meets the requirements for new

manufacturing paradigms. It permits the

existence of total availability management,

control and operational functions of

manufacturing systems and enterprises,

anywhere, anytime, using direct control,

notebooks or handheld devices. The necessity

for greater capacity (usually associated with

more resources) or excessive capacity "release"

are behaviours associated to enterprises which

join to the ubiquitous manufacturing standard.

In other words, ubiquitous application must

ensure responsiveness in any time and space

context.

On other hand, the Cloud concept and

technologies boost advanced manufacturing

systems and enterprises, offering platforms that

enable large scales applications, on all service

levels.

The architecture presented is of a general

nature, with structural elements and open in

various aspects, in nature and in number, that

enables development of an advanced

manufacturing system or enterprises on

different complexity levels – which is one of the

primary requirements for the capacity of

achieving sustainability. Therefore, the

architecture presented may have a number of

implementation forms.

It would be useful to remind that a number of

underlying technologies should be considered,

which were not possible to analyse in all details

due to the book’s limited space, e.g. embedded

intelligent information devices, real-time

management (and design), mixed reality and

augmented reality, semiotics and pragmatics,

co-creation, chaos and complexity

management, the theory of sustainability, web

2.0 to web 4.0, and others.

Chapter V

Conclusions

56

Concerning the implementation framework, the

Laboratorial Platform was designed with

services to be interoperable in client-server,

Peer-to-Peer distributed environments, and in

emergent Ubiquitous and Cloud Computing.

Web services availability ensures

interoperability among different computing

platforms and the multimodal capacity ensures

its use by multiple devices. The support

database are able to integrate cloud servers

(Azure, Google, among others), adequately

ensuring its functionality and reliability.

Thus the necessary conditions for a ubiquitous

and cloud manufacturing applications are

properly supported.

Furthermore, the Learning Factory concept

implemented is an important concept for

learning and training in the industry and in the

community as a continuous development

instrument, absolutely necessary to achieve

higher levels of competitiveness and

sustainability.

Also, the advanced manufacturing systems and

enterprises based on ubiquitous and cloud

manufacturing adoption, implementation and

exploitation, require new kind of jobs creation,

in which each person is able to integrate in the

ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing system and

enterprise as a value-chain partner.

With the platform development and the

implementation, the conditions and future

developments for an effective and efficient

adoption of advanced manufacturing systems

and enterprises based on ubiquitous and cloud

manufacturing were created.

Thus, new organizational concepts contribute,

and are essential tools, to fight against local and

global unemployment, which in the context of

the current global crisis is also extremely

important task in parallel with search for

competitiveness within the sustainability

challenges.

57

However, there are a number of open technical,

organizational and conceptual problems that

require hard work in the future. Two of the

virtually most important problems to work on

are the interoperability, or integration, of the

Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing and its

adoption in society and industry.

Finalizing the conclusions, some challenges

mentioned in the Introduction are referred in

the context of ubiquitous and cloud

manufacturing contribution. It could be said

that ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing

directly contributes to the manufacturing jobs

reallocation challenge once it ensures

responsiveness in any time and space context.

The ubiquitous and cloud manufacturing

system’s capability to provide services

“anywhere” means it’s distance independent,

meaning further that it is capable to eliminate

needs for physical mobility of manufacturing

value-chain participants (public or private

individuals transport), and in that way indirectly

contributes to the environmental sustainability

requirement. Additionally, as the ubiquitous

and cloud manufacturing represents a form of

dynamic network of service providers, with

virtually the greatest degree of “openness”, it

enables creation of new jobs, through

emergence of new individual, micro and small

companies, and in that way making new

“concentrations of manufacturing activities”

bringing benefits for virtually all – companies,

workers and communities.

59

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63

Annexes

65

Annex I:

Distributed Informatics System for Manufacturing: Specification and Architecture –

Hybrid architecture Client-Server + P2P

Annex II:


Cloud-based Architecture

Annex III:

Laboratorial Platform as Learning Factory for Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing System - Hybrid Architecture

Annex IV:

Laboratorial Platform as Learning Factory for Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing

System - Cloud-based Architecture

Annex V:

Pilot Laboratorial Plant for Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing Systems

67

Annex I


Hybrid architecture Client-Server + P2P

69

UMS Software Architecture Overview

70

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) VideoCall design

71

Web service: Process of communication between a client and an XML Web service

72

UMS Software Components: Client Functions

73

UMS Software Components: Resource Functions

74

UMS Software Components: Resource Functions

75

UMS Software Components: Meta-Organization Functions

76

UMS Software Database Server – Database Architecture

77

UMS Broker Software Workflow

78

UMS Client Software Workflow

79

UMS Resource Software Workflow

80

UMS Meta Organization Software Workflow

81

Main Page of Windows Phone Application Main Page of Windows Phone Application

Using Web Service in mobile devices

83

Annex II


Cloud-based Architecture

85

Effective Cloud based Semiotic Architecture

86

Mid

dle

wa

re

................................................................

…....................................

..............................

...........................................................

Operating System

Windows, Mac, etc.

Vurtualized Infrastruture

Storage, CPU, Network

Multimodal PortalClient

AppOffice

Web server Web server

Application

Server

Application

Server

DB Server

Data

ServicesMoR

Other

Servers

Ap

plic

ati

on

Pla

tfo

rm

Transactional Multilayer Architecture

From Transactional to Communicational architecture

87

Communicational Architecture where devices are Pragmatics Renderers

Mid

dle

wa

re

......................................................................

…....................................

..............................

................................................................

Operating System

Windows, Mac, etc.

Vurtualized Infrastruture

Storage, CPU, Network

Multimodal PortalClient

AppOffice

Web server Web server

Application

Server

Application

Server

DB

Server

Data

ServicesMoR

Other

Servers

Ap

plic

ati

on

Pla

tfo

rmC

om

mu

nic

ati

on

(a)

Renderer

Devices

Pragmatics

Brokering

Pragmatics

Renderer

Renderer

Server

From Transactional to Communicational architecture

88

Multimodal interfaces for multiple Client devices classes

89

Communicational Architecture: Pragmatic Channels

90

Communicational Architecture: Technological support

91

Communicational Architecture: Technological Architecture - MVC/RIA Pattern

92

Communicational Architecture: Integrated Communications Channels

93

UMS Supporting Architecture

94

O1 O2 O3 O4

r1 r2 r3 r4

O4

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Cloud-based broker: (a) Process Plan (b) Stereotype (c) Candidate resources (d) Spatial Data in cloud

95

Cirrus

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Cloudlet Architecture (a) Dashboards (b) Cloudlet (service) (c) Enhanced cloudlet (d) Cloudlet with pragmatics instruments

97

Annex III


System - Hybrid Architecture

99

Create Clients’ Account

100

Main form of UMS Client

101

View - Resource Cameras

Client VideoCall

102

Main form of Broker

Broker VideoCall

103

Create Resources’ Account

104

Main form of Resource

105

Create Meta-Organizations’ Account

106

Main form of Meta-Organization

107

Quality Management: Statistics

108

Quality Management: Clients’ Feedbacks

109

Quality Management: Resources’ Feedbacks

111

Annex IV


System - Cloud-based Architecture

113

Resource Administration: Resources list

114

Resource Administration: Resources channels

115

Resource Administration: Resources tasks

116

Brokers’ Filters

117

Resources Selection

118

Map representation of selected of resources

119

Map InfoWindow with resource data

Web Chat Channel

120

Reconfiguration Manager

121

Reconfiguration InfoWindows events

122

Reconfiguration Alternative Resources Management

123

Communication with Alternative Resource

124

Reconfiguration using the Map

125

Reconfiguration Map Resource Event

Reconfiguration with Map Resource Details

Reconfiguration Alternative Resource Channels

126

Mobile GUI

PhoneClient Resource Registration PhoneClient Resource Channels Registration

127

PhoneClient Keyboard Emulator PhoneClient Market of Resources Management

Mobile GUI

129

Annex V

Pilot Laboratorial Plant for Ubiquitous and Cloud Manufacturing Systems

131

Descriptive Presentation

132

Logical Presentation

133

Physical Layout

Control Room 1

134

Physical Layout

Control Room 2

135

Physical Layout

UMS Workshop

136

.

Some photos

137

Some photos

138

Some photos

139

Some photos

140

NOTES

141

NOTES

142

NOTES

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