Advanced Lighting Control...
Transcript of Advanced Lighting Control...
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Advanced Lighting Control
Systems
Welcome. Today’s webinar is being recorded and will be posted at:
• www.E3Tnw.org
• www.ConduitNW.org
You may submit questions at any time during the webinar. We’ll answer them during the Question & Answer session after the presentation.
The webinar will begin momentarily. Thank you for attending!
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Advanced Lighting Control
Systems
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Interior Lighting Controls
James R Benya, PE FIES FIALD
The Benya Burnett
Consultancy
Davis, CA
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Lighting Control Basics
Energy = Power x Time
Kilowatt hours = kilowatts x hours
• Lights off no energy used
• Lights on but dimmed less energy used
• Cooling season add 33% for cooling the heat of lights
• Heating season less 33% for using the heat of lights
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
• Manual Control ̶ preference, desire, carelessness
• Automatic Control
– Harvest daylight (daylighting)
– No one present (occupancy or vacancy)
– Need less at night (adaptation compensation)
– Use only the minimum amount (tuning)
– Allow people to use less (manual control)
Why Control Lights?
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Systems
• Single-room systems
• Divisible-room systems
• Partial- or whole-building systems
Devices
• Wallbox switches, timers, clocks, dimmers and occupancy sensors
• Ceiling occupancy and daylight sensors
• “Time clock” controls
• Astronomic controls
Primary Approaches to Control
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Devices
Residential
• Switches
• Dimmers
• Timers
• Programmable time clocks
• Motion sensors
Non-residential
• Switches
• Dimmers
• Timers
• Programmable time clocks
• Occupancy sensors
• Vacancy sensors
• Daylight sensors
• Two-level vacancy sensors
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Systems by Type
Analog/PowerDigital or analog communications with central intelligence
• Sensor and/or control station inputs
• Central dimmer or relay cabinets
• Hardwired power and
control circuits
DigitalDigital communications and distributed intelligence (central intelligence can be added for more capabilities)
• Intelligent sensor and/ or control station inputs
• Smart luminaires
• Totally flexible circuits without rewiring
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Single Room
• Pre-set systems
• Partitioned room systems
• Theatrical controls
Building Wide
• Lighting systems
• Lighting systems with master controls
• Lighting systems with shading controls
• Lighting systems with building automation interface
Systems by Size
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
• Manual dimming
• Preset dimming
• Whole-house scenes
• A/V integration
• User preference or work accommodation
• Architainment
• Principally for specific functions, convenience, pleasure, aesthetics
• Energy is conserved as a by-product
Architectural “Dimming”
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Energy-Conserving Lighting Controls
• Daylight harvesting (with or without shade control)
• Occupancy or vacancy switching
• Time of day or solar time switching
• Tuning to minimum necessary level
• Allow users to manually use less
• Reduce load for demand response or to save energy costs
• Principally for energy management and energy cost management
• User preference and convenience are a by-product
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Theatrical Lighting
Old School
• Grid array for clamping on moveable lighting
• Stage pin outlets wired back to huge banks of dimmers
• Dimmer per circuit wiring –tremendous power handling ability
• DMX-512A digital lighting control/analog dimmers
New School
• Grid array for clamping on moveable lighting
• Power outlets, undimmed and unswitched
• Ethernet control environment – any light on any circuit can be any channel
• Multiple “universes” to control multiple address lights (e.g., LED or moving lights)
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Strategies of Energy Management
• Daylighting ̶ lights are dimmed or extinguished in response to daylight.
• Small zone motion and/or vacancy detection ̶ sensors can see all occupants and extinguish lights when the space is unoccupied.
• Large zone motion and/or vacancy detection ̶ one or more sensors are often combined with scheduling to provide night security and safety.
• User dimming ̶ individual occupants can control lights affecting their task.
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Strategies of Energy Management
Continued…
• Tuning ̶ maximum light levels can be set to limit lighting power.
• Scheduling ̶ lights are switched on a fixed or programmed schedule.
• Adaptation compensation ̶ interior lights are dimmed at night to ease adaptation of the eye and harvest energy savings.
• Demand management and response ̶ overall building energy use is monitored and reduced in response to energy cost or grid emergencies
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
How Lights are Switched
• Mechanical switch
• Relay from remote switch
• Internal to the ballast or driver
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
How Lights are Dimmed
• Vary the voltage
– Incandescent lighting
• Rapidly switch line power on and off (60 Hz in U.S.)
– Incandescent lighting
– Fluorescent lighting
– HID lighting
– LED
• Modulate the power on and off at high frequency
– Fluorescent lighting (30kHz+)
– HID lighting (130 Hz or higher)
– LED (130 Hz or higher)
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Power Circuits
• “Line” voltage (i.e., the utilization voltage 120, 277, etc.)
• High amps
• Bulky devices
Control Circuits
• Low voltage, normally 24 volts DC
• Very low amps
• Delicate and electronic circuits
• Cause power circuits to operate
Power and Control Circuits
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Power Circuits
• Wire in conduit (Class 1)
• Large-gauge wire (#14 min.)
• Junction boxes large enough for wiring make-up and termination
• Safety precautions essential
Control Circuits
• Wire in conduit (Class 1) or protected (Class 2)
• Small-gauge wire (#18 or smaller)
• Small junction boxes and open connections
• Minimum safety issues
Power and Control Circuits
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Fluorescent & LED Lighting Controls
• All dimming is performed inside the ballast or driver using control circuits
• The challenge is how to switch the lights and how to communicate the level setting to the ballast
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Fluorescent Switching
• Option 1: Power on/off using a remote switch
• Option 2: Ballast has internal brains to turn on and off when signaled
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Fluorescent and LED Dimming
• Option 1: Use an incandescent dimmer to send a dimming signal by normal phase dimming
• Option 2: Use an “electronic power supply” dimmer to send a dimming signal by reverse phase dimming
• Option 3: Use a DC circuit from 0 volts (0 light) to 10 volts (full light)
• Option 4: Use a digital signal to instruct the light output
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Controls Systems Types
DALI-based (with and without overlay)
Zone-based
Wireless
Legacy-based
Power line carrier
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Controllable Fluorescent Ballasts
Step dimming ballasts• All rapid start
• 2 steps (0-50-100)
• 3 steps (0-30-70-100)
• 7 steps dissolve (3-100%)
Analog dimming ballasts• 0-10 volt external circuit for
photocells and complex systems
• 2 wire wallbox dimmer circuit
• 3 wire legacy fluorescent dimming circuit for dimming systems
Digital Dimming Ballasts• Generic two byte DALI
• Proprietary– Ecosystem (Lutron)
– Sector (Leviton)
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Controllable HID Ballasts
• Electronic ballasts for all HID lighting through 150 watts, indoor and some outdoor applications
• Electronic ballasts for indoor HID lighting 250-400 watt
• All have a minimum dim point of 50% light/70% power
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Controllable LED Drivers
• Designed to power “standardized” LEDs
• Forward phase cut (incandescent) dimming
• Reverse phase cut (incandescent electronic) dimming
• 0-10 volt dimming
• DMX-512 dimming
• DALI dimming
• Ecosystem dimming
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Digital Lighting Controls
Load any circuit up to 16 ampsOne master controller per building
Plug in low voltage wiring and stations –no conduit needed
Low-voltage controls 18-22 ga.wire plenum rated
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Other lamps
• Digital incandescent dimmer packs
• Digital dimming LED drivers
• Digital non-dimming interfaces for HID and other non dim sources
Fluorescent dimming• Standard DALI dimming
ballasts (T8, T5, CF)
• Proprietary advanced dimming ballasts
• High performance dimming ballasts
• Combination analog legacy/digital ballasts
• Legacy fluorescent dimming ballast interface
Digital Lighting Ballasts
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Performance Capabilities of Commercial
Lighting Control Systems
Performs well at reasonable cost
Performs acceptably with cost or
performance limits
X Function not possible or unusually
expensive and/or difficult
? System might be capable
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State-of-the-art Systems
DALI-based (stand alone) X X (3) $$-$$$
DALI-based (with overlay) (3) $$-$$$$
Zone-based with overlay X $$-$$$$
Wireless Zone-based X X $$-$$$$
Legacy-based (4) $$-$$$$
Power Line Carrier X (4) $$-$$$$
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Performance Capabilities of Commercial
Lighting Control Systems
Performs well at reasonable cost
Performs acceptably with cost or
performance limits
X Function not possible or unusually
expensive and/or difficult
? System might be capable
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Conventional Lighting Controls
Stand alone analog system with analog
dimming ballasts without central relay
panels
X X X $-$$$
Old school relay panels X X X X X X $-$$
BAS overlay to legacy system with stand
alone small zones, D/A outputs and
analog dimming ballasts throughout
X$$$-
$$$$
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Assessing Candidates
The ideal system is “plug-program-play.”
Wiring should be easy and faultless with a minimum of wire stripping or the need to land individual wires.
The wiring methods should be simple, repetitive and logical.
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Regardless of how many manufacturers’ products are used, there should be a single point of responsibility for the compatibility of the products and for all necessary products being part of the system.
Assessing Candidates
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Supplier Start-up, Commissioning and Programming
A company representative or, preferably, a factory engineer should be a integral part of the installation and commissioning team.
This person should be well trained and capable of:
• Quickly reviewing and fixing installation errors,
• Checking system integrity,
• Placing the system into operating condition, and
• Performing initial programming.
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Supplier Start-up, Commissioning and Programming
This person should:
• Teach the owner’s personnel how to operate and reprogram the system and
• Be available on-call throughout a reasonable shake-down period.
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
System Maturity
• The system should be well into a third generation of the product, if possible.
• Comparable systems in current operation should be able to be reviewed and should have testimonials from several customers
• First-generation products should only be used on a potential “guinea pig” basis.
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
The system should have, as a minimum, a comprehensive labor and material warranty for the first year and a declining value warranty on all parts for at least five years.
Warranty
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Company Track Record
The company should have been in the architectural and/or energy lighting controls business for at least 10 years. Consider company size and ability to survive in our highly competitive market.
The company’s reputation for service and parts availability is an essential indicator of the long-term viability of the system and is critically important in the decision to use the system.
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
The system price should be fair.
Hidden markups and other costs without added value should not be tolerated.
Pricing
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Don’t forget to evaluate the cost of cabling and installation of control hardware.
Installation Costs
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Performance
The system should provide all needed lighting control functions for both energy management and architectural applications.
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Obsolescence
• Is the system digital, hybrid or analog?
• Is it likely to be dropped when new generation systems are introduced?
• Will future products remain backwards compatible?
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Sole Source vs. Multiple Source
• Does the manufacturer rely upon the products of other companies (e.g., ballasts)?
• Is there a risk of finger pointing when things go wrong?
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Port and Interface to BAS
Does the system provide a BACNET port for high-level management?
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Data Reporting
Does the system provide feedback (e.g., failed lamps and ballasts)?
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Avoiding Hidden Costs and Pitfalls
• Are there unresolved problems with previously installed systems?
• Is commissioning predictably fast and accurate?
• Will the company stand behind the product and make it right?
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Advanced Lighting Controls for Exterior Applications
Doug Oppedal, LC
Evergreen Consulting Group
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Lighting Control System Goals
• Control individual fixtures or zones of fixtures• Time of day programming• Time of day plus occupancy over ride• Flexibility for future changes in area • Ease of programming• Monitor and gather energy use • Access to software or load reporting protocol • Feedback for maintenance (lamp and ballast failure)• Reduce lighting loads but still maintain IES light level
recommendations• Safety
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Applications
1. Auto dealerships
2. Retail parking lots
3. Business property parking lots
4. Parking garage
5. Street lighting
Timed on/off throughout evening hours plus photo control, dimming, bi-level and occupancy
Hubbell
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
What we are seeing
• Higher wattage projects like auto dealerships and retail parking lots
• Wireless systems with advanced controls and reporting
• Simplistic systems without reporting and minimal programing
• Most of the savings are from high-wattage projects/measures (HID to LED example: 1000 watt MH to 254 watt LED in retail)
• Typically, advanced controls are a cost-effective challenge on their own (controls-only project) when controlling LED or low-wattage loads
• Some controls-only wireless projects have been installed controlling existing high -wattage loads (HID)
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Ripley Controls
Wireless Example Mesh Network
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
More Wireless Examples
Sample features for wireless systems:• Operates with any outdoor LED, HID or other loads• Can be spaced up to 1,000 feet apart• Receives data and transmits commands from nodes• Many devices on a system (2,000 + or -)• Collects and stores lighting system performance data• Displays operating conditions, performance data and energy use• Accessible from a web browser• Allows user to establish schedulesRoam and Hubbell
In fixture module with C.T.
On fixture module with C.T.
Gateway
Access Point
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Wiring Diagram Example Varies by manufacturer
Lumewave, Inc.
This diagram represents several layers of controls
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Reporting Example
LSI/Verticus
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
What does it look like?
Controller could be mounted in hand hole
LSI/Verticus
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
1080 W eachSunset to sunrise (~ 12 hours/day)
Sunset - 10pm: 180W each
(tuned from 254 watts)
10pm – sunrise: 27W each
Max: 15 F.C.Min: 2 F.C. Max: 7 F.C.Min: 5 F.C.
12,960 Wh/day/fixture783 Wh/day/fixture
Max: 2 F.C. Min: 1 F.C.
100%
10%
Case StudyProvide more light, where you want, when you want
LSI/Verticus
Before: After:
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Cart Before the Horse Sometimes Works
Wireless system controlling individual and groups of existing HID fixtures
Scheduled to turn off based on store operating hours and street lighting contribution
NetLink
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Confirm Monthly Fees
• Some advanced systems will have a monthly fee for access (cell phone, internet connection, etc.)
• You can have access at all times remotely or program it and forget it until you need to change something on site
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Relay Panels with Astronomical Time Clock
• Better than a mechanical time clock and ltg. contactor
• Adjusts for dusk/dawn per geographical location
• Adjusts for daylight savings
• Control circuits separately, but not individual fixtures
• Zone per circuit to save energy….if wired appropriately
• Many to choose from and a low-cost solution beyond photo control savings
Leviton
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Cheap and Simple
• Photo cell replacement
• Turns lights on at dusk, back on again at selected time if desired, and off at dawn
• Seasonal photo clocks available
• More savings than a simple photo cell
• For poles with more than one fixture, use a timed photo cell on one and a standard on the other to create a simplified bi-level system
• Same as above but use and occupancy sensor on the other fixture
Recording loads on simple systems requires additional meters
Leviton
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
James Benya
The Benya Burnett [email protected]
Doug Oppedal
Evergreen Consulting [email protected]
For More Information
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E3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Technology Roadmaps and the Collaborative Approach to Save Energy
TUESDAY April 30, 2013 at noon Pacific time
More information about emerging technologies:
E3T database: www.E3Tnw.org
E3T Program: www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/
Conduit: www.ConduitNW.org
Next Webinar
60