Advanced Encryption Standard - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Advanced Encryption StandardFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In cryptography, the

Advanced Encryption

Standard (AES) is an

encryption standard adopted by

the U.S. government. The

standard comprises three block

ciphers, AES-128, AES-192 and

AES-256, adopted from a larger

collection originally published as

Rijndael. Each AES cipher has

a 128-bit block size, with key

sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits,

respectively. The AES ciphers

have been analyzed extensively

and are now used worldwide,

as was the case with its

predecessor,[3]

the Data

Encryption Standard (DES).

AES was announced by National

Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) as U.S. FIPS

PUB 197 (FIPS 197) on

November 26, 2001 after a 5-

year standardization process in

AES

ArticleDiscussion

Edit this pageHistory

General

Designers

First published 1998

Derived from

Successors

Certification

Cipher detail

128, 192 or 256 bits[1]

128 bits[2]

Structure

Rounds 10, 12 or 14 (depending on key size)

Best public cryptanalysis

The SubBytes step, one of four stages in a round of AES

Vincent Rijmen, Joan Daemen

Square

Anubis, Grand Cru

AES winner, CRYPTREC, NESSIE, NSA

Key sizes

Block sizes

Substitution-permutation network
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which fifteen competing designs

were presented and evaluated

before Rijndael was selected as

the most suitable (see

Advanced Encryption Standard

process for more details). It

became effective as a standard May 26, 2002. As of 2009, AES is one of the most popular

algorithms used in symmetric key cryptography.[citation needed

]

It is available in many different encryption packages. AES is the first publicly accessible and

open cipher approved by the NSA for top secret information (see Security of AES, below).

The Rijndael cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen andVincent

Rijmen, and submitted by them to the AES selection process. Rijndael is a portmanteau of the

names of the two inventors and is pronounced [rindal].[4]

A related-key attackcan break 256-bit AES with a complexity of

2119, which is faster than brute force but is still infeasible. 192-bit

AES can also be defeated in a similar manner, but at a complexity

of 2176. 128-bit AES is not affected by this attack. A chosen-

plaintext attackcan break 8 rounds of 192- and 256-bit AES, and 7

rounds of 128-bit AES, although the workload is impractical at 2128

- 2119. (Ferguson et al., 2000).

Contents[hide]

1 Description of the cipher

2 Security

3 FIPS validation

4 Test vectors

5 Implementations

r 1.1 High-level description of the algorithm

r 1.2 The SubBytes step

r 1.3 The ShiftRows step

r 1.4 The MixColumns step

r 1.5 The AddRoundKey step

r 1.6 Optimization of the cipher

r 2.1 Side-channel attacks
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AES is based on a design principle known as a Substitution permutation network. It is fast in

both software and hardware,[5] is relatively easy to implement, and requires little

memory.[citation needed

] Unlike its predecessor DES, AES does

not use a Feistel network.

AES has a fixed block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits, whereas Rijndael

can be specified with block and key sizes in any multiple of 32 bits, with a minimum of 128

bits and a maximum of 256 bits.

Assuming one byte equals 8 bits, the fixed block size of 128 bits is 128 8 = 16 bytes. AES

operates on a 44 array of bytes, termed the state (versions of Rijndael with a

larger block size have additional columns in the state). Most AES calculations are done in a

special finite field.

The AES cipher is specified as a number of repetitions of transformation rounds that convert

the input plain-text into the final output of cipher-text. Each round consists of several

processing steps, including one that depends on the encryption key. A set of reverse rounds

are applied to transform cipher-text back into the original plain-text using the same encryption

key.

[edit]Description of the cipher

[edit]High-level description of the algorithm

KeyExpansion using Rijndael's key schedule

Initial Round

1. AddRoundKey

7 Notes

8 References

9 External links
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In the SubBytes step, each byte in

the array is updated using an 8-bit

substitution box, the Rijndael S-box.

This operation provides the non-

linearity in the cipher. The S-box

used is derived from the

multiplicative inverse over GF

(2 8 ), known to have good non-

linearity properties. To avoid attacks

based on simple algebraic properties, the S-box is constructed by combining the inverse

function with an invertible affine transformation. The S-box is also chosen to avoid any fixed

Rounds

Final Round (no MixColumns)

[edit]The SubBytes step

1. SubBytesa non-linear substitution step where each byte is replaced with another

according to a lookup table.

2. ShiftRowsa transposition step where each row of the state is shifted cyclically a

certain number of steps.

3. MixColumnsa mixing operation which operates on the columns of the state,

combining the four bytes in each column

4. AddRoundKeyeach byte of the state is combined with the round key; each round

key is derived from the cipher key using a key schedule.

1. SubBytes

2. ShiftRows

3. AddRoundKey

In the SubBytes step, each byte in the state is

replaced with its entry in a fixed 8-bit lookup table, S ;

b ij = S(a ij ) .
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points (and so is a derangement), and also any opposite fixed points.

The ShiftRows step operates on

the rows of the state; it cyclically

shifts the bytes in each row by a

certain offset. For AES, the first row

is left unchanged. Each byte of the

second row is shifted one to the

left. Similarly, the third and fourth

rows are shifted by offsets of two and three respectively. For the block of size 128 bits and

192 bits the shifting pattern is the same. In this way, each column of the output state of the

ShiftRows step is composed of bytes from each column of the input state. (Rijndael variants

with a larger block size have slightly different offsets). In the case of the 256-bit block, the

first row is unchanged and the shifting for second, third and fourth row is 1 byte, 3 bytes and

4 bytes respectively - this change only applies for the Rijndael cipher when used with a 256-bit

block, as AES does not use 256-bit blocks.

In the MixColumns step, the four

bytes of each column of the state

are combined using an invertible

linear transformation. The

MixColumns function takes four

bytes as input and outputs four

bytes, where each input byte affects

all four output bytes. Together with

[edit]The ShiftRows step

[edit]The MixColumns step

In the ShiftRows step, bytes in each row of the state

are shifted cyclically to the left. The number of places each

byte is shifted differs for each row.

In the MixColumns step, each column of the state is

multiplied with a fixed polynomial c(x) .
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polynomial over GF (2 8 ) and is then multiplied modulo x 4 + 1 with a fixed

polynomial c (x ) = 3x 3 + x 2 + x + 2. The MixColumns step can also be

viewed as a multiplication by a particular MDS matrix in Finite field. This process is described

further in the article Rijndael mix columns.

In the AddRoundKey step, the

subkey is combined with the state.

For each round, a subkey is derived

from the main key using Rijndael's

key schedule; each subkey is the

same size as the state. The subkey

is added by combining each byte of

the state with the corresponding

byte of the subkey using bitwise

XOR.

On systems with 32-bit or larger words, it is possible to speed up execution of this cipher by

combining SubBytes and ShiftRows with MixColumns, and transforming them into a

sequence of table lookups. This requires four 256-entry 32-bit tables, which utilizes a total of

four kilobytes (4096 bytes) of memoryone kilobyte for each table. A round can now be done

with 16 table lookups and 12 32-bit exclusive-or operations, followed by four 32-bit exclusive-

or operations in the AddRoundKey step.[6]

If the resulting four kilobyte table size is too large for a given target platform, the table lookup

operation can be performed with a single 256-entry 32-bit table by the use of circular rotates.

[edit]The AddRoundKey step

[edit]Optimization of the

cipher

In the AddRoundKey step, each byte of the state is

combined with a byte of the round subkey using the XOR

operation ().
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Using a byte-oriented approach it is possible to combine the SubBytes, ShiftRows, and

MixColumns steps into a single round operation.

Until July 1, 2009, the only successful published attacks against the full AES were side-channel

attacks on specific implementations. The National Security Agency (NSA) reviewed all the AES

finalists, including Rijndael, and stated that all of them were secure enough for US

Government non-classified data. In June 2003, the US Government announced that AES may

be used to protect classified information:

AES has 10 rounds for 128-bit keys, 12 rounds for 192-bit keys, and 14 rounds for 256-bit

keys. By 2006, the best known attacks were on 7 rounds for 128-bit keys, 8 rounds for 192-bit

keys, and 9 rounds for 256-bit keys.[8]

For cryptographers, a cryptographic "break" is anything faster than an exhaustive search.

Thus, an XSL attackagainst a 128-bit-key AES requiring 2100 operations (compared to 2128

possible keys) would be considered a break. The largest successful publicly-known brute force

attackhas been against a 64-bit RC5 key by distributed.net.

Unlike most other block ciphers, AES has a very neat algebraic description.[9]

In 2002, a

theoretical attack, termed the "XSL attack", was announced by Nicolas Courtois and Josef

Pieprzyk, purporting to show a weakness in the AES algorithm due to its simple description.[10]

Since then, other papers have shown that the attack as originally presented is unworkable;

see XSL attack on block ciphers.

[edit]Security

The design and strength of all key lengths of the AES algorithm (i.e., 128, 192 and 256)

are sufficient to protect classified information up to the SECRET level. TOP SECRET

information will require use of either the 192 or 256 key lengths. The implementation of

AES in products intended to protect national security systems and/or information must be

reviewed and certified by NSA prior to their acquisition and use."[7]
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During the AES process, developers of competing algorithms wrote of Rijndael, "...we are

concerned about [its] use...in security-critical applications."[11] However, at the end of the AES

process, Bruce Schneier, a developer of the competing algorithm Twofish, wrote that while he

thought successful academic attacks on Rijndael would be developed someday, "I do not

believe that anyone will ever discover an attack that will allow someone to read Rijndael

traffic."[12]

On July 1, 2009, Bruce Schneier blogged about a related-key attack on the 192-bit and 256-bit

versions of AES discovered by Alex B iryukov and Dmitry Khovratovich; the related key attack

on the 256-bit version of AES exploits AES' somewhat simple key schedule and has a

complexity of 2119. This is a follow-up to an attack discovered earlier in 2009 by Alex Biryukov,

Dmitry Khovratovich, and Ivica Nikolic, with a complexity of 296 for one out of every 235 keys.

Another attack was blogged by Bruce Schneier on July 30, 2009. This new attack, by Alex

Biryukov, Orr Dunkelman, Nathan Keller, Dmitry Khovratovich, and Adi Shamir, is against AES-

256 that uses only two related keys and 239 time to recover the complete 256-bit key of a 9-

round version, or 245 time for a 10-round version with a stronger type of related subkey

attack, or 270 time for a 11-round version. 256-bit AES uses 14 rounds, so these attacks aren't

effective against full AES, but Schneier suggests doubling the rounds of all three version of

AES.

In April 2005, D.J. Bernstein announced a cache-timing attack that he used to break a custom

server that used OpenSSL's AES encryption.[13]

The custom server was designed to give out

[edit]Side-channel attacks

Side-channel attacks do not attack the underlying cipher and so have nothing to do with its

security as described here, but attack implementations of the cipher on systems which

inadvertently leak data. There are several such known attacks on certain implementations of

AES.
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taken by the encryption operation), and the attack required over 200 million chosen plaintexts.

Bruce Schneier called the research a "nice timing attack."[14]

In October 2005, Dag Arne Osvik,Adi Shamir and Eran Tromer presented a paper

demonstrating several cache-timing attacks against AES.[15] One attack was able to obtain an

entire AES key after only 800 operations triggering encryptions, in a total of 65 milliseconds.

This attack requires the attacker to be able to run programs on the same system that is

performing AES.

Tadayoshi Kohno wrote a paper entitled "Attacking and Repairing the WinZip Encryption

Scheme"[16]

showing possible attacks against the WinZip implementation (the zip archive's

metadata isn't encrypted).

The Cryptographic Module Validation

Program (CMVP) is operated jointly by

the United States Government's

National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) Computer Security

Division and the Communications

Security Establishment (CSE) of the

Government of Canada. The use of

validated cryptographic modules is

required by the United States Government for all unclassified uses of cryptography. The

Government of Canada also recommends the use ofFIPS 140 validated cryptographic modules

in unclassified applications of its departments.

Although NIST publication 197 ("FIPS 197") is the unique document that covers the AES

algorithm, vendors typically approach the CMVP under FIPS 140 and ask to have several

[edit]

FIPS validation

AES-CBC vs AES-CFB in time trials with a 128-bit

block.

f
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinZiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMVPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMVPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_140http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cbccfb.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cbccfb.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_140http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMVPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMVPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinZiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier


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algorithms (such as Triple DES or SHA1) validated at the same time. Therefore, it is rare to

find cryptographic modules that are uniquely FIPS 197 validated and NIST itself does not

generally take the time to list FIPS 197 validated modules separately on its public web site.

Instead, FIPS 197 validation is typically just listed as an "FIPS approved: AES" notation (with a

specific FIPS 197 certificate number) in the current list of FIPS 140 validated cryptographic

modules.

FIPS validation is challenging to achieve both technically and fiscally. There is a standardized

battery of tests as well as an element of source code review that must be passed over a

period of several days. The cost to perform these tests through an approved laboratory can be

significant (e.g., well over $10,000 US) and does not include the time it takes to write, test,

document and prepare a module for validation. After validation, modules must be resubmitted

and reevaluated if they are changed in any way.

Test vectors are a set of known ciphers for a given input and key. For example, for the 128-bit

key "00010203050607080A0B0C0D0F101112" (16 bytes represented as two hexadecimal

characters per byte), and an input "506812A45F08C889B97F5980038B8359" the AES-128

cipher output should be "D8F532538289EF7D06B506A4FD5BE9C9". Following are some more

test vectors:

Assume that all tests use this input "4EC137A426DABF8AA0BEB8BC0C2B89D6"

Ciphered output "D9B65D1232BA0199CDBD487B2A1FD646", deciphered output

"9570C34363565B393503A001C0E23B65"

Ciphered output "B18BB3E7E10732BE1358443A504DBB49", deciphered output

"29DFD75B85CEE4DE6E26A808CDC2C9C3"

[edit]Test vectors

AES-128 key "95A8EE8E89979B9EFDCBC6EB9797528D"

AES-192 key "95A8EE8E89979B9EFDCBC6EB9797528D432DC26061553818"

Ad d E ti St d d Wiki di th f l di
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES


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Ciphered output "2F9CFDDBFFCDE6B9F37EF8E40D512CF4", deciphered output

"110A3545CE49B84BBB7B35236108FA6E"

Main article: AES

implementations

AES-256 key

"95A8EE8E89979B9EFDCBC6EB9797528D432DC26061553818EA635EC5D5A7727E"

[edit]Implementations

[edit]See also

[edit]Notes

Advanced Encryption Standard process

AES instruction set for Intel andAMDmicroprocessors

Data Encryption Standard (DES) - AES has replaced this standard

Disk encryption

Triple DES - AES has replaced this standard

Whirlpool - hash function also co-created by Vincent Rijmen

1. ^ Key sizes of 128, 160, 192, 224, and 256 bits are supported by the Rijndael algorithm, but

only the 128, 192, and 256-bit key sizes are specified in the AES standard.

2. ^ Block sizes of 128, 160, 192, 224, and 256 bits are supported by the Rijndael algorithm, but

only the 128-bit block size is specified in the AES standard.

3. ^ "NIST reports measurable success of Advanced Encryption Standard". http://www.findarticles.

com/p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_3_107?pnum=2&opg=90984479.

4. ^ "'Rijndael' pronunciation". http://rijndael.info/audio/rijndael_pronunciation.wav.

5. ^ Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Doug Whiting, David Wagner, Chris Hall, Niels Ferguson,

Tadayoshi Kohno, Mike Stay (May 2000). "The Twofish Teams Final Comments on AES

Selection". http://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdf.

Advanced Encryption Standard Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_instruction_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_(cryptography)http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_3_107?pnum=2&opg=90984479http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_3_107?pnum=2&opg=90984479http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_3_107?pnum=2&opg=90984479http://rijndael.info/audio/rijndael_pronunciation.wavhttp://rijndael.info/audio/rijndael_pronunciation.wavhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdfhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdfhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdfhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdfhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdfhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdfhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdfhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-twofish-final.pdfhttp://rijndael.info/audio/rijndael_pronunciation.wavhttp://rijndael.info/audio/rijndael_pronunciation.wavhttp://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_3_107?pnum=2&opg=90984479http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_3_107?pnum=2&opg=90984479http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_3_107?pnum=2&opg=90984479http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_(cryptography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_instruction_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_implementations


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[edit]References

6. ^"Efficient software implementation of AES on 32-bit platforms". Lecture Notes in Computer

Science: 2523. 2003

7. ^ Lynn Hathaway (June 2003). "National Policy on the Use of the Advanced Encryption

Standard (AES) to Protect National Security Systems and National Security Information" (PDF).

http://www.cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/cnssp_15_fs.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-02.

8. ^John Kelsey, Stefan Lucks, Bruce Schneier, Mike Stay, David Wagner, and Doug Whiting,

Improved Cryptanalysis of

Rijndael , Fast Software Encryption, 2000 pp213230 [1]

9. ^ "Sean Murphy". University of London. http://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~sean/. Retrieved on 2008-

11-02.

10. ^ Bruce Schneier. "AES News, Crypto-Gram Newsletter, September 15, 2002". http://www.

schneier.com/crypto-gram-0209.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-27.

11. ^Niels Ferguson, Richard Schroeppel, Doug Whiting (2001). "A simple algebraic representation

of Rijndael" (PDF/PostScript). Proceedings ofSelected Areas in Cryptography, 2001, Lecture

Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag . pp. pp. 103111.

12. ^ Bruce Schneier,AES Announced, October 15, 2000

13. ^ "Index of formal scientific papers". Cr.yp.to. http://cr.yp.to/papers.html#cachetiming.

Retrieved on 2008-11-02.

14. ^ Bruce Schneier. "AES Timing Attack". http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/

aes_timing_atta_1.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.

15. ^ Dag Arne Osvik1 (2005-11-20) (PDF). Cache Attacks

and Countermeasures:

the Case of AES . http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/

~tromer/papers/cache.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-02.

16. ^ Tadayoshi Kohno (PDF).Attacking and

Repairing the WinZip

Encryption Scheme . http://www.cs.washington.edu/

homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-02.

Advanced Encryption Standard Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=15http://www.springerlink.com/index/UVX5NQGNN55VK199.pdfhttp://www.cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/cnssp_15_fs.pdfhttp://www.cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/cnssp_15_fs.pdfhttp://www.cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/cnssp_15_fs.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kelsey_(cryptanalyst)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Luckshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Stay&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wagnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doug_Whiting&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Software_Encryptionhttp://www.schneier.com/paper-rijndael.htmlhttp://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~sean/http://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~sean/http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0209.htmlhttp://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0209.htmlhttp://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0209.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Schroeppelhttp://www.macfergus.com/pub/rdalgeq.htmlhttp://www.macfergus.com/pub/rdalgeq.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selected_Areas_in_Cryptographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlaghttp://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0010.htmlhttp://cr.yp.to/papers.html#cachetiminghttp://cr.yp.to/papers.html#cachetiminghttp://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/aes_timing_atta_1.htmlhttp://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/aes_timing_atta_1.htmlhttp://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/aes_timing_atta_1.htmlhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/WinZip/winzip.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdfhttp://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/aes_timing_atta_1.htmlhttp://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/aes_timing_atta_1.htmlhttp://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/aes_timing_atta_1.htmlhttp://cr.yp.to/papers.html#cachetiminghttp://cr.yp.to/papers.html#cachetiminghttp://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0010.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selected_Areas_in_Cryptographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScripthttp://www.macfergus.com/pub/rdalgeq.htmlhttp://www.macfergus.com/pub/rdalgeq.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Schroeppelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Fergusonhttp://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0209.htmlhttp://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0209.htmlhttp://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0209.htmlhttp://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~sean/http://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~sean/http://www.schneier.com/paper-rijndael.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Software_Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doug_Whiting&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wagnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Stay&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Luckshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kelsey_(cryptanalyst)http://www.cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/cnssp_15_fs.pdfhttp://www.cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/cnssp_15_fs.pdfhttp://www.cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/cnssp_15_fs.pdfhttp://www.springerlink.com/index/UVX5NQGNN55VK199.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Encryption_Standard&action=edit&section=15


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Nicolas Courtois, Josef Pieprzyk, "Cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers with Overdefined Systems

of Equations". pp267287,ASIACRYPT 2002.

Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, "The Design of Rijndael: AES - The Advanced

Encryption Standard." Springer-Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3-540-42580-2.

[edit]External links

FIPS PUB 197: the official AES standard (PDF file)

AES algorithm archive information - (old, unmaintained)

Animation of the AES encryption process

Common algorithms

Less common algorithms

Other algorithms

Block ciphers

AES Blowfish DES Triple DES Serpent Twofish

CAST-128 DES-X IDEA RC2 RC5 SEED SkipjackTEA XTEA

3-Way ABC Akelarre Anubis ARIA BaseKing BassOmatic

BATON BEAR and LION Camellia CAST-256 CIKS-1

CIPHERUNICORN-A CIPHERUNICORN-E CLEFIA CMEA Cobra

COCONUT98 Crab Cryptomeria/C2 CRYPTON CS-Cipher DEAL

DFC E2 FEAL FEA-M FROG G-DES GOST Grand Cru

Hasty Pudding cipher Hierocrypt ICE IDEA NXT

Intel Cascade Cipher Iraqi KASUMI KeeLoq KHAZAD

Khufu and Khafre KN-Cipher Ladder-DES Libelle LOKI97

LOKI89/91 Lucifer M6 M8 MacGuffin Madryga MAGENTA

MARS Mercy MESH MISTY1 MMB MULTI2 MultiSwap

New Data Seal NewDES Nimbus NOEKEON NUSH Q RC6

REDOC Red Pike S-1 SAFERSAVILLE SC2000 SHACAL

SHARKSMS4 Spectr-H64 Square SXAL/MBAL Threefish

Treyfer UES Xenon xmx XXTEA Zodiac

vde

Advanced Encryption Standard - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
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