ADVANCED BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 NOTES
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ADVANCED BIOLOGYCHAPTER 1 NOTES
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ANATOMY• Study of the structure & shape of body
parts and their relationship to one another
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PHYSIOLOGY• Study of the function of the body or
body parts - how they work
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• Anatomy & Physiology are closely related to each other. A slight change in anatomy can have a significant effect on physiology
• Examples: sickle cell anemia, rotated pelvis, elongated palate in bulldogs
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Chemical - first level of organization
(non-living)
• Examples: atoms & molecules
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Cellular - structural & functional unit of
all living things
• Examples: skin, bone, red blood cells
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Tissue - composed of cells with a
common origin, appearance & function• Examples: muscle, nervous,
connective
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Organ - a group of tissues organized
into a specific structure with a specific function
• Examples: heart, brain, liver, lungs
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Organ system - groups of organs
working together to perform specialized functions
• Examples: cardiovascular, integumentary, reproductive
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Organism - last and most complex level,
composed of individuals capable of carrying out life functions
• Examples: person, dog, bacteria, ameoba, plant
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• EVERY LEVEL RELIES ON THE SMOOTH WORKINGS OF THE LEVEL PRECEDING IT, A MALFUNCTION AT ANY LEVEL HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES TO THE LEVELS BUILT UPON IT
• EXAMPLES: cancerous cells can spread, electrolyte imbalances can stop the heart
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Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Integumentary•Forms the external
body covering
•Protects deeper tissue from injury
•Synthesizes vitamin D
•Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Skeletal•Protects and supports
body organs
•Provides muscle attachment for movement
•Site of blood cell formation
•Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Muscular•Allows locomotion
•Maintains posture
•Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Nervous
•Fast-acting control system
•Responds to internal and external change
•Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Endocrine•Secretes regulatory
hormones
•Growth
•Reproduction
•Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Cardiovascular•Transports materials
in body via blood pumped by heart
•Oxygen
•Carbon dioxide
•Nutrients
•WastesFigure 1.2f
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Lymphatic•Returns fluids to blood
vessels
•Disposes of debris
•Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Respiratory•Keeps blood
supplied with oxygen
•Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Digestive
•Breaks down food
•Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
•Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Urinary•Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
•Maintains acid – base balance
•Regulation of materials
•Water
•ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
•Reproductive•Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
•Maintain Boundaries•Movement•Locomotion•Movement of substances
•Responsiveness•Ability to sense changes and react
•Digestion•Break-down and delivery of nutrients
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
•Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body•Production of energy
•Making body structures
•Excretion•Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
•Reproduction•Production of future generation
•Growth•Increasing of cell size and number
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Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
•Nutrients•Chemicals for energy and cell building
•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
•Oxygen•Required for chemical reactions
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Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
•Water•60–80% of body weight
•Provides for metabolic reaction
•Stable body temperature
•Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
•Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
•Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
•Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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End Chapter 1 - Part 1