MODAL VERB

Reglas generales: no llevan –s en la 3ª pers. Sing., usan – not en forma negativa, no se utilizan en forma pasada ni futura (ej musted), los más usados son (ought to, can, could, may, might, must, shall, should) y las expresiones (had better, have to, have got to)

1. MODAL VERB+INF = PRESENT

CAN (PRESENT) = Posibilidad ó habilidad general COULD (PAST IN GENERAL) = sugerencia, posibilidad ó habilidad general en el

pasado, petición formal, futura posibilidad You could see a movie or go out to dinner She could swam at the age of four Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city John could go to jaif for stealing the money WAS WERE ABLE TO ( SPECIFIC PAST) We were able to find the house although we had no map WILL BE ABLE TO (FUTURE) – I won’t be able to speak Swahili

MUST ( PRESENT) = Necesidad, certeza, fuerte recomendación, prohibición This must be the right address Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school You must take some medicine for that cough Jenny, you must not play in the street MUST HAVE (PAST) MEJOR = HAD TO That must have been the right restaurant = That had to be the right restaurant MUST / WILL HAVE TO (FUTURE)

HAVE TO= certeza, necesidad, obligación This answer has to be correct The soup has to be stirred to prevent burning They have to leave early

MIGHT = posibilidad, sugerencia, petición formal She might be on the bus You might visit the botanical gardens Might I borrow your pen? MIGHT HAVE TAKEN (PAST) She might have taken the bus MIGHT TAKE (FUTURE) She might take the bus to get home

MAY = posibilidad, permiso, petición formal Cheryl may be at home You may leave the table when you have finished your dinner May I use your bathroom?

MAY HAVE BEEN (PAST) Jack may have been upset

SHOULD = recomendación, consejo, obligacion, expectación You should visit the palaces in Potsdam You should focus more on your family and less on work I really should be in the office by 7.00 am

SHOULD HAVE EATEN (PAST) Frank should have eaten low-fat foods.

SHALL = sugerencia, promesa (tienen un sentido futuro y se utiliza con “I” y “we” Shall I help you? I shall never forget where I came from

OUGHT TO = recomendación, probabilidad, consejo

You ought to stop smoking

This stock ought to increase in value

Mark ought not drink so much= NEGATIVE SIN “TO”

DON’T HAVE TO / DON’T NEED (NEGATIVE PRESENT) HAD TO HAVE (PAST) She had to finish the first book before the midterm WILL HAVE TO (FUTURE) She will have to finish the other books before final exam. NOTA: MUSTN’T = Prohibición

NOTA = COULD NOT / MIGHT NOT

El 1º sugiere que algo es imposible que pase “Jack could not have the key” y en el 2º sugiere que no se sabe si algo puede pasar o no “Jack might not have the key”

NOTA = DO NOT HAVE TO / MUST NOT

El 1º sugiere que algo no es requerido para hacer “you do not have toe at that” y en el 2º se indica que algo es prohibido “you must not eat that”

HAD BETTER + INF (TO)= fuerte recomendación en el pasado ó futuro ( mejor …, va a ser mejor…, debería…, sería mejor …, más vale que…,)

- BE SUPPOSED TO + INF = fuerte recomendación por una norma

- MAY = +++ posible

- MIGHT = ++ posible

- COULD = + posible

- MUST no es igual que HAVE TO (en el primer caso la necesidad proviene del hablante y el segundo caso la obligación viene de fuera) =>

1º Ex: I know, I have to finish that today

2º Ex: You must finish that today

NEEDN’T HAVE TO no es igual que DIDN’T NEED TO (en el primer caso se ha hecho aunque es innecesario y en el segundo caso es innecesario y además no se ha hecho)

EXPRESIONES (POSIBILIDAD FUTURA)

You may well be + P.P. = es muy problable que…

There is a strong, faint, real possibility that + frase

There is a slight, a fair, a remote, outside chance that + frase

I rarely + verb, so it would make sense if …

I stand a good (no) chance of + gerund = tener la posibilidad de ….

It seems unlikely that + frase

They have no chance of + gerund

She is hardly likely to + verb

There is very likelihood = es muy probable

HABILIDAD= COULD (pasado), BE ABLE TO (general o específica en el pasado a pesar de la dificultad), CAN (presente o futuro)

I can speak Spanish / I can help you later She could swim well at the age of four He is able to dress himself / we were able to find the house although we had no map was able to /managed to /succeeded in … (cuando es la primera vez) I managed to speak to

Frank last night, but I couldn’t persuade him to come to the opera with us.

POSIBILIDAD = COULD (sin certeza), MAY (future), MIGHT, CAN (teorica)

The keys could be in the car It may rain tomorrow / he may not arrive tonight It might rain tomorrow

IMPOSIBILIDAD = CAN’T, COULDN’T, MAY NOT, MIGHT NOT

You can’t see the dentist now He couldn’t have understood He may not arrive tonight Tom might not be available today

PERMISO = CAN (informal), MAY (formal), BE ALLOWED TO (por primera vez en el pasado)

You can take the car tomorrow You may take the car We were allowed to take the car

PETICIÓN = CAN (informal), COULD (formal), MAY (formal), WILL (formal), WOULD (formal)

Can I use your car? Could I have a word with you? May I call you later? Will you pass the sugar, please? Would you move your car, please?

SUGERENCIA = COULD, SHOULD (formal sin certeza), OUGHT TO (formal con deseo), SHALL (formal ofrecimiento)

You could iron the clothes, if you like Should I put the bags here? Shall I carry this bag?

PROHIBICIÓN = MAY NOT, MUSTN’T, CAN’T (deducción, certeza)

You may not smoke in the library You mustn’t smoke in this hospital

EXPRESAR PREFERENCIAS = WOULD

I would rather have tea

PREDICCIÓN = WILL

He will arrive at six o’clock

DECISIÓN ESPONTÁNEA O DESEO = WILL

I’ll answer the door

ACCIÓN REPETIDA EN EL PASADO = WOULD

I would walk on the beach every morning

OFRECIMIENTO = SHALL (formal), CAN (informal), MAY

Shall I carry this bag? May I be of assistance?

DAR CONSEJO = OUGHT TO, SHOULD

You should (ought to) see a doctor You shouldn’t lose your temper with people Mark ought not drink so much

OBLIGACIÓN = MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD (menos habitual), SHALL

I must write a letter to my aunt We have to wear school uniforms I really should be at the office by 7 The judge’s decision shall be finall

INTENCIÓN, PROMESA, INSTRUCCIÓN = SHALL ( I shall definitely give up smoking, Shall we go out for a beer ?, the judge’s decision shall be final)

FUERTE NECESIDAD = MUST

You must observe the speed limit

CONSENSO = MAY, MIGHT

He might be good-looking, but he can’t sing very well

DEDUCCIÓN = MUST

CERTEZA = MUST (casi seguro), CAN’T, COULD, SHOULD /OUGHT TO (90% certeza 10% predicción), WILL

He should (ought to) do well in the exam The lights are on, she must be at home He will arrive at six o’clock

FUERTE RECOMENDACIÓN = MUST

You must go and see that film

NECESIDAD = HAVE TO, NEED, MUST (fuerte)

You must observe the speed limit We have to wear school uniforms

FALTA DE NECESIDAD = DON’T HAVE TO, NEEDN’T = DON’T NEED TO

I don’t have to pay this until September You needn’t come today if you don’t want to

NECESIDAD PASADA = HAD TO

I had to leave early

NECESIDAD FUTURA = WILL HAVE TO (GET), MUST (GET)

We will have to leave soon

ENFADO = COULD, MIGHT, WILL, WOULD

You might at least help me He will keep interrupting when I’m talking

CRITICA =CAN

She can say some very hurtful things sometimes.

DESEO =WILL, WOULD

I wish he would try a bit harder

Nota: WELL after modal verb = más posibilidad

Take an umbrella, it could well rain later on

Nota: Let (permiso) / Make +inf (obligación)

2. MODAL PERFECT = MODAL VERB + HAVE+ P.P. (para hacer comentarios o conjeturas sobre el pasado)

CERTEZA/CONCLUSIÓN = MUST HAVE, CAN’T HAVE (con “surely” en frases exclamativas)

The driver must have lost his way

POSIBILIDAD = MIGHT HAVE, MAY HAVE

He might have bought a new car You may well be + Past Participle = es muy posible que.. You may as well = también

POSIBILIDAD PASADA QUE NO OCURRIÓ = MIGHT HAVE, MAY HAVE

ENFADO = MIGHT HAVE, MAY HAVE

DESEO = COULD HAVE

HABILIDAD PASADA QUE NO OCURRIO = COULD HAVE

You could have avoided the accident

SUGERENCIA = COULD HAVE

CERTEZA QUE NO OCURRIO = COULDN’T HAVE

He couldn’t have known about the problem

CONSEJO NO SEGUIDO EN EL PASADO = SHOULD HAVE

He should have listened to me

CRITICA / ARREPENTIMIENTO = SHOULDN’T HAVE

You shouldn’t have gone on foot

EXPECTACIÓN = SHOULD HAVE

They should have won the competition

OPINIÓN =SHOULD HAVE

ESPECULACIÓN con verbos de pensamiento = SHOULD HAVE

3. PARTICIPLE CLAUSES (son oraciones subordinadas que empiezan con “present participle = ing” o “past participle = ed” para expresar ideas de forma rotunda y se utilizan sobretodo en el lenguaje escrito). Aportan mucha información sin necesidad de que la frase sea muy larga.

En la participle clause no hay sujeto. El sujeto de la oración principal también es el sujeto de la participle clause . Ej.= Working as a waitress, I have all my meals in the restaurant.

Aunque hay veces que puede ser diferente

Having been damaged by vandals (subject = her bycicle), Helen had to walk rather than go on her bycicle (subject = Helen).

NOTA: A veces se utiliza “with” para introducir el sujeto

With both parents working all day, I have to cook my own lunch

El verbo principal se conjuga como un participio o gerundio, prestando

atención a si la acción en la participle clause tuvo lugar antes o después que

la acción de la oración principal y si hay que usar la voz activa o pasiva.

Holding the hair-dryer in her left hand, Susan cut her hair.

(acción simultánea, activa – present participle)

Participio ejemplo

Acción simultanea(una acción pasa a la vez que la otra o

inmediatamente despúes)

Activa

Present participle (ing) Holding the hair-dryer in her left hand, she cut her hair

PasivaPast participle (ed or irregular)Acorta oración de pasivo

Blown by the hair-dryer, her hair could be cut

Acción secuencial(la acción de la

participle clause ocurre antes que la

de la oración principal)

Activa Perfect participle (having + verb+ ed/ irregular)

Having washed her hair, she cut it

Pasiva

Perfect participle (having been + verb+ed/irregular

Having been cut, her hair looked strange

Pueden sustituir a RELATIVE CLAUSES (si el sujeto de la oración principal y de la relativa es el mismo) = sustituir por el mismo verbo y el mismo tiempo verbal

The house which we live in is over a century old => the house living in is over a century old

I recognize that man who is standing over there => I recognize that man standing over there

Three of the people who were injured in the crash are still in the hospital => Three of the people injured in the crash are still in the hospital

Puede sustituir CONJUNCIONES (because, so, as, while, when, once, after, and, if)

Because I don’t wish to offend my host, I ate everything on the plate =>Not wishing to offend my host, I ate everything on the plate

While I was looking out of the window last night, I saw a shooting star => Looking out of the window last night, I saw a shooting star

Once you have worked out how much you can afford to pay for …. => Having worked out how much…

He fell off the ladder and broke a leg and three ribs => He fell off the ladder breaking a leg and three ribs

If you cook them in their skins … => Cooked in their skins

Pueden utilizarse despúes del CD ó CI de los siguientes verbos: see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, listen, smell ¡¡¡¡ AQUÍ EL SUJETO ES DISTINTO EN CADA ORACIÓN!!!!!!

Police found him lying….I could hear something moving….

Puede usarse con superlatives y números ordinales:

The youngest person that entered the programme was jus fourteen = The youngest person to enter the programme was just fourteen

Linda was the only one who stayed for the whole performance = Linda was the only one to stay for the whole performance

NOTA: Aunque los llamados verbos estáticos (be, know, want, …) no se utilizan en “continuous tense” pueden hacerlo en el caso de las oraciones de participio

Being a very shy person, I never enjoy going to parties

NOTA: No se utilizan verbos modales pues el significado no queda claro

The questions must be answered are not easy ones => The questions which must be answered are not easy ones

NOTA: Se puede utilizar en el lenguaje hablado según los siguientes ejemplos:

To tell the truth, ….

Generally speaking, ….

Adjetivos compuestos (-ing /-ed):

A quick-acting officer, a narrow-minded politician, …

Well, badly, ill, poorly + past participle:

A well-intentioned friend, a constantly- crying baby ( a baby who is crying constantly), a brown-eyed boy (a boy who has brown eyes),….

4. WOULD RATHER / WOULD PREFER (expresar preferencias especificas en el futuro o presente)

Would rather + infinitive verb If you are talking about your own   preference in a specific situation (i.e., what you want to do), or asking someone about his or her preference in a specific situation (i.e., what he or she wants to do), use would rather with an infinitive verb. I'd rather stay in tonight.Would you rather stay in or go out tonight? 

Would rather + past tense verb Use would rather with a past tense verb only when stating your preference about what you want someone else to do in a specific situation, or asking someone about his or her preference about what he or she wants someone else to do in a specific situation.

  I'd rather he stayed in tonight.

I'd rather you didn't.Would you rather I stayed in or went out tonight? Please also note that, although we use a past tense verb, this construction always has a present or future meaning,   not past .

One last point:  I endlessly repeated the phrase in a specific situation above because, would prefer ,   would rather  is only used to talk about preferences in a   specific situation/context.  The main verb   prefer  is correct if you are talking about your general preferences.   NOTA: Podemos decir que cuando el sujeto es diferente, el tiempo verbal da un paso hacia atrás en el tiempo.

To be about to do something = estar a punto de hacer algo

So far this week, … = en lo que va de semana

5. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST

PAST SIMPLE (para acciones completas en un momento especifico del pasado ó

para acciones o comportamientos habituales en el pasado), (yesterday, last

week, when I was in 1990, ago, etc)

I sold my car about three months ago

Did you bite your nails when you were a child?

Used to+inf (did not use to) se puede utilizar para situaciones y acciones

habituales en el pasado, mientras que Would+inf se utiliza solo para acciones

habituales en el pasado.

Every summer we used to / would go to Scotland

I used to (not would) have a parrot.

PAST CONTINUOS (para situaciones o acciones en progreso en un determinado

momento del pasado, o una situación en pasado que fue interrumpida por otra,

situaciones o acciones en el pasado que ocurren al mismo tiempo, ó acciones

pasadas y repetitivas que son molestas) nota: también se utiliza en relatos

narrativos para describir el trasfondo o el ambiente de la historia

This time last year I was taking the CAE exam

We were still having breakfast when he called around

She was always complaining about something

PRESENT PERFECT (une situaciones pasadas con el presente, por lo que se

utiliza para hablar de hechos recientes que tienen consequencias en el presente,

para describir situaciones que tienen lugar en el pasado y continúan en el

presente, para hablar de hechos que ocurren en algún momento desconocido”

entre el pasado y el presente o con otro “present perfect” cuando ocurren a la

vez). También para expresar que algo sucedió antes de lo esperado o algo que

nunca hemos hecho en el pasado. Utilizar recently, lately, since, so far this

week, ever, never

They have just bought a new car

We have had these saucepans since we got married

I have already seen United play three times this season

We have been burgled twice since we have lived here

NOTA: También se utilize con las expresiones como: this/that/it is the

first/second/third time …

It’s a year (a long time) since …

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS (para cuando queremos enfatizar la duración

de la acción, ó cuando ésta es temporal y se quiere indicar , ó para indicar que una

acción se ha repetido en el tiempo). También se puede utilizar sin indicar la

duración y en ese caso el significado es más general ó una acción en el pasado

que termina justo ahora.

I have been eating at my mum’s house

I have been reading that book you lent me

Recently, I have been feeling really tired

Have you been smoking?

What have you been doing for the last 30 minuts?

Someone is phoning you. Nota = si queremos indicar el número de veces

que tiene lugar la repetición, utilizaremos el “ Simple”, She’s phoned you

about six or seven times.

PAST PERFECT (para indicar que una situación pasada tiene lugar antes que otra

también pasada, para indicar que una acción tiene lugar en el pasado y que

continuó en el pasado)

As soon as the film started, I realized I had seen it before

They had known each other for several years before they got married

Nota: también se utilize después de expresiones como that/it was the

first/second/third time …, it was two/three year/s a long time since …,

después de after, before, by the time, as soon as, once, when, until y

para INDIRECT SPEECH

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (para unir situaciones pasadas con otros puntos

del pasado, para eventos aún más lejanos en pasado)

I have been waiting for over an hour when she finally arrived

EVENTOS PASADOS INCOMPLETOS (para situaciones pasada con intención de

que tuvieran lugar pero que finalmente no ocurrieron)

I was going to send you an email

I was about to call the doctor

She had been/was thinking of going to Iceland

The meeting, which was to have taken place last weekend, was cancelled

EXPRESAR PREFERENCIAS SOBRE EL PASADO (para indicar que nos hubiera

gustado que el pasado hubiera sido de otro modo)

WOULD LIKE/LOVE/PREFER TO+ PERFECT INFINITIVE

WOULD HAVE LIKED/LOVED/PREFERRED TO+ INFINITIVE or PERFECT

INFINITIVE

We would like to have stayed longer

We would have loved to tell/ to have told him what we thought

She would have preferred him to say it to her face (porque el sujeto no es mismo)

WOULD RATHER/ WOULD SOONER + PERFECT INFINITIVE (expresar lo que hubieras preferido en el pasado). Normalmente te lamentas o criticas algo.

+ PERFECT INFINITIVE (HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE)Se refiere al pasado Would rather/sooner + perfect infinitive expresses preferences about the past and

means that the desired action was not performed:

Would you rather have had pork than beef? (Would you have preferred pork to

beef?)

I'd rather have walked, but I went by bus because it was raining. (I would have

liked to walk, but I went by bus because it was raining.)

If we omit rather, we get the main clause of a sentence in the third conditional:

I would have walked (if it hadn't been raining).

+ INFINITIVE Se refiere al presente o futuro

I would rather see the film with subtitles

Would rather/sooner is followed by a bare infinitive if the subject of would

rather/sooner is the same as the doer of the action expressed by the following

verb.

Sino es el mismo sujeto pondríamos PAST PERFECT

Would you rather I hadn’t said anything about it to Matt?

+ PRESENT SIMPLE / CONTINUOUS

Would rather/sooner + simple or continuous infinitive expresses preferences about

the present:

I'd rather go by bike than walk. (I'd prefer to go by bike rather than walk.)

Where would you rather sleep? (Where would you prefer to sleep?)

I'd rather be writing my paper. (I'd prefer to be writing my paper.)

The negative is would rather not:

I would rather not go out tonight. (I'd prefer not to go out tonight.)

If we leave out rather, we get the main clause of a sentence in the second

conditional:

Where would you sleep (if you could choose)?

Compara estos ejemplos: I would like to have travelled more when I was young = me

gustaría haber viajado más… , I would have liked to travelled more when I was young

= me hubiera me viajar más …, I would have liked to have travelled more when I was

young = me hubiera gustado haber viajado más …

6. SITUACIONES HIPOTETICAS (con los “past tenses” podemos hablar de situaciones

imposible ó imaginarias en el presente, pasado o futuro)

Wish/ If only + past simple = expresar deseo o lamentarse sobre el presente

I wish you were here / If only you were here (but I’m sorry you are not)

I wish I had more free time / If only I had more free time (but I’m sorry I don’t)

Wish/ If only + would = para quejarse por un comportamiento que se desaprueba

o expresar enfado sobre el presente o futuro

I wish my husband wouldn’t snore/ If only he wouldn’t snore (but he does)

I wish it would stop raining / If only it would stop raining (but it is raining)

Wish/if/only + past perfect = para expresar deseos, lamentarse o criticar sobre el

pasado

I wish I hadn’t eaten my dinner so quickly

If only you had listened to my advice

Should + perfect infinitive = para lamentarse o criticar sobre el pasado

We should have brought an umbrella

3er Conditional (if+ past perfect, would/might/could+perfect infinitive) =

especular sobre como algo podría haber sido diferente en el pasado

If you had been paying attention, you might have understood what I was saying =

you weren’t paying attention, so you didn’t understand

NOTA: Una forma más formal es omitir “if” y empezar con “had”

directamente en el caso de la 3er Conditional

Had she known about his criminal past, she would never have employed

him

Mixed Conditional (if+ past perfect, would/might/could+infinitive)=

especular como una situación pasada podría haber tenido un resultado diferente en

el presente.

If I weren’t so broke at the momento, I could have bought you something decent for

your birthday.

7. CONDITIONALS

Zero conditional = situaciones que siempre son verdad

IF+PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE

If I start to eat too much spicy food, I start to feel ill

First conditional = situaciones futuras posibles y sus consequencias

IF+PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL/GOING TO/MAY/MIGHT/COULD+INFINITIVE

If you don’t water this plant soon, it will die

IF+SHOULD, WILL/GOING TO/MAY/MIGHT/COULD +INFINITIVE

IF+HAPPEN TO, WILL/GOING TO/ MAY/MIGHT/COULD+INFINITIVE

SHOULD HAPPEN TO, WILL/GOING TO/MAY/MIGHT/COULD+INFINITIVE

=>

hace que la frase sea más improbable = en el caso de que…, si por

casualidad, etc

If I happen to see Dr. Dee there, I will ask him for you

Please feel free to visit us if you happen to come to France

NOTA: Es más formal aún, si empezamos con SHOULD (+ subject

+INFINITIVE) la frase

Should you wish to change your holiday arrangements, we will do all we can

to help

Second conditional = situaciones imaginaries, imposibles o poco probables en el

presente o future

IF+PAST SIMPLE, WOULD/MIGHT/COULD+INFINITIVE

If I had an extra pair of hands, then I could help you

IF+WERE TO+INF, WOULD/MIGHT/COULD + INFINITIVE= es más improbable

aún

If England were to win the next two matches, Germany could pass the

league => si hubieras…, en el caso de que …., si hubieras tenido la

intención de…

IF puede ser sustituido por los siguientes verbos: SUPPOSE, SUPPOSING,

IMAGINE (sobretodo en el inglés hablado)

Supposing you ran out of Money, what would you do? = If you ran out of

money, what would you do?

NOTA: Si utilizamos WERE+SUBJ+TO+INF aún es más formal

Were they to break the contract, we would of course take legal action = If

they broke the contract, we would of course take legal action

NOTA: IF(+ SUBJECT) puede ir seguido de WILL/WOULD/GOING TO/

WOULD/MIGHT/SHOULD +INF en el caso de que queramos hacer peticiones

formales o describir el resultado de una acción

If you would take a seat for a moment, I will tell Mr Green you are here

If it is going to be more profitable for the company, then I think we should

do it

3er Conditional (if+ past perfect, would/might/could+perfect infinitive) =

especular sobre como algo podría haber sido diferente en el pasado

If you had been paying attention, you might have understood what I was saying =

you weren’t paying attention, so you didn’t understand

NOTA: Una forma más formal es omitir “if” y empezar con “had”

directamente en el caso de la 3er Conditional

Had she known about his criminal past, she would never have employed

him

Mixed Conditional (if+ past perfect, would/might/could+infinitive)=

especular como una situación pasada podría haber tenido un resultado diferente en

el presente, o como los cambios en el presente hubieran afectado al pasado.

If I weren’t so broke at the moment, I could have bought you something decent for

your birthday.

Inverted conditional = es mucho más formal, menos probable y se utiliza también

para sugerir educadamente.

If they were to escape, there would be an outcry”protesta” => were they to escape,

there would be an outcry

8. INFINITIVE OR GERUND

INFINITIVE + TO (NEGATIVE = NOT+INFINITIVE)

Como sujeto introducido por FOR

For evil to succeed it is only necessary for the good to do nothing

The doctor started to carefully remove the bandages = the doctor started to remove

the bandages carefully

Para expresar finalidad

To stop the train, pull the lever downwards

Después de algunos adjetivos: Easy to,…

It is not easy to find work these days

Después del verbo TO BE para dar órdenes o citas

You are to stay here until I get back

Después de WOULD HATE/LOVE/LIKE/PREFER

Would you like me to do it now?

Después de los siguientes verbos: agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt,

choose, claim, dread, decide, demand, deserve, expect, help, hesitate, hope,

happen, intend, learn, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, refuse, seem,

threaten, afford, aim, beg, campaign, care, consent, dare, fail, fight, forget,

guarantee, plan, promise, propose, prove, swear, tend, trouble, try,

undertake, vow, wait, want, wish, yearn.

We spent ages waiting for them to arrive

Después de los siguientes verbos con sus CD/CI: advise, allow, ask,

challenge, enable, encourage, expect, force, get, help, intend, invite, order,

persuade, recommend, remind, teach, tell, urge, warn, cause, command,

forbid, instruct, leave, permit, request, tempt.

NOTA: si no llevan CD/CI van seguidos del GERUNDIO

Con las expresiones: in order to+inf, so as+ inf, only to+inf

Rates have been raised in order to reduce inflationary pressures

Después de only to para describir un resultado o sorpresa

They queued for hours only to discover that all was sold out

Después de too y enough para hablar de resultados

There isn’t enough food to go around

INFINITIVE + TO

Después de verbos modales

En la pasiva con el verbo MAKE

Después de los siguiente verbos: help, had better, let, make, would rather/sooner

ADJ+TO+INFINITIVE

Able/unable, afraid, anxious, ashamed, bound, careful, certain, crazy, curious, due,

eager, fit, happy, impossible, likely, lucky, pleased, right, shocked, stupid, sure,

surprised, thrilled, welcome, wrong.

The Bensons are lucky to be having such good weather

It is impossible to find them in the snow

NOUN+TO+INFINITIVE

Attempt, bid, decision, desire, incentive, need, nuisance, opportunity, place,

pleasure, reason, time, wish

She has finally made a decision to leave

Y después de: there is/are, have (got)

I’ve got a report to write this evening

GERUND (NEGATIVE NOT+ING / NO+ING) Ej. no parking

Como sujeto, objeto o complemento de una frase

Swimming makes you fit

All this complaining won’t get you anywhere

Después de preposiciones

She has no reason for not telling the truth

Después de las siguientes expresiones: Have difficulty, problems / there is no,

little, point / it is no good, use / it is (not) worth

Después de los verbos de los sentidos: heard, smell,…

I heard Alan giving a marvellous rendition of “Nessun Dorma”

Have you see us performing yet?

Después de los siguientes verbos: admit, adore, advise, appreciate,

anticipate, allow, avoid, begin, can’t help, can’t stand, can’t bear, consider,

cease, complete, continue, defend, despise, discuss, delay, deny, detest,

dislike, dread, enjoy, encourage, forget, feel like, hate, give up, imagine,

involve, keep, don’t mind, miss, love, need, neglect, permit, postpone, put

off, practice,prefer, prevent, propose, recommend, resent, resist, risk, quit,

recollect, report, require, start, tolerate, understand, urge, suggest, avoid,

burst out, contemplate, defer, endure, escape, excuse, face, fancy, finish,

justify, leave off, mention, recall, save, tolerate, understand, catch, discover,

find, hear, leave, notice, observe, see, spot, watch = van en gerundio

seguidos de un objeto

Los verbos advise, allow, forbid, permit van en gerundio sino tienen un

objeto, sino van en infinitivo.

The doctor advised taking a course of antibiotics

The doctor advised him to take a course of antibiotics

Como adjetivo:

The remaining items will be sold in our January sale

Después de los verbos siguientes seguidos de la preposición to: Adapt/adjust

to, admit to, confess to, get round to, get used to, look forward to, object to

She confessed to being surprised by her success.

INFINITIVE OR GERUND WITHOUTH CHANGING MEANING

Begin, can’t bear, continue, intend, start, hate, like, love, prefer, attempt, bother,

can’t stand, cease, deserve, fear.

Con los verbos forget, remember, regret, stop utilizaremos INFINITIVO si la acción

del verbo principal tiene lugar primero. Utilizaremos GERUNDIO si la acción del verbo

principal ocurre en segundo lugar.

Con el verbo regret+ SAY/TELL/INFORM/utilizaremos el INFINITIVO+TO

INFINITIVE OR GERUND WITH CHANGING MEANING

TRY+INFINITIVE+TO = hacer una esfuerzo para hacer algo dificil

Please be quiet, I’m trying to sleep

TRY+GERUND = hacer algo para ver que pasa

If you can’t sleep, try using carplugs

MEAN+ INFINITIVE+TO = intend

I have been meaning to write to you for ages

MEANG+GERUND = involve

Changing jobs also meant changing houses

GO ON+INFINITIVE+ TO = change the activity

After opening the hospital the Prince went on to meet the staff

GO ON+GERUND = continue

They went on playing despite the bad weather

NEED+INFINITIVE+TO = debe hacerse

NEED+GERUND = desear

FORGET/REMEMBER + INFINITIVE = recorder hacer una acción futura

Don’t forget to lock the back door

FORGET/ REMEMBER + GERUND = recorder una acción anterior y pasada

I’ll never forget meeting him

REGRET+ INFINITIVE = anunciar malas noticias

We regret to inform you of delays in today’s service

REGRET + GERUND = lamentarse sobre el pasado

I really regret getting that tattoo when I was eighteen

STOP + INFINITIVE =terminar una acción para empezar otra

We stopped to get petrol

STOP + GERUND = terminar una acción

They stopped making fax machines about ten years ago

NOTA: no se deben poner dos infinitives o dos gerundios en la misma frase.

He wanted to start to take lessons = He wanted to start taking lessons

NOTA: Cuando el verbo like = pensar que algo es buena idea, va seguido de

INFINITIVO

9. ASPECTOS DE COHESIÓN (ELLIPSIS y SUSTITUCIÓN)

ELIPSIS (palabras o frases en una oración que pueden ser omitidas o incluso

sustituidas)

Mike left at about the same times as Jane left

- Podemos sustituir verbos por DO/DOES/DID

Paula didn’t want to go, but she go = did

She doesn’t know more than I know= do

- Podemos sustituir un VERBO+OBJECTO

He told her to lock the door, but she had already locked the door =done so

- Podemos omitir palabras después de AND/BUT

I live and I work in London

- Podemos omitir expresiones de infinitive

I don’t eat much cheese now, but I used to eat much cheese

- Podemos omitir TO en IF or WH-CLAUSES después de verbos como: ASK,

FORGET, PROMISE, WANT, WOULD LIKE.

Shall we go to the cinema tonight? Yes, if you want to

- Podemos omitir el VERBO PRINCIPAL después del MODAL VERB excepto EL

VERBO TO BE

I can speak Spanish, and Mary can speak Spanish too

- Podemos omitir el verbo principal después del auxiliar

She said she would phoned, but she hasn’t phoned

- En oraciones con QUESTION WORDS, podemos omitir el resto de la oración

Did he say where he was going?

- En oraciones COMPARATIVAS, podemos omitir el verbo de la frase

You look older than my brother does

You look older than she does=You look older than her

SUSTITUCIÓN (palabras o frases en una oración que pueden ser sustituidas

por otras)

- Podemos sustituir por PRONOMBRES

John came into the room. John / He was wearing a coat

- Podemos sustituir por THIS/THAT/THESE/THOSE

He hated school. That’s why he left at 16

- Podemos utilizar IF NOT/SO para sustituir frases enteras

Are you free on Friday?/ If so, do you fancy going to the cinema?

Are you free on Friday?/ If not, what about next week?

- Podemos utilizar SO/NOR/NEITHER+VERBO AUXILIAR+SUJETO/

SOME/ALL/EACH/NONE/BOTH/OTHER/A FEW/ENOUGH para sustituir frases

enteras

She likes dogs and I like dogs too =so do I

I’ve never been to Paris and he has never been to Paris too =nor/neither has he

I didn’t have enough money and I didn’t have too = neither did I/ nor did I/ I didn’t

either

The boys went out night after night, and the boys =some did not return

- Podemos utilizar SO/NOT para reemplar una oración que empieza con THAT,

después de los verbos: EXPECT, HOPE, SEEM, SUPPOSE, THINK

Is he coming?I think that he is coming=so

Do you think it will rain? I hope that it won’t rain=not

- Podemos utilizar ONE/ONES para sustituir nombres contables después de adjetivos o

demostrativos

What sort of ice-cream would you like? A plain one or one with chocolate sauce on?

Which colour would you prefer, this one or that one?

10. LA PASIVA

ESTRUCTURA:

- BE (mismo tiempo verbal que el verbo principal de la frase en active) + PAST

PARTICIPLE

Architects design (Present Simple) buildings=> Buildings are designed (Present

Simple + Past Participle) by architects.

USOS:

- Cuando la acción es más importante que quién la realiza

- La atención se centra en acción.

- La persona que realiza la acción es desconocida, no es importante ó es demasiado

obvia.

Bill’s car was stolen (we don’t know who stole it)

The office is being redecorated (it’s not important who’s doing it)

The burglar has been arrested (it’s obvious that the police arrested him)

CAMBIOS:

- El sujeto de la frase activa pasa a ser el agente en la frase pasiva (by)

- El objeto directo de la frase activa pasa a ser el sujeto en la frase pasiva

Coldplay wrote the song “viva la vida” => the song “viva la vida” was wrote by

Coldplay

Verbos con dos objetos (directo e indirecto): Lo más habitual es usar el objeto

indirecto como sujeto en la frase pasiva

They showed me their last álbum => I was showed their last album (by them)

Sin embargo, hay veces que preferimos ENFATIZAR el OBJETO DIRECTO

They sent me a mysterious letter => A mysterious letter was sent to me (by them)

CAMBIOS VERBALES:

TIEMPO VERBAL ACTIVA PASIVA

Present Simple Peter builds houses Houses are built by Peter

Past Simple Peter built a house last

year

A house was built last year

by Peter

Present Perfect Peter has built many Many houses have been

houses built by Peter

Past Perfect Peter had built a house A house had been built by

Peter

Will Peter will build a house A house will be built by

Peter

Going to Peter is going to build a

house

A house is going to be

built by Peter

Modal verbs Peter might build a house A house might be built by

Peter

NOTA: A veces utilizamos GET (más informal) en lugar de BE

They are going to get (be) married next week

Solo podemos utilizar los verbos transitivos en pasiva

Bill lives in a flat => A flat is lived in by Bill

Los siguientes verbos (hear, help, see, make, allege, believe, consider, estimate, expect, know, report, say, think, understand, be rumoured, be reputed) forman la pasiva con BE+ PAST PARTICIPLE + TO INFINITIVE

She made me clean my room => I was made to clean my room

LET = BE ALLOWED TO (en pasiva)

The teacher let the children play in the playground => The children were allowed to play in the playground (by the teacher)

VERBO CON PREPOSICION (en la pasiva va junto al verbo)

A bee stung Peter on the leg => Peter was stung on the leg by a bee

QUESTION/NEGATIVE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE (siempre utilizamos do/does/did)

John had his hair dyed => When did he have his hair dyed????

HAVE/GET something DONE (es una estructura pasiva).

Se utilize cuando quieres indicar que alguien realiza alguna acción en tu lugar, o para hablar de algo desagradable.

They had their house painted blue

Jackie had her car stolen

La forma –ING PASSIVE es posible

Having been fed, the dog went to sleep

THE AGENT (BY) si es una frase muy larga va obligatoriamente al final de frase

The meeting was attended by representatives of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council

11. REPORTED SPEECH

Se da cuando pasamos de “in direct speech” a “reported speech”, es decir, cuando hacemos referencia a algo que ha dicho otra persona. Deberemos realizar algunos cambios verbales, y de otras palabras.

I’m having a great time, said Peter => Peter said he was having a great time

CAMBIOS VERBALES:

- Present tenses = Past tenses

- Present Perfect tenses = Past Perfect tenses - Past tenses = Past Perfect tenses- The modal verbs (will, must “excepto para deduciones”, may, can) = would, had to,

might, could- The modal verbs (would, might, could, should, ought to) = NO CHANGE

I’ve never ridden a horse, said Clare => Clare said she had never ridden a horse

We were trying to phone you, she said => She said they had been trying to phone you

It must be done by tomorrow, she said => She told me it had to be done by tomorrow

It must be raining, she said => she said it must be raining (deduction)

OTROS CAMBIOS ( pronombres / adverbios de lugar o tiempo)

I saw you here yesterdas, said Alan => Alan said he had seen me there the day before

NO CAMBIOS, SI…

- Si la frase siempre es verdadI intend to retire next year, he said => he told me he intends to retire next year

- Si el verbo esta en present o present perfectI never tells lies, she said => she said she never tells lies

QUESTION:

- No utilizamos auxiliares do/does/did- El orden de la frase es igual que si fuera una frase afirmativa- En el caso de Yes/No Questios, utilizamos IF or WETHER (ask, want to know, say, see,

remember)- No se utilizan las Questions Marks (¿)

Where’s Paul? => He asked me where Paul is/wasDid you enjoy it ? => She asked if I (had) enjoyed it

VERBS PATTERNS:

Hay verbos que se pueden utilizar con diferentes estructuras en el caso de REPORTED SPEECH

Por ejemplo: asked

He asked to leaveHe asked them to leaveHe asked that they should leave

Sin embargo, en el caso de otros verbos no

VERB + THAT+CLAUSE (add, admit, agree, answer, argue, announce, assure, believe, claim, comment, complain, concede, conclude, confirm, consider, decide, deny, doubt, emphasize, estímate, explain, expect, fear,feel, hope, imply, insist, mean, mention, object, observe, persuade, promise, propose, point out, predict, reckon, remark, remember, reply, report, reveal, reassure, remind, repeat, say, state, suggest, suppose, stress, tell, think, threaten, understand,warn.

Critics predicted that the film would be a success.

VERB+INFINITIVE TO (agree, ask, claim, demand, offer, promise, refuse, threaten)

He claimed to be an expert on ghosts

VERB + OBJECT+ INFINITIVE TO (advise, ask, beg, convince, encourage, forbid, instruct, invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind, tell, urge, warn)

She urged him not to get involved

VERB+GERUND (admit, advise, deny, recommend, remind, regret, suggest)

He denied taking/having taken the money

VERB+PREP+GERUND (advise, argue, protest, warn against) (apologize, blame, forgive, praise, tell off, thank for) (discourage, dissuade from) (accuse, speak of) (congratulate, insist on) (admit, confess, consent, object to)

She admitted to feeling rather nervous

VERB+ (THAT)+ SBDY + (SHOULD) DO STHG /// STHG (SHOULD) HAPPEN (advise, agree, ask, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest)

They demanded that he should resignWe suggest he apply for the jobIT+ … (announce, believe, claim, confirm, estimate, rumour, suggest, think)

It is thought that she may have left the countryIt has been suggested that the minister took bribes.

12. THE PASSIVE WITH REPORTING VERBS (Para expresar los sentimientos o creencias de otros, con determinados verbos para expresar hechos generales) Los verbos más utilizados son: accept, believe, expect, hope, know, say, think, understand, calcúlate, claim, consider, discover, estímate, feel, prove, report, show.

NO PODEMOS UTILIZAR LOS SIGUIENTES VERBOS: encourange, inform, persuade, reassure, remind, tell, warn,

They have informed us that… => It has been informed us…

ESTRUCTURA: Es una estructura IMPERSONAL

SUBJECT+PASSIVE OF REPORTING VERB+ (TO)+INFINITIVE

IT+PASSIVE OF REPORTING VERB+ THAT+CLAUSE

People know that many pop singers come from England ==

. Many pop singers are known to come from England

. It is known that many pop singers come from England

NOTA: Con referencia de presente, en el pasivo se utilize el PRESENTE INFINITIVO

People think that Johnson is in Cardiff => Johnson is thought to be in Cardiff

Con referencia de pasado, en el pasivo se utilize el PERFECTO INFINITIVO

People believe that the forger left Florence => The forger is believed to have left Florence.

People know that the suspect has been dealing with drugs =>The suspect is known to have been dealing with drugs.

Los “Reporting verbs” también pueden estar en PASADO

People considered the goverment had spent too much => The goverment was considered to have spent too much

13. CLEFT SENTENCES (podemos enfatizar una parte de una oración mediante la entonación y también cambiando la posición de los elementos en una oración hablada o escrita, para ello dividimos la frase en dos partes “cleft sentences” ó poniendo el elemento a enfatizar al principio “fronting”)

Mediante la entonación = > Por ejemplo: Thank you for listening

Usando estructuras pasivas => Por ejemplo: The President is expected to resign son

Añadiendo palabras (own, very/indeed, not at all, the least, whatsoever)

Añadiendo “question words ending in-ever => Por ejemplo: Whatever are you doing?

Añadiendo “auxiliary DO” => Por ejemplo: I do hope you’ll come again

Añadiendo algunos Adjetivos o Adverbios => Por ejemplo: I actually went inside one of the Pyramids

Añadiendo “gradable and non-gradable adjectives” => Por ejemplo: He’s absolutely brilliant

Utilizando “so” => Por ejemplo: So it is…

Utilizando frases temporales “day after day, time and time again, over and over again, day in, day out” => Por ejemplo: David reads the same book over and over again

Repitiendo el mismo verbo = Por ejemplo: I tried and tried, but it was no use

13.1 EMPHATIC IT-CLAUSES

Para dar importancia a una determinada parte de una frase = IT IS/ THAT… = it + a form of be+(not and/or adverb) +emphasised word/phrase+ that/which/who clause

- Podemos enfatizar el sujeto, objeto, adverbio y preposición:

Mike took Sally to the party on Saturday =

- It was Mike who took Sally to the party on Saturday

- It was Sally (that) Mike took to the party on Saturday

- It was on Saturday (that) Mike took Sally to the party

- It was to the party (that) Mike took Sally on Saturday

NOTA:

- Usamos when, while, not until para enfatizar un periodo de tiempo:

It wasn’t until he took off his hat that I recognized him

- Usamos because para enfatizar razones:

Perhaps it’s because I’m a chef that people never invite me to their dinner parties

- Podemos sustituir “that” por “who/ which” si queremos enfatizar una persona ó cosa :

It was Gary who broke the chairIt was the photos which the secretary sent Jake yesterday

NOTA: No podremos enfatizar una acción ó un complemento verbal con esta estructura

What Mike did was take Sally to the party = It was taking Sally to the party that Mike did

What they are is unscrupulous = It is totally unscrupulous that they are

13.2 WH-CLAUSES WHAT… IS/WAS = wh-clause + a form of be+ emphasized word or phrase

En este caso WHAT = the thing/s that

Podemos enfatizar un nombre:

What I most wanted to see in the Louvre was the Mona Lisa = The Mona Lisa was what I most wanted to see in the Louvre

Podemos enfatizar una persona, lugar, tiempo o razón:

The guy who told me about the new club was ZackThe house where I used to live is near hereThe day (when) I left was the saddest day of my lifeThe reason (why) they never told me is they don’t trust me

Podemos enfatizar una/s accion/es:

What happened was (that) I left my wallet in the café and had to go back

Podemos enfatizar una acción interpretada por alguien con la siguiente estructura: what+subject+do+be+to-infinitive clause

What we did was (to) send them a letter of complaint

NOTA: Podemos utilizar los “Modals Verbs” para sustituir “is/was”

It can’t be my mobile phone that’s ringing because it’s switched off.

NOTA: Podemos utilizar “all” para sustituir “what” con el significado de “the only/last thing that”

All I really want is a little house in the countryside

NOTA: Esta estructura es más común con los siguientes verbos (need, want, like, hate, adore, dislike, enjoy, loathe, love, prefer, want)

What I hate is rainy weather

NOTA: Si el verbo principal está en “continuous “ o en “perfect”, la forma del verbo “be”también coincide.

The boys are taking Sandy to the match => what the boys are doing is taking Sandy to the match

NOTA: Who we forgot to invite was Ian = The one (who) we forgot to invite was Ian

NOTA: FORMAL = INFORMAL (podemos utilizar when/where pero no how/why)

It was because of greed that he did it = It was greed why he did itIt is by using a calculator that he does it = It is using a calculator how he does it

It is you who are in the wrong = It’s you that’s in the wrong

NOTA: podemos añadir frases como: the reason why, the thing that, the person/people who, the place where, the day when

13.3 REVERSED CLEFT CLAUSES

Ponemos la información que queremos enfatizar al principio de la frase

Zack was the guy who told me about the new club

NOTA: En spoken English podemos usar “this/that”

They told me the same thing = That’s what they told me

14. FRONTINGPonemos determinadas palabras al inicio de la frase para dar más énfasis

- Poniendo “objetos” y “complementos”

She may be friendly but she isn’t reliable =Friendly she may be, but reliable she isn’t

- Poniendo ” prononombres demostrativos”

I disagree with that = That I disagree with

- Utilizando el superlativo o comparative

Much more exciting was Red Heat

- Utilizando “To+infinitive”

To meet him is my most fervent wish

- Utilizandos “as” y “though” con verbos y adjetivos

Battered though he was, he never lost his will to succeedTry as she might, she simply couldn’t open the jam jar

- Utilizando “also” and “such”

Also at the service were several ambassadors

Such is the fate of most illegitimate children in

15. INVERSION

Para enfatizar podemos cambiar el orden normal de la frase, invirtiendo el sujeto y el verbo o el verbo auxiliary.

- En el caso formal de las frases condicionales, sustituimos “if” por “should, had, etc)

If you had needed my help, I’d have come earlier = Had you needed my help, I’d have come earlier

- Invertimos el sujeto-verbo después de adverbio de dirección o lugar

Above the fireplace was a portrait of the Duke

- Utilizamos la inversión del verbo sobretodo con verbos de lugar y movimiento. Cuando el sujeto es un pronombre NO HAY INVERSIÓN

In an armchair sat his mother = In an armchair sat she = In an armchair she sat

- Normalmente la inversión se produce después de “here” y “there”

- Se produce la inversión del sujeto y del verbo auxiliar con las siguientes frases: no sooner…than, never (before), at no time, (in) no way, Little…that, on no account, under no circumstance, not once, not only, not until, not since, neither…nor, hardly…when, barely, scarcely, only, seldom

No sooner had he left than he came back for his car keysNever (before) had he been so rude and at no time did he apologizeHardly had I finished my work when in came my boss with moreLittle did he know that the police were after him

NOTA: Después de (not until, only when, only after) la inversión se produce en la parte media de la frase

Not until I saw him did I remember we had met before

- Se produce la inversión del sujeto y el verbo auxiliary después de: so+adverb o such+noun

So badly did my boss…Such was my surprise that

- También se produce la inversión en respuestas cortas con (so, neither, nor)

So am I, Niether does she

- Y también se produce la inversión con “as” o “than”

Lord Barchester has estates in Scotland, as do many other noblemen

- Inversión para ciertas expresiones fijas

So be itLong live the king

NOTA: Expresiones con (no, not) excepto las anteriores no se pueden inverter

No doubt he will give us a key = No doubt will he give us a key

NOTA: No invertimos el sujeto y el verbo auxiliar después de “only” si no hay una expresión de tiempo o preposicional inmediatamente.

Only members can park here = Only can members park here =Only on Saturdays can members park here

16. INVERTED CONDITIONAL SENTENCES WITHOUT “IF”

Hace que sea más formal y menos probable la frase

- If they were to escape, there would be an outcry = Were they to escape, there would be an outcry.

- If he has cheated , he will have to be punished = Should he has cheated, he will have to be punished

- If I had known , I would have protested strongly = Had I known, I would have protested strongly

- If you happen to need … / If you should happen to need…