Advance Topics in Change Management
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Transcript of Advance Topics in Change Management
Advance Topics in Change Management
Lecture 8: The External Environment of Organizations
Objectives
• To consider how environments vary and affect the internal structures and processes of organizations
• To develop a framework to help assess environments, how they are changing and how managers might need to respond to those changes
Managing inter-organisational relations: modes of co-ordination and influence
• Ownership links• Contractual links: alliances, joint ventures etc.• Inter-locking directorates• Transfer and exchange of executives/senior
managers• Profit pooling and federation of firms• Co-operative marketing• Advertising and public relations• Trade associations• Obligational contracting• Patent exchange and pooling
Ownership Links: Cross-ShareholdingDaimler, Nissan and Renault announce three-way
tie-up• German carmaker Daimler is to give Renault
and Nissan a 3.1% stake in its business as part of a global tie-up of the brands, it has been announced.
• In exchange, Daimler will take a 3.1% stakes in both Renault and Nissan, who have been in an alliance since 1999.
• The deal will see the companies remain separate, but allow them to share technology and development costs.
• Daimler's Mercedes-Benz brand will benefit from shared technology
• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8606593.stm
Ownership Links: Other Examples
• Japanese keiretsu that usually involve cross-shareholding (eg Mitsubishi keiretsu built around Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric, and Kirin Brewery amongst others; Toyota group built around Tokai Bank, Toyota, and Ricoh amongst others)
• Pyramid groups do not necessarily involve cross-shareholdings (VW which covers Porsche, MAN Trucks, Scania Trucks; FIAT, including FIAT, Iveco Trucks, and CNH)
Another Pyramid Group: The Arab Malaysian Group, controlled by Azman Hashim
Joint Ventures
• An example of an equity-based joint venture: Li-Tec Battery
• a Joint Venture between Evonik Industries AG (which holds 50.1% of the shares in the company) and Daimler AG (49.9%)
• It develops, produces and markets large-scale lithium ion battery cells for automotive applications and battery systems for industrial and stationary applications.
• Can also have non-equity joint ventures (co-operative agreements to co-develop a business using another company’s brand or to develop a technology, such as Nokia and Sony Ericsson)
Inter-Locking Directorates
• This refers to the membership on the boards of directors of two or more firms by the same individual.
• Examples:• Some Hong Kong companies• Deutsche Bank and Daimler (until early 2000s)•
Inter-Locking Directorates: A Recent Example?• Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, used to have a seat on the
board of Apple. (Not sure if any Apple board member sat on the board at Google.)
• But did this lead to anti-competitive practices?
• Silicon Valley groups face antitrust probe on recruiting• http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ff94ea24-509f-11de-9530-00144feabdc0.html
• The US justice department has begun a civil antitrust inquiry into hiring behaviour at some of the largest technology companies in Silicon Valley, including Google, Yahoo, Apple and Genentech.
• Officials have sent as many as a dozen companies civil investigative demands seeking documents that would shed light on whether some of them have an agreement not to poach talent from one another.
Back to the List!
• Transfer and exchange of executives/senior managers – e.g. Toyota
• Profit pooling and federation of firms• Co-operative marketing• Advertising and public relations• Trade associations• Obligational contracting• Patent exchange and pooling
The Environment for Universities
• Complex:– Government (fees, numbers of students, types of
awards)– Students (current and prospective ones)
• Their parents!• Student union
– Graduate employers (public and private sector)– Other universities/research organizations at home
and abroad– Unions (support staff and academics)
• Stable – usually, yes, but not currently!
Questions
• Think of a large mobile-phone company.• What activities – in broad terms – does it
engage in?• How would you describe its environment
(in terms of stability and complexity)?• Does this vary for different parts of the
organization?• If it does vary, how might the different
parts of the organization be structured?
MECHANISTIC AND ORGANIC ORGANISATIONS
MECHANISTIC ORGANIC
Task Specialisation and Separation
Task and Skill Integration
Precise and Rigid Role Definitions
Diffuse and Flexible Roles
Vertical Co-ordination of Tasks Multiple Co-ordination and Responsibilities
Centralisation of Knowledge and Control
Diverse Sources of Knowledge and Expertise
Vertical Communication of Instructions and Decisions
Multiple Communication Channels for Information and Advice
Loyalty to Firm and Obedience to Superiors
Commitment to Tasks and to Expertise
Other Ways to Deal with Environmental Uncertainty
• Buffering
• Boundary Spanning
• Leading to differentiation within organizations
Questions
• Think back to that mobile-phone company.
• What are the priorities of those involved in its different activities (e.g. research and development) likely to be?
• Will they adopt a short-term or a long-term perspective on those activities?
• What level of formality would you associate with each activity and why?
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEPARTMENTS
R & D MANUFACTURING SALES
CHARACTERISTIC
PRIORITIES New DevelopmentsQuality
Efficiency Customer Satisfaction
TIME HORIZON Long Short Short
DOMINANT INTERPERSONAL ORIENTATION OF EMPLOYEES
Task Task Process
FORMALITY OF STRUCTURE
Low High High
UNCERTAINTY AND INTEGRATORS
Conclusion
• The external environment is likely to influence the ways in which any company, as a whole, is designed as well as the ways in which individual departments/divisions within it are designed.