Adulthood Powerpoint
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Transcript of Adulthood Powerpoint
Life Span Health Promotion: Adulthood
Role in Wellness
• Physical health dimension
• Begin health-promoting habits early in life and continue
through older adulthood
• Intellectual health dimension
• Provides ability to change and adapt as health circumstances
vary according to age and related responsibilities
• Emotional health dimension
• Symbolic representation and occasions defined by certain
foods often tied to emotional well-being
Role in Wellness, cont’d
• Social health dimension
• Customs surrounding eating behaviors vary among cultures
and ethnic groups; exposure to these differences is
rewarding and enhances social health
• Spiritual health dimension
• Support of religious and charitable communities sustains
health promotion efforts and recovery from disease and
illness
Aging and Nutrition
• Aging and nutrition
• Aging: gradual process that reflects influence of genetics, lifestyle, and environment over life span
• Some body systems more affected than others
• Changes may begin to affect nutritional status
• Other organ functions may be altered
• Taste and smell
• Saliva secretions
• Swallowing difficulties
• Liver function
• Intestinal function
Aging and Nutrition, cont’d
• Productive aging
• Overall process of aging depends on attitudes and skills
developed over course of one’s life
• Considers many psychosocial influences on successful
aging
Stages of Adulthood
• The early years (20s and 30s)
• Young adults separate from family of origin, focus on
personal and career goals, and often face reproductive
decisions
• Prime time to either refine or establish eating styles promoting
health, possibly preventing development of diet-related diseases
• Factors affecting nutritional and health behaviors
• Childbearing years
• Employment/career
• Family commitments
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Nutrition requirements
• Growth tends to be completed by late teens for women and early 20s for men
• RDA for energy is 2900 kcal daily for men; 2200 kcal daily for women
• Reflects typical differences in body weight and lean body mass
• RDA for protein increases from 58 to 63 g daily for men; from 46 to 50 g for women
• Ranges reflect lean body mass growth that may occur in men and
women through about age 24
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Vitamin and mineral needs do not significantly change
• Calcium and phosphorus needs decline after age 18
• Skeletal growth almost complete
• AI for calcium drops from 1300 mg to 1000 mg from 19 years on
• RDA for phosphorus drops from 1250 mg to 700 mg from 19 years on
• Maintaining calcium and iron intake continues as concern for women
because of often-restricted intake of food during dieting
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• The middle years (40s and 50s)
• Stage noted by continuation of family demands and career
involvement
• Consistent positive dietary patterns coupled with regular
exercise
• Provides continued prevention or delay of diet-related diseases
such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and coronary
artery disease
• Increased stamina additional benefit
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Nutrition requirements
• During middle years, cell loss rather than replication occurs
• Kcal needs decline as lean body mass lost
• Replaced by body fat, less metabolically active
• Body fat increases may be slowed by exercise and strength training to
maintain lean body mass
• After age 50, daily energy needs drop from 2900 to 2300 kcal for
men; from 2200 to 1920 kcal for women
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Protein needs remain constant
• Iron requirements for women drop from 18 to 8 mg
• Reflects reduced iron loss because of menopause
• Dietary patterns that best meet nutrient needs
• Contain nutrient-dense foods with lower-fat protein sources
coupled with fiber-containing fruits, vegetables, and grains
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• The older years (60s, 70s, and 80s)
• Senescence: older adulthood
• Time of continued professional or career advancement
• Others in transition, adjusting to retirement
• Gerontology: study of aging
• Provides insights into emotional, physical, and social aspects of
later years of life
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Factors that influence daily experience quality of life for older adults include:
• Health status
• Nutrition well-being
• Spirituality
• Living arrangements
• Physical activity
• Social interactions
• Physical, mental, and emotional functioning
• Disease management
• Level of independence
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Physical activity
• Physical fitness and good nutrition
• Allows older adult to enter these years with more stamina,
cardiovascular conditioning, and solid health-promoting habits
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Physical, mental, and emotional functions
• May be affected by:
• Struggling with chronic illnesses of and deaths of family
members and friends
• Isolation and depression; may lead to loss of appetite (anorexia) or
other forms of malnutrition
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Adjusting to retirement (and its economic realities)
• Alcohol abuse related to depression and lack of coping skills
• Disorientation or senility often associated with aging
• Improper use of medications, marginal nutrient deficiencies (e.g.,
vitamin B12), or simple dehydration
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Nutrition well-being
• Nutrition status may be affected by restricted access to food
and ability to prepare meals
• Dietary management for older adults may be more
complicated than for other stages of adulthood
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Protein adequacy
• Total body protein decreases as aging progresses
• Body protein affected consists of:
• Skeletal muscle (most noticeable), organ tissue, blood
components, and immune bodies
• Includes compromised wound healing, loss of skin elasticity,
reduced ability to battle infection, and longer recuperation from
illness and surgeries
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Dietary intake may be further altered when these physical factors
combine with social factors, leading to reduced protein intake
• Consumption of micronutrients found in protein foods also may
be limited
• Can lead to deficiencies of B12, A, C, D, calcium, iron, zinc, and
others
• Increase turnover of whole-body protein of aging bodies results
in older adults needing greater dietary protein intake (1 g/kg
body weight) compared with younger adults (0.8 g/kg body
weight)
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Living arrangements
• Older adults may be at nutritional risk because of demographic and
lifestyle characteristics; factors may include:
• Gender
• Smoking
• Alcohol abuse
• Dietary patterns
• Educational level
• Dental health
• Chronic illnesses
• Living situations
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Continuum of care provides continuity of care
• Through different living situations and services as health,
medical, and supportive services provided in suitable care
environments
• Care settings may range from acute medical settings to
community and daycare, from assisted-living retirement
housing to traditional nursing home facilities and hospices
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Nutrition requirements
• DRIs remain constant from age 51 and older for men and
women
• Except for vitamin D
• AI vitamin D 10 mcg a day ages 51 to 70 years
• AI vitamin D 15 mcg a day older than age 70
• Synthesis of vitamin D reduced in older adult
• Need more exposure to sunlight to produce more vitamin D or
require supplement
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Vitamin B12
• Production of intrinsic factor required for vitamin B12 absorption
may be reduced
• Increases risk of pernicious anemia
• New recommendations suggest use of B12 supplements or
consumption of foods fortified with vitamin B12 to meet RDA 2.4
mcg a day
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• Other factors may affect nutritional status
• Marginal deficiency of zinc alters taste receptors
• Overconsumption of simple sugars and sodium
• May exacerbate other diet-related disorders such as diabetes and
hypertension
• Constipation
• Muscularity of digestive system weakens, especially after lifetime
of low-fiber foods
• Dental health
• Loss of teeth by periodontal disease limits chewing ability
Stages of Adulthood, cont’d
• The oldest years (80s and 90s)
• Healthiest of oldest develop individual patterns of dietary
intake that most meet physical and social needs
• Nutrition requirements
• Malnutrition and underweight concern during this stage
• Oldest adults may be most at risk for dehydration
• Risk increases because decreased ability of kidneys to concentrate
urine, limited movement, drug interactions, and malfunctioning thirst
sensation
Adult Health Promotion
• Knowledge
• Health promotion integrates nutrition education and focuses
on three areas of knowledge:
• Adequate intake of nutrients found in foods (rather than
supplements)
• Relationship between diet and disease
• Moderate kcal intake coupled with regular exercise for physical
fitness and obesity prevention
Adult Health Promotion, cont’d
• Techniques
• Strategies to apply new knowledge to everyday activities to
modify lifestyle behaviors
• Numerous strategies suggested to alter behavior to reduce diet-
related disorders and manage body weight
Adult Health Promotion, cont’d
• Community supports
• Government, corporate, and social institutions create
environments and structures supporting lifestyle health
promotion behaviors
• Provide socioeconomic support within community
• Government programs include Food Stamp Program, Emergency
Food Assistance Program, and community food banks and meals
• Supports specifically for older adults include Child and Adult
Care Food Program and Senior Nutrition Program
Overcoming Barriers
• Food asphyxiation
• Older adults may be at risk for food asphyxiation
• Reduced chewing ability from loss of teeth or poorly fitting
dentures
• Neurologic conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and effects
of stroke may result in chewing and swallowing difficulties
(dysphagia)
• Referrals to registered dietitians with expertise in these
disorders
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Stress
• Affects all aspects of well-being
• Nutrient intake may be altered
• Inappropriate eating patterns
• Gastrointestinal tract may produce excessive gastric juices
• Loss of appetite, further reduces nutrient intake and affects nutrient
absorption, including minerals, protein, and vitamin C
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Emotional stress increases release of some hormones such
as adrenaline
• Excess adrenaline production in response to repetitive stressors
affects bone health and risk for osteoporosis
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Women’s health issues
• Diseases for which women are most at risk
• Osteoporosis
• Coronary artery disease
• Hypertension
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Certain cancers, diabetes
• Weight-related disorders
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• More common among minority women
• Access to preventive and medical care may be limited
• Greater incidence of poverty and other socioeconomic factors
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Cancer
• A third of cancer mortality may be due to dietary or
nutritional factors such as energy intake or weight
• Risk factors differ among varied forms of cancer
• General dietary recommendations to reduce cancer risk
important
• Promote plant-based diets stressing minimally processed foods
• Recommend corollary lifestyle behaviors including healthy
weight and physically active lifestyle
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Menopause
• Perimenopause
• Menopause • Characterized by decreased production of estrogen and
progesterone
• Results in termination of menses
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Alternative approach to menopausal symptoms
• Consume foods containing phytoestrogens
• May replicate some functions of estrogen
• Particularly soy foods or isoflavone extracts
• Overall, potential benefits, risks, and combination of supplements
with food and/or medications remain uncertain
• Nutrition approaches to reduce symptoms continue to focus on
quality of dietary choices and healthy weight maintenance
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Men’s health issues
• Alcohol
• Moderate alcohol consumption (defined as 14 drinks per week)
• Recognized as beneficial for lower risk of coronary artery disease
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism guidelines
• Recommend older adults limit consumption to one alcoholic drink
per day
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Alcohol most often used and abused drug in U.S.
• Death rate from alcohol abuse more than twice as high for men as
for women
• Native Americans most at risk for chronic alcohol ingestion
problems
• Excessive alcohol consumption associated with poverty, violent
crimes, birth defects, suicide, and sexual and domestic abuse
• Pattern of excessive intake often begins during adolescence and
continues through adult years
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Chronic excessive consumption affects nutritional status
• Appetite diminishes
• Associated with limited nutrient absorption, metabolism, excretion;
further increases aging effects
• Other medical and social problems emerge
• Medical conditions: liver cirrhosis and cancer of liver and
gastrointestinal tract
• Social problems: impaired driving while intoxicated
• Community resources available
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Prostate cancer
• Second most common cancer among American men (skin
cancer first)
• Multifactorial including genetics, hormones, environment,
virus, and diet
• Association with fat intake, particularly saturated fat
• African American men higher incidence rate than other
Americans
Overcoming Barriers, cont’d
• Dietary approaches to prevent prostate cancer being
explored
• Increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
lowers intake of animal-derived saturated fat
• May reduce risk; also heart healthy
• May reduce blood pressure and decrease risk of type 2 DM
• Lycopene, antioxidant naturally occurring in tomatoes and
other fruits and vegetables, may reduce risk of prostate cancer
Toward a Positive Nutrition Lifestyle: Rationalizing
• Rationalization
• To assign reasonable explanations to behaviors when
behaviors, feelings, or perceptions irrational or
unreasonable
• Rationalize poor eating habits