Adult Medical-Surgical Nursing Neurology Module: Neurological Dysfunction.
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Transcript of Adult Medical-Surgical Nursing Neurology Module: Neurological Dysfunction.
Adult Medical-Surgical Adult Medical-Surgical Nursing Nursing
Neurology Module:Neurology Module:
Neurological DysfunctionNeurological Dysfunction
Neurological Dysfunction: AetiologyNeurological Dysfunction: Aetiology
Structural problem Structural problem
Metabolic disturbanceMetabolic disturbance
Auto-immune conditionsAuto-immune conditions
Degenerative neurological diseaseDegenerative neurological disease
All compromise brain and nervous tissue All compromise brain and nervous tissue function function
Structural Causes of Neurological Structural Causes of Neurological DysfunctionDysfunction
Congenital anomalies: hydrocephalusCongenital anomalies: hydrocephalusTrauma: head or spinal injury (damaged Trauma: head or spinal injury (damaged neurons, cerebral oedema, haematoma) neurons, cerebral oedema, haematoma) Intracranial haemorrhage, thrombus or Intracranial haemorrhage, thrombus or embolus: ↑ intra-cranial pressure (↑ ICP)embolus: ↑ intra-cranial pressure (↑ ICP)Infection: encephalitis, meningitis (exudate Infection: encephalitis, meningitis (exudate ↑ ICP) ↑ ICP) Poor perfusion: TIA (↓ carotid blood flow)Poor perfusion: TIA (↓ carotid blood flow)↓ ↓ myelination: Vitamin B12 deficiency myelination: Vitamin B12 deficiency
Structural Causes of Neurological Structural Causes of Neurological Dysfunction: SummaryDysfunction: Summary
Neurological dysfunction is caused by:Neurological dysfunction is caused by:
Direct damage to neurons, or indirect Direct damage to neurons, or indirect through expansion of brain tissue in fixed through expansion of brain tissue in fixed cranium → increased ICPcranium → increased ICPPoor cerebral perfusion → ischaemia and Poor cerebral perfusion → ischaemia and infarction of brain tissueinfarction of brain tissuePoor conduction of impulses Poor conduction of impulses (demyelination)(demyelination)
Metabolic Causes of Neurological Metabolic Causes of Neurological DysfunctionDysfunction
Sepsis: ↑ temperatureSepsis: ↑ temperaturepH changes: acid/ base balancepH changes: acid/ base balanceHypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia Diabetic Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolalityDiabetic Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolalityElectrolyte imbalanceElectrolyte imbalanceHypertension Hypertension Drug/ alcohol abuseDrug/ alcohol abuseHepatic or renal encephalopathy Hepatic or renal encephalopathy
Metabolic Causes of Neurological Metabolic Causes of Neurological Dysfunction: SummaryDysfunction: Summary
Neurological dysfunction is caused by:Neurological dysfunction is caused by:
Accumulation of toxinsAccumulation of toxins
Inappropriate physical or metabolic Inappropriate physical or metabolic environment for nerve cell functionenvironment for nerve cell function
Cerebral oedemaCerebral oedema
Auto-immune Conditions Affecting Auto-immune Conditions Affecting Neurological FunctionNeurological Function
Neuromuscular diseases: Neuromuscular diseases:
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia GravisMyasthenia Gravis
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
Auto-immune Conditions Affecting Auto-immune Conditions Affecting Neurological Function: SummaryNeurological Function: Summary
Neurological dysfunction is caused by:Neurological dysfunction is caused by:
MS: auto-immune progressive MS: auto-immune progressive demyelinationdemyelination
Myasthenia Gravis: auto-immune disease Myasthenia Gravis: auto-immune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction of affecting the neuromuscular junction of voluntary musclesvoluntary muscles
GBS: auto-immune inflammation and GBS: auto-immune inflammation and paralysis of peripheral motor nervesparalysis of peripheral motor nerves
Degenerative Neurological DiseaseDegenerative Neurological Disease
Parkinson’s disorderParkinson’s disorder
Degenerative neuromuscular diseaseDegenerative neuromuscular disease
Alzheimer’s disease and dementiaAlzheimer’s disease and dementia
Progressive, incurable deterioration of Progressive, incurable deterioration of neurological systemneurological system