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FAA Safety SeminarFAAST Team

ADS-B(Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast)

What is it and what’s it going to cost me?

Richard WetheraldJanuary 10, 2018

Delaware, OH YMCA

1

Disclaimer• Focus is on GA piston aircraft

– Jet-A burners have a different situation

• Dollar amounts are broad estimates– The market is changes rapidly– Every plane’s situation is different

• No particular solution is recommended– Garmin and ForeFlight are what the presenter knows– Other solutions are available, too

• No claim of factual accuracy• The viewer is solely responsible for choices

– FAR 91.3 applies– You make your own choices in this life– I am not responsible for your choices

2

Agenda• Goal of the presentation – Decision tree• What is ADS-B?

– Where is ADS-B-Out required?

• Why equip now?• What services come with ADS-B-In?

– ADS-B-In FIS-B data update rates and altitudes

• Equipment choice overview, including

– Installed interfaces to tablet ADS-B-In– Diversity– Cost

• Selection decision tree• Additional resources

Slides on www.eaa9.org – Resources tab – at bottom

3

Takeaways• Decision is complex. Needs thoughtful study• Not every plane will need ADS-B but will become limited• BasicMed 18,000 foot altitude limit of may influence

your ADS-B choice.• ADS-B will likely cost $2-5K at minimum• Shop slots become increasingly constrained• ADS-B equipage deadline is 12/31/2019• Some ADS-B vendors have not survived

4

• Have an electrical system?

• Want to fly in ADS-B airspace?

• Have WAAS GPS already?

• Have a display?

• Factor in tablet

• Meet mandate only?

• Want more than the mandate?

• Do you fly in 1090 airspace?

• Do you want panel mount ADS-B-In?

• Do you want hardwired Wireless or Bluetooth?

• Do you want diversity?

Goal for today – A Decision TreeQuestions and actions discussed in the presentation

start

DecisionNo

Yes

Action

Action

5

What is ADS-B?

6

What is ADS-B?

7

What does ADS-B Provide?• Decrease dependence on radar, fill in gaps of radar

– FAA says $950M/year will be reduced by 2/3 as radars are turned off• Opinion –skin paint radar is likely to remain at a minimum

• Broadcast of precise aircraft position and performance data to ATC and to other aircraft

• Improved ATC speed, efficiency and spacing• Provide free weather and traffic information to pilots• Pilot sees what the controller sees

8

What is ADS-B?• ADS-B-Out is required, ADS-B-In is optional

– ADS-B-Out provides position and performance information to the ATC system and to other ADS-B participants. Meets the mandate

– ADS-B-In provides traffic (*see later slide) and weather information to pilots.

• Two frequencies– 1090 MHz - (Extended Squinter) 1090ES

• Transponder frequency – TSO C166b

– 978 MHz (Universal Access Transceiver) UAT• TSO C154c

• Why two frequencies?– 1090 mode-S already in use by air carriers but bandwidth is limited

• Would not support the anticipated 2-3X data increase in aircraft volume.

– 978 offers more bandwidth for TIS-B (Traffic Information Services - Broadcast) and FIS-B (Flight Information Services - Broadcast - weather, notams, etc.)

9

10

What is ADS-B? 2 frequencies compared

sorry about the poor image – it’s a screenshot

From FreeFlight ADS-B University chapter 2

1090 MHz 978 MHz

1090 doesn’t have enough bandwidth to

expand

What is ADS-B?

11

See the referenced

Avidine presentation for detail on

how ADS-B works

ADS-R

ADS-B

ADS-B

12

ADS-B coverage – 500’ AGLhttps://www.faa.gov/nextgen/programs/adsb/ICM/


13

14


15


Where is ADS-B-Out required?14CFR 91.255

• ADS-B-Out is required in and above the following airspace– Class A– Class B mode C vail and above

• Non-electrical system – OK to fly below Class B and mode C veil 91.225(e)

– Class C and above– Class E above 10,000’ but not below 2,500’ AGL at higher elevations– Class E above 3,000’ over the Gulf of Mexico within 12 nm of shore

• Altitude limits– Above FL180 – 1090ES is mandatory– Below FL180, may use either 978 UAT or 1090ES, your choice– Like a transponder, ADS-B-Out equipment must be turned on

• International flight – 1090ES mandatory in countries requiring ADS-B

• ADS-B-Out is NOT required:– For aircraft without an electrical system– In class D, E (parts not listed above), G airspace

16

Where is ADS-B-Out required?

17AC 90-114

AC 90-114

18

Can you fly 903 nm direct from Yuma, Colorado2V6 to OSU at 9,500’ without ADS-B?

19

Can you fly 903 nm direct from Yuma, Colorado2V6 to OSU at 9,500’ without ADS-B?

Yes No Class BNo Mode C vailNo Class C< 10,000 MSL

20

Can you depart OSU N or W at up to 9,999 MSL without ADS-B?

21

Can you depart OSU N or W at up to 9,999 MSL without ADS-B?

Yes

22

Can you depart OSU E at 3,000 MSL without ADS-B?

23

Can you depart OSU E at 3,000 MSL without ADS-B?

No

24

Can you depart OSU W outside CMH Class C then fly SW to Sporty’s without ADS-B?

25

Can you depart OSU W outside CMH Class C then fly SW to Sporty’s without ADS-B?

No

26

Can a Champ fly W out of OSU outside CMH Class C then SW at up to 9,999 MSL to Sporty’s without ADS-B?

27

Can a Champ fly W out of OSU outside CMH Class C then SW at up to 9,999 MSL to Sporty’s without ADS-B?

Yes 91.255(e)

28

Can a Champ with a handheld radio fly W out of OSU outside CMH Class C then SW at up to 3,400 MSL to

Lunken without ADS-B?

29

Can a Champ with a handheld radio fly W out of OSU outside CMH Class C then SW at up to 3,400 MSL to

Lunken without ADS-B?

Yes 91.255(e)

When is ADS-B-Out required?

• ADS-B-Out is required after 12/31/2019• Will the date slip?

– FAA has said they have given the public 10 years to comply. No, the date will not slip, says the FAA.

– Airlines requested an extension for 6,000 airliners with non-WAAS• The airlines may or may not garner an extension because of their political power• Pundits say even if airlines get relief, GA won’t

– Opinion: • ADS-B reduces the cost of ATC to the federal government, transferring cost to users.

– The government is motivated to maintain the date.

• A similar thing happened as the FAA migrated from expensive ground based instrument approaches ($1M+ per ILS) and relatively inexpensive cockpit equipment (few $K) to inexpensive GPS RNAV approaches ($50K each) that require expensive IFR certified GPSs (~$10K and up). (note: RNAV IAPs now outnumber ILS approaches.) The cost of IAP equipment was transferred from FAA ground based equipment to the aircraft owner’s cockpit. The same appears to be happening for aircraft separation.

30

Why equip sooner than later?• Shop appointments will become constrained

– After the deadline, some will become grounded or limited to non-ADS-B airspace

– Potential universe of GA aircraft = 160,000 Ref: Flying Mag 12/2016

– ~ 60,000 GA won’t equip (guess)

– ~ 34,400 GA have ADS-B-Out today 12/01/2017 Ref https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/equipadsb/installation/current_equipage_levels/

– ~ 65,600 GA yet to equip – all competing for shop slots !

• While costs of the hardware may (or may not) decline, labor costs will likely increase. Two ways slots are already a constraint -– Installation requires about a week at minimum, depending …– Owners use the opportunity to make other changes, further elongating each slot.– Slots will fill up. Shops may charge a premium for slots.

• See traffic before it ruins your whole day. The best reason. (See the next slide for a wake up call.)

31

When do you need a traffic picture?Now!

32

May 9, 2015 15:17 EDT

MRT

OSU

DLZ

13 aircraft within

10nm of mine !!

13 aircraft within

10nm of mine !!

When do you need a traffic picture?Now! Or Sooner!

33

May 9, 2015 15:17 EDTTZR

UYF

MRT

OSU

DLZ

13 aircraft within

10nm of mine !!

There were even more within 15

nm

13 aircraft within

10nm of mine !!

There were even morewithin 15

nm

What aircraft require ADS-B-Out?

• See 14CFR - 91.255, 91.227– Aircraft with electrical systems and operating in ADS-B airspace

• Not required– Aircraft without electrical systems– Aircraft operating in Class D, E (as noted) and G– Aircraft in countries where ADS-B is not required

34

ADS-B-InWeather

• Flight Information System – B (FIS-B) only on 978– Not available on 1090

• Weather products provided (by WSI)

– Nexrad – Conus, Regional – all products– METARs – all products– TAF – all products– Winds aloft– TFR– Sigmet/Airmet– AFD– Fuel price– Etc.

35

ADS-B-InWeather – future data

36

• Echo tops• Cloud tops• Icing now-cast• One Minute Observations - (OMO)• Lightening• Digital ATIS (D-AIS)

FIS-B Product update rates

Appareo Stratus manual and AIM 7-1-11

Legal Note: Weather could be up to 20+ minutes old including source composition time. ADS-B is not to be used for tactical decisions.

Generalize:• Nexrad – 2.5 minutes• Important text – 5 minutes• Less frequently changing – 10 minutes• Conus – 15 minutes

37

FIS-B Product altitudes

Appareo Stratus manual and AIM 7-1-1138

ADS-B-InTraffic

• Traffic Information System – B (TIS-B) is on both 1090 and 978• Air to air traffic among participating ADS-B aircraft• Traffic when in line-of-sight of a ADS-R ground station and your

ADS-B-Out aircraft• Traffic must have at least a transponder (and turned on)

• From the ground, TIS-R rebroadcasts input from both frequencies, 1090 and 978

• Note the giant caveat “The Puck” ………. (next slide)

39Warning

Traffic with ADS-BOut and In

40

With ADS-B-In only you will see traffic if you

are piggybacking someone else’s “puck”

(or yours)

ADS-B out aircraft

The Hockey Puck

3 scenarios – you have:1. ADS-B Out & In2. ADS-B Out only3. ADS-B In only

ADS-B Out activates retransmission of ADS-B-In traffic from the ground ADS-RNon-ADS-B traffic must be in radar environment

See the referenced Avidine presentation for detail on how ADS-B works

Two ways to see traffic:1. Plane to plane – ADS-B to ADS-B

2. Rebroadcast from ground

ADS-R

ADS-B-InTraffic

• Traffic information will be seen on your installed system and supporting tablet system - with the following conditions– (+/-) altitude and radius - the “hockey puck” (see previous slide)

– ADS-B-Out in your aircraft• All transponder equipped traffic, whether the they have ADS-B-Out,

Mode S, or Mode C (assumes radar environment and within range of ADS-R ground-based tower)

– Or ADS-B-Out in nearby aircraft• Within the other aircraft’s “hockey puck”, then same as above

– Traffic must have a transponder turned on• Will never see that Taylorcraft BC12-D, J3 Cub or Champ 7AC• Will never see that pilot who does not turn on the transponder

– Traffic without ADS-B-Out that is outside radar coverage would not be seen• Without these conditions, relying on ADS-B-In traffic is

incomplete and DANGEROUS

41Warning

ADS-B Equipment Choices

42

Equipment choicesADS-B-Out only

Meet the ADS-B-Out mandate only - overview• Besides legality, no benefit for the pilot• 978 (Universal Access Transceiver) UAT

– WAAS GPS source needed– May require a different altitude encoder

• 1090ES transponder– WAAS GPS source needed– May require a different altitude encoder– Transponder in-model upgrade may be available

• No display required– Because no weather or traffic is provided

• Could use a tablet application for ADS-B-In with– Software - ForeFlight, Garmin Pilot, WingX, FlyQ, etc.– Hardware –Stratus, Scout, Garmin GDL39, Clarity, Dual, etc.

• Be cognizant of battery life or requirement for ship’s power (and number of wires)

WAAS GPS standard = TSO-C145 or TSO-C164

43

Equipment choicesADS-B-Out only

Meet the ADS-B-Out mandate only – drill down• 1090ES transponder

– WAAS GPS• Internal or connection to an existing WAAS GPS• May require a different altitude encoder (as with other 1090 or 978 choices)• May require a software update and wiring

– Transponder in-model upgrade• WAAS source required• Garmin 330 upgrade to ES• Garmin 327 to 330ES upgrade

– Transponder replacement• Garmin 335, 345, etc• Some vendors offer a King KT76 slide-in replacement

– But wiring changes for WAAS source may still be required

• 1090ES transponder ADS-B supplement– Transponder insert

• Garmin GDL-82

• No display required - no weather or traffic provided – Except L3 Lynx 900044

Equipment choicesADS-B-Out and ADS-B-In

• 1090ES transponder– Most have GPS– May require a different altitude encoder– Connection to appropriate display for ADS-B-In if desired– Only a few choices with display – L3 Lynx

• 978 UAT– WAAS GPS

• Internal or connection to an existing WAAS GPS

– May require a different altitude encoder

• Beware of “compatibility” claims– If a 3rd party 978 UAT is “compatible” with a Garmin 400-700 series, does that mean

it does everything a GDL88 does including display? Or does that mean it will use the Garmin 400/500 series WAAS GPS as a position source? Big difference.

– Non-Garmin traffic may display on Garmin.– Non-Garmin weather will NOT display on Garmin.

45

plus

Meet the ADS-B-Out mandate plus provide pilot information

Equipment choicesADS-B-Out and ADS-B-In

• Experimentals and LSA – The FAA offered clarification in Feb/March 2015– Experimentals and LSAs do require TSO-compliant ADS-B for the mandate.– But they do not need to have an actual TSO

• TSO testing is very costly• The obligation for TSO compliance falls on the operator

– This is a critical fine point– (I have not seen the actual ruling letter so check it out on your own.)

46

Tablet based ADS-B-In• Consider tablet applications and

a separate receiver for ADS-B-In• Tablet based applications will

improve much more quickly than certified panel mount display systems.

• Application and ADS-B-In receiver– ForeFlight and Stratus or Scout– Garmin Pilot and GDL39– WingX or FlyQ and Dual or Clarity, etc.. – Stratux– Others

47• Note wires in the cockpit, battery life

ForeFlight Scout

Stratus2s

Sporty’s ForeFlight ADS-B-In only

48

Product Stratus 2s Stratus 1s Stratus 2i Scout

Application ForeFlight ForeFlight ForeFlight ForeFlight

ADS-B-In 978 & 1090 978 only 978 & 1090 978 & 1090

Power Internal Internal Stratus ESG Ship’s

Antenna Internal Internal Stratus ESG Internal

GPS Yes Yes Yes No

WX replay Yes Yes Yes No

AHARS Yes No Yes No

Flight Recorder Yes No Yes No

Pres Alt Sensor Yes No ?? No

WiFi only Yes Yes Yes Yes

Size Hand Hand Hand Marker

Mount Flat or suction cup Flat or suction cup Glove box or behind panel Suction cup

Manufacturer Appareo Appareo Appareo uAvionix

List Price $899 $449 $500 $199

Stratus 2s Stratus 1s Stratus 2i Scout

Tablet ADS-B-In

49

GPS in Mini No GPS in Mini• New iPad Mini –Cellular(GPS) -128 $510 --• New iPad Mini –WiFi-128 -- $ 380• New ForeFlight Scout $199 --• New Stratus 2s – provides GPS -- $ 899• ForeFlight standard subscription $ 75 $ 75• Total $784 (+ tax) $1354 (+ tax)

Older Minis $160-$360Prices as of 01/2018

ForeFlight Scout

The more expensive iPad Mini may cost less in total

Installed ADS-B interfaces to tablet applications

• Garmin FlightStream 110, 210 from GDL 88 and GDL 84 only offers Bluetooth to tablet applications– 210 supports ForeFlight attitude indicator– 210 will support importation of ForeFlight flight plans into Garmin panel

mounted units

– Appareo Stratus ESG 1090 transponder, complete with a cable to a Stratus 2(S or i) for ForeFlight.

• Stratus 2i is a 2s without battery or GPS• Stratus 2i connects to power and GPS via the ESG transponder

– Garmin and FreeFlight support ForeFlight• Others?

50

Tablet weatherTablet weather is great!

6/28/2014 ADS-B-In picture was correlated with Stormscope, ATC radar and visible break in clouds.

SE of MRT, went S toward West Jefferson. Then over TZR, N to intercept OSU ILS on tight turn to Fuler. Circle to land runway 14 (The only runway suitable for the fierce winds – Too bad it is gone)

Some bumps, some rain. Variable, strong and gusty surface winds. Otherwise non-eventful.

51

ForeFlight Weather

52

Close-up:ADS-B kept me out of the worst of it

ForeFlight Weather

53

Weather and traffic are most important

But notice that the frugal pilot also has fuel prices shown (not current)

ForeFlight ADS-B-In Traffic ONLY with an ADS-B-Out hockey puck nearby (my aircraft)

54

Potential choices and caveatsGuidelines

• General guidelines– Walk though the decision tree

• Verify compatibility with your other equipment• Understand what the vendor means by “compatibility”.

• You and the vendor may have very different definitions

• Watch the “extras” drive up a cost. ADS-B device may be <60% of the total cost– Altitude encoder – there are two kinds and you might have the wrong one

– Antennas – some vendors include them and some don’t

– Installation kits– Control heads and/or switch panels – some approached require them and some don’t

– Wiring to transponder or off-the-air squawk– WiFi/Bluetooth– Installation– Restack– Vendor may “cleverly” omit required equipment such as a WAAS GPS– Correcting issues with existing equipment and installation

55

Potential choices and caveatsGuidelines

• Don’t let tablet ADS-B-In software and receiver dominate your choice– The market is changing way too fast

• Consider whether the vendor will be around for the long haul to support the product

• There is a loan fund for equipage– NextGen Equipage Fund, LLC which is managed by NEXA General Partnership,

LLC. http://www.nextgenfund.com/

56

Potential choices and caveatsGuidelines –Diversity

• The minimum ADS-B-Out requirement is for a single antenna on the bottom for communication with the ground station.

• Per Garmin: “Antenna diversity technology configures your aircraft with both top- and bottom-mount antennas to reduce the potential for antenna “shading,” which helps prevent target drop out during turns and maneuvers. An optional top-mounted antenna also comes in handy during ground operations, when a bottom-mount mount antenna might not have clear line-of-sight to receive ADS-B ground station signals or transmissions from other participating aircraft.”– 2nd antenna on the top– With diversity we see ADS-B weather on OSU ramp. The ADS-B tower is in Grove City

• Many ADS-B devices do not offer a diversity option • May not be as important on smaller planes

57

1090 ES

58

1090ES Ballpark Cost• For ADS-B-Out with upgraded 1090 transponder = $1K and up• For ADS-B-Out with new 1090 transponder = $4K and up• Blend of 1090ES ADS-B-Out and tablet for ADS-B-In - $4K and up

• Separate WAAS sensors start around $4K in addition to the above• Or get WAAS GPS data from existing panel mount WAAS GPS

• Note: The device cost is only a portion of the total cost

59

Potential choices/caveats 1090ES (ADS-B – Out-only for most 1090 devices)

• Transponder upgrade programs from manufacturer• Garmin GTX335/345• Garmin GXT330ES• Honeywell/Bendix/King KT74• Freeflight RANGR FDL-1090-TX • Trig TT31 or TT22• Appareo Stratus ESG 1090 ES • Sandia ST360• L3 Lynx NGT-9000 series• uAvionix SkyBeacon• Others

• See details at www.eaa9.org – Resources tab60

Garmin 1090 ES • GTX 335 1090 MHz transponder with ADS-B

– ADS-B-Out

– With or without WAAS GPS source

– Panel display including GTX/GNS

– Encoder - optional

– $3,795/$2,995 (w/ or w/o GPS) (plus installation)

– Total may become $4-5K

• GTX 345 1090 MHz transponder with ADS-B– GTX-335 ADS-B-Out plus

– ADS-B-In

– Display on >100,000 Garmin 400/500/600/700 GTN/GTX installed panel units– Bluetooth included

– $5,795/$4,995 (w/ or w/o GPS) (plus installation, antennas, etc.)


61

Garmin 1090 ES • GTX 330 or GTX 33 1090 MHz transponder upgrade to

Extended Squitter (ES) upgrade– ADS-B Out

– Requires a WAAS GPS source

– $1,200 (plus installation)

– Total may become $2K

• GTX 33 ES 1090 MHz transponder – ADS-B-Out


– $3,889 (plus installation, antennas, etc.)

– Total may become $5K

62

Garmin 1090 ES • GTX-23 ES remote-mounted 1090 ES transponder for

experimental a/c– ADS-B-Out


– Display on non-certified G3X and G3X Touch

– Transponder control is provided on the display of G3X and G3X Touch



63

Honeywell/Bendix/King 1090 ES• KT-74 1090 ES transponder

– ADS-B-Out


– $2,589 (discounted - plus installation, antennas, etc.)


64

FreeFlight 1090 ES• RANGR FDL-1090-TX 1090 ES transponder

– ADS-B-Out


– $4,749 (discounted - plus installation, antennas, etc.)


65

Trig• Trig TT31 or TT22 1090 ES transponder

– ADS-B-Out




66

TT31 TT22

Appareo Stratus ESG 1090 ES • ADS-B-Out• WAAS GPS• No diversity• $2,645 ADS-B-Out including GPS antenna, and installation kit

– Uses existing belly-mounted transponder antenna– Installation may be less costly compared with 978 UAT– Interfaces to either parallel (gray code) or serial altitude encoder – cost savings

• Add ADS-B-In with Stratus ADS-B receivers – Use a Stratus 2/2s ($895) or Stratus 2i (no battery/no GPS) ($500)– Provides power and antenna feed for the Stratus receiver (sold separately)– Stratus receiver inexpensively replaceable as new ADS-B-In functionality is added.– Allows the ForeFlight Stratus 2s to be used in other planes, not dedicated to one.– Backup AHARS using ForeFlight – ForeFlight app only

• No diversity• Total may become $3-5K

67

Sandia Aerospace STX 360 1090 ES • ADS-B-Out & In• WAAS GPS source needed• Encoder not included• Single antenna uses included diplexor • Single point of squawk entry, no control head needed• Wireless for tablet• Certification expected in 2016• No diversity• $3,500

– Installation may be less costly due to single antenna– Add cost of WAAS GPS source

• Total may become $5-6K

68

L3 Lynx 1090 ES MultiLink Surveillance (MSS) line of ADS-B systems

• NGT-9000 – 1090ES/978 – ADS-B- 1090 & 978 Out & In– WAAS– Touch screen on transponder

• Small display. Multiple screens using touch slide one way or the other• May require re-stacking – transponder is often out of view – Extra cost

– Interface to Garmin-AT GMX200 and MX20. Maybe others• Lynx traffic can be displayed on Garmin 400/500W series• Lynx weather cannot be displayed on Garmin 400/500W series

– Requires GPS antenna– No diversity– $5,995 – Installation est. at $1-2K. – Total may be $7K

69

L3 Lynx 1090 ES MultiLink Surveillance (MSS) line of ADS-B systems

• NGT-9000D – is the Diversity version– Wi-Fi optional for Wing X Pro and SkyRadar tablet apps

• NGT-9000+ is the NGT-9000 with TAS active traffic mating to existing L-3 Skywatch directional antenna

– $9,200 list

• NGT-9000D+ is NGT-9000D + NGT-9000+– $11,933 introductory list

70

uAvionix SkyBeacon• 1090 ADS-B-Out only

– NOT YET CERTIFIED– Nav lights must be on– WiFi is for configuration, NOT for ADS-B-In– Modest installation cost – $1,495 list

71

978 UAT

72

978 UAT Ballpark Cost• For ADS-B-Out only - $2K and up• Blend of ADS-B-Out and tablet for ADS-B-In - $3K and up• For ADS-B-Out and panel ADS-B-In - $4.5K and up

• Most 978 have WAAS GPS or WAAS GPS option. But if desired…– Separate WAAS sensors start around $4K in addition to the ADS-B– Or get WAAS GPS data from existing panel mount WAAS GPS

• Note: The device cost is only a portion of the total cost

73

Potential choices978 UAT

• Garmin GDL88, GDL84 • Garmin GDL-82 – insert into 1090 transponder line• FreeFlight Ranger FDL-978-XVR, FDL-978-XVRL

– FreeFlight is rebranded by others such as Aspen, Honeywell/Bendix/King• L3 Lynx NGT-1000, 2000, 2500• Aspen ATX100G• Honeywell/Bendix/King• Others

• See details at www.eaa9.org – Resources tab

74

Garmin 978 UAT • GDL-84/88 devices

– Interface with >100,000 Garmin 400/500 series installed devices

• Works with 600/700 devices as well• GDL-88 for panel display• GDL-84 for tablet display

75

Garmin 978 UAT • GDL 88 978 UAT

– 978 ADS-B-Out, 978/1090 ADS-B-In – With or without internal WAAS GPS

• Requires WAAS GPS source such as GNS430W/530W if internal GDL 88 WAAS GPS not ordered

– Display on • Garmin panel mount GNS 400/500 and GTN 600/700 series• And optionally, tablet app via Bluetooth from Garmin FlightStream 110/210

– No wiring to transponder. • Reads squawk off the air. • Compare this topic on other devices. They may not be as simple

– With or without diversity

76


– Display on tablet app via Bluetooth with optional FlightStream 110/210

– Offers 3 sub-models (device only price shown)

• GDL 88, no WAAS, no diversity $3,995 list• GDL 88, WAAS, no diversity $5,143 list• GDL 88, no WAAS, diversity $4,495 list• GDL 88, WAAS, diversity $5,643 list

– No need to install a UAT control panel • GDL88D no WAAS, diversity - $3,900 discounted • Total - $6,750 with diversity in C172 with 530W

– Detail in later slide

• Total - $5,950 without diversity in C172 with 530W

77


– Like GDL88

– But

– WAAS GPS included

– Display on tablet app via Bluetooth (not panel)• FlightStream 110 or 210

• FlightStream 210 adds AHARS and uploading of flight plans from tablet to panel

– No differential option

– Upgradable to GDL 88

• GDL84 - $3,450 discounted– Offers 2 sub-models (device only price shown)

• GDL84. WAAS, no diversity, FlightStream 110 - $3,995 list• GDL84. WAAS, no diversity, FlightStream 210 - $4,445 list

– Total - $4,750 without diversity in PA28

78

ADS-B-Out & In – GDL 84(rounded)

• The non-WAAS Garmin 400/500 series is not involved– Save $3.9K upgrading a non-WAAS 400/500

• Display on tablet app via bluetooth• GDL84 - $3,450 (at discount, list = $3,995)• 1 ADS-B antenna – $200• 1 WAAS GPS antenna – $400• Miscellaneous – $200 (guess)

• ~6 hours Installation (typical PA-28) – $500• Total – $4,750

• Consider GDL-82 and save $2K

79

No panel display/no WAAS GPS

Garmin 978 UAT • GDL-82 insert into transponder line

– 978 ADS-B-Out only (not 1090)

– Includes WAAS GPS and GPS antenna

– Requires GPS antenna installation

– $1,795 (plus installation)


80

Consider a non-WAAS Garmin GPS• Compare cost of WAAS upgrade and additional IFR capability

versus less expensive WAAS included with a 978 UAT. Tough call– Garmin 400/500 non-WAAS to WAAS upgrade ~$3.9K (3 weeks)

• Display on 400/500 series• Regain manufacturer support• Gain lower IFR minimums• Remove non-WAAS limitation requiring a ground based IAP as alternate. • Info not related to the ADS-B story. With non-WAAS, pilot may now choose GPS primary with ground-

based alternate or the other way around – Note: “Alternate airport planning policy for operators is based on their equipage. Use of GPS based IAP minima at the

alternate airport is authorized in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) and in any State where allowed/authorized. Please consult the applicable Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). Wide area augmentation system (WAAS) navigation equipped operators may still plan for GPS based IAP (e.g., GPS, Area Navigation (RNAV) (GPS), RNAV Required Navigation Performance (RNP)) at both the destination and/or the alternate airport. GPS navigation equipped operators with fault detection and exclusion (FDE) capability but without WAAS navigation equipment may now plan for GPS based IAP at either the destination or the alternate airport. Finally, GPS or WAAS equipped operators with barometric vertical navigation (baro VNAV) equipment may plan to use this capability at either destination or alternate airports.” Per FAA (ref N8900.218 AFS-400 effective 5/30/13) G

– Versus: WAAS with Garmin GDL-88 978 UAT adds ~$1.1K• Save ~S2.3K by not upgrading 400/500 non-WAAS

– Is expense better applied to something newer in the panel?

81

FreeFlight 978 UAT• Rangr FDL-978-TXL

– ADS-B-Out only– WAAS GPS– No display needed– No diversity– Upgradable to FDL-978-XVRL– $1,995 list

• Supports ForeFlight• Includes antennas and installation kit• Includes TC-978 Control Head (if necessary)• Includes Wi-Fi• Includes GPS

– Could become $2-3K total

82

(Watch for this picture to appear again)

FreeFlight 978 UAT• Rangr FDL-978-XVRL

– Like FDL-978-TXL ADS-B-Out– Adds ADS-B-In– Display needed for ADS-B-In– $3,695 list – Add installation guess at $1-1.5K– Could become $5-6K total

83

(Watch for this picture to appear again)

L3 Lynx 978 UAT MultiLink Surveillance (MSS) line of ADS-B systems - page 1

• NGT-1000 – 978 – ADS-B-Out– WAAS GPS– Display not needed– $2,132 list – Add antennas, wiring kit, installation - guess these add to ~$1-2K– Add CP-2500 control panel for non-compliant transponder – $824 list

• “… when paired with a non-compatible transponder. The CP-2500 features a “push to sync” function that alerts pilots when there is a miscompare to the legacy transponder squawk code and the Lynx control panel. A simple push of the dual-concentric knob synchronizes the Lynx system to the transponder’s squawk”

• (No such need with the Garmin)

– Could become $3-5K total

84CP-2500

NGT-1000

• NGT-2000 – 978 ADS-B – Out & In – NGT-1000 plus adds ADS-B–In– Intended for tablet display only– $3,200 list– Plus same cost additions of NGT-1000– Wi-Fi option– Could become $5-6K total

• NGT-2500 – 978 ADS-B –Out & In with WAAS– NGT-2000 + panel interface– Display needed for ADS-B-In

• What kind of panel?

– Wi-Fi option– $3,467 list + same additions of NGT-1000, 2000– Could become $3-4K total

85

L3 Lynx 978 UAT MultiLink Surveillance (MSS) line of ADS-B systems - page 2

Aspen ATX100G 978 UAT

86

• ADS-B-Out & In• WAAS GPS• Display on Aspen Evolution primary flight displays and

multifunction displays• Without or with diversity (at extra cost)• $4,995 plus antennas and installation

• Looks a lot like the FreeFlight unit

Honeywell/Bendix/King 978 UAT

87

• King KGX130– ADS-B-out & in

– Requires WAAS GPS source

– Requires display – consider a tablet

– $1,789 discounted• Control panel required - $549

• Installation kit required - $25

• Wi-Fi adapter - $289

• Wi-Fi installation kit - $25

– Total HW - $2,677

– Total might become $3-4K(Looks like FreeFlight)

88

• King KGX150– Like KGX130 but

– Includes WAAS GPS

– $2,496 discounted

– Total HW $3,384

– Total might become $4-5K

– Might be a better deal than the KGX130• $707 more for the GPS

• No need to dig into existing equipment (Looks like FreeFlight)

Honeywell/Bendix/King 978 UAT

ADS-B-Out & In CostExample – a C172

89

These 2 pilots need ADS-B traffic

ADS-B-Out & Incost example (rounded)

• Existing Garmin 530W. The choice was obvious• GDL88D - $3,900

• Note the device was just 57% of the “out the door” cost

• 2 antennas – 2 x $200 = $400• Altitude encoder - $425

– Existing encoder was not the required type

• Miscellaneous - $200• 25 hours Installation - $1,850 (older labor rate)

• Total - $6,750• Without diversity, the total would have been about $800 less,

for a total of $5,950. – Less expensive device, only one antenna, less installation labor 90

ADS-B antennas – Caution near comDon’t make this mistake

91

Top mount –Optional to support Diversity

Top mount antenna had to be relocated from the forward top of the cabin to the empennage to remove ADS-B interference from nav/com. (now there are plugs in the skin.)

ADS-B antennas

92

Bottom mount –all installations

Top mount –Optional to support Diversity

Garmin 400/500W - WeatherConus weather

93

Garmin 400/500W - Weather

94

Nexrad weather

95


Cell phone picture from a distance

Nexrad weather – 50 nm scale – same time as last picture

96


Cell phone picture from a distance

Nexrad weather – 150 nm scale

Garmin 400/500W - WeatherPictorial METAR

97

Garmin 400/500W - WeatherMETAR TAF

98

For an airport without TAF, the 400W/500W is not smart enough to display the TAF for the nearby airport with a TAF. e.g., OSU destination does not display CMH TAF

Garmin 400/500W - Traffic• Range 1 NM to 40 NM• Audio alert –Important !• Visual alert• Threat aircraft heading vectors• Threat aircraft relative altitude

and altitude change• Selectable altitude ranges

+/- 2,700’+2,700’ to 9,999’ below-2,700’ to 9,999’ above+/-9,999’ (called unrestricted)

99

100

Garmin 400/500W - TrafficRange 1 NM to 40 NM

GNS 400/500 displays up to 8 closest targetsGTN 600/700 displays up to 30 targets

101

Garmin 400/500W - TrafficRange 1 NM to 40 NM

GNS 400/500 displays up to 8 targetsGTN 600/700 displays up to 30 targets

Garmin 400/500W - Traffic

Pointer for more detail

102

Now the Meat – A Decision Tree3 steps

start

DecisionNo

Yes

Action

Action

96

104

start

Have electrical system?

No

Yes

Done

Fly in ADS-B airspace?

No

Yes

Done

Continue. Want ADS-B

Decision tree – step 1ADS-B-Out - Yes/No

Decision tree – step 2Display Yes/No

105

Continue.Want ADS-B

Have display?No

Yes

Continue.With WAAS and

With display

Want display? Want tablet ADS-B-In

Yes

No No

Yes

Determine scope. Add

display

Select app, receiver, tablet

Meet mandate

only

Continue.With WAAS butWithout display

Have IFR WAAS?

No

Yes

Include WAAS receiver in acquisition

105

Decision tree – step 3Finish

106

Fly in ADS-B 1090

airspace? No

Yes

Select 1090ES transponder or 978 supplement

Select 978 UAT

Want diversity?

No

YesSelect 978 UAT with diversity

Select 978 UAT without diversity

Continue.With WAAS and

With display

Continue.With WAAS butWithout display

Want panel mount ADS-B-

In too? No

Yes

Want hardwired Wireless or Bluetooth? No

Yes

Done

Select app, tablet, 978 UAT

combo

Done

If your transponder is unhealthy, you may prefer the 1090 path

AOPA Selector 10/2015

107

Other resources• These slides on www.eaa9.org – Resources tab• Garmin ADS-B Academy

– http://www.garmin.com/us/intheair/ads-b• FreeFlight ADS-B University

– http://freeflightsystems.com/ads-b-university• Avidine

– http://nafcflying.org/docs/ADS-B-Overview.pdf• Avionics News June 2014, P56

– http://www.brightcopy.net/allen/avne/51-6/#/58• See records of your flight by specifying N-number, GPS and ADS-B make

and model– [email protected]

• FAA FAQ– http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/programs/adsb/

• AOPA selector– http://www.aopa.org/Pilot-Resources/Aircraft-

Ownership/Technology/ADS-B/ADS-B-Selector?WT.mc_id=150930special&WT.mc_sect=tec 108

Takeaways• Decision is complex. Needs thoughtful study

– New options this year• GDL-82• ForeFlight Scout• uAvionix SkyBeacon (once it is certified)

• Not every plane will need ADS-B but will become limited• Basic Med altitude limit is 18,000 feet and may influence your

ADS-B choice.• ADS-B will likely cost $2-5K at minimum• Installation shop slots will become increasingly constrained• The deadline is 12/31/2019• Some ADS-B vendors have not survived

– NavWorx

109

Agenda• Goal of the presentation – Decision tree• What is ADS-B?

– Where is ADS-B-Out required?

• Why equip now?• What services come with ADS-B-In?

– ADS-B-In FIS-B data update rates and altitudes

• Equipment choice overview, including

– Installed interfaces to tablet ADS-B-In– Diversity– Cost

• Selection decision tree• Additional resources

Slides on www.eaa9.org – Resources tab – at bottom

110

Extra slides

111

Appareo Stratus - In only• Stratus 1

– 987 only– Heat issue addressed by white cloth and a rubber band– 8 hour battery in all self-powered Stratus models

• Stratus 1S– Like Stratus 2S but 978 reception only and no AHRS

• Stratus 2– 978 and 1090– White– Fan

– AHARS for ForeFlight attitude indicator– Set it on glarescreen

• Stratus 2S – Like Stratus 2 but with improved ADS-B reception

and side window suction cup mount 112

14CFR 91.255(a) After January 1, 2020, and unless otherwise authorized by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft in Class A airspace unless the aircraft has equipment installed that—

(1) Meets the performance requirements in TSO-C166b, Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) Equipment Operating on the Radio Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz); and

(2) Meets the requirements of §91.227.

(b) After January 1, 2020, and unless otherwise authorized by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft below 18,000 feet MSL and in airspace described in paragraph (d) of this section unless the aircraft has equipment installed that—

(1) Meets the performance requirements in—

(i) TSO-C166b; or

(ii) TSO-C154c, Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Equipment Operating on the Frequency of 978 MHz;

(2) Meets the requirements of §91.227.

(c) Operators with equipment installed with an approved deviation under §21.618 of this chapter also are in compliance with this section.

(d) After January 1, 2020, and unless otherwise authorized by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft in the following airspace unless the aircraft has equipment installed that meets the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section:

(1) Class B and Class C airspace areas;

(2) Except as provided for in paragraph (e) of this section, within 30 nautical miles of an airport listed in appendix D, section 1 to this part from the surface upward to 10,000 feet MSL;

(3) Above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of a Class B or Class C airspace area designated for an airport upward to 10,000 feet MSL;

(4) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, Class E airspace within the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia at and above 10,000 feet MSL, excluding the airspace at and below 2,500 feet above the surface; and

(5) Class E airspace at and above 3,000 feet MSL over the Gulf of Mexico from the coastline of the United States out to 12 nautical miles.

(e) The requirements of paragraph (b) of this section do not apply to any aircraft that was not originally certificated with an electrical system, or that has not subsequently been certified with such a system installed, including balloons and gliders. These aircraft may conduct operations without ADS-B Out in the airspace specified in paragraphs (d)(2) and (d)(4) of this section. Operations authorized by this section must be conducted—

(1) Outside any Class B or Class C airspace area; and

(2) Below the altitude of the ceiling of a Class B or Class C airspace area designated for an airport, or 10,000 feet MSL, whichever is lower.

(f) Each person operating an aircraft equipped with ADS-B Out must operate this equipment in the transmit mode at all times.

(g) Requests for ATC authorized deviations from the requirements of this section must be made to the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the concerned airspace within the time periods specified as follows:

(1) For operation of an aircraft with an inoperative ADS-B Out, to the airport of ultimate destination, including any intermediate stops, or to proceed to a place where suitable repairs can be made or both, the request may be made at any time.

(2) For operation of an aircraft that is not equipped with ADS-B Out, the request must be made at least 1 hour before the proposed operation.

(h) The standards required in this section are incorporated by reference with the approval of the Director of the Office of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. All approved materials are available for inspection at the FAA's Office of Rulemaking (ARM-1), 800 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20590 (telephone 202-267-9677), or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html. This material is also available from the sources indicated in paragraphs (h)(1) and (h)(2) of this section.

(1) Copies of Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C166b, Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) Equipment Operating on the Radio Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz) (December 2, 2009) and TSO-C154c, Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Equipment Operating on the Frequency of 978 MHz (December 2, 2009) may be obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Subsequent Distribution Office, DOT Warehouse M30, Ardmore East Business Center, 3341 Q 75th Avenue, Landover, MD 20785; telephone (301) 322-5377. Copies of TSO -C166B and TSO-C154c are also available on the FAA's Web site, at http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/design_approvals/tso/. Select the link “Search Technical Standard Orders.”

(2) Copies of Section 2, Equipment Performance Requirements and Test Procedures, of RTCA DO-260B, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services-Broadcast (TIS-B), December 2, 2009 (referenced in TSO-C166b) and Section 2, Equipment Performance Requirements and Test Procedures, of RTCA DO-282B, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), December 2, 2009 (referenced in TSO C-154c) may be obtained from RTCA, Inc., 1828 L Street, NW., Suite 805, Washington, DC 20036-5133, telephone 202-833-9339. Copies of RTCA DO-260B and RTCA DO-282B are also available on RTCA Inc.'s Web site, at http://www.rtca.org/onlinecart/allproducts.cfm.

[Doc. No. FAA-2007-29305, 75 FR 30193, May 28, 2010; Amdt. 91-314-A, 75 FR 37712, June 30, 2010; Amdt. 91-316, 75 FR 37712, June 30, 2010; Amdt. 91-336, 80 FR 6900, Feb. 9, 2015; Amdt. 91-336A, 80 FR 11537, Mar. 4, 2015]

113

Airspace classes

114* Not required

Traffic alternative for those without ADS-B

115

• Zaon XRX passive traffic• Reads transponders/encoders• Company is out of business• Initially $1,800, then ~$1,300, used <$500• Occasionally reads your transponder as a target at 0.9 miles when

maneuvering• But it does work (personal experience)

ADS-B presentation 01102018 - Home - Chapter 9 · PDF file+dyh dq hohfwulfdo v\vwhp" :dqw wr...

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