ADOPTION OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION BY THE TRAINED …
Transcript of ADOPTION OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION BY THE TRAINED …
ADOPTION OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION BY THE TRAINED FARMERS OF FARIDPUR DISTRICT
IMA
A.H.M. MOSTAFA KAMAL
Reg. No. 00207/23973
A thesis Submitted to the Faculty ofAgriculture
Sher-e -Bang/a Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2012
APPROVED BY:
Prof. Mohammad Hossain Bhuiyan Prof. Dr. Md. Rafiquel Islam
Supervisor Dept. of Agricultural Extension and Information System
Sher-e-l3angla Agricultural University Dhaka
Co-Supervisor Dept. of Agricultural Extension and Information System
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka
A
Prof. Dr. Md. Sekender All Chainnan
Examination Committee Dept. of Agricultural Extension and Information System
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
-I DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207 -
Memo No: SAUl
CERTifICATE
This is to certilS' that the thesis entitled "Adoption of Mushroom Cultivation by the
Trained Farmers of Faridpnr District" submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-
e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Extension and
Information System, embodies the result of a piece of bona fide research work carried
out by A. H. M. Mostafa Kamal, Registration No. 00207/23973 under my supervision
and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
I further certi1' that any help or source of information, received during the course of
this investigation has been duly acknowledged.
Dated: oc—c'3-2-o 3 Ohaka, Bangladesh Prof. Mohammad Hossain Bhniyan
Supervisor Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka- 1207
DEDICATED TO
MY BELOVED PARENTS
A CK;VO WLEDGE3IE,V1'S
;lllpiises to Afrzñjht(y j4llah, the qreat, graciOus, tliercifulC Whose 6iessings cnabl~ei
the author to complete this resea rchi worsuccessfuhTy.
In particular. the author deems it a gn?at pleasure to qpress his pro found thanhfiulness
to his respecteciparents, who entilefmucfi Iiarcichip uispinngforprosecutirzg his studIes,
recerving proper elucat ion
file author deems it. a pmuJ pnoilege to e;qress his ticep sense of gratitutie, sincere
appreciation and immense tfiankj to his supervisor 9vfu/iamniaLl jiossain 'l3huiyan,
'PivfCssot; 'Department of jlgticuüural 'Ecten&on and InJmnatun Sw! em, Sfier•e-
'liangla Agricultural Vniversitv, :bha/a for his continuous guilance, cooperation,
cons! ructrve criticism and he(vfil suggestions in ca flying out the research 'woilL anti
preparation of this thesis, without his intense co-operation this wor&, wvufli not have
6 ecu iossih&.
qile ant for feels prouti to eç'rcss his iecpest respect, sincere appreciation anti immense
intie6tefness to his co-supervisor 'Dr. 511d 'J4ifiquel islam., 'Professot; (Department of
)igiicultural'E.ttension anti JnJonnatwn System, She r-e-'Bangla )1gdculturalVniversit)
tDhialg, _fn his scfiohiistic anti continuous guitiance, constructive criticism and valna t5le
suggest ions dining the entire periof of course anti research work,an.ipreparation of this
thais. 11he author also expresses his heartfelt t/ianIi.s to all the teachers of the
Department ofAgticultieral2ictension and1nformat ion System, .52! V,for their vañia Ole
teaching, suggest ions a iuiencouragement tin ring the penociof the siut(y.
Specialantithankfulappreciat ion is also tine to &4'tafi m.ud £4'tisliatiantiqh,nm )lhmeclf)r
their fellonfeeli us andent-ouragenient dining the stutfvpenocl
Last i;ut not the least, the author eqresses his immense intiebiness, deppest sense of
gratitude atul profound gratefulness to his friends who had been a constant source of
Oleesings, inspira lion a nti encourageinen ifor his hzjher study.
Tile fiutfior
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF APPENDICES vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii
ABSTRACT viii
1. INTRODUCTION Dl
1.1 General Background 01
1.2 Statement or the problem 02
1.3 Justification and scope of the study 04
1.4 Sped lic objectives of the study (. br r 04
1.5 Assumption of the study .. 05
1.6 Limitation and scope of the study - 06
1.7 Definition of key terms 06
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10
2.1 Concept ofadoption. dillitsion. adoption process 10
2.2 Review of literature on general contcxt of adoption 13
2.3 Relationship between selected characteristics of the trained 19 flirmers with their adoption of mushroom cultivation
2.4 Conceptual framework of the study 26
CHAPTER Page
3. METHODOLOGY 28
3.1 Locale of the study 28
3.2 Population and sampling design 28
3.3 The research design 31
3.4 Selection of dependent and independent variables 31
3.5 The variables and their measurement 32
3.5.1 Measurement of independent variables 32
3.5.2 Measurement of dependent variable 37
3.6 Data collection 38
3.7 Hypothesis of the study 39
3.8 Data Coding and tabulation 40
3.9 Categorization of data 40
3.10 Data processing and statistical analysis 41
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42
4.1 Characteristics of the farmers 42
4.1.1 Age 42
4.1.2 Education 43
4.1.3 Family size 44
4.1.4 Mushroom cultivation knowledge 45
4.1.5 Relief about mushroom 45
4.1.6 Neighbourhood influence 46
4.1.7 Length oltraining 47
In
CHAPTER Page
4.1.8 ('osmopoliteness 48
4.1.9 Extension contact 49
4. 1.10 Organizational participation 50
4.2 Adoption of mushroom cultivation 51
4.3 Relationship of the adoption of mushroom cultivation with 52 selected characteristics of the trained farmers
5. SUMMARY OF FINI)INGS, CONCLUSIONS AND 52 RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 62
5.1.1 Characteristics of the farmers 62
5.1.2 Adoption of mushroom cultivation 64
5.1.3 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation 64 and their selected characteristics
5.2 Conclusions
64
5.3 Recommcndations for policy implications
66
5.3.! Recommendation for further study
67
BIBOGRAY 69
APPENDICES
I i hrrv:
79
Iv
LIST OF TABLES
Title Page
[able 3.1. Distribution of the sample population and number of 31 Ibrmers in the reserve list
Table 4.1. Distribution ol'the farmers according to their age 42
Table 4.2. Distribution of the farmers according to their education 43
Table 4.3. Distribution of the farmers according to their family size 44
Table 4.4. Distribution of the Ihrmers according to their mushroom 45 cultivation knowledge
Table 4.5. Distribution of the Ihrniers according to their belief about 46
mushroom
Table 4.6. Distribution of the farmers according to their 47
neighbourhood influence
lithle 4.7. Distribution of the farmers according to their length of 47 training
Table 4.8. Distribution of the farmers according to their 48 cosniopol iteness
table 4.9. Distribution of the farmers according to their extension 49
contact
Table 4.10 Distribution of the farmers according to their 50
organizational participation
Table 4.11 Distribution of the thruiers according to their adoption of 51 mushroom cultivation
lahle 4.12 Pearson's product moment co-ellicient of correlation 52 showing relationship between adoption of mushrooni cultivation and their selected characteristics
LIST OF FIGURES
Title Page
Figure 2.1 The conceptual framework of the study 27
Figure 3.1 Map of Faridpur district showing sadar upaziila 29
Figure 3.2 Map of Faridpur Sadar Upazilla showing the study area 30
LIST OF APPENDICES
Title Page
Appendix-A English version of the interview schedule 80
Appendix-B Correlation Matrix 86
vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF SYMBOLS AND TERMS
Full Word
And others (at elli)
Coefficient of Variation
Degrees of Freedom
Department of Agricultural Extension
Etcetera
Example
Hectare
faka
That is
Kilometer
Kilogram
Namely
Non-Government Organization
Percent
Pearson's Product Moment Correlation
Co-efficient
Abbreviation
ci al.
cv
di
DAE
etc.
e.g.
ha
11.
i.e.
Km
Kg
VIZ.
NGO
%
r
ABSTRACT
[lie main focus of (lie present study was to determine the extent of adoption at tflushrOOni
cultivation by the trained thrmers and to explore the relationships between the adoption of
mushroom cultivation of the trained lanners and their selected characteristics. The stitdv
was conducted at live villages of Sadar Upazila under Faridpur district which were
adjacent to 13hajandanga Horticulture Centre. Faridpur. Data were collected from
proportionately randomly selected 97 trained farmers from an update list ol' 972 farmers of
the study area. The researcher himself collected data through personal contact with a well
structured pretested interview, schedule during the period from 01 to 31 August, 2012. The
study revealed that the highest proportion (60.87 percent) of the respondents had low
adoption of mushroom cultivation. while 27.84 percent had medium adoption and the rest
11.34 percent had high adoption of mushroom cultivation. Pearson's Product Moment
Correlation co-cflieient (i) was computed to explore the relationships between adoption at
mushroom cultivation of the trained farmers and their selected characteristics. The
correlation analysis indicated that education, mushroom cultivation knowledge. belief
about mushroom, neighborhood influence. length of training and extension contact of the
truined farmers had significant positive relationships with their adoption of mushroom
cultivation. Age. fhtiiilv size. cosmopoliteness and organizational participation had no
significant relationships with their adoption of mushroom cultivation.
vi t i
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background
Bangladesh is an agricultural country with a total area of 147570 km2. The total
population of the country is about 149.77 millions of which about 67% are
dependent on agriculture (BBS, 2011). The fruits and vegetables produced by the
country can fulfil 65-70% of the national demand. A significant portion of fruits
and vegetables are lost after harvest, as a result the available fruits and vegetables
fulfil only 50% of our requirement (Muzammel and Shahjahan, 2005). Nowadays
mushroom is a popular vegetable in our country. The nutritional and medicinal
values of Mushrooms have long been recognized (Lucas ci al., 1957 and Suzuki &
Oshinia, 1976). Edible mushrooms are good source of protein, vitamins and
minerals (Khan et aL, 1981). As a group, mushrooms also contain some
unsaturated fatty acids; provide several types of B vitamins, and vitamin D. They
also contain significant amount of vitamin C, as well as the minerals, potassium,
phosphorus, calcium and magnesium (Park, 2009). Lintzedl (2001) indicated that
100 to 200g (dry wt.) of mushroom was required to maintain nutritional balance in
a normal human body weighing 70 kg. Now, mushrooms are being cultivated in
more than 100 countries of the world, with an estimated total production of over
12 million tons (Suman and Sharma. 2007). This increased production was due to
increased production efficiency and increasing consumer demand. During the past
few decades, the demand has been increased due to easy preparation of food items.
In recent times, however, mushrooms have assumed greater importance in the diets
of both rural and urban dwellers (Bruhn, 1995). In Bangladesh, interest in
mushroom began in the late 1960's in the then East Pakistan (Majid ci al., 1968).
Applications and market for mushrooms are growing rapidly in Bangladesh.
I
Mushroom is a soft delicate white fruit-body of the fleshy fungi. Real fungus is the
microscopic fine thread-like body called mycelium, grows on the substratum or
under the surface of soil. At maturity, the mycelia come together in a very compact
form and sprout and spread as umbrella like structure (Chung et al., 1981).
Mushrooms had been used most probably by the pre-historic human as food. The
Egyptians considered mushrooms as a delicacy and the Greeks believed that
mushrooms provided strength for warriors in battle. The Romans regarded
mushrooms as a gift from God and served them only on festive occasions, while
the Chinese treasured them as a healthy food (Sheryl, 2008).
Although mushroom is a popular and nutritious food in many countries of the
world, it had long been ignored in Bangladesh. Conventionally it is considered as
"toad stool" and "non-halal" food. But according to the Holy Quran (Surah
Bakara: 57-80) and many Hadith (Bukhari Sharif, 1912), mushroom is recognized
as "Mannah" i.e.. fully "halal" vegetable having medicinal qualities. However, a
gradual change in that impression of people on mushroom has been taken place
through mushroom projects' publicity. The concerned organizations worked a lot
to change the view of producers and consumers of mushroom. They consistently
took several initiatives and launched various programs with a view to building
awareness of the growers. As a result, the scenario of mushroom cultivation has
been changed over time.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Mushroom cultivation was started first at Horticulture Centre, Sobhanbag, Savar,
Dhaka Bangladesh in 1979-80 with the help of Japan Oversees Co-operation
Volunteers (JOCV). After 2002, the Government took initiatives and gave priority
on mushroom development and approved a development project named
"Mushroom Centre Development Project (MCDP) (2003-2006)". In connection
with the success of MCDI>., another project named "Mushroom Development
Project (MDP) (2006-2009)" was also implemented by the Government of
Bangladesh. These projects built up a lot of mushroom growers, entrepreneurs and
thus created a unique opportunity for poverty alleviation. Presently, mushroom
project is performing its activities all over the country through National Mushroom
Development and Extension Centre (NMDEC), Savar and its 16 sub-centres
throughout the country (Anonymous, 2008). National Mushroom Development
and Extension Centre (NMDEC), Savar and its 16 sub-centres running training
program for the farmers about mushroom cultivation, marketing and processing.
Farmers being interested to cultivate mushroom for its nutritional and medicinal
values. The NMDEC provides training to the farmers through its sub-centres. The
trained farmers understand that by mushroom cultivation, it is possible to alleviate
poverty and create employment opportunity for youths, adolescents and women.
Now, farmers living nearby sub-centres received training on mushroom cultivation
and practicing its cultivation. Importantly farmers adopted mushroom cultivation
as a source of income. The NMDEC does not know the extent of adoption of
mushroom cultivation. This made the researcher interested to undertake a research
study entitled "Adoption of Mushroom Cultivation by the Trained Farmers of
Faridpur District", in light of above discussions and the background information,
the present study has been undertaken with the following research questions:
I. What are the characteristics of trained farmers that are related to their adoption
of mushroom cultivation?
At what extent the trained farmers adopted mushroom cultivation?
Are there any relationships between the adoption of mushroom cultivation by
the trained farmers and their selected characteristics?
3
1.3 Justification and Scope of the Study
The findings of the study will manifest the extent of adoption of mushroom
cultivation of Faridpur Sadar Upazila and will be able to give a hypothetical
thought of mushroom cultivation all over the nation. It is expected that this study
will inspire other researchers to conduct same sorts of research in other parts of the
country. Through this research the project authority of Nlvll)EC will be able to
understand the effectiveness of their innovational effort. Although mushroom are
well known and well advertised agricultural commodity still its nutritious and
economic value is unknown to majority of the people. So, this study suggests the
project planner of NMDEC and DAE to establish more mushroom training centre
all over the country. Thus the down trodden people of the country can reap
nutritious and economic benefit. Lastly it is assumed that recommendation of this
study will be helpful in formulating mushroom extension programs that will
increase the rate of adoption of mushroom cultivation. Mushrooms supply
essential nutrition and medicinal composition as well. The present study will have
a considerable scope of its adoption and diffusion in social systems of Bangladesh.
1.4 Specific Objectives of the Study
Considering the research questions and justification of the study the following
specific objectives were formulated for giving proper direction to the study:
1) To determine and describe the following selected characteristics of
mushroom trained farmers:
>Age
> Education
> Family size
> Mushroom cultivation knowledge
> Belief about mushroom
> Neighbourhood influence
:
L lt trary c P
4
> Length of training
> Cosmopoliteness
> Extension contact
> Organizational participation
To determine the extent of adoption of mushroom cultivation by the trained
farmers
To explore the relationships between the adoption of mushroom cultivation
of the trained farmers and their selected characteristics.
1.5 Assumptions of the Study
An assumption is the supposition that an apparent fact or principle is true in the
light of available evidence (Goode and Han, 1952). The researcher had the
following assumptions in his mind while undertaking this study:
The respondents selected for the study were capable to provide proper
responses to the questions included in the instrument.
The responses furnished by the respondents were reliable. They expressed
the truth about their convictions and awareness.
Views and opinions furnished by the respondents included in the sample
were the representative views and opinions of the whole population of the
study area.
The researcher who acted as interviewer was well adjusted to the social and
cultural environment of the study area. Hence the respondents furnished
their correct opinions without hesitation.
V. The environmental conditions of the farmers were deemed more or less
similar throughout the study area.
vi. The nature of problems gave a representative feature in the context of the
other rural areas of Bangladesh.
5
1.6 Limitations of the Study
Considering the time, money and other necessary resources available to make the
study manageable and meaningful, it was necessary to consider the following
limitations:
The study was confined to five villages namely Bhajondanga, Komlapur,
Tepakhula, Bilmamudpur and Ambikapur of Faridpur Sadar Upazila under
Faridpur district.
Them were many farmers in the study area, but only the farmers who were
trained and involved in mushroom cultivation were considered for this study.
Characteristics of the farmers were many and varied but only twelve
characteristics were selected for investigation in this study.
During data collection the researcher had to depend on data furnished by the
respondents. As none of the farmers kept records of their farming activities,
they furnished information to the different questions by recall.
Conceptually, extents of adoption of the farmers were determined from their
statements.
Adoption of the farmer could be measured in various ways. However in this
study these were measured by using some specific point rating scale.
The present study highlights a new dimension of research in the field of
agricultural extension in Bangladesh and so the researcher could not provide
sufficient evidence in equipping his study report with relevant literature
reviews.
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
Certain terms have been used in this research which are defined and interpreted as
follows for clarity of understanding:
Adoption: Adoption is a psychological process of innovation-decision consists of
five stages viz. Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation and confirmation
through which a farmer accepts or rejects an innovation (Bhuiyan, 2012). Simply,
adoption is an implementation of a decision to use of an innovation. According to
Rogers (1995), "Adoption is a decision to make full use of an innovation as the
best course of action available". When an individual takes up a new idea as the
best course of action and practices it, the phenomenon is known as adoption (Ray,
1991). In this study adoption means a decision to cultivate mushroom by the
mushroom trained farmers.
Trained farmer: Farmer who participated and received training to learn skill on
special technical aspects are said to be trained farmers. In this study trained
farmers mean farmers who received training on mushroom cultivation.
Mushroom: The term "mushroom" and its variations may have been derived from
the French word mousseron in reference to moss (mousse) it can be called as any
of various fleshy fungi of the class Basidiomycota, characteristically having an
umbrella-shaped cap borne on a stalk, especially any of the edible kinds, as those
of the genus Agaricus. Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of
several species of fi.ingi. Edible mushrooms are consumed by humans as
comestibles for their nutritional value and they are occasionally consumed for their
supposed medicinal value. It includes many fungal species that are either harvested
wild or cultivated.
Age: It refers to the period of time from the date of birth to the date of interview
counted by the trained mushroom farmers. Age is an important innovation-
decision correlate. Many adoption researchers found significant relationship
between age and adoption of innovation.
7
Education: Empirically it was defmed to the development of desirable changes in
knowledge, skill and attitudes in an individual through reading, writing, walking,
observation and other selected activities. It was measured on the basis of classes
passed from a formal educational institution by the trained mushroom farmers.
Family size: Family size of a trained mushroom fanner was defined as the number
of individuals in his family including himself, his wife, children and other
dependent members. Generally family size of a farm family is compared with
average family size of the nation. The average family size of Bangladesh consists
of 4.4 members (BBS, 2011).
Annual Income from Mushroom: This refers to the yearly income of a trained
mushroom farmer from cultivation and trading of mushroom. In this study only
last year income from mushroom was taken into consideration.
Mushroom Cultivation Knowledge: It is the extent of basic understanding of the
farmers in different aspects of mushroom cultivation e.g. variety choosing,
selection and cutting spawn packets, insects, water management etc. It includes the
basic understanding of the use of different inputs and practices for mushroom
cultivation.
Belief about Mushroom: It is the extent of the mental act, condition, or habit of
posscssing confidence in mushroom cultivation by the farmers. The nature of
belief may be supernatural and prejudice.
Neighbourhood Influence: It is the extent of influence by the neighbours in
making any decision, take part in action or do something by the farmers.
Length of Training: It referred to the total number of days that a respondent
received training in his entire life from different organizations under different
training programs.
Cosmopoliteness: Cosmopoliteness of a respondent is measured by computing a
cosmopoliteness score. The cosmopoliteness score is assigned on the basis of
different places and frequency of his visit external to and outside his own social
system.
Extension Contact: Extension contact referred to the channel through which
various information are diffused among the farmers who become informed about
different aspects of agricultural activities.
Organizational Participation: Organizational participation of the respondent is
measured in two dimensions viz., (a) status of his participation and (b) duration of
participation in different organizations during the time of interviewing.
Mushroom Cultivation Experience: It referred to how many years a farmer has
been cultivating mushroom.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The present study was conducted to assess the adoption of mushroom cultivation
by the trained farmers of Faridpur District. The purpose of this chapter is to review
the past studies and findings related to the present study. The reviews were
conveniently presented based on the major objectives of the study. The researcher,
therefore, made exhaustive effort to review the previous research works directly or
indirectly related to the present study conducted by different researchers of home
and abroad. This chapter comprises of four sections. The first section dealt with
concept of difThsion, adoption and innovation-decision process. The second
section reviewed the literature of findings researches on adoption. Third section
dealt with relationship between selected characteristics of the trained farmers with
their adoption of innovation. And the final section dealt with the conceptual
framework of the study.
2.1 Concept of Diffusion, Adoption and Innovation-Decision process
The concept of diffusion was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde
(1890) and by German and Austrian anthropologists such as Friedrich Ratzel and
Leo Frobenius. Its basic epidemiological or internal-influence form was
formulated by H. Earl Pemberton, who provided examples of institutional
diffusion such as postage stamps and standardized school ethic codes (Wiki.).
In 1962 Everett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology published his work:
"Diffusion of Innovations". In this seminal piece, Rogers synthesized research
from over 508 diffusion studies and produced a theory applied to the adoption of
innovations among individuals and organizations.
10
Roger's work asserts that 4 main elements influence the spread of a new idea: the
innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system. These elements
work in conjunction with one another: diffusion is the process by which an
innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the
members of a social system. Rogers adds that central to this theory is process.
Difference between Diffusion and Adoption
Adoption is an individual process detailing the series of stages one undergoes from
first hearing about a product to finally adopting it. The diffusion process, however,
signifies a group of phenomena, which suggests how an innovation spreads among
consumers. Overall, the diffusion process essentially encompasses the adoption
process of several individuals over time.
Adoption process
Rogers and Shoemaker (1971) stated the adoption process as - the traditional view
of the innovation decision process, called "adoption process" was postulated by a
committee of rural sociologists in 1955 as consisting of five stages:
Awareness stage: The individual learns of the existence of the new idea but
lacks details information about it.
Interest stage: The individual develops interest in the innovation and seeks
additional information about it.
Ill. Evaluation stage: The individual makes mental application of the new idea
to his present and anticipated future situation and decides whether or not try
it.
IV. Trail stage: The individual actually applies the new idea on a small scale in
order to determine its utility in its own situation.
11
V. Adoption stage: Te individual uses the new idea continuously on a full
scale.
Innovation-Decision process
Diffusion of an innovation occurs through a five—step process. This process is a
type of decision-making. In later edition of the "Diffusion of Innovations" Rogers
(1995) changed the terminology of the five stages to: knowledge, persuasion,
decision, implementation and confirmation. The descriptions of five stages of the
adoption process are as follows:
I. Knowledge Stage
In this stage the individual is first exposed to an innovation but lack of
information about the innovation. During this stage of the process the
individual has not been inspired to find more information about the
innovation.
Persuasion Stage
In this stage the individual is interested in the innovation and actively seeks
information/detail about the innovation.
Decision Stage
In this stage the individual takes the concept of the change and weighs the
advantages/disadvantages of using the innovation and decides whether to
adopt or reject the innovation. Due to the individualistic nature of this stage
Rogers notes that it is the most difficult stage to acquire empirical.
Implementation Stage
In this stage the individual employs the innovation to a varying degree
depending on the situation. During this stage the individual determines the
usefulness of the innovation and may search for further information about it.
12
v. Confirmation Stage
In this stage the individual finalizes his/her decision to continue using the
innovation. This stage is both intrapersonal (may cause cognitive dissonance)
and interpersonal, confirmation the group has made the right decision.
2.2 Review of Literature on General Context of Adoption
Jahan el at (2010) studied the grower's response to mushroom cultivation
technologies disseminated by mushroom development project. They found that a
great majority of the respondents (92.6%) had medium to high level of knowledge
on mushroom cultivation technologies while a majority (68.8%) of the them
showed favorable to highly favorable attitude towards it and an overwhelming
majority of the growers (96.3%) practiced the mushroom technologies moderately
to frequently. As a whole, about 68% of the growers showed medium to high level
of response to mushroom cultivation technologies. The characteristics of
mushroom growers viz., education, annual income from mushroom cultivation,
ownership of spawn packet, farming experience, training experience and extension
contact influenced the level of response to mushroom production technologies.
Three major problems ascertained by the growers were poor quality spawn packet,
unavailability of spawn packet and disease attack and insect infestation.
Haque (2003) found that the majority (47 percent) of the maize growers had
medium adoption of modem maize cultivation technologies while 28 percent had
high adoption and 25 percent low adoption.
Raliman (2003) found that ninety seven percent of the pineapple growers adopted
2-4 intercrops viz, Zinger, turmeric, sweet ground and amid in pineapple
cultivation.
13
Salam (2003) found that an overwhelming majority (94 percent) of the respondents
were found having high constraints in adopting environmentally friendly farming
practices while 6 percent had medium constraints. No fanner was found having
low constraint.
Hasan (2003) found that majority (60 percent) of the farmers had adoption while
33 percent had low adoption and 7 percent had high adoption, recommended
potato cultivation practices.
Rahman (2003) revealed that about half (47 percent) of the growers had medium
adoption, 44 percent had low and 9 percent had high adoption of year-round
homestead fruit cultivation practices.
Zegeye et aL (2002) studied the determinants of adoption of improved maize
technologies in major maize growing region of Ethiopia. He found that the rate of
adoption of improved maize varieties and chemical fertilizer, factors affecting the
adoption of improved maize varieties and the determinant factors affecting
adoption of chemical fertilizers are also highlighted.
Gebre (2002) conducted a study on Maize technology adoption in Ethiopia. This
study presents the results of the Sasakawa-Global 2000 Agriculture program in
Ethiopia and its influence on agricultural research and maize production in the
region. The Sasakawa-Global 2000 is an international non-government
organization initiated in 1986 because of the 1984-85 famine in Ethiopia, with the
aim of empowering Africa to produce its own food through the adoption improved
agricultural technologies.
14
Alexander and Goodhue (2002) conducted the study on pricing of innovation.
They evaluate the producer's returns to planting patented seed innovation, using a
calibrated optimization model of a south-central maize producer's adoption
decision in Iowa, USA. Their results suggest that patented seed innovations do not
increase the market power of biotechnology firm in the relevant market of
production system.
Swinkeles €1 aL (2002) studied assessing the adoption potential of hedgerow
intercropping for improving soil fertility, in western Kenya. They conducted that,
the average cost of hedgerow intercropping was 10.5% (SD = 5.5) when based on
returns to land and 17.5% (SD = 6.5) based on returns to labour. Fifth planted
additional hedges and only 14% did so to improve soil fertility. It thus appears that
the potential for its adoption as a soil fertility practices. Hedgerow intercropping
appears to have greater adopter potential if its aim is to provide feed for an
intensive dairy operation or for curbing soil erosion.
Sardar (2002) studied on "adoption of 1PM practices by the farmers under
PETRRA Project of RDRS. He observed that majority (45.9 percent) of the
farmers had medium, 38.3 percent had low and 15.8 percent had high adoption of
1PM practices.
Haider es al (2001) observed that one-third (37 percent) of the farmers fell in low
adopter category compared to 32.5 percent falling in optimum adopter 23.5 percent
above optimum adopter and only 7 percent had non-adopter on Nitrogenous
fertilizer. In respect of extent of phosphoric fertilizer two thirds (68 percent) of the
farmers had non adopter category compared to 23 percent having above optimum
adopter. 5 percent optimum adopter and only 4 percent had below optimum
adopter of phosphoric (P) fertilizer. In respect of extent of potassic fertilizer three
15
quarters categories compared to 10 percent falling bellow optimum adopter, 8
percent optimum adopter and only 3 percent above optimum adopter of potassic
(K) fertilizer.
Mostafa (1999) studied the adoption of recommended mango cultivate practices by
the mango growers of Nawabganj Sadar thana. He found that at half (49 percent)
of the mango growers had "low adoption", 31 percent had "very low adoption" and
20 percent had "medium adoption" of fertilizers.
Muttaleb ci al. (1998) found that over all adoption of plant protection practices
was medium. Among the plant protection practices high adoption were observed in
fungicides, insecticide and soil treatment and low adoption were found that
treatment and low adoption were found in suberization of cut tuber hand picking of
cutworm and rouging of diseased plant.
Islam (1996) carried out a study on farmer's use of indigenous technical
knowledge (ITK) in the context of sustainable agricultural development. He found
the extent use of ITK by individual farmers that, the highest proportion (42.73
percent) of the respondents belonged to the lower user category as compared to
41.82 percent in the moderate user category and 15.45 percent in the higher user
category, respectively.
Hasan (1996) found in his study that the highest proportion (44 percent) of the
respondents perceived the existence of medium adoption, compared to 26 percent
low adoption and 3 percent high adoption in respect of selected agricultural
technologies.
16
Nikhade etal. (1995) found that the adoption gap about the use of recommended
technology of cotton among cotton growers was found to be about 30 percent
which was quite high.
Juliana et aL (1991) undertook a study on adoption of integrated management
practices in five villages of vasusdevanallar block in Tirunelvi district. Tamilnaru,
India. They found that about 50 percent of marginal farmers, 47.50 percent of
small farmers and 52.50 percent of big farmers had medium adoption and 42.50
percent of big farmers, 22.50 percent of small farmers and percent of the marginal
farmers had high level of adoption. In both adopts level of big farmers'
participation was higher in comparison to other categories of farmers.
Gogoi and Gogoi (1989) conducted a study on adoption of recommended P1
protection practices in rice in Zorhat district of Assam state in India. The study
revealed that among the respondents, 50 percent had low level of 35.36 percent
medium level of adoption and 13.64 percent had high adoption of recommended
plant protection practices.
Rahman (1986) conducted a research study on the extent of adoption of four
improved practices, which were use of fertilizers, line sowing, irrigation and use of
insecticides in transplanted aman rice cultivation in two village of Mymensingh
district. It revealed that 22 percent of the farmers adopted all the four practices
compared to 49 percent adopted three practices, 22 percent adopted two practices,
5 percent adopted one practices and only 2 percent adopted of the four practices.
Sobhan (1975) studied on the extent of adoption often winter vegetables namely
tomato, radish, lettuce and potato in Boilar union of Mymensingh district. Over all
winter vegetable adoption scores of the farmers could range from 0 to 140. Over
17
all adoption scores indicated that 27 percent of the farmers did not adopted winter
vegetables cultivation while 28 percent had low adoption and 55 percent high
adoption.
Mohammad (1974) studied the extent of adoption of insect control measures by the
farmers in Khamar union of Rajshahi district. He found that among the respondent
farmers, 25 percent did not adopt insect control measure; 28 percent had high level
of adoption; 32 percent had medium level of adoption and 25 percent had low level
of adoption.
Karim (1973) conducted a study on the adoption of fertilizers by transplanting
aman growers in former Keyotkhali union of Mymensingh district. Fle studied the
adoption of three fertilizers urea, Triple super phosphate (TSP) and muriate of
potash (MP). He found that 4 percent of the respondent growers had high adoption
of fertilizers while 9 percent had medium adoption and 41 percent low adoption.
Remaining forty six percent of the respondent growers did not use any of the three
fertilizers.
Hossain (1971) carried out a research study on the adoption of four improved
practices in Gouripur of Mymensingh district. The practices were (i) plant
protection measure, (ii) recommended variety of paddy, (iii) line transplanting d
(iv) recommended dose of fertilizers. It revealed that among the responded farmers
57.40 percent adoption plant protection measure, 35.51 percent adoption
recommended variety of paddy, 25.36 percent adoption line transplanting and
11.52 percent adoption recommended dose of fertilizers.
18
2.3 Relationship between selectS characteristics of the trained farmers with
their adoption of mushroom cultivation
2.3.1 Age and adoption of mushroom cultivation
Sardar (2002) found that the age of the farmers had positive significant negative
correlation with their adoption of 1PM practices.
Aurangozeb (2002) observed that there was significant negative relationship
between age and adoption of integrated homestead farming technologies.
Sarker (1997) observed that there was no significant relationship between ages of
the farmers with their adoption of improved potato cultivation practices.
Islam (1993) observed that there was no relationship between the ages of potato
growers with their adoption of improved practices in potato cultivation. Similar
results were observed by Karim and Mahaboob (1986), Rahman (1986), Singh
(1991), Kher(1992), Pathak and Samal (1992).
Kashem (1991) observed that there was positive and significant relationship
between the ages of the marginal farmers with their adoption ofjute technologies.
Similar results were found by Ali et at (1986), Singh and Rajendra (1990), Okoro
et aL (1992), Narwal et at (1991) and Hossain et at (1991)
2.3.2 Education and adoption of mushroom cultivation
Jahan et at (2010) found that education showed significant positive relationship
with the response to mushroom production technologies.
Hossain (2003) concluded that education of the farmers had a significant and
positive relationship with their adoption of modern Boro rice cultivation practices.
19
Sardar (2002) found that the education of the farmers had significant positive
relationship with their adoption of 1PM practices.
Aurangozeb (2002) studied on the extent of adoption of integrated homestead
fanning technologies by the rural women in RDRS. He observed that there was
positive relationship between education and adoption of integrated homestead
fanning technologies.
Sarker (1997) conducted a study to determine the relationship between selected
characteristics of potato cultivation practices in five villages of Comilla District.
He found that education of potato growers had significant relationship with their
adoption of improved potato cultivation practices. Similar results were found by
Kashem( 199 1).
Bavalatti and Soundaarswamy (1990) observed no significant relationship between
education of the farmers and their adoption of dry land farming practices.
Kaur(l988) found that education influenced the opinion of the women about
adoption of vegetable gardening animal husbandry etc.
2.3.3 Family size and adoption of mushroom cultivation
Hossain (2003) revealed that family size of the farmers had a significant and
positive relationship with their adoption of modem Boro rice cultivation practices.
Sardar (2002) found that the family size of the farmers had significant positive
relationship with their adoption of 1PM practices.
Hossain (1999) conducted a study to determine the farmers' perception of the
effects of agro-chemicals on environment. He found no relationship between the
farmer's family sizes with their adoption of fertilizer.
20
Chowdhury (1997) conducted a research study on adoption of selected BNA
technologies by the farmers of Boira union in Mymensingh district. He observed
that family size of the farmers had positive and significant relationship with the
adoption of selected BINA technologies.
1-lossain (1991) in his study in sadar thana of Jamalpur observed that family size of
the farmers had no significant effect on their adoption of improved farm practices.
Similar results were observed by Sobhan (1975), Haque (1993), Bashar (1993).
Hossain (1999) found that family size of the farmers had positive significant
relationship with the adoption of agro-chemical. Similar results were also observed
by Pal (1995), Munaleb (1998), Sarker (1997), Chowhdury (1997), Rahman
(1986), Haque (1993) and Khan (1993).
2.3.4 Mushroom cultivation knowledge of and adoption of mushroom
cultivation
Sarder (2002) in his study revealed that agricultural knowledge of the farmers had
positively significant with their adoption of 1PM practices.
Koch (1985) conducted a study in the north-west organic free, state South Africa
concerning perception of agriculture innovativeness, aspiration, knowledge and
innovation adoption. 1-le observed that there was a strong positive relationship
between perception, knowledge and practice adoption. This finding is very much
in agreement with that of Rogers and Shoemaker (1971).
Reddy ci aL (1987) found significant association between knowledge and use of
improved package of practices in paddy production by participant and non
participant farmers.
21
2.3.5 Belief about mushroom and adoption of mushroom cultivation
Sarder (2002) found that the farmers' belief had significant relationships with their
adoption of 1PM practices.
Bari (2000) observed that the belief of the farmers had significant relationship with
their attitude towards the hybrid Rice Aalok 6201.
Koch (1985) conducted a study in the north-west organic free, state South Africa
concerning perception of agriculture innovativeness, belief, knowledge and
innovation adoption. He observed that there was a strong positive relationship
between perception, knowledge and practice adoption. This finding is very much
in agreement with that of Rogers and Shoemaker (1971).
2.3.6 Neighbourhood influence and adoption of mushroom cultivation
The researcher could not find any literature involving relationship between
neighbourhood influence and adoption of any innovation.
2.3.7 Length of training and adoption of mushroom cultivation
Jahan et aL (2010) found that training experience showed significant positive
relationship with the response to mushroom production technologies.
Haque (2003) found a positive relationship with training exposure and adoption of
modem technologies.
Rahman (2001) observed in study that training received of the farmers had a
significant and positive relationship with their adoption regarding Aalok 6201
hybrid rice.
22
A positive relationship was also found between training exposure and adoption of
improved practices in transplanted Aman rice by Rahman. M. M. (1986).
2.3.8 Cosmopoliteness and adoption of mushroom cultivation
Aurangozeb (2002) conducted a study on adoption of integrated homestead
farming technologies by the rural women in RDRS. He found that there was a
significant relationship between cosmopoliteness and adoption of integrated
homestead farming technologies.
Hossain (2001) found a positive significant relationship between cosmopolitness
of the farmers and their adoption of pesticides. Pal (1995), lIalim (1985), Khan
(1993), Haque (1993) and Islam (1996) observed similar results.
1-lussen (2001) conducted a study on farmers' knowledge and adoption of modem
sugarcane cultivation practices. He found that cosmopoliteness of the growers had
significant positive relationship with their adoption of modem sugarcane
cultivation practices.
Rahman (2001) conducted a study on knowledge, attitude and adoption of the
farmers regarding Aalok 6201 hybrid rice Sadar upazila of Mymensingh district.
He found that cosmopoliteness of the farmers had a significant and positive
relationship with their adoption regarding Aalok 6201 hybrid rice.
Chowdhury (1997) conducted a study on the adoption of selected BINA
technologies by the farmers of Bona union in Mymensingh district. He found that
there was no significant relationship between the cosmopoliteness of the farmers
and their composite adoption of selected BINA technologies. Similar findings
were observed by Mamma (1972), Mohammad (1974), Sobhan (1975), Hossain
(1991) and Islam (1996).
23
Pal (1995) conducted a research on the adoption of recommended sugarcane
cultivation practices by the farmers. He observed that the cosmopoliteness of the
farmers had significant positive relationship with their adoption of recommended
sugarcane cultivation practices. Similar results were found by FIalim (1985), Khan
(1993), Hague (1993) and Islam (1996).
Haque(1993) observed in his study, a strong positive relationship between
cosmopoliteness of sugarcane growers and their adoption of improved practices in
sugarcane cultivation.
Islam (1993) found a significant relationship between cosmopoliteness of the
farmers and their adoption of recommended dose of fertilizer and plant protection
measures in potato cultivation.
Khan (1993) observed in his study on adoption of insecticide and related issues by
the farmers, a positive relationship between cosmopoliteness of the farmers and
their adoption of insecticides.
Hussain (1991) conducted a study on the Adoption Behaviour of Contract Growers
in Sadar Upazilla of Jarnalpur District. He found that there was no significant
relationship between cosmopoliteness of the farmers and their overall adoption of
improved farm practices. Similar findings were observed by Mannan (1972),
Mohammad (1974), Sobhan (1975) and Islam (1996).
2.3.9 Extension media contact and adoption of mushroom cultivation
Jahan a' aL (2010) found that extension contact had significant positive
relationship with the response to mushroom production technologies.
24
Haque (2003) concluded that extension contact of the farmers had significant
positive relationship with their adoption of modem maize cultivation
technologies.
Sardar (2002) concluded that the extension contact had positively significant,
relationship with their adoption of 1PM practices.
Aurangozeb (2002) observed that there was significant relationship between
contact with extension media and adoption of integrated homestead farming
technologies.
Osunloogun et aL (1996) studied adoption of improved Agricultural practices by
co-operative farmers in Nigeria. The findings of the study indicated a positive
Oc relationship between extension contact and adoption improved practices.
Bezbora (1980) studied adoption of improved agricultural technology by the
farmers of Assam. The study indicated a positive relationship between extension• ::
contact and adoption of improved cultivation practices.
2.3.10 Organizational participation and adoption of mushroom cultivation.
Rahman (2001) conduct a study on knowledge attitude and adoption of the farmers
regarding Aalok 6201 hybrid rice in Sadar upazila of Mymensingh district. He
found that organizational participation of the farmers had a significant and positive
relationship with their adoption regarding Aalok 6201 hybrid rice.
Mostafa (1999) conducted a study on adoption of recommended mango cultivation
practices by the mango growers of Nawabganj Sadar thana. He found that
organizational participation of mango growers had a significant positive
relationship with their adoption of reconunended mango cultivation practices.
25
2.4 The Conceptual Framework of the Study
In scientific research, selection and measurement of variables constitute an
important task. Properly constructed hypothesis of any research contain at least
two variables namely, "dependent variable" and "independent variable". Selection
and measurement of those variables is an important task. A dependent variable is
that which appears, disappears or varies as the researcher introduces, remove or
varies the independent variables (Townsend, 1953). An independent variable is
that factor which is manipulated by the researcher in his attempt to ascertain its
relationship to an observed phenomenon.
This study concerned with dependent variable, adoption of mushroom cultivation
and the selected characteristics as independent variables, i.e. age, education, family
size, mushroom cultivation knowledge, belief about mushroom, neighborhood
influence, length of training, cosmopoliteness, extension contact, organization
participation and mushroom cultivation experience.
Based on these above discussion and the review of literature, the conceptual
framework of this study has been formulated and shown in figure 2.1.
26
I
Independent variables
I
Dependent variable
Selected characteristics of the trained
mushroom farmers:
Age
Education
Family size
Mushroom cultivation Knowledge
Belief about mushroom
Neighbourhood influence
Length of training
Cosmopoliteness
Extension contact
Organizational participation
Adoption of mushroom cultivation by the trained farmers
Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework of the study
27
CHAPTER 3
METHEDOLOGY
In any scientific research methodology plays an important role. Methodology
should be such that enables the researcher to collect valid information and to
analyze the same properly to arrive at correct decisions. The purpose of this
chapter is to describe the methods and procedures followed in conducting the
present study.
3.1 Locale of the Study
Sadar Upazila of Faridpur District was selected purposively as the locale of the
study. Bhajandanga Horticulture Centre of DAE is one of the agriculture
importances of Faridpur Sadar Upazila. Up to now farmers of 14 villages received
training on mushroom cultivation from Bhajandanga Horticulture Centre. Out of
fourteen villages five villages were selected randomly as the locale of the study.
The villages were Bhajandanga, Bilmamudpur, Alipur, Tepakhola and Komlapur.
Adoption of innovation varies from farmer to farmer. So, it is important to know
how extent the trained farmers from this area adopted mushroom cultivation. Maps
of Faridpur District and sadar upazilla showing the study areas are presented in
Figures 3.1 and 3.2 respectively.
3.2 Population and Sampling Design
All trained mushroom farmers of five villages of sadar upazila of Faridpur District
constituted the population of the study. An up-to-date list of the farmers was
prepared with the help of Sub Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) of
Bhajandanga Horticulture Centre. A total of 972 farmers of selected five villages
have taken training on mushroom cultivation from BHC. Ten percent farmers had
6
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29
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I
selected using the proportionately random sampling method from this list.
Thus, 97 mushroom farmers were selected constituted the sample size for this
study. A reserve list of 10 respondents was also prepared for covering the positions
in case of the absence of the selected respondents during interview. The
distribution of the population and the sample size have been presented in table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Distribution of the population, sample and number of trained farmers in the reserve list
Name of villages Population size Sample size Reserve list size
Bhajandanga 214 21 2
Bilmamudpur 175 18 2
Alipur 194 19 2
Tepakhola 165 17 2
Komlapur 224 22 2
Total 972 97 10
3.3 The Research Design
The research design has followed in the present study. An interview schedule was
prepared for data collection from the mushroom farmers of Faridpur sadar upazilla.
The simultaneous measurements on independent and dependent variables were
recorded with great care.
3.4 Selection of Dependent and Independent Variables
The researcher employed adcquate care in selecting the variables of the study.
Considering personal, economic, social and psychological factors of the rural
community, time and resources availability to researcher, reviewing relevant
literature and discussing with relevant expert, the researcher selected the variables
for the study.
31
A variable is any characteristic which can assume varying or different values in
successive individual cases (Ezekiel and Fox, 1959). A well organized piece of
research usually contains at least two variables, independent and a dependent
variable. An independent variable is that factor which is maintained by the
researcher in his/her attempt to ascertain its relationship to an observed
phenomenon. A dependent variable is that factor which appears, disappears or
varies as the researcher introduces, removes or varies the independent variable
(Townsend, 1953). Adoption of mushroom cultivation by trained farmers was the
main focus of this study and it was considered as the dependent variable. The
researcher selected 10 characteristics of the respondents as the independent
variables. These were: age, education, family size, mushroom cultivation
knowledge, belief about mushroom, neighbourhood influence, length of training.
cosmopoliteness, extension contact and organizational participation.
33 Measurement of the variables
In order to conduct the study in accordance with the objectives it was necessary to
measure the independent and the dependent variables. The procedure for
measuring the variables described below.
3.5.1 Measurement of independent variables
Ten selected characteristics of the trained farmers were considered as independent
variables.
33.1.1 Age
Age of a farmer referred to the period of time from his/her birth to the time of
interview. It was measured in terms of actual years on the basis of his/her
statement. One score was assigned for each year of his/her age.
32
3.5.1.2 Education
Educational level of the respondent farmers was measured on the basis of
completed years of schooling in an academic institute. One score was assigned for
each completed year of schooling. If a respondent did not know reading and
writing, his/her education score was assigned as zero (0). A score of 0.5 was
assigned to a respondent who only could sign his/her name. Besides, the
respondent got actual score of his/her every year of schooling i.e. I for class one, 2
for class two and so on.
3.5.1.3 Family size
Family size of a mushroom farmer's family was measured on the basis of total
number of family members and assigned score one for each member of the family.
For example, if a respondent had 6 members in his family, then his/her family size
score was 6.
3.5.1.4 Mushroom cultivation knowledge
Mushroom cultivation knowledge of a respondent was measured by asking him/her
15 questions related to different aspects of mushroom cultivation e.g. selection and
cutting spawn packets, insects, water management, variety choosing etc. It was
measured assigning weightage 5 for each question. So. the total assigned scores for
all the questions was 75. The score was given according to response at the time of
interview.
Answering a question correctly an individual could obtain full score. While for
wrong answer or no answer he obtained zero score. Partial score was assigned for
partially correct answer. Thus, the mushroom cultivation knowledge score of a
respondent could range from 0 to 75, where 0 indicates 'very low knowledge' and
75 indicates 'very high knowledge'.
33
Extent of influence Assigned score
High influence 4
Moderate influence 3
3.5.1.5 Belief about mushroom
Belief is the prerequisite for adoption of an innovation. Six statements on belief
about various aspects of mushroom were asked to the trained farmers to measure
the belief about mushroom. The farmers were asked to indicate for each of the
statements, whether they had "strong belief', "moderate belief', "weak belief' and
"very weak belier' with a corresponding score of 4, 3, 2 and I respectively. The
belief score of a mushroom farmer was computed by summing up the scores for
his/her responses to all the items. Hence, scores of belief about mushroom could
range from 6 to 24; where 6 indicating 'very weak' belief and 24 indicating 'strong
belief' about mushroom.
3.5.1.6 Neighbourhood influence
Neighbourhood influence is a great trigger to adopt an innovation. Neighbourhood
influence of a respondent was measured by asking ten statements about their
neighbours. A four point scale was used to compute the neighbourhood influence.
The score was assigned on the basis of extent of influence to the respondents. The
scoring was done in the following manner:
Weak influence 2
Very weak influence
Thus, the neighbourhood influence score of a respondent was obtained by adding
his/her scores for all the ten items and it could range from '10' to 40 where '10'
indicated 'very weak neighbourhood influence' and 40 indicated 'very high
neighbourhood influence'.
34
3.5.1.7 Length of training
Length of training of a respondent was measured on the basis of number of days of
training received on mushroom cultivation from different sources. The score of a
respondent was measured in terms of number of days for receiving training. For
example, score one was assigned for one day training.
3.5.1.8 Cosmopoliteness
Cosmopoliteness of a respondent was measured in terms of his/her nature of visits
to the seven different places external to his/her own social system. The scale used
for computing the cosmopoliteness score was presented below:
Extent of visit Assigned score
Not at all 0
Rarely
Occasionally 2
Often 3
Regularly 4
The cosmopoliteness score of a respondent was determined by adding together the
scores obtained from visit to each of the seven (7) types of places. The
cosmopoliteness score of the respondents could range from 0 to 28, where, 0
indicating no cosmopoliteness and 24 indicating very high cosmopoliteness.
3.5.1.9 Extension contact
It was measured of the basis of a respondents' extent of exposure to 13 selected
information sources related to agricultural extension. A respondent was asked to
choose one answer among five option of contact for each medium, namely:
regularly, often, occasionally, rarely and not at all. Weight was assigned for all
extension media in the following manner:
35
Extent of contact Weighting system
Not at all 0
Rarely 1
Occasionally 2
Often 3
Regularly 4
The extension contact score of a respondent was, therefore, determined by adding
the total responses against 13 selected extension media. Thus, the extension
contact score could range from 0 to 52, where 0 indicating no extension contact
and 52 indicating the highest extension contact.
3.5.1.10 Organizational participation
The organizational participation score was computed for each respondent on the
basis of his/her membership with four different types of organizations. The
following scale was used for computing the organizational participation score.
Categories of participation: Score
No participation 0
Participation as ordinary member 1
Participation as executive member 2
Participation as president or secretary 3
Each membership category was multiplied by duration of membership. If a
respondent had membership in two or more organizations his scores were
computed by adding the scores obtained for each organization according to the
categories of his membership. Four types of organizations were in existence in the
study area. Organizational participation score of a respondent for each
item/organization was obtained by adding the scores according to the formula
36
I mentioned below:
Organizational Participation = P x D
Where,
N Participation Score
D= Duration Score
Finally, organizational participation score was measured by the scores obtained
from all the four selected organizations.
3.5.2 Measurement of dependent variable
The adoption of mushroom cultivation was the dependent variable of this study.
Adoption of mushroom cultivation was measured by multiplying two sub-scores.
The score was based on two dimensions, viz, number of spawn cultivation by an
individual and the mushroom cultivation experience of that trained farmer who has
adopted. Two sub-scores, namely number of spawn sub-score and experience sub-
score were computed for the said dimensions. Procedures followed in computing
the two sub-scores have been presented below:
a) Number of spawn sub-score
Number of spawn sub-score was determined on the basis of the number of spawn
packets having used of his/her total cultivation period for adoption of mushroom
cultivation. Scoring was made as follows:
Spawn packets used for adoption of mushroom cultivation Sub-score
25-50 spawn packets
51-75 spawn packets 2
76-100 spawn packets 3
Above 100 spawn packets 4
37
Possible number of spawn sub-scores for the farmers could vary from a minimum
of 1 to a maximum of 4. It was assumed that the higher the number of spawn sub-
score the higher will be the adoption.
b) Mushroom cultivation experience sub-score
Mushroom cultivation experience sub-score was computed on the basis of the
years during which an individual experienced in mushroom cultivation in the study
area. Scoring was made in the following manner.
Years of mushroom cultivation Sub-score
Below 1 year
1-2 years 2
3-4 years 3
Above 4 years 4
Possible experience scores of the farmers could also range from 1 to 4. It was
assumed that the higher the experience sub-score, the more will be the adoption.
Therefore, the adoption score was computed by multiplying number of spawn sub-
score and mushroom cultivation experience sub-score. Thus, the obtained score
could range from Ito 16.
The score one (1) indicated the lowest adoption and 16 indicated highest adoption
of mushroom cultivation. It was finally assumed, that the higher the adoption
score, the greater will be the overall adoption of mushroom cultivation.
3.6 Data collection
The researcher himself collected data with the help of an interview schedule from
the sample respondents through face to face interview using the pre-scheduled
leisure period of respondent from 01 to 31 August, 2012.
I
The researcher made all possible efforts to establish rapport with the respondents
so that they could feel to respond to the questions contained in the schedule.
Rapport was established with the farmers prior to interview and the objectives
were clearly explained by using local language as far as possible. Interviews were
conducted with the respondents at homes and tae shops during their off time.
During the visit the objectives of the study were explained to most of the
respondents. Brief information regarding the nature and purpose of the study was
given to the respondents before actual interview. Questions were asked
systematically and explanations were made whenever it was necessary. The
information was duly checked in order to minimize errors. Some data were
recorded in local unit. These were subsequently converted to appropriate standard
units. The respondents were interviewed at their off time so that they could give
accurate information in a cool mind. The researcher in collecting data faced no
serious problem. Excellent co-operation was obtained from the respondent during
the data collection.
3.7 Hypothesis of the study
The following research hypotheses were put forward to test the relationships
between selected independent and dependent variables. The independent variables
were age, education, family size, mushroom cultivation knowledge, belief about
mushroom, neighborhood influence, length of training, cosrnopoliteness, extension
contact and organization participation. The dependent variable was adoption of
mushroom cultivation.
As defined by Goode and Halt (1952) "A hypothesis is a proposition, which can be
put to a test to determine its validity. It may seen contrary to, or in accord with
39
common sense. It may prove to be correct or incorrect. In any event, however, it
leads to an empirical test".
According to Kerlinger (1973) a hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the
relation between two or more variables. Hypothesis are always in declarative form
of sentence and they are related, either generally or specifically from variables to
variables. In broad sense hypotheses are divided into two categories: (a) Research
hypothesis and (b) Null hypothesis. In studying relationships between variables an
investigator first formulates research hypothesis which states anticipated
relationships between the variables. However, for statistical test it becomes
necessary to formulate null hypothesis. A null hypothesis states that there is no
relationship between the concerned variables.
The following null hypothesis would be formulated to explore the relationship of
the selected characteristics of the farmers with their adoption of mushroom
cultivation:
"There are no relationships between each of the selected characteristics of the
trained farmers and their adoption of mushroom cultivation".
3.8 Data Coding and Tabulation
Data were coded into a coding sheet. Data collected thus from the respondents
were compiled, tabulated, analyzed in accordance with the objectives of the study
by using computer system. The qualitative data were converted into quantitative by
means of suitable scoring techniques for the purpose of analysis.
3.9 Categorization of Data
For describing the independent and the dependent variables, the respondents were
classified into several categories in respect of each of the variable. These
EtC
categories were developed by considering the nature of distribution of the data and
the general conditions prevailing in the social system.
3.10 Data processing and statistical analysis
The computer software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version
11.5) was used to analyze the data. Data were presented mostly in the tabular form.
Various statistical measures like number, percentage distribution, range, mean,
standard deviation, correlation coefficient etc. were used to describe and interpret
the data.
In order to explore the relationships between adoption of mushroom cultivation
and the selected characteristics of the trained farmers, the Pearson Product
Moment Correlation was used. Correlation matrix was also computed to determine
the interrelationships among the variables. Five percent (0.05) level of significance
was used as the basis of rejecting any null hypothesis. If the computed value of co-
efficient of correlation 'r' was equal to or greater than table value at designed
(0.05) level of significance for the relevant degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis
was rejected and it was concluded that there was significant relationship between
the concerned variables. However, when the computed value of co-efficient of
correlation was found to be smaller than the tabulated value at the designated level
of significant for the relevant degrees of freedom, it was concluded that the null
hypothesis could not be rejected and hence there was no relationship between the
concerned variables.
41
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this Chapter, the findings are presented in three sections in accordance with the
objectives of the study. The first section deals with the selected characteristics of
the farmers. The second section has dealt with their adoption of mushroom
cultivation. And the last section has dealt with relationships between the selected
characteristics of the farmers and their adoption of mushroom cultivation.
4.1 Characteristics of the mushroom farmers
The findings relating to the selected characteristics of the farmers namely; age,
education, family size, mushroom cultivation knowledge, belief about mushroom,
neighbourhood influence, length of training, cosmopoliteness, extension contact
and organization participation are presented and discussed as follows:
4.1.1 Age
The age of the mushroom farmers ranged from 17 to 58 years with a mean and
standard deviation of 33.00 and 9.11 respectively. Considering the age, the farmers
were classified into three categories namely 'young', 'middle' and 'old' aged. The
distribution of the respondents' based on their age categories are presented in
Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Distribution of the farmers according to their age
Categories (Scores) Respondents
__ Mean Standard
deviation Number Percent
Young aged (below 35 years) 61 62.98
9.11 Middle aged (35-50 years) 31 31.96
Old aged (above5Oyears) 5 5.15
Total 97 100
42
Table 4.1 indicated that the young aged mushroom farmers comprised of the
highest proportion (62.98 percent) followed by middle aged category (31.96
percent) and the lowest proportion were made by the old aged category (5.15
percent). Data also indicate that the young and middle aged mushroom farmers
constituted about 94.85 percent of the respondents. It seemed, young and middle
aged persons were more interested to mushroom cultivation.
4.1.2 Education
The educational scores of the respondent farmers ranged from 0 to 16 with a mean
and standard deviation of 4.01 and 4.76 respectively. Based on their educational
scores, the farmers were classified into five categories such as 'illiterate' (0), 'can
sign only' (0.5), 'primary education' (1 to 5), 'secondary education' (6 to 10) and
'above secondary education' (above 10). The distribution of the farmers according
to their education has been presented in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Distribution of the farmers according to their education
Categories (Scores) Respondents
Mean Standard
deviation _________ Number Percent
illiterate (0) 13 13.40
4.01 4.76
Can sign only (0.5) 25 25.77
Primary education (1-5) 29 29.90
Secondary education (6-10) 19 19.59
Above secondary education (above 10) 11 11.34
Total 97 100
Table 4.2 shows that farmers under 'primary education category constituted the
highest proportion (29.90 percent) compared to 25.77 percent can sign only
category, 19.59 percent secondary level and 13.40 percent illiterate level category.
43
On the other hand the lowest 11.34 percent belonged to above secondary level
category. From the national education point of view the literacy level of the study
area was formed to be satisfactory.
4.1.3 Family size
The family size of the respondents ranged from 2 to 9 with a mean and standard
deviation of 3.98 and 1.87 respectively. Based on their family size, the respondents
were classified into three categories viz., small family size (5 4 nos.), medium
family size (5 to 7 nos.) and large family size (5 to 7 nos.). The distribution of the
farmers according to their family size has been presented in Table 4.3.
Table 43 Distribution of the farmers according to their family size
Categories (Scores) Respondents
Mean Standard
deviation ________
Number _________
Percent
Small family size (54 nos.) 68 70.10
3.98 1.87 Medium family size (5 to 7 nos.) 22 22.68
Large family size (above 7 nos.) 7 7.22
Total 97 100
Data contained in the Table 4.3 indicated that the small family size constituted the
highest proportion (70.10 percent) of the farmers followed by 22.68 percent with
medium family size and the lowest 7.22 percent large family size. The findings of
the study revealed that overwhelming majority (92.78 percent) of the farmers have
small to medium family size. The people of the study area were very much alert to
keep their family size small. Small size family can educate their children properly
and can enjoy other social amenities.
4.1.4 Mushroom cultivation knowledge
Mushroom cultivation knowledge score of the respondents ranged from 18 to 62
against the possible score from 0 to 75 with a mean and standard deviation of
37.09 and 10.87 respectively. On the basis of their mushroom cultivation
knowledge score, the farmers were classified into three categories, viz, low
knowledge, medium knowledge and high knowledge. The distribution of the
farmers according to the mushroom cultivation knowledge categories has been
presented in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4 Distribution of the farmers according to their mushroom cultivation knowledge
Categories Respondents
Mean Standard
deviation ______ Number
___ Percent
Low knowledge (S26) 22 22.68
37.09 10.87 Medium knowledge (2748) 59 60.82
High knowledge (>48) 16 16.50
Total 97 tOO
Data in table 4.4 reveal that the farmers having medium knowledge in mushroom
cultivation constituted the highest proportion (60.82 percent) followed by low
knowledge in mushroom cultivation (22.68 percent) and high knowledge in
mushroom cultivation (16.50 percent). Table 4.4 showed an overwhelming
majority (83.50 percent) of the farmers had low to medium knowledge in
mushroom cultivation. Low knowledge might not affect mushroom adoption.
Because the respondents live around the training centre. Whenever they face
problem can visit training centre and solve their problems.
4.13 Belief about mushroom
Belief about mushroom score of the farmers ranged from 6 to 18 against the
45
possible score from 6 to 24 with a mean and standard deviation of 8.42 and 2.98
respectively. Based on their belief about mushroom, the respondents were
classified into three categories. These categories were low belief (S 6), medium
belief (7 to 12) and large belief(> 12). The distribution of the farmers according to
their belief about mushroom categories has been presented in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5 Distribution of the farmers according to their belief about mushroom
Categories
Respondents Mcan Standard deviation
Low belief (S 6)
8.42 2.98 Medium belief (7-12) E High belief(> 12)
Total
Table 4.5 indicates that the medium belief holder constituted the highest
proportion (47.42 percent) of the respondents followed by 43.30 percent with low
belief holder and only 9.28 percent were high belief holder farmers. The findings
of the study revealed that an overwhelming portion (90.72 percent) of the farmers
were in low to medium belief categories about mushroom cultivation. The Quranic
belief inspires the respondents to adopt mushroom cultivation.
4.1.6 Neighbourhood influence
Neighbourhood influence score of the respondents ranged from 10 to 36 against
the possible range from zero 10 to 40. The average score was 21.01 with a
standard deviation of 5.65. Based on the score of farmers' neighbourhood
influence the respondents were classified into three categories as 'low
neighbourhood influence' (S 20), 'medium neighbourhood influence' (21-30) and
'high neighbourhood influence' (> 30). The distribution of the respondents
according to their neighbourhood influence has been presented in Table 4.6.
46
Table 4.6 Distribution of the farmers according to their neighbourhood influence
Categories (Scores) Respondents I
Mean Standard
deviation ________ Number Percent
Low neighbourhood influence (S 20) 49 50.51
21.01 5.65 Medium neighbourhood influence (21-30) 41 42.27
High neighbourhood influence (> 30) 7 7.22
Total 97 100
Data shown in Table 4.6 indicate that the highest proportion (50.51 percent) of the
respondents had low neighbourhood influence, while 42.27 percent and 7.22
percent of the respondents had medium and high neighbourhood influence
respectively. From the findings conclusion can be drawn that, mushroom adopters
are self influenced and equally influenced by neighbourhood as well.
;l)
4.1.7 Length of training
Length of training of the respondent's farmers ranged from 1 to 4 score with a
mean and standard deviation of 2.28 and 1.04 respectively. Based on their length
of training score, the respondents were classified into three categories. These
categories were low, medium and high length of training. The distribution of the
respondents according to their length of training has been presented in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7 Distribution of the farmers according to their length of training
Categories (Scores) Respondents Mean
Standard deviation Number Percent
Low length of training (=1) 26 26.80
2.28
100
1.04 Medium length of training (2-3) 55 56.70
High length of training ( a4) 16 16.50
Total 97
Data in Table 4.7 indicated that 56.70 percent of the respondents were in medium
47
length of training group while, 26.80 percent of them had low length of training
and remaining 16.50 percent had high length of training. Training helps the
farmers to acquire deep knowledge and improve skills about the respected aspects.
Trained farmers can cope with and handle smoothly the adverse situation in their
cultivation.
4.1.8 Cosmopoliteness
The maximum cosmopoliteness score of the respondents was 17 and the minimum
score was 5 against the possible range of '0' to 28. 1-lowever, the avenge was
11.03 and the standard deviation was 3.00. Based on their cosmopoliteness scores,
the respondents were classified into three categories: low cosmopoliteness.
medium cosmopoliteness and high cosmopoliteness. The distribution of the
respondents according to their cosmopoliteness is shown in Table 4.8.
Table 4.8 Distribution of the farmers according to their cosmopoliteness
Categories (Scores) Respondents
Mean Standard deviation Number Percent
Low cosmopoliteness (S 9) 25 25.80
11.03
100
3.00 medium cosmopoliteness (10-13) 64 66.00
High cosmopoliteness (? 14) 8 8.20
Total I 97
Data contained in 'fable 4.8 indicated that the highest proportion (66 percent) of
the mushroom farmers had medium cosmopoliteness as compared to 25.80 percent
of low cosmopoliteness and 8.20 percent had high cosmopoliteness. The findings
revealed that an overwhelming portion (91.80 percent) of the farmers had in low to
medium cosmopoliteness in the study area. Cosmopoliteness habit of a person
increase knowledge about mushroom cultivation in one hand and change attitude
48
on the other. One extraversion or high cosmopolite person influences low and
medium cosmopolite one.
4.1.9 Extension contact
The extension contact score of the respondent farmers ranged from 8 to 25 against
the possible range of zero '0' to 52 with a mean and standard deviation of 16.39
and 3.90 respectively. Based on their extension media contact score, the
respondents were classified into three categories. These categories were low,
medium and high extension contact. The distribution of the respondents according
to their extension contact has been presented in Table 4.9.
Tnhle 4.9 Distribution of the farmers according to their extension contact
Categories (Scores) Respondents
Mean Standard deviation Number Percent
Low contact (:5 13) 20 20.62
16.39
100
3.90 Medium contact (14-20) 64 65.98
High contact (> 20) 13 13.40
Total 97
Table 4.9 indicates that the farmers having medium extension contact category
constituted the highest proportion (65.98 percent) followed by low contact (20.62
percent) and high contact category (13.40 percent). Table 4.10 also shows that the
majorities (86.58 percent) of the farmers had low to medium extension contact of
the study area.
Data contained in the table 4.10 reveal that extension contact of mushroom
adopters was not so much appreciable. Because, the obtained highest score was
only 25 out of 52. Extension contact and cosmopoliteness score were found almost
Mo
at same level. However, it cannot be denied that more extension contact is likely to
be more adoption.
4.1.10 Organizational participation
The maximum organizational participation score of the respondents was '8' and
the minimum score was V. Flowever, the average was 1.36 and the standard
deviation was 1.99. Based on their organizational participation scores, the
respondents were classified into three categories: no organizational participation,
low organizational participation and medium organizational participation. The
distribution of the respondents according to their organizational participation has
been shown in Table 4.10.
Table 4.10 Distribution of the farmers according to their organizational participation
rcategori (Scores) Respondents
Mean Standard deviation Number Percent
No organizational participation (= 0) 56 57.73
1.36 1.99 Low organizational participation (1-5) 34 35.05
Medium organizational participation (>5) 7 7.22
Total 97 100
Data contained in Table 4.10 indicate that the highest proportion (57.73 percent) of
the mushroom farmers had no organizational participation while 35.05 percent had
low organizational participation and only 7.22 percent had medium organizational
participation. The rmdings revealed that an overwhelming portion (92.78 percent)
of the farmers had in no to low organizational participation in the study area. The
extent of organizational participation in the study area is frustrating. The same
result was found in respect of cosmopoliteness and extension contact. The
NMDEC and DAB extension personnel should be more alert about their clients'
communication behaviour. They must have motivation strategy to make their
50
client more cosmopolite, active to extension partner and active organizational
participatory.
4.2 Adoption of mushroom cultivation
Adoption score of mushroom cultivation was ranged from I to 16 against the
similar possible range score. The average score was 4.01 with a standard deviation
of 3.60. Based on the scores of adoption of mushroom cultivation, the farmers
were classified into three categories as 'low adoption' (S 3), 'medium adoption' (4-
8) and 'high adoption' (~ 9). The distribution of the respondents according to their
adoption of mushroom cultivation has been presented in Table 4.11.
Table 4.11 Distribution of the farmers according to their adoption of mushroom cultivation
Categories (Scores) Respondents
Mean Standard deviation Number Percent
Low adoption (S 3) 59 60.82
401 3.60 Medium adoption (4-8) 27 27.84
High adoption (?9) II 11.34
Total 97 100
Findings shown in table 4.11 reveal that the highest proportion (60.82 percent) of
the respondents had low adoption of mushroom cultivation, while 27.84 percent
had medium adoption and the rest 11.34 percent had high adoption of mushroom
cultivation. Table 4.11 showed that a vast majority (88.66 percent) of the farmers
had low to medium adoption of mushroom cultivation. Conclusion can be drawn
that most of the trained mushroom cultivators were suppose to be new. They were
not ready to accept any risk. Mushroom cultivation is a risk oriented business. So,
they started their business with minimum number of spawn packets. In future there
is a possibility to expand their mushroom cultivation business. Because they
received specialized training on mushroom cultivation.
4.3 Relationship of the adoption of mushroom cultivation of the trained farmers with their selected characteristics
Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (r) was computed in order to
find out the extent of relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation of
the trained fanners and their selected characteristics. To reject or accept the null
hypothesis, 0.05 level of probability was used. Results of correlation have been
shown in Table 4.12. Correlation co-efficient among all the variables might be
seen in the correlation matrix in appendix-B.
Table 4.12 Pearson's product moment co-efficient of correlation showing relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their
selected characteristics
Dependent variable Independent variables co-efficient of 95 df Value of Tabulated value at
correlation (r) 0.05 level 0.01 level
Age MOS6NS
0.191 0.249
Education 0.302**
Family size -0.1 75 Ns
Mushroom cultivation
Adoption of knowledge 0.504
mushroomBelief about mushroom 0.548**
cultivation Neighbourhood influence 0572
Length of training 0.535**
Cosmopoliteness 0.115
Extension media contact 0.206
Organizational participation 0.066 Ns
Signiflcant at the (LU I level
* Significant at the 0.05 level Ns Not significant
52
4.3.1 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their age
Relationship between age and adoption of mushroom cultivation was determined
by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between age and adoption of mushroom cultivation
was presented in Table 4.12. The coefficient of correlation (r) between the
concerned variables was found -0.086. The following observations were made on
the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the two concerned
variables of the study under consideration.
The relationship showed a negative trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (-0.086) between the concerned variables was
found to be smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.191) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.05 level of probability.
The null hypothesis could not be rejected.
The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically
significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that age of the famers had no
significant relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation. That is,
fanners of all age categories can adopt mushroom cultivation.
4.3.2 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their
education
Relationship between education and adoption of mushroom cultivation was
determined by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between education and adoption of mushroom
cultivation was presented in Table 4.12. The coefficient (r) of correlation between
53
the concerned variables was found 0.302. The following observations were made
on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the two concerned
variables of the study under consideration.
The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (0.302) between the concerned variables was
found to be greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.249) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.01 level of probability.
The null hypothesis was rejected.
The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically
significant at 0.01 level of probability.
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that education of the famers had
significant positive relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation. That
is, higher the education higher the adoption. Education is a powerfl.il variable that
influence farmers to adopt mushroom cultivation.
4.3.3 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their
family size
Relationship between family size and adoption of mushroom cultivation was
determined by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between family size and adoption of mushroom
cultivation was presented in Table 4.12. The coefficient (r) of correlation between
the concerned variables was found -0.175. The following observations were made
on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the two concerned
variables of the study under consideration.
a. The relationship showed a negative trend between the concerned variables.
54
The observed value of "r" (-0.175) between the concerned variables was
found to be smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.19 1) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.05 level of probability.
The null hypothesis could not be rejected.
The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically
significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that family size of the famers had no
significant relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation.
4.3.4 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their mushroom cultivation knowledge
Relationship between mushroom cultivation knowledge and adoption of
mushroom cultivation was determined by Pearson's product moment correlation
coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between mushroom cultivation knowledge and
adoption of mushroom cultivation was presented in Table 4.12. The coefficient (r)
of correlation between the concerned variables was found 0.504. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient
between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration.
The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (0.504) between the concerned variables was
found to be greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.249) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.01 level of probability.
The null hypothesis was rejected.
The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically highly
significant at 0.01 level of probability.
55
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that mushroom cultivation
knowledge of the famers had highly significant positive relationship with the
adoption of mushroom cultivation. Three-fifth (60.82%) of the respondents had
medium knowledge on mushroom cultivation and 16.50 percent of them had high
knowledge. They had scope to increase their knowledge through short training. So,
the correlation test justifiably showed positive and significant relationship between
knowledge and adoption. That is, if knowledge is increased adoption of mushroom
cultivation is also supposed to be increased.
4.3.5 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their belief
about mushroom
Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and belief about
mushroom was determined by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between belief about mushroom and adoption of
mushroom cultivation was presented in Table 4.12. The coefficient (r) of
correlation between the concerned variables was found 0.548. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient
between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration.
The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (0.548) between the concerned variables was
found to be greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.249) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.01 level of probability.
The null hypothesis was rejected.
The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically highly
significant at 0.01 level of probability.
56
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that belief about mushroom of the
famers had highly significant positive relationship with the adoption of mushroom
cultivation. Belief is not knowledge. Most of the beliefs are continued as prejudice.
When belief is scientifically verified then it come knowledge. But in the study a
Quranic belief was used, which was learned in mushroom training session. The
respondents respected Quranic belief from the core of their heart and influenced
them to adopt mushroom cultivation. The correlation test justifiably showed highly
significant positive relationship.
4.3.6 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their
neighbourhood influence
Relationship between neighbourhood influence and adoption of mushroom
cultivation was determined by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between neighbourhood influence and adoption of
mushroom cultivation was presented in 'fable 4.12. The coefficient (r) of
correlation between the concerned variables was found 0.572. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient
between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration.
The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (0.572) between the concerned variables was
found to be greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.249) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.01 level of probability.
The null hypothesis was rejected.
The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically highly
significant at 0.01 level of probability.
57
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that neighbourhood influence had
highly significant positive relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation.
4.3.7 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their length
of training
Relationship between length of training and adoption of mushroom cultivation was
determined by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between length of training and adoption of
mushroom cultivation was presented in Table 4.12. The coefficient (r) of
correlation between the concerned variables was found 0.535. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient
between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration.
The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (0.535) between the concerned variables was
found to be greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.249) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.01 level of probability.
The null hypothesis was rejected.
The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically highly
significant at 0.01 level of probability.
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that length of training had highly
significant positive relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation.
Training increases courage and enable the farmers to do new or complicated
fanning activities. As mushroom cultivation is new as well as unknown to the
farmers' community, the found study revealed the truth that length of training is a
significant attribute for adoption of mushroom cultivation.
58
4.3.8 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their
cosmopoliteness
Relationship between cosmopoliteness and adoption of mushroom cultivation was
determined by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between cosmopoliteness and adoption of mushroom
cultivation was presented in Table 4.12. The coefficient (r) of correlation between
the concerned variables was found 0.115. The following observations were made
on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient between the two concerned
variables of the study under consideration.
a. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (0.115) between the concerned variables was
found to be smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.191) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.05 level of probability.
The null hypothesis could not be rejected.
b. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically
significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that cosmopoliteness of the famers
had no significant relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation. May be
farmers of Sadar Upazila were more habituated to visit their district town than the
other upazilas as they are living near the proper area.
4.3.9 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their
extension contact
Relationship between extension contact and adoption of mushroom cultivation was
determined by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient.
The coefficient of correlation between extension contact and adoption of
mushroom cultivation was presented in l'able 4.12. The coefficient (r) of
correlation between the concerned variables was found 0.206. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient
between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration.
The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (0.206) between the concerned variables was
found to be greater than the tabulated value (r = 0.191) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.05 level of probability.
The null hypothesis was rejected.
The relationship between the concerned variables was statistically
significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Based on the above finding, it was concluded that extension contact of the famers
had significant positive relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation. It
means that higher extension contact of the farmer were likely to have more
adoption of mushroom cultivation.
4.3.10 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their
organizational participation
Relationship between organizational participation and adoption of mushroom
cultivation was determined by Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient
The coefficient of correlation between organizational participation and adoption of
mushroom cultivation was presented in Table 4.12. The coefficient (r) of
correlation between the concerned variables was found 0.066. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of correlation coefficient
between the two concerned variables of the study under consideration.
c. The relationship showed a positive trend between the concerned variables.
The observed value of "r" (0.066) between the concerned variables was
found to be smaller than the tabulated value (r = 0.191) with 95 degrees of
freedom at 0.05 level of probability.
The null hypothesis could not be rejected.
d. The relationship between the concerned variables was not statistically
significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Based on the above fmding, it was concluded that organizational participation of
the famers had no significant relationship with the adoption of mushroom
cultivation.
61
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter deals with the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations of this study.
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.1.1 Characteristics of the farmers
Age
The young aged mushroom farmers comprised the highest proportion (62.98
percent) followed by middle aged category (31.96 percent) and the lowest
proportion were made by the old aged category (5.15 percent).
Educational level
Farmers under 'primary education category constituted the highest proportion
(29.90 percent) compared to 25.77 percent can sign only category, 19.59 percent
secondary level and 13.40 percent illiterate level category. On the other hand the
lowest 11.34 percent belonged to above secondary level category.
Family size
The small family size constituted the highest proportion (70.10 percent) of the
farmers followed by 22.68 percent with medium family size and the lowest 7.22
percent large family size.
Mushroom cultivation knowledge
The farmers having medium knowledge in mushroom cultivation constituted the
highest proportion (60.82 percent) followed by low knowledge in mushroom
cultivation (22.68 percent) and high knowledge in mushroom cultivation (16.50
percent).
Belief about mushroom
The medium belief holder constituted the highest proportion (47.42 percent) of the
respondent followed by 43.30 percent with low belief holder and only 9.28 percent
were large belief holder farmers.
Neighbourhood influence
The highest proportion (50.51 percent) of the respondents had low neighbourhood
influence, while 42.27 percent and 7.22 percent of the respondents had medium
and high neighbourhood influence respectively.
Length of training
Among the farmers, 56.70 percent of the respondents were in medium length of
training group while 26.80 percent of them had low length of training and
remaining 16.50 percent had high length of training group.
Cosmopoliteness
The highest proportion (66 percent) of the mushroom farmers had medium
cosmopoliteness as compared to 25.80 percent of low cosmopoliteness and 8.20
percent had high cosmopoliteness.
Extension contact
The farmers having medium extension media contact category constituted the
highest proportion (65.98 percent) followed by low contact (20.62 percent) and
high contact category (13.40 percent).
63
Organizational participation
The highest proportion (57.73 percent) of the mushroom farmers had no
organizational participation while 35.05 percent had low organizational
participation and only 7.22 percent had medium organizational participation.
5.1.2 Adoption of mushroom cultivation
The highest proportion (60.82 percent) of the respondents had low adoption of
mushroom cultivation, while 27.84 percent had medium adoption and the rest
11.34 percent had high adoption of mushroom cultivation in the study area.
5.1.3 Relationship between adoption of mushroom cultivation and their selected characteristics
Education, mushroom cultivation knowledge, belief about mushroom,
neighbourhood influence, length of training and extension contact had significant
positive Relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation. Cosmopoliteness
and organizational participation had non-significant positive Relationship with the
adoption of mushroom cultivation. On the other hand, age and family size had
non-significant negative Relationship with the adoption of mushroom cultivation.
5.2 Conclusions
Conclusions drawn on the basis of the fmdings of this study and their logical
interpretation in the light of the other relevant factors are furnished below:
The major portion (88.66 percent) of the trained farmers had low to medium
adoption of the study area. Therefore, it may be concluded that there is a need
to increase the rate of adoption of mushroom cultivation by the trained farmers.
A countable portion (39.17 percent) of the farmers was either illiterate or could
sign only and 29.90 percent of the farmers had completed merely primary
education. But there existed a positively significant relationship between
farmers' education and their adoption of mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it
may be concluded that, only highly educated farmers adopted mushroom
cultivation. There is a necessary to educate and motivate less educated farmers
by the concerned authority.
A great majority (83.50 percent) of the farmers had low to medium knowledge
on mushroom cultivation, while there had a very strong positive significant
relationship between mushroom cultivation knowledge and their adoption of
mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it may be concluded that, low knowledgeable
farmers adopted less mushroom cultivation and with the increase of knowledge
level of the farmers tends to increase their extent of adoption. The respondents
need more training for more knowledge on mushroom cultivation. So, there is
an urgent necessary to call the trained farmers in the training centre again.
An overwhelming portion (90.72 percent) of the farmers had low to medium
belief about mushroom cultivation, while there had a very strong positive
significant relationship between belief about mushroom and their adoption of
mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it may be concluded that, farmers having
higher belief were adopted more mushroom cultivation.
A great majority (83.50 percent) of the farmers had low to medium length of
training, while there had a very strong positive significant relationship between
length of training and their adoption of mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it
may be concluded that, low trained farmers adopted less mushroom cultivation
and with the increase of length of training of the farmers tends to increase their
extent of adoption.
65
6. A great majority (86.58 percent) of the farmers had low to medium extension
contact, and there was a positive significant relationship between farmers'
extension contact and their adoption of mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it
may be concluded that, with the increase in extension contact of the farmers
tends to increase their extent of adoption.
5.3 Recommendations for policy implications
Recommendations based on the findings and conclusions of the study are
presented below:
A great majority (88.7 percent) of the farmers had low to medium adoption of
mushroom cultivation. All the sample farmers were more or less trained in
mushroom cultivation. But their extent of adoption was not satisfactory.
Therefore, it may be recommended that NMDEC and DAE should take
necessary steps to increase the adoption of mushroom cultivation in the study
area.
Education of the farmers had significant positive relationship with their
adoption of mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it may be recommended that,
adult education should be provided to the farmers through training wing of
DAE so that they could increase their educational level which might be helpful
to increase their adoption of mushroom cultivation.
Knowledge on Mushroom cultivation had significant positive relationship with
their adoption of mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it may be recommended
that, NMDEC should provide (i) more training, (ii) publish posters and leaflets,
(iii) show video films, (iv) arrange method demonstration for skill development
and (v) arrange result demonstration in the farm house.
66
Length of training had significant positive relationship with their adoption of
mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it may be recommended that, DAE and
different NGOs should conduct more training programs that would make the
farmers more skilled to adopt various new convenient technologies on
mushroom cultivation. And also recommended that duration of mushroom
cultivation training should be increased.
Extension media contact had significant positive relationship with their
adoption of mushroom cultivation. Therefore, it may be recommended that,
extension service providers as well as other parties should increase their
contact with farmers so that the belief and neighbourhood influence of farmers
could increase. Because belief, attitude and neighbourhood influence are pre-
conditions for adoption of mushroom cultivation. So, government should take
necessary steps to improve the above characteristics of the farmers.
5.3.1 RecommendatiOn for further study
This study investigated adoption of mushroom cultivation by the trained farmers of
Faridpur district. As a small and limited research has been conducted in the present
study cannot provide much information related to this aspect. Further studies
should be undertaken to cover more information in the relevant matters. So the
following suggestions were put forward for further research:
I. The present study was conducted only in five villages of sadar upazila under
Faridpur district. Findings of the study need further verification through
similar research in other parts of the country.
2. It is difficult to determine the extent of adoption by the farmers on mushroom
cultivation. Measurement of adoption of the farmers is not free from
67
questions. More reliable measurement of concerned variables is necessary for
further study.
The study investigated the relationship of eleven characteristics of the irained
farmers with their adoption of mushroom cultivation. So it is recommended
that further study would be conducted with other dependent and independent
variables.
Research should be undertaken on the effectiveness of agricultural extension
services and other related organizations in helping farmers for adoption of
innovations.
I
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Appendix-A. English version of the interview schedule
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
S1IER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTuRAL UNIVERSITY
DFIAKA 1207
An interview schedule lbr a research study entitled
"Adoption of Mushroom Cultivation by the Trained Farmers of Faridpur District"
Serial No.........................
Nameof the respondent: ............................................................................................................................
Village..........................................Upazilla. ................................................Distric...................................
[Please provide following information I
I. Age 1-low old are you? ....................................years
2. Education State your level of education? Give tick (\ ) mark against appropriate place/fill in the
blanks
Cannot read and write. Can sign only. I passed......................Class.
3. Family size I low many members do you have in your flimily? ...................... flOS.
)
80
4. Mushroom Cultivation Knowledge
Please answer the following questions about Mushroom cultivation
SI. Questions
No. JWhat is
_______ mushroom?1.
2. What varieties of mushroom do you cultivate?
j_.. Mention the importance of mushroom cultivation
4 Mention the medicinal values of mushroom - Mention nuintional values olrnushrooni State the types of food that are made of mushroom.
State the water management procedure of mushroom.
I 8. Mention the name of three insects that infest mushroom. -
How to cut spawn packet? What are the elements of straw spawn packet!
II. I-low man> times mushroom can be collected from each spawn
Full Marks marks I obtain
What are the criteria for selection of good spawn packet? Mention one variety of mushroom for winter, summer and year
round each.__________- _______________ __________- What criteria should he taken to carry mushroom spawn packets to
Jhr way? IS. 1 Mention the appropriate time of mushroom harvesting?
5. Relief about mushroom
Please indicate the degree ob your belielahout mushroom?
Statements
Mushroom is good for diabetic
pttient
Mushroom controls blood pressure
Mushroom increases body energy
Mushroom increases disease
resistance
Mushroom is recognized is
'Mannah" i.e.. b'ullv "halal
Greeks believed that mushrooms
provided strength lbr warriors in
battle. ).
mq ;trong Moderaie Weak Ver weak
belief I belief I belief beleil
Neighborhood influence
Flow much your neighbors have influenced you in adoption of mushroom cultivation?
Please give tick ( ) mark against appropriate degree oliniluence of each statement
tie ii in the box he low:
Statements Extent of influence
High Medium j Weak Very weak '
\iv neighbors are very much innovative and their -
activities are imitable
My neighbors frequently visit to my house a
advice me to adopt mushroom cultivation.
IN neighbors ask me to participate in group
discussions about Mushroom cultivation.
Nis neighbors successfully conducted result
demonstration of mushroom cultivation
Extension worker gives much value to my neighbors
My neighbors help me managing necc.sary inputs
for me.
M neighbors have more knowledge about
mushroom cultivation
My neighbors visit my house, observe my
mushroom cultivation activities and give me
necessary suggestions.
My neighbors are good decision makers F
My neighbors kecp good contact with extension
personnel
Length of training
I low many days did you take your training about mushroom cultivation?
days
82
Cosmopoliteness
I-low frequently do you visit in the lollowing selected places? Give (\) tick mark against
appropriate place
Nature of visit Place of visit
Not ai all Rarely Occasionallyf Of enly
Nlushrooni cultivation center
Other villages outside own village
Nearby market outside own village
Own upazi I Ia sadar
other upazilla sadar
Own district town
Other district town
Extension contact
Please indicate the extent olvour contact with the following media.
extent olvisit C onnunicution
I \J)c niedia
Ni ushrooni development officer Assistant
I nd i vi dna I Mushroom Contact development
officer Model niushroom cultivator Agricultural Extension Oflicer Sub Assistant Auriculturc Officer Result demonstration
Group Group Contact discussion
Farmer's Traiitin____ held day
Reiiularlv OfienlvOccasionallvj Rarely Not at
- all
> 6 5-6 3-4 1-2 times!' 0 time/ times/year times/year times/year year year
> 9 I 7-9 4-6 1-3 times! 0 time! times/year times/year times/year year year
-i > 6 5-6 3-4
I 0 time!
times/month times/month times/month times/
month I month
>6 5-6 r
3-4 1-2 times! 0 tinic/
times/month times/month times/month month month
> 6 5-6 3-4 1-2 times! 0 time1
times/month itirrieshnonfli times/month month month
> 6 times in 5-6 3-4 times in 0 time' 1-2 times life times in life life in lilb year
Once in a Once! Once! Once! C) time!
month I 2 months 3 months - 4 months 6 months
> 6 times in 5-6 34 times in 1-2 times 0 timc.• life times in life life in life year
> 6 times in 5-6 3-4 times in 1-2 times I C) time./ life times in IiIèI life in life 1 year
83
agricultural. related programs on
Daily
- Viewing
Tv Listenin"
Weekly Fortniglitly Monthly I
I year
Agril related Daily Weekly Fortniglitly Monthly
0 time/ I
program on year
radio Readin"
contact agricultural p
0 time! related Daily Weekly Fortniglitly Monthly
year ,
penodicals /niagazine ____________ - I I3ooklctileafleL
I reading o time/ material Daily Weekly Fortnightly Monthly
related to year
agriculture
10. Organizational participation
Please state your nature of participation with the Following organization. Please tick (\)
inarlc against right place
SI Name of - Nature of participation Duration
No organization No OrdinaryF utive President
participation member ber
I i FarnieN
co-operative
2 l3azar
committee
3 Mosque ./Mandir
committee
4 School
committee
5 - Othefs (if any)
9
84
II. Adoption of mushroom cultivation
a. Number of spawn
How many spawn do you use for mushroom cultivation? Give tick (- ) mark against
appropriate place
25-50 spawn packets 51-75 spawn packets 76-100 spawn packets Above 100 spawn packets
b. Mushroom cultivation experience
Please indicate how many years are you cultivating mushroom?
Below 1 year 1-2 years 34 years Above 4 years
Thank you very much for your kind collaboration
Dated: Signature of the interviewer
Appendix-B. Correlation Matrix
Charaeters X1 L X., X7 XS X9 XII) I V
, Px .070 1 ______
-.189
___ -.121 1
-.057 374** - .217*
.092
.159 .084
-.077 .200* 1 .175 339** X(I
.352" - _.223* .070 .119 .240* .430" 348** I
XK -.006 .177 .275" -.001 .182 -.018 .127
-.255 1 .041 .422** .061 .100 -.034 -.005 .358** 1
X10 0.181 J .444" -.127 .218* .300** _.046 .015 .080 _-.014
V - -0.086 J
0.302" _-0.175 0.504" 0.5" 48[ " 0.572 Ø•535** 0.115 I_0.206* 0.066
X1: Age
X4: Mushroom cultivation knowledge
X7: Length of training
X : Organizational participation
X: Education
X: Belief about mushroom
Cosmopoliteness
Adoption ol' mushroom cultivation
X: Family size
X: Neighborhood influence
X9: Extension contact
jry
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