adoption - Wenstrom · Adoption by testament, of course, was the naming of an heir through a will....

2013 William E. Wenstrom, Jr. Bible Ministries

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Adoption

Introduction

The Scriptures teach that God has adopted two groups of people in history: (1)

Israel (Deuteronomy 7:6; Romans 9:1-5) (2) Church (Romans 8:15; Ephesians

1:5).

At the moment of conversion when they exercise faith alone in Christ alone the

church age believer is adopted Roman style into the royal family of God through

the baptism of the Spirit thus making him an heir of God and spiritual aristocracy.

In adoption they receive the position of a son of God at the moment of

conversion through the baptism of the Spirit. Every Christian obtains the place of a

child and the right to be called a son the moment he believes in Jesus Christ for

salvation (Galatians 3:25-26; 4:6; 1 John 3:1-2).

The New Testament teaches that the church has been adopted into the royal

family of God as adult sons thus conferring upon them all the privileges and

responsibilities that go along with this new relationship with God.

The indwelling of the Spirit gives the guarantee of the believer’s adoption

(Galatians 4:6). The filling of the Spirit enables the believer to experience his

adoption. The full manifestation of the believer’s sonship awaits the resurrection

of the church or the rapture which is called the “redemption of the body”

(Romans 8:23; 1 Thessalonians 4:14-17; Ephesians 1:14; 1 John 3:2). The

believer’s adoption into the royal family of God makes him an heir of God

(Romans 8:15-17).

The church age believer has been removed from the cosmic system as a child of

the devil and has been placed as an adult son into the royal family of God, of

which the Lord Jesus Christ is the Head (Colossians 1:13).

Adoption means that the church age believer is spiritual aristocracy now and is

intimately related to all three members of the Trinity. The adoption of the church

age believer means: (1) Privileges as an adult son of God (2) Responsibility to

grow to spiritual maturity.

The adoption of the church age believer means: (1) Privileges as an adult son of

God (2) Responsibility to grow to spiritual maturity.

Romans 8:15

Romans 8:15 teaches that the church age believer has been adopted “Romans

style” into the royal family of God.


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Romans 8:15 For you have not received a spirit of slavery leading to fear

again, but you have received a spirit of adoption as sons by which we cry out,

“Abba! Father!” (NASB95) “Adoption” is the noun huiothesia, which means, “placing as a son.” It is not

so much a word of relationship but of position. As we noted, at the moment of

conversion the church age believer is adopted Roman style into the royal family of

God through the baptism of the Spirit thus making him an heir of God and spiritual

aristocracy.

Roman adoption was the process by which a person was transferred from his

natural father’s power into that of his adoptive father. Roman style adoption was

the custom of selectivity, selecting some to fulfill or take over the family estates

and guarantee that the next generation will be as efficient as the last generation in

Roman life.

Under Roman law the adopted son had the same status and privileges as the real

son. Roman style adoption served a useful purpose both socially and politically, as

a childless individual could adopt and ensure the continuation of the estates of the

family, bequeathing not just property to the heir, but the family as well, for the new

member accepted the name and rank of the adoptive father.

Politically, adoption could be used to great advantage as a means of improving

one’s prospects by becoming adopted into a higher-class family moving from the

Plebeian to the Patrician class.

An example of Roman style adoption was the Emperor Augustus who, as

Octavius, was adopted by the testament of his uncle Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.,

taking the full name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus.

Adoption by testament, of course, was the naming of an heir through a will. As

the adopted son of Gaius Julius Caesar, Octavius received not only the name and

property of Caesar when he was assassinated in 44 B.C. but he received all the

other benefits or social considerations as Caesar’s adopted son.

In Greek and Roman society adoption was, at least among the upper classes, a

relatively common practice. Unlike the oriental cultures in which slaves were

sometimes adopted, these people normally limited adoption to free citizens. But, at

least in Roman law, the citizen so adopted became a virtual slave, for he came

under the paternal authority of his adoptive father.

Adoption conferred rights and privileges but it came with a list of duties as

well. For the believer, adoption is a gracious gift from God the Father that is totally

undeserving on the believer’s part. God the Holy Spirit performs the ceremony of

adoption at the moment of conversion through regeneration (John 1:12), and the

baptism of the Spirit (Galatians 3:26-28).

The apostle Paul used the Roman style adoption analogy in his epistles to

communicate to members of the churches throughout the Roman Empire their new


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relationship with God the Father that was acquired at the moment of faith in Jesus

Christ.

As a Roman citizen the apostle would naturally know of the Roman custom but

in the cosmopolitan city of Tarsus and again on his travels, he would become

equally familiar with the corresponding customs of other nations. He employed the

Roman style adoption analogy to teach the spiritual adoption of church age

believers. Paul utilized the Roman style adoption illustration to teach church age

believers that God the Father’s grace policy places them into the relation of sons to

Himself.

The act of adoption is the conclusion of any action by which any person,

usually a son, is brought into a new family relationship where he now has new

privileges and responsibilities as a member of the family, and at the same time

loses all previous rights and is divested of the previous duties of his former family

relationship.

“A spirit of slavery” is composed of the accusative neuter singular form of the

noun pneuma, “a spirit” and the genitive feminine singular form of the noun

douleia, “of slavery.”

The noun pneuma appears twice in Romans 8:15. It appears in the expression

“a spirit of bondage” (pneuma douleias) and “a spirit of adoption” (pneuma

huiothesias). The word is translated “spirit” since the translators interpret the word

as either referring to an attitude, disposition or mentality. This is how the word is

used by Paul in 1 Corinthians 4:21 and 2 Timothy 1:7. Therefore, if we interpret

pneuma as referring to an attitude, disposition or mentality in both instances where

the word is used, this would mean that Paul is teaching in Romans 8:15 that the

Christian has not received a mentality or spirit of bondage but rather a mentality or

spirit produced by adoption.

There are also some who interpret the second pneuma as referring to the Spirit

and the first referring to a mentality or attitude. Therefore, this would mean that

Paul is teaching in Romans 8:15 that the Christian has not received a mentality or

attitude of slavery but rather the Spirit who effects the Christian’s adoption into the

family of God. However, there are several reasons why both of these

interpretations are incorrect and that the word in both instances is a reference to the

Holy Spirit.

The first is the context. In Romans 8:1-27, Paul is teaching regarding the

Spirit’s work on behalf of the Christian as related to his sanctification. In Romans

8:1, Paul assured his Christian readers in Rome that there is never any

condemnation, none whatsoever for them because of their union with Jesus Christ.

Next, in Roman 8:2, he taught the Christians in Rome that the life-giving Spirit’s

authoritative power, by means of Christ Jesus, has set them free from the

authoritative power of the sin nature as well as spiritual death’s. Then, in Romans


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8:3, Paul “explains how” or presents the “reason why” the life-giving Spirit’s

authoritative power, by means of (the death and resurrection of) Christ Jesus has

set them free from the sin nature’s authoritative power as well as spiritual death’s.

Romans 8:4 teaches that the Father’s purpose for sacrificing His Son on the Cross

was so that the righteous requirement of the Law would be fulfilled in an

experiential sense in those Christians who are not conducting their lives in

submission to the sin nature but in submission to the Spirit. Then, in Romans 8:5,

Paul teaches that those Christians who are in submission to the sin nature, occupy

their minds with the desires of the sin nature whereas those who are in submission

to the Spirit occupy their minds with desires of the Spirit.

Paul in Romans 8:6 teaches that the mind-set produced by the sin nature is

temporal spiritual death, i.e. loss of fellowship with God whereas the mind-set

produced by the Spirit is life, i.e. experiencing eternal life and peace. Then, in

Romans 8:7, he teaches that the mind-set produced by the sin nature is antagonistic

toward God and has no capacity to obey His Law.

Next, in Romans 8:8, the apostle teaches that those in bondage to the flesh, i.e.

the sin nature can never please God. In Romans 8:9, he teaches that the Christian is

not in bondage to the sin nature in a positional sense but rather in subjection to the

authority of the Spirit and is indwelt by the Spirit in contrast to the unbeliever who

is not.

Paul teaches in the protasis of a first class condition that appears in Romans

8:10 that the Christian is indwelt by Christ. Then, in the apodasis, he teaches that

while on one hand, the Christian’s body is dead due to the sin nature but on the

other hand, the Spirit is life and peace because of imputed righteousness. Next,

Paul in Romans 8:11 teaches that the Spirit who raised Jesus from the dead will

also give life to the Christian’s mortal body through the Spirit who indwells the

Christian.

The apostle Paul in Romans 8:12 teaches that the Christian is by no means

obligated to live in submission to the flesh. Then, in Romans 8:13a, Paul teaches

that the Christian, who submits to his flesh, will lose fellowship with God.

Whereas, in Romans 8:13b, he teaches that if by the Spirit, the Christian puts to

death the deeds of the sin nature, then he will live and experience fellowship with

God. Lastly, in Romans 8:14, Paul teaches that the Sons of God are led by the

Spirit of God.

Therefore, up to Romans 8:15, when Paul uses pneuma, it is used with

reference to the Holy Spirit exclusively. In Romans 8:16-27, Paul continues to

emphasize the work of the Spirit on behalf of the Christian. In this passage,

pneuma is used with reference to the Holy Spirit in every instance except in

Romans 8:16 where the second time the word appears in the passage, it is used

clearly with reference to the Christian’s human spirit. Also further indicating that


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the two occurrences of pneuma in Romans 8:15 are a reference to the Holy Spirit is

that there is a clear connection that Paul is making between the believer’s sonship

and the Holy Spirit in Romans 8:14 and 23. Also, in Galatians 4:4-7, Paul teaches

the Galatians regarding this connection.

In Galatians 4:5, Paul uses the noun huiothesia, “adoption as sons” and the

expression Abba ho pater, “Abba, Father” in Galatians 4:6, both of which appear

in Romans 8:15. Some contend that the expression “a spirit of bondage” in

Romans 8:15 refers to the Spirit’s role in relation to the Law in convicting people

of sin in the Old Testament dispensation. There is support for this since Paul

teaches in Romans 7:14 that the Law is spiritual meaning inspired by God the Holy

Spirit. In fact, in Romans 7:7-25, although He is not mentioned, it was the Spirit

who convicted Paul as a Christian that he was breaking the Law since the

Scriptures teaches that one of the ministries of the Spirit on behalf of the believer is

to convict him of sin. However, nowhere in Romans does he teach that the Spirit is

related to bringing the Christian into bondage to the Law or sin. He convicts of sin

but never is He said to bring anyone into bondage to sin. He convicts the believer

when he disobeys the Law but does not bring the believer into bondage to the Law

in either the Old Testament dispensations or in the church age. Rather, it is just the

opposite, Paul teaches that the Spirit sets the Christian free from sin and the Law.

Also, in Galatians 4:4-7, slavery is tied to being under the Law. In Romans 7:5-

6, Paul contrasts the “letter” of the Law with the Spirit and teaches that the Spirit

has freed the Christian from the bondage and condemnation of the Law as a result

of the presence of the indwelling Adamic sin nature. Furthermore, 2 Corinthians

3:6-18 teaches that the Spirit gives life but the letter of the Law kills.

Therefore, it would appear that the noun pneuma in the expression “a spirit of

slavery” in Romans 8:15 does not refer to the Spirit since the Scriptures do not

teach that He is related to bringing the believer under any type of bondage to the

Law or sin. However, in this expression, the noun pneuma does refer to the Spirit

since it is used in a rhetorical sense. It is used in a hypothetical sense in contrast to

the expression “the Spirit of adoption.” This means that he is teaching that the

Spirit the Christians in Rome have received is not a “Spirit of bondage” or a “Spirit

who effects or brings about slavery” but a Spirit, who effects or brings about their

adoption as sons of God. So he is not implying that the Spirit effects or brings into

bondage to the Law or sin but rather He effects or brings about their adoptions as

sons of God.

So, in Romans 8:15, Paul uses pneuma twice with reference to the Holy Spirit

in order to teach two things regarding His work on behalf of the Christian. First of

all, the Spirit in contrast to the sin nature does not enslave the Christian and does

not condemn him like the Law. The second is that He effects the Christian’s

adoption into the royal family of God. He does not make the Christian a slave like


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the sin nature did prior to justification, or condemn him like the Law but rather He

makes the Christian a son of God. This interpretation is supported by the fact that

Paul is speaking of the Spirit’s work in relation to the Christian’s sanctification in

Romans 8:1-27.

The rhetorical use of pneuma in the expression “a spirit of bondage” is used in

a hypothetical sense in contrast to the concept taught in the expression “the Spirit

of adoption.” Paul does this in order to emphasize with his Christian readers in

Rome that they have a familial and legal relationship with God so that they would

be assured of their eternal salvation and that God is for them and not against them.

Paul uses the adoption metaphor and slavery metaphor together in order to

appeal to the frame of reference of his readers since both were institutions in the

Roman Empire in the first century when he penned this epistle. Cranfield, Moo,

Murray and Morris agree with this interpretation.

Leon Morris writes, “There are problems with his (Paul’s) use of ‘spirit’ and

commentators are divided. We could use a small ‘s’ in both instances in this verse

and understand the apostle to mean ‘a temper, mood or state’ (the ‘spirit of

slavery’) or translate ‘the spirit of slaves…the spirit of sons’. Or we could take the

first with a small ‘s’ and the second with a capital, as Moffat, ‘You have received

no slavish spirit…you have receive the Spirit of sonship’ (so NIV). Or we could

use the capital both times as Murray: “Ye did not receive the Holy Spirit as Spirit

of bondage but as the Spirit of adoption” Any of these must remain a possibility.

But throughout this whole passage the emphasis is on the work of the Holy Spirit,

and it seems that Paul is here saying two things about the Spirit: first, negatively,

that the Spirit believers received is not one of bondage; second, positively, he is a

Spirit of sonship (for the Spirit believers receive cf. 1 Corinthians 2:12; 2 Timothy

1:7). The Spirit does not make people slaves but sons.1

Douglas Moo disagrees, he writes, “The heart of verse 15 is an antithesis

between two ‘spirits: the ‘spirit of slavery,’ which believers have not received and

the ‘spirit of adoption,’ which we have. What are these ‘spirits’? A few interpreters

think that both refer to the human spirit, in the sense of an inner attitude or

disposition, with ‘received’ being interpreted rhetorically. But, in light of the

manifest connection between the Holy Spirit and the believer’s sonship in verse 14

and verse 23-not to mention Galatians 4:6: ‘God sent forth the Spirit of His Son

into our hearts’-the ‘Spirit of adoption’ must refer to the Holy Spirit. Because of

this many expositors conclude that the ‘Spirit of slavery’ must also designate the

Holy Spirit. Many of the Puritans (followed by Lloyd-Jones) saw a reference here

to the sense of ‘slavery’ created by the working of God’s law in the heart of the

person under conviction by God’s Spirit. Others take a less individualistic and

1 The Epistle to the Romans; W. B. Eerdmans; Inter-Varsity Press, page 314


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more salvation-historical tack, viewing ‘Spirit of slavery’ as the Spirit’s work in

the old age under the law. Certainly there is support for such a conception in Paul,

since he claims that the law is ‘spiritual’ (7:14) and yet argues that it has brought

or confirmed, bondage to sin (7:23). In Galatians 4:1-7 the idea of slavery is

specifically tied to the situation of being ‘under the Law’ (see also the contrast in

Hebrews 12:18-24), cited by Calvin). But it may be questioned whether Paul

would speak of this effect of the law as brought about by God’s Spirit, in light of

the contrast between ‘letter’ and ‘Spirit’ in 7:6 and 2 Corinthians 3:6-18. This

makes it unlikely that ‘spirit of slavery’ refers directly to the Holy Spirit. Paul may,

then, refer to the human spirit, enslaved to sin; but more likely he uses the word

rhetorically, as a hypothetical antithesis to the ‘Spirit of adoption’: ‘the Spirit that

you have received is not a ‘spirit of bondage’ but a Spirit of adoption.”2

C.E.B. Cranfield writes, “The contrast between pneuma douleias and pneuma

huiothesias has been variously explained. Some have argued that pneuma douleias

is most naturally understood as denoting a human disposition, and that pneuma

huiothesias, since it is contrasted with it (the same verb, elabete, being used in both

cases), can scarcely be the Holy Spirit but must also be here a human disposition

(albeit one inspired by the Holy Spirit), a filial sentiment; others, assuming that

pneuma huiothesias must refer to the Holy Spirit, have felt obliged to understand

pneuma douleias also of the Holy Spirit (seeing a difference to life under the Old

Dispensation). In either case the tendency has been to see a connection between

pneuma douleias and the law. Another way has been to disallow the argument that

pneuma must have the same sort of meaning in both parts of the sentence and to

understand the first pneuma to denote a disposition and the second the Holy Spirit.

Yet another explanation which has been given-and this seems the most probable-is

that the sentence does not imply the actual existence of a pneuma douleias but

means only that the Holy Spirit whom they have received is not a spirit of bondage

but the Spirit of adoption.”3

Therefore, in Romans 8:15, the first time that the noun pneuma is used by Paul,

it is a reference to the Holy Spirit in a rhetorical sense. The word functions as an

“accusative direct object” meaning that it is receiving the action of the verb

lambano, “you have received” whose meaning is negated by the emphatic

negative adverb ou, “by no means.”

“A spirit of adoption as sons” is composed of the accusative neuter singular

form of the noun pneuma, “a spirit” and the genitive feminine singular form of the

noun huiothesia, “of adoption.”

The noun huiothesia occurs rarely before the Christian period. W. von Martitz

indicates that it was known in the second century B.C. (Kittel’s Theological

2 The Epistle to the Romans, page 500; William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company; Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge, U.K. 3 A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, volume 1, page 396; T & T Clark, New York-London


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Dictionary of the New Testament, volume 8, pages 397f.) as well as Milligan (648-

649). There appears to be no precedent for the concept in the Old Testament

despite the fact that the term does not appear in the Septuagint. Huiothesia is a

legal technical term in antiquity and does not appear in the nomenclature of

religion.

The word appears only five times in the Greek New Testament (Romans 8:15,

23; 9:4; Galatians 4:5; Ephesians 1:5).

Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words makes the following comment

regarding the word, “Huiothesia, from huios, ‘a son,’ and thesis, ‘a placing,’ akin

to tithemi, ‘to place,’ signifies the place and condition of a son given to one to

whom it does not naturally belong. The word is used by the apostle Paul only. In

Rom 8:15, believers are said to have received ‘the Spirit of adoption,’ that is, the

Holy Spirit who, given as the Firstfruits of all that is to be theirs, produces in them

the realization of sonship and the attitude belonging to sons. In Gal 4:5 they are

said to receive ‘the adoption of sons,’ i. e., sonship bestowed in distinction from a

relationship consequent merely upon birth; here two contrasts are presented, (1)

between the sonship of the believer and the unoriginated sonship of Christ, (2)

between the freedom enjoyed by the believer and bondage, whether of Gentile

natural condition, or of Israel under the Law. In Eph 1:5 they are said to have been

foreordained unto ‘adoption as sons’ through Jesus Christ, RV; the KJV, ‘adoption

of children’ is a mistranslation and misleading. God does not ‘adopt’ believers as

children; they are begotten as such by His Holy Spirit through faith. ‘Adoption’ is

a term involving the dignity of the relationship of believers as sons; it is not a

putting into the family by spiritual birth, but a putting into the position of sons. In

Rom 8:23 the ‘adoption’ of the believer is set forth as still future, as it there

includes the redemption of the body, when the living will be changed and those

who have fallen asleep will be raised. In Rom 9:4 ‘adoption’ is spoken of as

belonging to Israel, in accordance with the statement in Ex 4:12, ‘Israel is My

Son.’ Cf. Hos 11:1. Israel was brought into a special relation with God, a collective

relationship, not enjoyed by other nations, Deut 14:1; Jer 31:9, etc.”4

Douglas Moo commenting on this word writes, “The word denoted the Greek,

and particularly Roman, legal institution whereby one can ‘adopt’ a child and

confer on that child all the legal rights and privileges that would ordinarily accrue

to a natural child. However, while the institution is a Greco-Roman one, the

underlying concept is rooted in the OT and Judaism. ‘Adoption’ is one of the

privileges of Israel (9:4) and Israel, as we have seen, is regularly characterized as

God’s ‘son’ or ‘sons’ in the OT and Judaism. Once again, then, Paul has taken a

4 Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words, Copyright (c) 1985, Thomas Nelson Publishers


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term that depicts Israel’s unique status as God’s people and ‘transferred’ it to

Christians.”5

Leon Morris has a slightly different interpretation of the word, he writes, “The

word for ‘adoption’ is used only by Paul in the New Testament (five times, three

being in Romans), and it does not occur in LXX, for the Jews did not practice

adoption. Some Old Testament examples are suggested but most scholars agree

that Paul took the concept from Roman or Greek law in both of which adoption

was important. Francis Lyall argues convincingly that Paul’s concept is taken from

Roman, not Jewish law. Most agree, though some think rather of Greek law.

Sanday and Headlam cite E. L. Hicks for the information that ‘No word is more

common in Greek inscriptions of the Hellenistic time: the idea, like the word, is

native Greek. It is a useful word for Paul, for it signifies being granted the full

rights and privileges of sonship in a family to which one does not belong by nature.

This is a good illustration of one aspect of Paul’s understanding of what it means to

become a Christian. The believer is admitted to the heavenly family to which he

has no rights of his own. But he is now admitted and can call God ‘Father.’”6

Lyall, cited by Morris writes, “that Paul’s use of the term ‘adoption’ in Romans,

Ephesians and Galatians was a deliberate, considered and appropriate reference to

Roman law’….The adoptee is taken out of his previous state and is placed in a new

relationship with his new paterfamilias. All his old debts are canceled and in effect

he starts a new life. From that time the paterfamilias owns all the property and

acquisitions of the adoptee, controls his personal relationships and has rights of

discipline. On the other hand he is involved in liability by the actions of the

adoptee and owns reciprocal duties of support and maintenance.”7

Morris cites W. von Martitz, who writes, “The continuity of the family and the

family cultus was maintained by adoption…The adopted son entered at once into

the rights of the parent and undertook out of the assigned income to keep the

testator and his family to the end of their lives.”8

In Romans 8:15 and Ephesians 1:5, the noun huiothesia is related of course to

the noun huios and means, “placing as a son.” The moment the Christian was

declared justified through faith alone in Christ alone, they were adopted Roman

style into the royal family of God through the baptism of the Spirit thus making

them an heir of God and spiritual aristocracy.

In Romans 8:15, the noun huiothesia, “adoption as sons” functions as a

“genitive of product” meaning that it is the “product” of the noun pneuma, “the

5 The Epistle to the Romans, page 501; William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company; Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge, U.K. 6 The Epistle to the Romans; W. B. Eerdmans; Inter-Varsity Press, pages 314-315 7 Lyall, Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXVIII (1969), page 458-466; cited by Morris, The Epistle to the Romans; W. B. Eerdmans; Inter-

Varsity Press, pages 314-315 8 Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, volume 8, pages 397-398; cited by Morris, The Epistle to the Romans; W. B. Eerdmans; Inter-

Varsity Press, pages 314-315


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Spirit” to which it stands related. This indicates that the Spirit “produces” or

“effects” or “brings about” or “causes” the Christian to be adopted Roman style

into the royal family of God.

The noun huiothesia emphasizes that the believer receives the “position” of

being a son of God, the moment they were declared justified through faith alone in

Christ alone (Galatians 3:26-28; 4:6; 1 John 3:1-2). The Spirit makes this adoption

real to the Christian’s experience (Galatians 4:6). The indwelling of the Spirit gives

the guarantee of the believer’s adoption (Galatians 4:6). The filling of the Spirit

enables the believer to experience his adoption (Ephesians 5:18). The full

manifestation of this adoption takes place at the rapture of the church (Romans

8:23; Ephesians 1:14; 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18; 1 John 3:2).

Robert Haldane writes, “Adoption is not a work of grace in us, but an act of

God’s grace without us. According to the original word, it signifies putting among

children. It is taking those who were by nature children of wrath from the family of

Satan, to which they originally belonged, into the family of God. By union with

Jesus Christ, being joined with Him, we are one body, and we enter into the

communion of His righteousness and of His title as the Son of God, so that, as we

are righteous in Him, we are also in Him, as His members, the sons of God who, in

the moment that the Holy Spirit unites us to Jesus Christ, receives us as His

children. All this shows us how great is the benefit which we obtain when we

receive the Spirit of adoption and communion with the Son of God. We are thus

made children of God, the sons of the Father of lights-a title permanent and a

nature immortal and Divine. Our adoption reminds us of our original state as

children of wrath and rebellion and strangers to the covenant of God. It discovers

to us the honor to which God has called us, in becoming our Father and making us

His children-including so many advantages, rights, and privileges and at the same

time imposing on us so many duties. These may be comprised under four heads.

The first regards the privilege and glory of having God for our Father and being

His children. The second includes the rights which this adoption confers, as of free

access to God, the knowledge of His ways and the assurance of His protection. The

third implies God’s love for us, His jealousy for our interest and His care to defend

us. The fourth, all the duties which the title or relation of children engages us to

perform towards our Father and our God. The term adoption is borrowed from the

ancient custom, especially prevalent among the Romans, of a man who had no

children of his own adopting into his family the child of another. The father and

the adopted child appeared before the praetor when the adopting father said to the

child, ‘Wilt thou be my son?’ and the child answered, ‘I will.’ The allusion to this

custom reminds believers that they are not the children of God otherwise than by

His free and voluntary election; and that thus they are under far more powerful

obligations to serve Him than are their own children to obey them, since it is


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entirely by His love and free good pleasure that they have been elevated to this

dignity. We should also remark the difference between the adoption of man and the

adoption of God. In choosing a son by adoption, the adopting party has regard to

certain real or supposed qualities which appear meritorious or agreeable; but God,

in adopting His people, Himself produces the qualities in those whom He thus

chooses. Man can impart his goods and give his name to those whom he adopts,

but he cannot change their descent nor transfer them into his own image; but God

renders those whom He adopts not only partakers of His name and of His blessings

but of His nature itself, changing and transforming them into His own blessed

resemblance. This adoption, then, is accompanied with a real change and so great a

change, that it bears the name of that which is the real ground of sonship, and is

called regeneration.”9

Archaeological Study Bible makes the following comment on Paul’s use of

Roman adoption in Romans 8:14-17, they write, “Adoption was widely practiced

in the ancient world; examples have been found from Mesopotamian, Egyptian,

Greek, Roman and ancient Jewish sources. For example, according to Exodus 2:10

Moses was a foundling adopted by Pharaoh’s daughter. Generally speaking, only

free men (not women or slaves) could adopt, and the adoptee was often an adult

rather than a child. Sometimes adoption was undertaken partially for the benefit of

the adopter. For example, an older man whose natural children had already died

might adopt a younger man as his heir; the adoptee would be responsible to care

for the adopter in his old age. Roman law recognized two kinds of adoption:

adrogatio, in which a man and all those under his authority were adopted into

another family, and adoptio, in which an individual was adopted into a family. In

adrogatio the adopted family in effect ceased to exist as a separate entity and

became a part of the adopter’s family. An adopted man or boy no longer belonged

to his father’s household and legally became a child of the adopter. The adoptee in

the Roman world took the adopter’s name and rank and became his legal heir.

Adoption had to be carried out under a specific protocol (e.g. in the presence of the

governor), and a will was often prepared in conjunction with the official process.

The association of these two activities reveals the connection between the legal,

familial status of the adoptee and his inheritance rights. Paul embraced the

metaphor of adoption in Romans 8 in order to describe the status of Christians in

relation to God. God as the Father of his adopted children has authority over them,

while they in turn have taken on his identity. Paul also wrote of the inheritance that

belongs to believers because God has adopted them as his children (Gal 4:4-7).

The redemption of the body is one aspect of the Christian’s inheritance that Paul

highlighted in Romans 8:23.”10

9 Exposition of Romans, Sovereign Grace Publishers, Inc. PO Box 4998; Lafayette, IN 47903; Copyright by Jay P. Green, Sr. 2001 10 NIV Archaeological Study Bible; page 1849; Zondervan


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Romans 8:23

Romans 8:23 teaches that the Christian, who has the first fruits of the Spirit,

groans within himself, waiting eagerly their adoption as a son, the redemption of

his body at the resurrection of the church.

Romans 8:23 And not only this, but also we ourselves, having the first

fruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting eagerly

for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our body. (NASB95) “And” is the “adjunctive” use of the conjunction de, which not only connects

Paul’s previous thought in Romans 8:22 with the one to follow in this verse but it

also introduces Paul and his fellow Christians in Rome who groan “in addition to”

the individual parts of creation.

In Romans 8:22, Paul teaches that all of creation groans and suffers the pains of

childbirth together up to the present moment in history. Now, in Romans 8:23, the

conjunction de connects this statement in Romans 8:22 with the thought to follow

in Romans 8:23 that the Christian groans “in addition to” creation, waiting eagerly

their adoption as sons, the redemption of their bodies at the resurrection of the

church.

Next, we have four words in the Greek text that form a correlative clause. “Not

only” is composed of the emphatic objective negative particle ou, “not” and the

accusative neuter singular adverb monon, “only.” “But also” is composed of the

adversative use of the conjunction alla, “but” and the adjunctive use of the

conjunction kai, “also.” These four words emphatically state that “not only” (ou

monon) does creation groan “but also” (alla kai), Paul and the Christians in Rome,

who having the first fruits of the Spirit, groan within themselves, waiting eagerly

their adoption as sons, the redemption of their bodies at the resurrection of the

church.

The adverb monon is employed with emphatic negative objective particle ou in

order to state in emphatic terms that this groaning and suffering is “not limited to”

creation. The emphatic negative adverb ou emphatically negates the idea that this

groaning and suffering pain was limited or relegated to creation.

The expression alla kai, “but…also” is used “ascensively” meaning they

introduce an “additional” group of individuals who are groaning along with the

individual parts of creation. Therefore, these two words indicate that in addition to

creation groaning, Christians do as well, waiting eagerly their adoption as sons, the

redemption of their bodies at the resurrection of the church.

Both creation and the believer is groaning, waiting their deliverance from the

Adamic curse. For the Christian, this deliverance from the sin nature is positional


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and is experiential through obedience to Paul’s teaching in Romans 6-8. However,

the completion of this deliverance will take place at the rapture of the church.

“We having” is the nominative masculine first person plural present active

participle form of the verb echo, which means, “to possess” the first fruits of the

Spirit.

The first person plural form of the verb is an “inclusive we” referring to Paul

and his readers, who like himself, are sinners who have been declared justified by

God through faith in Jesus Christ and have been regenerated by the Spirit and

placed in union with Christ by Him and are thus related to each other by spiritual

birth.

The present tense of the verb is “gnomic” used to make a statement of a

general, timeless fact or in other words, an eternal spiritual truth. It indicates that

Paul and all Christians, “as an eternal spiritual truth” possess the first fruits of the

Spirit.

The participle form of the verb echo functions as a “participle of cause”

meaning that it indicates the cause or reason or ground of the action of the finite

verb, which is stenazo, “we groan.” This use of the participle normally precedes

the verb it modifies, which is the case here in Romans 8:23. Therefore, as a

“participle of cause,” the verb echo indicates that “because” Paul and his fellow

Christians possess the first fruits of the Spirit, they groan within themselves,

waiting eagerly their adoption as sons, the redemption of their bodies at the rapture

of the church. Paul’s thought with the causal participle is that “because” the

Christian possesses the Spirit as the guarantee that their salvation will be complete

when they receive their resurrection bodies, they groan within themselves, eagerly

desiring the fulfillment of this guarantee.

“We ourselves” is the nominative masculine plural form of the intensive

personal pronoun autos, which refers Paul and his Christian readers in Rome. The

word emphasizes that the Christian possesses the first fruits of the Spirit in contrast

to unregenerate humanity who do not.

“The first fruits” is the articular accusative feminine singular form of the noun

aparche, which is related to the verb aparchomai, “to being (something).” It

signifies the first fruits (plural) but normally appears in the singular form as it does

here in Romans 8:23.

Ezekiel uses the word in a negative sense of offerings made to idols (Ezekiel

20:31) and to God (Ezekiel 20:40). Firstfruits belonged to the priests that they

might subsist (Ezekiel 44:30). Land, too, was considered “firstfruits” that were

given by the people of Israel to the priests (Ezekiel 48:9-10).

The noun aparche is the first fruit, which in Biblical terms describes an offering

of any kind, animal as well as grain. It represents the first portion of offering set


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aside specifically for Lord. The first portion of the harvest was regarded both as a

first installment and as a pledge of the final delivery of the whole.

Firstfruits is related to the Jewish term that refers to that which is set apart to

God before remainder could be used. Under the Law Israel was to bring the first

fruits of the grain to the Lord and in this act they were acknowledging that all

produce was God’s. The first fruits of a harvest of grain was an indication of a

greater harvest to come.

One of the seven great feasts of Israel was the feast of “firstfruits.” The twenty-

third chapter of the book of Leviticus gives us an account of the seven great feasts

of the Lord. They were a prophecy and foreshadowing of future events, part of

which have been fulfilled, and part have yet to be. They are the “shadow of things

to come,” of which Christ is the “body” or substance (Col. 2:16-17). They were

“holy convocations” of the people.

The seven feasts may be divided into two sections of four and three. The first

section includes the following feasts: (1) Passover (2) Unleavened Bread (3) First-

Fruits (4) Pentecost. Then there was an interval of four months followed by the

second section includes the following feasts: (1) Trumpets (2) Atonement (3)

Tabernacles.

The three great festivals were the following: (1) Passover (2) Pentecost (3)

Tabernacles. They extended from the fourteenth day of the first month (Nisan) to

the twenty-second day of the seventh month Tishri or Ethanim. These seven feasts

were given to only given to Israel to be observed and not the Church. They do

however dispensational implications since they mark God’s timetable with

reference to human history.

Each of these feasts were designed in eternity past to be literally fulfilled by our

Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. They speak of Lord Jesus Christ’s intervention into

human history.

The following Feasts were literally fulfilled by the Lord Jesus Christ during the

dispensation of the hypostatic union: (1) Passover: His voluntary substitutionary

spiritual death on the cross in April of 32 A.D. (2) Unleavened Bread: His

impeccability as a Person. (3) Pentecost was literally fulfilled when the Baptism of

the Spirit took place in June of 32 A.D., which marked the beginning of the church

age.

The following Feasts are eschatological in nature and thus have yet to be

literally fulfilled: (1) Trumpets: Rapture or resurrection of the church terminating

the church age. (2) Atonement: Second Advent of Christ ending the Tribulation

dispensation. (3) Tabernacles: Millennial Reign of Christ on planet earth.

The Passover took place on the fourteenth day of the month, the feast of

Unleavened Bread on the next day, which was the Sabbath, and the following day,

which was the day after the Sabbath, the feast of “firstfruits” was to be celebrated.


15

This feast could not be observed until Israel got out of the wilderness and into the

Promised Land.

When they had sowed their grain in the land, they were to watch for the first

heading of the barley. When they would see a stalk here and there, they would cut

each one down and put them together to make a sheaf. This was then brought to the

tabernacle, and the priest would offer it to the Lord. It was to be followed by burnt,

meat and drink offering but no sin offering.

The burnt offering was to be a male lamb without blemish of the first year,

which portrays the Lord Jesus Christ (1 Pet. 1:18-19). This was done on the first

day of the week or Sunday, which is the day after the Sabbath, which occurred on

Saturday. This is so important because Christ is called the firstfruits (1 Cor. 15:20).

The feast of “firstfruits” is therefore a type and foreshadowing of the

resurrection of Christ. Christ is the literal first fruits. He arose on the morning after

the Sabbath on the first day of the week. He was the literal corn of wheat buried in

the ground (John 12:24). Our Lord was buried in Joseph’s tomb and His

resurrection was the first fruits of the harvest, which is the Church who will be

given resurrection bodies at the Rapture (1 Cor. 15:23).

When the priest on the day of Christ’s resurrection waved the sheaf of First

Fruits in Herod’s Temple, it was before a veil that was torn from top to bottom by

the omnipotence of God. It was but an empty form, for the Substance (impeccable

humanity of Christ) had come and the shadow had passed away and the empty

tomb of Joseph of Arimethea proclaimed that the great first-fruits sheaf had been

reaped and waved in the Heavenly Temple.

There will be no feast of first fruits in the millennium because it has been

literally fulfilled by the impeccable humanity of Christ in hypostatic union.

The concept of first fruits is prominent in the Old Testament in that according

to the Mosaic Law, the Israelites were expected to bring the first-ripe elements of

grain, fruit, etc., to the Lord as an offering (Exodus 23:19; Nehemiah 10:35).

First fruits was the actual beginning, the first installment, of the Palestinian

harvest (Ex. 23:19; Lev. 23:10, 11; Deut. 18:4; 26:1-4). By this observance of

worship the offerer acknowledged that all produce was the provision of God and

was really the Lord’s. Implicit also in the ritual was the assurance from the divine

side that the general harvest to be enjoyed by the offerer would providentially

follow. From the human side this act of obedience was a manifestation of faith in

the promise of God to provide what they needed.

The noun aparche appears only nine times in the Greek New Testament

(Romans 8:23; 11:16; 16:5; 1 Corinthians 15:20, 23; 16:15; 2 Thessalonians 2:13;

James 1:18; Revelation 14:4). The word is used by Paul in Romans 11:16 in a

figurative sense of Jewish believers who are the “firstfruits” of Israel. He uses it in

Romans 16:5 and 1 Corinthians 16:15 of the first believers in a city or region. In


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James 1:18, James used the word to describe Christians as the firstfruits of God’s

creatures. John uses the word in Revelation 14:4 of believers who follow Christ

during the Tribulation who are sanctified to God. Then, in 1 Corinthians 15:20 and

23, Paul uses aparche of Jesus Christ as the “firstfruits” of the resurrection.

Lastly, in Romans 8:23, the indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit in the

Christian is called aparche, “firstfruits” by Paul meaning that the Holy Spirit’s

indwelling presence in the Christian is a guarantee that he will receive a

resurrection body and will be permanently delivered from the old Adamic sin

nature. This word indicates that the Spirit gives the Christian a taste of what

heaven will be like and promotes an eagerness in the Christian to be perfected in a

resurrection body so that he might experience perpetual fellowship with God minus

a sin nature. The presence of the Spirit in believers is thus the actual beginning of

their future with God.

Christians have experienced redemption through faith in Christ (See Romans

3:24) as well adoption (See Romans 8:15). However, they still await the

completion and perfection of their salvation, which will take place in a resurrection

body (See Romans 8:11).

The noun aparche, “firstfruits” implies that the Christian has not yet received

his eternal inheritance in full, as a son and heir of God. However, the word does

denote that the Christian has already received a significant portion of it in terms of

the gift of the indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit, along with all He has already

accomplished for us in regeneration and sanctification.

The word denotes that the indwelling presence of the Spirit is the “guarantee”

of the Christian’s inheritance (2 Corinthians 1:21-22; 2 Corinthians 5:5; Ephesians

1:13-14).

“Pledge” is the noun arrhabon, “guarantee.” This Greek term is actually a

Semitic loan word. The Hebrew form is `eravon. Arrhabon was a technical word in

the realm of business and commercial trade. It was used to indicate a guaranteed

amount, which a buyer pays on a contract to deem it unalterable.

Arrhabon denotes a deposit or pledge, which guarantees fulfillment. The word

is used figuratively by Paul in Ephesians 1:14 and 2 Corinthians 1:22 of God the

Holy Spirit who has been given to the believer at salvation by the Father as a

guarantee of their full future possession of eternal salvation. The permanent

indwelling presence of the Spirit “guarantees” the believer that he will receive a

resurrection body in the future. The indwelling of the Spirit “guarantees” that we

have eternal security and will receive the future blessing of a resurrection body. In

this sense the “firstfruits” are not simply the beginning of the harvest, but are also

the guarantee that much more will follow.

Now, in Romans 8:23, the complete inheritance includes the resurrection body

and the Adamic curse being lifted from creation. The noun aparche is in the


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singular and means, “first fruit” and refers to the indwelling presence of the Holy

Spirit.

“We groan” is the first person plural present active indicative form of the verb

stenazo, which means, “to groan or sigh as the result of deep concern or stress.”

The word appears only six times in the Greek New Testament (Mark 7:34;

Romans 8:23; 2 Corinthians 5:2, 4; Hebrews 13:17; James 5:9). It is used in Mark

7:34 of Jesus’ “deep sigh” upon healing a boy with a speech and hearing

impediment. It is used by Paul in Romans 8:23 and 2 Corinthians 5:2 and 4 for the

“groaning” of the Christian who desires to be perfected in a resurrection body. In

these verses it speaks of a deep anguish as a result of the soul of the Christian

battling continuously on a day by day basis his old Adamic sin nature, which

resides in the genetic structure of his physical body and wages war against his soul

(See 1 Peter 2:11).

In Romans 8:23, the verb stenazo denotes the frustration and anguish that the

Christian experiences as a result of battling on a day by day basis his old Adamic

sin nature, which wages war against his soul. It refers to the Christian’s desire to be

permanently rid of the sin nature and to be experiencing his resurrection body,

which is minus the sin nature of course. It indicates that because the Christian

possesses the Holy Spirit indwelling his soul, giving the Christian a taste of things

to come in the resurrection body and of heaven, the Christian experiences intense

anguish and frustration, waiting eagerly his adoption as a son, the redemption of

his body at the resurrection of the church.

At this time, the Christian will be permanently delivered from his old Adamic

sin nature and will experience perpetual fellowship with the Lord as a result. The

Christian also groans because the Spirit makes him aware of who he is in Christ

and yet the Christian realizes he cannot achieve the perfection of Christ due to the

presence of his sin nature until he receives his resurrection body at the rapture of

the church. Therefore, the Spirit puts in the Christian the desire to put off his

present body contaminated by the sin nature and to put on the resurrection body.

The Spirit puts in the Christian the desire to achieve perfection. However, in this

life the Christian cannot achieve this but will at the resurrection.

The present tense of the verb is “customary” present used to signal an ongoing

state. Therefore, Paul is saying that he and his fellow Christians “continually” or

“always” groan within themselves, waiting eagerly their adoption as sons, the

redemption of their bodies at the resurrection of the church. At which time, they

will be permanently delivered from the old Adamic sin nature. That this is a

“customary” present tense signaling an ongoing state is indicated in that the sin

nature resides “continually” or “always” in the genetic structure of the human

body.


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“Waiting eagerly for” is the nominative first person plural present (deponent)

middle participle form of the verb apekdechomai. This word first appeared in the

book of Romans in Romans 8:19 where we noted it in detail, thus we will only

note its usage here in Romans 8:23. In Romans 8:23 as was the case in Romans

8:19, the verb apekdechomai is used in relation to the rapture or resurrection of the

church. In Romans 8:23, the verb is used of the Christian who is burdened by his

indwelling Adamic sin nature and yet is indwelt by the Spirit and is “eagerly

waiting” the moment when he receives his resurrection body.

The Christian “eagerly waits” when he will receive his resurrection body

because the Spirit has given him a taste of heaven and freedom from sin. When the

resurrection body receives his resurrection body, he will be permanently delivered

from the sin nature and will experience fellowship with God perpetually.

Therefore, the Christian is “eagerly waiting” for the redemption of his body.

The first person plural form of the verb is an “inclusive we” referring to Paul

and his readers. The present tense of the verb apekdechomai is a “customary” or

“stative” present tense emphasizes ongoing state. In context, Paul is referring here

to “continual state” or “ongoing state” of the Christian eagerly waiting for the time

when he will receive his resurrection body and will be permanently delivered from

his sin nature.

The participle form of the verb apekdechomai functions as a “result” participle,

which is used to indicate the actual outcome or result of the action of the main

verb. The main verb in our passage is stenazo, “always groan.” The participle of

result will “follow” in word order the main verb, which is the case here in Romans

8:23 where the participle form of apekdechomai comes after stenazo. Therefore,

this indicates that because the Christian possesses the Spirit, he or she always

groans “with the result” that they are always eagerly waiting for the moment when

they receive their resurrection body.

“Adoption” is the accusative feminine singular form of the noun huiothesia,

which we saw this word in Romans 8:15 and is related of course to the noun huios

and means, “placing as a son.” It refers to the Christian’s Roman style adoption

into the royal family of God.

The noun huiothesia emphasizes that the believer receives the “position” of

being a son of God, the moment he was declared justified through faith alone in

Christ alone (Gal. 3:26-28; 4:6; 1 Jn. 3:1-2). The Spirit makes this adoption real to

the Christian’s experience (Gal. 4:6). The indwelling of the Spirit gives the

guarantee of the believer’s adoption (Gal. 4:6). The filling of the Spirit enables the

believer to experience his adoption (Ephesians 5:18). The full manifestation of this

adoption takes place at the rapture of the church (Rom. 8:23; Eph. 1:14; 1 Thess.

4:13-18; 1 Jn. 3:2). This is how the word is used in Romans 8:23.


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“The redemption” is the articular accusative feminine singular form of the

noun apolutrosis, which means, “to buy back a slave thus making him free by

payment of a ransom, the act of release or state of being resulting in release or

redemption” (Luke 21:28; Rom. 3:24; 8:23; 1 Cor. 1:30; Eph. 1:7; 1:14; 4:30; Col.

1:14; Heb. 9:15; 11:35).

The word was used was used in secular Greek as a technical term for money

paid to buy back and set free prisoners of war or to emancipate, to liberate a person

from subjection or domination, to free from restraint, control, or the power of

another) slaves from their masters.

Apolutrosis would have been a very meaningful term to the first century reader

as there were by some accounts up to 60 million slaves in the Roman Empire!

Many of these slaves became Christians and fellowshipped in the local assemblies.

A slave could purchase his own freedom, if he could collect sufficient funds or

his master could sell him to someone who would pay the price and set him free.

Redemption was a precious thing in Paul’s day.

Apolutrosis appears ten times in the Greek New Testament where its usage can

be divided into three categories: (1) Soteriological: The study of salvation. (2)

Eschatological: The study of future things. (3) Release of a prisoner.

In Hebrews 11:35, the term describes Old Testament martyrs who refused to

accept their release from torture by denying the Lord.

The following passages contain the soteriological usage. In Romans 3:24, 1

Corinthians 1:30, Ephesians 1:7, Colossians 1:14, and Hebrews 9:15, the word

refers to the Lord Jesus Christ “purchasing” the entire human race out of the slave

market of sin by means of His voluntary, substitutionary spiritual death on the

Cross.

The following passages contain the eschatological usage. In Luke 21:28, the

Lord uses the word in relation to His Second Advent, which will “deliver” the

nation of Israel from Satan, the Antichrist and the Gentile armies.

Paul uses the word in Romans 8:23 and Ephesians 1:14 for the rapture or

resurrection of the church, which will terminate the church age and is imminent.

Ephesians 4:30 Do not make it a habit to grieve the Holy Spirit by means of

whom all of you have been sealed for the day of redemption. (NASB95) Therefore, in Romans 8:23, Paul employs the noun apolutrosis in an

“eschatological” sense referring to the moment when the Christian will receive his

resurrection body and will be permanently delivered from the sin nature.

Redemption of the soul in salvation leads to redemption of the body in

resurrection (Eph. 1:14). Redemption of the body is the ultimate status of the royal

family of God forever (Rom. 8:23; Eph. 4:30).

The articular construction is “monadic” meaning that this redemption is

“unique” to the Christian since it refers to the resurrection or rapture of the church,


20

which will be a unique event in history since at that time all church age believers

will receive their resurrection bodies. This monadic notion is indicated by its

genitive adjunct tou somatos hemom, “our body,” which signifies such a notion.

In Romans 8:23, Paul is teaching that because he and his fellow Christian

readers in Rome possess the indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit, they always

groan within themselves. Consequently, they are always eagerly waiting for the

final manifestation of their adoption as sons of God when they will receive their

resurrection bodies at the rapture of the church. The resurrection or “rapture” of the

church will mark the permanent eradication of the sin nature from the existence of

the believer and will be the completion of the believer’s deliverance from the sin

nature as well as the believer’s sanctification.

The rapture of the church completes the believer’s sanctification. The “rapture”

is a technical theological term for the resurrection of the church, which is

imminent, and will be invisible to the world, and will terminate the church age

dispensation. It will take place in the earth’s atmosphere when the Lord Jesus

Christ will suddenly and forcefully remove the church from planet earth in order to

deliver her from the Tribulation period.

Now we must remember that like the term “Trinity,” the term “rapture” is not

found in the original languages of Scripture but rather is taken from the Latin term

rapio, “caught up” that is used to translate the Greek verb harpazo, “caught up,”

which appears in 1 Thessalonians 4:17.

Like the term “Trinity” the term “rapture” is used by theologians to describe a

doctrine that is taught in the Bible. The rapture is taught in John 14:1-3, 1

Corinthians 1:7, 15:50-57, Philippians 3:20-21, 1 Thessalonians 4:13-17 and Titus

2:13.

1 Thessalonians 4:13 But we do not want you to be uninformed, brethren,

about those who are asleep, so that you will not grieve as do the rest who have

no hope. 14 For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so God will

bring with Him those who have fallen asleep in Jesus. 15 For this we say to

you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive and remain until the

coming of the Lord, will not precede those who have fallen asleep. 16 For the

Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of {the}

archangel and with the trumpet of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first.

17 Then we who are alive and remain will be caught up together with them in

the clouds to meet the Lord in the air, and so we shall always be with the

Lord. (NASB95)

“Will be caught up” is the verb harpazo, “to snatch or take something away

forcefully in such a way that no resistance is offered, to grab or seize by force with

the purpose of removing and/or controlling” The verb harpazo refers to the Lord


21

Jesus Christ taking His Church forcefully and suddenly out of the world by means

of His divine omnipotence.

1 Thessalonians 4:18 Therefore comfort one another with these words.

(NASB95)

The rapture is the “blessed hope” of the church since it delivers her from the

wrath that is to come upon a Christ rejecting world during the Tribulation period,

which will be the worst period in all of human history and immediately follows the

rapture.

Titus 2:13 Looking for the blessed hope and the appearing of the glory of

our great God and Savior, Christ Jesus. (NASB95)

In Philippians 3:21, Paul teaches the Philippians that the Lord Jesus Christ will

transform the believer’s humiliating into conformity with His glorious resurrection

body.

Philippians 3:20 For our citizenship exists from eternity past in the realm

of the heavens, out from which also we ourselves at the present time are

eagerly anticipating as Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ 21 who will cause our

humiliating body to be outwardly transformed to be identical in essence with

His glorious body because of the power that will enable Him to marshal all

things created to Himself. (Author’s translation) In Philippians 3:21, the expression “to be outwardly transformed” is the third

person future active indicative form of the compound verb metaschematizo.

The word refers to the Lord Jesus Christ causing the church age believer’s

physical body to be transformed in outward appearance into a resurrected body at

the rapture of the church.

Webster’s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary defines the verb transform:

(1) To change in form, appearance, or structure, metamorphose (2) To change in

condition, nature, or character; convert (3) To change into another substance;

transmute.

If we were to paraphrase this definition, we would say that the church age

believer’s physical body: (1) Will change in form, appearance, or structure,

metamorphose at the rapture or resurrection of the church. (2) Will change in

condition, nature, character; convert at the rapture or resurrection of the church. (3)

Will change into another substance; transmute at the rapture or resurrection of the

church.

The predictive future indicates that the believer will have his physical body

transformed into a resurrection body that is patterned after the resurrection body of

the Lord Jesus Christ’s resurrection body. This is a causative active voice where

the Lord Jesus Christ as the subject is the cause or ultimate source of the

transformation of the believer’s physical body into a resurrection body.


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“Humiliating” is the genitive feminine singular form of the noun tapeinosis,

which describes the believer’s physical body, which is mortal. It refers to the state

of humiliation that the believer experiences in his mortal body because it contains

the old sin nature as a result of Adam’s original sin in the garden (R. 5:12; cf. 7).

The physical body of the believer is humiliating in comparison to the

resurrection body. It is being corrupted as a result of the old sin nature (Ephesians

4:22) and is subjected to death (1 Corinthians 15:42-44). It is thus mortal whereas

the resurrection body is immortal. The mortal body of the believer is governed by

the old Adamic-nature whereas the resurrection body is governed by the new

Christ-nature.

Christ crucified the old Adamic-nature at the cross (R. 6:6). It tempts the soul to

commit mental, verbal and overt acts of personal sin and produces evil (Colossians

3:9). The mortal body of the believer is in bondage to the sin nature (R. 7:14). Its

actions cannot please God and wars against the Spirit (R. 8:3; cf. Galatians 5:18-

21).

“To be identical in essence” is the accusative neuter singular form of the

adjective summorphos, which is employed in an eschatological sense referring to

the rapture when the believer will receive a resurrection body that will have the

same identical essence as the resurrection body of the Lord Jesus Christ.

This compound adjective is composed of the preposition sun, “with, together

with,” and the noun morphe, “essence.” Literally it means “having the same

essence of nature,” or “identical in essence or nature.”

The believer’s resurrection body will not only look like the resurrection body of

the Lord Jesus Christ but it will be in essence, identical to His, composed of flesh,

bone and spirit and no blood because it will be minus the old sin nature. It will be

composed of the same molecular structure and will function in the same manner as

the resurrection body of Christ, which He first modeled after His resurrection.

The resurrected body of the Lord Jesus Christ serves as the model for the

resurrected body of the believer. Every church age believer will receive a

resurrection body at the rapture of the church (1 John 3:2). The omnipotence of the

Lord Jesus Christ will be responsible for the believer’s new resurrection body

according to Philippians 3:21.

The believer’s physical body is a body of humiliation compared to the

resurrection body which is called the “body of His glory” (Philippians 3:21). The

resurrection body will be composed of flesh and bones and will not have blood as

the physical body now has (Lk. 24:39), but will be composed of flesh, bones and

spirit. The resurrection body will have a different molecular structure which will

enable it to walk through walls as our Lord did in John 20:19. It will be able to

leave the earth vertically as our Lord did in Acts 1:9. It will be able to travel

through space in an instant and appear in heaven.


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The believer will still be able to eat and drink in a resurrection body (Luke

24:42-43). The resurrection body will never get tired or sick and will minus the old

sin nature. It will be a spiritual body with flesh and bones (1 Corinthians 15:35-

50). It will be an imperishable body and not like the one believer’s now have (1

Corinthians 15:52).

The resurrection body will be immortal (1 Corinthians 15:53). The believer’s

resurrection body is a result of our Lord’s victory over death at the Cross (1

Corinthians 15:57). Our Lord delivered us from the fear of death (Hebrews 2:14-

15). The believer in a resurrection body will no longer be able to sin because it will

be minus the old sin nature which tempts the believer to commit acts of sin-mental,

verbal and overt.

The resurrection body will be an eternal monument to the grace policy of God.

All church age believers will receive a resurrection body regardless of whether or

not they were a winner in time. The only requirement for receiving a resurrection

body is believing on the Lord Jesus Christ for salvation.

Faith alone in Christ alone is the means of receiving a resurrection body. It only

takes one non-meritorious decision to receive a resurrection body.

Paul uses the Stellar Universe analogy to illustrate the fact that there will be

varieties of resurrection bodies in heaven (1 Corinthians 15:40-41). The

resurrection body will be totally governed by the Spirit, made alive and sustained

by the eternal living power of the Spirit. The resurrection body of the believer will

have the same identical attributes and properties that the resurrection body of

Christ has.

In Philippians 3:21, “the power” is the accusative feminine singular form of the

noun energeian, which refers to the divine omnipotence of God the Son.

The humiliating body of the believer will be outwardly transformed to be

identical in essence to the glorified resurrected body of Christ at the rapture of the

church. In context, Paul is referring to the omnipotence of God the Son since he is

discussing the resurrection body. The same power that raised the humanity of

Christ from the dead will raise every church age believer from the dead at the

rapture (Romans 8:11).

The church age is a dispensation, which contains no prophecy except for that of

the rapture. The church age began with a miracle and will end with a miracle. The

church age will end with the rapture, which the Scriptures teach is preceded by

apostasy (1 Tim. 4:1-3; 2 Tim. 3:1-5). The rapture will also mark the completion of

the royal family of God. The formation of the church began with the baptism of the

Spirit on the day of Pentecost and its completion will be at the rapture.

The church or royal family of God is called the body of Christ preceding the

rapture (1 Cor. 12:12-27). The church or royal family of God is called the bride of


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Christ after it (Rev. 19:7-9). Therefore, the Bible teaches that the body of the bride

of Christ will not be complete until the rapture comes.

The resurrection or rapture of the church was a mystery that was not known to

Old Testament saints.

1 Corinthians 15:50 Now I say this, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot

inherit the kingdom of God; nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable.

51 Behold, I tell you a mystery; we will not all sleep, but we will all be changed

52 in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet; for the

trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be

changed. (NASB95)

“Mystery” is the noun musterion. In relation to the Greek New Testament, the

noun musterion referred to Bible doctrine that was never revealed to Old

Testament saints but was revealed through the Spirit to the church. It referred to

God’s set of instructions for the church age believer, which were not known to Old

Testament saints (Romans 16:25-27).

Romans 16:25 Now to Him who is able to establish you according to my

gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the

mystery which has been kept secret for long ages past 26 but now is

manifested, and by the Scriptures of the prophets, according to the

commandment of the eternal God, has been made known to all the nations,

leading to obedience of faith 27 to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ, be

the glory forever. Amen. (My translation) The noun musterion was used by the Greeks of the content of the doctrines and

the actual principles and points that had to be learned by the initiated. It was used

in the ancient fraternities of Athens, Greece. These ancient fraternities had secret

doctrines, which they called mystery doctrines and only those initiated into those

fraternities knew the mystery doctrines or the secrets. Every Greek fraternity had

its own secret doctrines and cultic rites.

The mystery doctrine that the Apostle Paul taught and is found in the New

Testament is truth. Paul took the noun musterion away from the secrets of the

ancient mystery cults and used it in technical theological language. He did this to

indicate that the doctrine that he was teaching was totally unknown in Old

Testament times.

Musterion is something that is hidden from those outside the fraternity. The

fraternity is the royal family of God formed by the baptism of the Holy Spirit at the

moment of salvation. Only members of the royal family of God have received the

mystery doctrine of the church age.

Our Lord taught this principle to us disciples and employed it Himself (Matt.

13:10-11). Only the initiated or within our Lord’s circle of students were given the

mysteries of the kingdom of heaven. The Person of Christ is called the “mystery of


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godliness” (1 Tim. 3:16). The indwelling of Christ in church age believers is a

mystery not known to Old Testament saints (Colossians 1:24-2:3). It was a mystery

that the Gentiles would be “fellow heirs with Christ” (Eph. 3:4-6). The eternal

union between church age believers and the Lord Jesus Christ is also described by

Paul as a “mystery.” (Ephesians 5:22-33)

In Romans 11:25, the noun musterion means “mystery” and refers to the will of

God concerning Israel and the Gentiles being revealed during the church age by the

Spirit through the apostles to the church and which will was not previously known

to the Old Testament prophets of Israel. The content of this mystery is that a partial

hardening of Israel has taken place and will continue to take place until the full

number of Gentiles who will be saved have been saved.

Romans 11:25 For I do not want you, brethren, to be uninformed of this

mystery -- so that you will not be wise in your own estimation -- that a partial

hardening has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come

in. (NASB95) The partial hardening of Israel is manifested in that only a remnant of Jews

have believed in Christ since the First Advent of Christ up to the time Paul wrote

Romans and this will continue to be the case up to the Second Advent of Christ.

Paul taught the remnant doctrine in Romans 9:27-29 and 11:2-6.

Lastly, the resurrection of the church is also a mystery in that it was not known

to Old Testament prophets but was revealed exclusively to the apostles and thus to

church age believers (1 Cor. 15:51-53).

The fact that the rapture is a mystery doctrine indicates that it is a totally unique

feature of the church age. It belongs exclusively to the church age. 1 Corinthians

15:51-57 teaches that not all church age believers will die physically but that those

alive at the Rapture will be “changed” meaning that they will receive a resurrection

body which will be incorruptible. This passage also teaches that the dead in Christ

will be raised first before those alive on the earth. It also teaches that the rapture

will happen in a “winking of an eye” (1 Cor. 15:52). The resurrection of the church

will occur “in a moment.” This was a mystery to Old Testament saints and never

recorded in the Old Testament canon of Scripture.

Therefore, the church age is also called the dispensation of the great

parenthesis. Old Testament prophets skipped over the church age in silence as in

Daniel 2:40 ( ) 41; 7:23 ( ) 24; 8:22 ( ) 23; 11:35 ( ) 36; Hosea 3:4 ( ) 5; 5:15 ( )

6:1. Old Testament prophets knew nothing about the church age. It was not

revealed to them but only to the New Testament writers of Scripture.

It is important to understand that the Bible teaches that there are distinctions

between the rapture and the Second Advent of Christ. Those who don’t believe in a

“pre-tribulation” rapture of the church also fail to see the distinctions between the


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Second Advent of Christ and the rapture and thus attribute passages dealing with

the latter to the former.

The rapture delivers the church while the Second Advent delivers Israel. It is

seen only by the church and is therefore invisible while the Second Advent is the

visible manifestation of Christ on the earth. The Lord meets the church in the

earth’s atmosphere at the rapture, whereas the Lord physically lands on the Mount

of Olives in Jerusalem at the Second Advent.

Signs do not precede the rapture whereas visible signs precede the Second

Advent. The Lord claims His Bride at the rapture but He returns with her at the

Second Advent. The rapture completes God’s program for the church while the

Second Advent is related to God’s program for Israel. The rapture is a mystery, not

known to Old Testament saints whereas the Second Advent is prophesied

throughout the Old Testament canon. The rapture leaves creation unchanged

whereas the Second Advent entails a change in creation.

The rapture does not fulfill God’s covenants to Israel whereas the Second

Advent marks the beginning of their fulfillment. The rapture precedes the

Tribulation whereas the Second Advent follows it. Further support of the “pre-

tribulation” view is that this position recognizes that there is an interval of time

between the rapture and the Second Advent of Christ.

The rapture is something every church age believer should be eagerly

anticipating because at that time they will receive their resurrection bodies. The

resurrection body will be composed of flesh and bone and will not have blood as

the physical body now has. It will have a different molecular structure which will

enable it to walk through walls as our Lord did in John 20:19. It will be able to

leave the earth vertically as our Lord did in Acts 1:9. It will be able to travel

through space in an instant and appear in heaven. The believer will still be able to

eat and drink in a resurrection body (Luke 24:42-43). The resurrection body will

never get tired or sick and will minus the old sin nature. It will be a spiritual body

with flesh and bones (1 Corinthians 15:35-50).

The resurrection or “rapture” of the church will mark the permanent eradication

of the sin nature from the existence of the believer and will be the completion of

the believer’s deliverance from the sin nature as well as the believer’s

sanctification.

Galatians 4:4-6

Galatians 4:4 But when the fullness of the time came, God sent forth His

Son, born of a woman, born under the Law 5 so that He might redeem those

who were under the Law, that we might receive the adoption as sons. 6

Because you are sons, God has sent forth the Spirit of His Son into our hearts,


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crying, “Abba! Father!” 7 Therefore you are no longer a slave, but a son; and

if a son, then an heir through God. (NASB95) This passage makes clear that adoption of the Christian is directly related to the

incarnation of the Son of God in that the incarnation made possible the Christian’s

adoption into God’s family.

In Galatians 4:5, Paul uses the noun huiothesia, “adoption as sons” and the

expression Abba ho pater, “Abba, Father” in Galatians 4:6, both of which appear

in Romans 8:15. In Galatians 4:4-7, slavery is tied to being under the Law. In

Romans 7:5-6, Paul contrasts the “letter” of the Law with the Spirit and teaches

that the Spirit has freed the Christian from the bondage and condemnation of the

Law as a result of the presence of the indwelling Adamic sin nature. Furthermore,

2 Corinthians 3:6-18 teaches that the Spirit gives life but the letter of the Law kills.

The word “incarnation” is from the Latin: In and caro, the stem carn means,

“flesh.” In the context of Christian theology, the “incarnation” is the act whereby

the eternal Son of God, the second person of the Trinity, without ceasing to be

what He is, namely God the Son, added permanently to His deity what He did not

possess before the act, namely an impeccable human nature, thus making Him, the

unique theanthropic person of the cosmos. The “hypostatic union” is the result of

the incarnation (1 John 1:1-3). It was accomplished by means of the incarnation,

which itself was accomplished by means of the virgin pregnancy. The virgin birth

was the means by which the incarnation became a reality (John 1:14; 1 Timothy

3:16).

The second person of the Trinity, the Lord Jesus Christ, entered permanently

into the human race by means of the virgin birth. He is the only member of the

Trinity to take upon Himself a human nature. Therefore, He is different from the

other members of the Godhead. He is different from the Father and the Spirit in

that He added to His deity as sinless human nature. He is different from the other

members of the human race in that He is God, and without a sin nature because He

did not have a human father. He did not cease to be God because He became a

man, nor was He no less of a man because He was God. He was every bit of a

human as the rest of the human race. However, He did not possess a sin nature

since the Holy Spirit impregnated Mary and not a man. Therefore, there is no one

like Him in the universe; He is a totally unique person, because He combined

forever in Himself undiminished deity along with perfect sinless humanity.

There are many reasons for the incarnation. First of all, it was important since it

resulted in Satan being judged. Our Lord’s obedience to the Father’s will defeated

Satan in the angelic conflict (John 12:31; 16:7-11). Without the incarnation there

would be no cross and without the cross, there would be no victory over Satan

(Colossians 2:15). Not only did the incarnation bring about the defeat of Satan but

of course it also provided all of mankind with a Redeemer (Galatians 4:4-5). If not


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for the incarnation, there would be no cross and resurrection and therefore there

would be no salvation or hope for mankind (Titus 2:11). If there was no

incarnation, there would be no cross and if no cross, no resurrection, thus leaving

the entire human race lost in sin (1 Corinthians 15:17). The incarnation provided

hope for mankind (1 Timothy 1:1).

Man would not be reconciled to God without the incarnation (Romans 5:10-11;

2 Corinthians 5:18-19; Colossians 1:19-22). Thus, since Christ reconciled sinful

humanity to a holy God, He is also the only “mediator” between God and man.

Thus without the incarnation, there would be no mediator between sinful humanity

and a holy God (1 Timothy 2:5-6). The incarnation provided the human race with a

“kinsman redeemer” who is someone who pays a price to set someone free who is

under bondage to another. There would be no high priest to represent the believer

before God without the incarnation (Hebrews 2:17; 3:1; 4:14-16; 7:25-27; 8:1;

9:24-28). Connected to the high priesthood of Christ is our Lord’s high priesthood

in which He functions as the believer’s “advocate” before the Father when the

believer is accused by Satan (1 John 2:1). Therefore, without the incarnation, the

believer would have no advocate in heaven. There would be no “new creation”

without the incarnation (2 Corinthians 5:17; Ephesians 2:14-15).

There would be no one to sit upon David’s Throne without the incarnation

(Isaiah 9:7; Luke 1:32). There would be no millennium without the incarnation.

There would be no manifestation of God to man without the incarnation (John

1:18). God’s love for mankind is revealed through the incarnation (John 3:16;

Romans 5:8; 1 John 3:16). The prophecy of Moses that God would raise up a Man

who would be a prophet like himself is fulfilled through the incarnation

(Deuteronomy 18:15-19; Matthew 17:5; John 7:16). The grace of God towards

mankind was manifested through the incarnation (John 1:17; Romans 5:15; Titus

2:11).

Lastly, Galatians 4:4-7 teaches that one of the purposes of the incarnation of the

Son of God was that we might receive the adoption as sons. So the church age

believer’s adoption into the family of God is based upon the incarnation of the Son

of God and His substitutionary death on the cross.

Ephesians 1:5

Ephesians 1:1 Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God to the

saints who are at Ephesus and who are faithful in Christ Jesus. 2 Grace to you

and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. 3 Blessed be the

God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us with every

spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in Christ 4 just as He chose us in Him

before the foundation of the world, that we would be holy and blameless


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before Him. In love. 5 He predestined us to adoption as sons through Jesus

Christ to Himself, according to the kind intention of His will. (NASB95) Ephesians 1:4-5 teaches that by means of His love, the Father predestined the

church age believer to adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to Himself according

the gracious intention of His sovereign will. So the believer’s adoption is related to

predestination.

“He predestined” is the third person singular aorist active indicative form of

the verb proorizo, which like proginosko is a compound word and is composed of

the preposition pro, “before” and the verb horizo, “to set a boundary,” thus the

word literally means, “to set a boundary in advance.”

The word means, “to mark out beforehand” or “set the limits or boundaries in

advance of any place or thing. When used of people, proorizo means to put

limitations upon that person. Thus, the word conveys the idea of to determine a

person’s destiny. It means to plan in advance for someone.

Proorizo does not appear in the Septuagint and only six times in the Greek New

Testament (Acts 4:28; Romans 8:29-30; 1 Corinthians 2:7; Ephesians 1:5, 11).

The word appears in Acts 4:28 where John and Peter were defending

themselves before the Sanhedrin and was used with God as the subject and in

relation to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, which the Father “predestined” or

“determined to take place in advance” or was “determined beforehand” by Him.

In Romans 8:29-30, the verb proorizo is used again with reference to the

predestination of church age believers. However, in these verses the word is used

of God the Father “determining beforehand” or “predestinating” the Christian in

eternity past to be conformed into the image of Christ. Therefore, Romans 8:29

teaches that predestination is sharing the destiny of Jesus Christ. It is also related to

the divine decree of God and describes the act of the infinite, eternal omniscience

of God, which determined the certain future existence of events, which will happen

in time to the believer. In Romans 8:29, Paul teaches that God the Father first

foreknew the Christian and then predestinated the Christian to be conformed to the

image of His Son Jesus Christ, thus indicating that predestination is based upon

God’s foreknowledge. The apostle Paul in Romans 8:29 teaches the Christians in

Rome that they were foreknown by the Father and were predestined by Him to be

conformed to the image of His Son so that His Son would be the firstborn among

many brethren.

The Bible does not teach double-predestination or that the unbeliever is

predestined to the eternal lake of fire since the Bible teaches that God desires all

men to be saved (John 3:16-18; 1 Timothy 2:4; 2 Peter 3:9).

The verb is used by Paul in 1 Corinthians 2:7 where is used with reference to

the wisdom of God in the cross of Christ, which was “predestined” or “determined

beforehand or in advance” in eternity past by God the Father to take place in time.


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In Ephesians 1:5, the verb proorizo refers to the fact that God the Father before

the foundation of the world “determined beforehand” or “predestined” the

Christian to adoption as a son through Jesus Christ in order to be conformed to the

image of Jesus Christ. In Ephesians 1:11, Paul teaches that God the Father has also

predestinated every church age believer in eternity past in order to bless them with

an eternal inheritance.

In Ephesians 1:5, this verb is used with reference to the Father’s

“foreknowledge” of the church, which is composed of both Jews and Gentiles.

God’s foreknowledge is related to His attribute of omniscience and the divine

decree. The “decree” of God is His eternal, holy, wise and sovereign purpose,

comprehending at once all things that ever were or will be in their causes, courses,

conditions, successions, and relations and determining their certain futurition (i.e.,

that they will certainly take place).

When I say comprehending I mean that the omniscience of God is the source of

the divine decrees. When I say determining I mean that the sovereignty of God

chose before anything has existed which things would actually become historical

events.

The decree of God is His eternal and immutable will, regarding the future

existence of events, which will happen in time and regarding the precise order and

manner of their occurrence. It is the chosen and adopted plan of all God’s works.

The decree of God is His eternal purpose according to the counsels of His own

will, whereby for His own glory He has foreordained whatever comes to pass. It is

the sovereign choice of the divine will (His attribute of sovereignty) and mentality

(His omniscience) by which all things are brought into being and controlled, made

subject to His pleasure, and producing His glorification (Isaiah 46:10; Ephesians

1:9).

The will of God in common usage refers to what God desires of an individual or

group in a particular situation. In relation to the divine decree the will of God

refers to the decision God made in eternity past, from His attribute of sovereignty,

which established that certain things would actually come into being while other

things would not. The will of God is His sovereign choice as to what will take

place in time. It refers here to His sovereign decision as to what would come into

existence; in other words, the divine decrees. This will and purpose of God

originated within Himself long before any creature of any kind existed. His will is

always consistent with His perfect essence. The will and purpose of God-that is,

the divine decree-was objectively designed for His own glory, pleasure, and

satisfaction.

God’s decree rendered all things as certain to occur and He decided that they

would exist. The divine decree took place in eternity past before anything was ever

created and is God’s eternal and immutable will.


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The “providence” of God is the divine outworking of the divine decree, the

object being the final manifestation of God’s glory and expresses the fact that the

world and our lives are not ruled by chance or fate but by God.

In the divine decree, the sovereignty of God and the free will of man co-exist in

human history. No one can stop God’s plans from being accomplished since His

divine decree or eternal plan has taken into consideration both positive and

negative decisions by His creatures and decreed that His sovereign will, will co-

exist with the volition of men and angels.

God in eternity past decreed that angels and human beings would have volition

and would be allowed to make decisions contrary to His sovereign will and without

compromising His justice. In giving angels and men volition, God decreed that

their decisions, whatever they might be, would certainly take place-even those that

are contrary to His desires. Being omniscient, God had the good sense to know

ahead of time what men and angels would decide. He not only decreed that those

decisions would exist but He also decreed the exact manner, consistent with His

integrity, in which He would handle their decisions.

Foreknowledge acknowledges only what is in the decree of God and so

chronologically speaking, foreknowledge follows the divine decree since nothing

can be foreknown until it is first decreed. There is a distinction between God’s

foreknowledge and His omniscience. With His omniscience God knows perfectly

and eternally all that is knowable whether it is the actual or the possible or in other

words the reality and the alternatives to that reality. However, God’s

foreknowledge only deals with reality.

Foreknowledge acknowledges what is in the divine decree. It merely

acknowledges what is certain to take place in time. Foreknowledge refers only to

those things, which God did decree or adopt as the plan of God-those things related

to the believer only. Only the decree establishes certainty or reality; only reality

can be foreknown; nothing can be foreknown until first decreed.

God’s decree never originated from His foreknowledge. Although all three exist

simultaneously in the mind of God, omniscience, the decree, and foreknowledge

must be separated into a logical sequence for us to understand them.

First we have God’s omniscience, then the decree, which is based on His

omniscience and then lastly, we have God’s foreknowledge, which is based on the

decree. Election is declared through God’s foreknowledge and is God’s complete

agreement with His own foreknowledge. God elected the believer before the

foundation of the world since He knew beforehand that the believer would accept

Jesus Christ as Savior in time and therefore elected the believer to privilege.

The Scriptures teach that the sinner does determine his own destiny in the sense

that he must respond to God’s initiation and invitation through the presentation of


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the gospel to enter into a relationship with Him by making the non-meritorious

decision to accept by faith Jesus Christ as Savior (John 3).

The Scriptures teach that God seeks out the sinner in order to save the sinner.

The sinner, who is spiritually dead, does not have the capacity or the desire to seek

God out. The fact that God has to seek out the sinner in order to present him the

gospel so that the sinner can make a decision to accept by faith Christ as Savior or

reject Him indicates that the salvation of men is based upon God’s initiative and

sovereign choice. Therefore, God is sovereign in predestinating the Christian and

electing the Christian since the salvation of man is based upon God’s initiative and

not the sinner’s faith in Christ since the sinner has no capacity or desire whatsoever

to seek out or establish a relationship with God. If God did not take the initiative

and seek out the sinner, the sinner would have no opportunity whatsoever to make

a decision to accept or reject Christ as Savior. Therefore, the verb proginosko

emphasizes that God took the initiative in the Christian’s salvation and means, “to

know beforehand” or “to know in advance.”

So we can see that since Paul teaches that God the Father first foreknew the

Christian and then predestinated the Christian to be conformed to the image of His

Son Jesus Christ that the predestination of the Christian is based upon God’s

foreknowledge.

Romans 9:5

In Romans 9:4-5, Paul lists eight privileges that were given to the nation of

Israel by God. One of these privileges was adoption.

Romans 9:1 I am telling the truth in Christ, I am not lying, my conscience

testifies with me in the Holy Spirit, 2 that I have great sorrow and unceasing

grief in my heart. 3 For I could wish that I myself were accursed, separated

from Christ for the sake of my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh, 4

who are Israelites, to whom belongs the adoption as sons, and the glory and

the covenants and the giving of the Law and the temple service and the

promises, 5 whose are the fathers, and from whom is the Christ according to

the flesh, who is over all, God blessed forever. Amen. (NASB95) The eight privileges listed by Paul in Romans 9:4-5 are as follows: (1) “To

whom belongs the adoptions as sons” (2) “The glory” (3) “The covenants” (4)

“The giving of the Law” (5) “The temple service” (6) “The promises” (7) “The

fathers” (8) “From whom is the Christ according to the flesh”.

The term “Israelites” serves to identify who are Paul’s fellow countrymen with

respect to racial descent and as a heading for the list of eight privileges that

identify Paul and his fellow countrymen.


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Like Romans 3:1-2, these two verses list the spiritual privileges of the Jews. In

Romans 3:1, the apostle Paul asks two direct questions of his audience. The first

direct question pertains to Paul’s teaching in Romans 2:17-24 regarding the Jew’s

false security in his racial heritage and anticipates the objection of the Judaizers. It

asks the question: “If the Jews are just as worthy of eternal condemnation as the

Gentiles since their racial heritage cannot save them, then what advantage is there

to being a Jew?” The second direct question pertains to Paul’s teaching in Romans

2:25-29 regarding the Jew’s false security in circumcision and anticipates another

objection of the Judaizers who were champions of circumcision (Acts 15;

Philippians 3:2). It asks the question: “If the Jews are just as worthy of eternal

condemnation as the Gentiles since circumcision cannot save them, then what

advantage is there to being circumcised?”

In Romans 3:2, Paul answers his own question in order to anticipate the

objections of the Judaizers by writing that the primary advantage of being a Jew

was that God had entrusted the Old Testament Scriptures to the care of the Jews.

This verse answers both direct questions that appear in Romans 3:1 and not just

one since the concept of being a Jew and circumcised are inextricably tied to one

another because circumcision was the sign of not only God’s covenant with the

descendants of Abraham but also the mark of his being a new racial species.

The Old Testament contains not only the Mosaic Law and Messianic prophecies

but also it records the promises and covenants that God has made with the

Abraham, Isaac and Jacob from which, originated the nation of Israel.

In the book of Genesis alone, God reveals to the nation of Israel through Moses

the origins of the universe, the solar system, the atmosphere, life, man, sin, the

total depravity of man, marriage, evil, language, government, culture, the nations,

religion, the chosen people (Israel). In the Old Testament, the prophets predict the

First and Second Advents of Christ, His crucifixion, resurrection and session at the

right hand of the Father as well as His Messianic Reign in Jerusalem with Israel as

head of the nations.

Now in Romans 9:4-5, Paul lists more spiritual privileges of the nation of Israel

that are directly tied to the Old Testament Scriptures which were mentioned as the

first and foremost privilege of the Jews. The reason why they are related is that

from these Scriptures is God’s revelation to the nation of Israel of the spiritual

privileges bestowed upon her, which are listed in Romans 9:4-5.

In Romans 9:4, “adoption” is the articular nominative feminine singular form

of the noun huiothesia. This is the third time that we have seen this word in the

Roman epistle. We saw this word in Romans 8:15 and 23. In both instances, the

word refers to the Christian’s Roman style adoption into the royal family of God.

At the moment the Christian was declared justified through faith alone in Christ


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alone, he was adopted Roman style into the royal family of God through the

Baptism of the Spirit thus making him an heir of God and spiritual aristocracy.

Romans 9:4 is the only instance in the Greek New Testament that huiothesia is

used in relation to the nation of Israel. It is not used of the Christian but rather is of

the members of the nation of Israel, the majority of whom rejected Jesus of

Nazareth as their Messiah. Thus, it is surprising that Paul would attribute this word

to unregenerate Israel.

Furthermore it is never used in the Old Testament or in Judaism for Israel.

Some erroneously conclude that this indicates that the nation of Israel remains the

children of God just as church age believers, i.e. Christians are God’s people.

However, this interpretation totally contradicts Paul’s teaching in the first eight

chapters of Romans where he teaches that it is only through faith alone in Christ

alone that one becomes a son and child of God. Also, we cannot explain Paul’s

great sorrow and unceasing grief for the nation of Israel in verses 2 and 3, if we do

not interpret huiothesia as referring to Israel. Also, Paul teaches in Romans 9:6 that

not all who have descended from Israel constitute spiritual Israel or those whom

God recognizes as His covenant people. Therefore, we can conclude that Paul’s

use of huiothesia in Romans 9:4 means something totally different when the word

is applied to Christians in Romans 8:15, 23, Galatians 4:5, and Ephesians 1:5.

The adoption as sons in Romans 8:15, 23, Galatians 4:5 and Ephesians 1:5 is

related to the “individual” whereas the adoption as sons in Romans 9:4 is

“national.” In Romans 9:4, Paul’s refers to the Old Testament teaching concerning

the nation of Israel that they were “God’s son” in a “national” sense meaning that

God had set apart Israel from all the nations of the earth for blessing and service

(Exodus 4:22-23; Deuteronomy 14:1-2; Jeremiah 31:9; Hosea 11:1).

Conclusion

The New Testament Scriptures teach that the church age believer has been

adopted into the royal family of God as an adult son thus conferring upon them all

the privileges and responsibilities that go along with this new relationship with

God. The apostle Paul used the Roman style adoption analogy in his epistles to

communicate to members of the churches throughout the Roman Empire their new

relationship with God the Father that was acquired at the moment of faith in Christ.

Paul utilized the Roman style adoption illustration to teach church age believers

that God the Father’s grace policy places them into the relation of sons to Himself.

adoption - Wenstrom · Adoption by testament, of course, was the naming of an heir through a will....

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