Adolescence (Pt 2)
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PiagetPiagetFormal OperationsFormal OperationsAbstract thinking using formal logicAbstract thinking using formal logic
Hypotheticodeductive reasoning;Hypotheticodeductive reasoning;
Start with a general theory about Start with a general theory about what produces a particular what produces a particular
outcome outcome then deduce explanations for then deduce explanations for specific situations in which that specific situations in which that particular outcome is seenparticular outcome is seen
Can begin with abstract possibilities & Can begin with abstract possibilities & move to the concretemove to the concrete
Propositional thought:Propositional thought:
Reasoning that uses abstract Reasoning that uses abstract logic logic in the absence of concrete in the absence of concrete examplesexamples
It’s a gradual unfoldingIt’s a gradual unfolding
Culture influences the operationsCulture influences the operations
Information ProcessingInformation ProcessingInformation Processing ApproachInformation Processing ApproachSeeks to identify the way that we take in, use, & store informationSeeks to identify the way that we take in, use, & store information
MetacognitionMetacognitionKnowledge that people have about their own thinking processes & their ability to monitor Knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes & their ability to monitor themthem
Adolescent EgocentricismAdolescent EgocentricismTeen’s view that everyone is as interested in them as they areTeen’s view that everyone is as interested in them as they are
Imaginary AudienceImaginary AudienceA teen sees behavior as constantly being watched by others, esp. peersA teen sees behavior as constantly being watched by others, esp. peers
Personal FablePersonal FableThe idea that one’s feelings and experiences are unique & no one else has themThe idea that one’s feelings and experiences are unique & no one else has them
Adolescent Adolescent ThinkingThinking
Mental Mental SophisticationSophisticationCan think hypotheticallyCan think hypothetically
The store of knowledge increases as The store of knowledge increases as the memory enlargesthe memory enlarges
Improvement of intelligenceImprovement of intelligence
EgocentricismEgocentricismConstructs elaborate scenariosConstructs elaborate scenarios
Tend to become self-absorbedTend to become self-absorbed
Egocentricism, imaginary Egocentricism, imaginary audience, personal fable audience, personal fable constructionconstruction
Kohlberg’s Moral Kohlberg’s Moral DevelopmentDevelopment
6 Stages6 StagesPreconventional MoralityPreconventional Morality
Stage 1 – Desire to avoid Stage 1 – Desire to avoid punishmentpunishment
Stage 2 – Desire for rewardStage 2 – Desire for reward
Conventional MoralityConventional Morality
Stage 3 – Have respect for othersStage 3 – Have respect for others
Stage 4 – Maintaining social orderStage 4 – Maintaining social order
Postconventional MoralityPostconventional Morality
Stage 5 – Respect for individual Stage 5 – Respect for individual rights & lawsrights & laws
Stage 6 – Universal ethical Stage 6 – Universal ethical moralitymorality
Further research shows moral Further research shows moral reasoning depends on the reasoning depends on the situationsituation
Gilligan’s Moral Gilligan’s Moral DevelopmentDevelopment
3 Stages3 StagesStage 1Stage 1
The focus is on what is The focus is on what is practical & best for practical & best for
one’s one’s selfself
Stage 2Stage 2
The focus is on self-The focus is on self-sacrificesacrifice
Stage 3Stage 3
The focus is on the idea The focus is on the idea that hurting one’s self that hurting one’s self or others is immoralor others is immoral
School School PerformancePerformance
78% of U.S. High School Students GraduateSES ScoresMiddle- & high-SES students score higher grades on standardized tests of achievement & complete more years of education
Poverty contributes to lower scores, less years of education, etc.
Ethnic/Racial Differences in Ethnic/Racial Differences in PerformancePerformance
African American & African American & Hispanic PerformanceHispanic PerformanceAsian Americans performance higherAsian Americans performance higher
Difference in part to SES & their view Difference in part to SES & their view of educationof education
Education is less important than getting Education is less important than getting a joba job
Hard work in school has no Hard work in school has no payoffpayoff
Beliefs Regarding Beliefs Regarding Academic SuccessAcademic SuccessAfrican Americans more apt to view African Americans more apt to view success as the result of external causes, success as the result of external causes, luck, or social biasesluck, or social biases
They have no control over They have no control over their their successsuccess
Adolescent beliefs about the Adolescent beliefs about the consequences of not doing will may also consequences of not doing will may also contribute to the differences in school contribute to the differences in school performanceperformance
Part-time JobPart-time JobAdvantagesAdvantages38% of 15 yr. olds have a 38% of 15 yr. olds have a regular jobregular job
Money for recreation & Money for recreation & clothesclothes
Workplace skills learnedWorkplace skills learned
Understand the nature of Understand the nature of work & specific employment work & specific employment settingssettings
DisadvantagesDisadvantagesLow on transferable skillsLow on transferable skills
Can affect school Can affect school performanceperformance
Prevents the participation in Prevents the participation in extracurricular activitiesextracurricular activities
Dropping OutDropping OutStatisticsStatistics½ million drop out each year½ million drop out each year
Earn 42% less than high school Earn 42% less than high school gradsgrads
Unemployment rate for drop outs is Unemployment rate for drop outs is 50%50%
Males drop out more than femalesMales drop out more than females
Hispanic & African Americans are Hispanic & African Americans are more likely to drop outmore likely to drop out
Poverty plays a major role in who Poverty plays a major role in who completes high schoolcompletes high school
CollegeCollegeGaining a DegreeGaining a Degree40% starting college get a degree40% starting college get a degree50% of those not completing eventually get 50% of those not completing eventually get a degreea degree
Gender & CollegeGender & CollegeWomen tend toward education & social Women tend toward education & social sciencessciencesMen tend toward engineering, physical Men tend toward engineering, physical sciences, & mathematicssciences, & mathematicsProfessors (male & female) treat males & Professors (male & female) treat males & females differentlyfemales differently
Call on & make more eye Call on & make more eye contact contact with males than femaleswith males than females
Males tend to receive more Males tend to receive more positive positive reinforcementreinforcement
Gender/Racial Barriers to Gender/Racial Barriers to AchievementAchievement
Stereotyping in Stereotyping in AcademicsAcademicsWomen seem to accept social Women seem to accept social stereotypes about themselvesstereotypes about themselves
That’s the reason they take less That’s the reason they take less math & science classesmath & science classes
They tend to be more concerned They tend to be more concerned about failureabout failure
Women are more vulnerable to Women are more vulnerable to stereotype expectations about stereotype expectations about successsuccess
Hispanic & African Americans may Hispanic & African Americans may be vulnerable as wellbe vulnerable as well
Choosing a Choosing a CareerCareer3 Stages of 3 Stages of
Career ChoosingCareer ChoosingFantasy periodFantasy period
Period of life when careers Period of life when careers choices are made solely on the choices are made solely on the basis of what sounds appealingbasis of what sounds appealingTentative periodTentative period
Beginning to think Beginning to think practically practically about jobs & their about jobs & their requirements that may fit requirements that may fit abilitiesabilitiesRealistic periodRealistic period
Narrowing down choices to a Narrowing down choices to a few alternatives & eventually few alternatives & eventually committing to onecommitting to one
Personality Types & Personality Types & CareersCareers
RealisticRealisticDown-to-earth, practical problem Down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, but lack social skillssolvers, but lack social skillsMake good farmers, laborers, & Make good farmers, laborers, & truck driverstruck drivers
IntellectualIntellectualOriented toward the theoretical & Oriented toward the theoretical & abstract, not particularly good with abstract, not particularly good with peoplepeopleMath & science careersMath & science careers
SocialSocialGood verbal skills & interpersonal Good verbal skills & interpersonal relationsrelationsSalespersons, teachers, & counselorsSalespersons, teachers, & counselors
ConventionalConventionalPrefer highly structured tasksPrefer highly structured tasksClerks, secretaries, & bank tellersClerks, secretaries, & bank tellers
EnterprisingEnterprisingRisk takers & take-charge typesRisk takers & take-charge typesManagers & politiciansManagers & politicians
ArtisticArtisticUse art to express themselves, prefer Use art to express themselves, prefer art to interaction with peopleart to interaction with peopleAnything to do with artAnything to do with art
Women’s Women’s CareersCareersCommunal ProfessionsCommunal Professions
Occupations associated with Occupations associated with relationshipsrelationshipsTraditionally, considered the best Traditionally, considered the best profession for womenprofession for women
Agentic ProfessionsAgentic ProfessionsProfessions associated with Professions associated with getting things donegetting things doneTraditionally, considered the best Traditionally, considered the best profession for menprofession for men
Earning PowerEarning Power¾ of a man’s earnings¾ of a man’s earningsGlass ceilingGlass ceilingInvisible barrier in an organization Invisible barrier in an organization that prevents one from being that prevents one from being promoted beyond a certain level promoted beyond a certain level due to discriminationdue to discrimination