Maritime Law

Christopher Hill MA (Oxon) FICS

6. SECOND EDITION

LONDON N E W Y O R K H A M B U R G H O N G K O N G

Lloyd's of London Press Ltd 1985

Contents

Page Preface ...................................................................................... v Abbrewiatimrr ............................................................................... xiii Table of Cases .............................................................................. xv TableofStanrres ............................................................................ xxv

...................................................... Table of Imernational Convennvennons mmi

INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1

...................... 1 OWNERSHIP AND REGISTRATION 3

Ownership .................................................................................. CO-ownership .............................................................................. Ship's Husband ........................................................................... Whocan own a British ship? ............................................................ Registered ownership .................................................................... Flags of convenience ...................................................................... Requirements to satisfy Panamanian law ............................................. Requirements to satisfy Liberian law ................................................. . . Transm~ss~on ofownership .............................................................

....................... Circumstances in which a salemay be ordered by the court . . Registrauon ................................................................................ Mni t ions of statutory expressions ...................... .. ....................... . . ship .....................................................................................

'Harbour' ................................................................................ 'Tidal water' .............................................................................

..................... .................................. J k f ~ t i o n of 'British ship' .. ........................................................ Failure to register a British ship

...................................... Vessels exempt from the obligation to register 17 Definition of 'government ships' .................................................... 17

Small Ships Register ...................................................................... 17 Port of registry ............................ .... .......................................... 18 The registrar ............................................................................... 18 Declaration of ownership ................................................................ l 9 Markingrequirements ................................................................... l9

Name of thevessel .................................... ... . l 9 Officialnumber and tonnage ......................................................... l 9 The ship's draught ........................................ 20

Naming ofthe vessel ...................................................................... 20 Change of ownership ................................................................... 21 The certificate ofregistry ................................................................ 21 Closing of registry ......................................................................... 22

viii CONTENTS

2 SHIP MORTGAGES .................................................. ......................... Mortgage of ship at common law ........................ .. . .

Modern form of statutory mortgage ................................................. ...................................... How may anequirable mortgage bceffecred?

................................................ Rcgisrmtionafstarutor~mortgngcs Legal mortgageofa registered ship .or share) ....................................

................................................ The viral sirmificanceof reelstrahn Priorities .................................................................................... Whatisa collateral deed! ..................... .. ....................................... Transfer of a registered mortgage ......................... .. ........................

............................................. What is transferred under lhe mortgage? Fishingnets on trawlers ..................................................................

..... What happens when amortgageis discharged? ............................ .. What are the rights of the mortgagor? .................................................

........................................................................ Insurance .............................. Powerofa morrgagor r o d the ship ..... ..... . . . . . . .

To what extent has [he murtgagor [he right toredeem? ............................ .. What are the rights of the mortgagee? ........................................ Default in mortgage repayments .......................................................

................................................................ Endangering the security The mortgagee in possession ............................... .. ......................... .. The right ofa mortgagee ro foreclose on the mortgagc ............................

........................................................... Power of saleofa mortgagee . ~

.......... Improper exercise of a mortgagee's powers ......................... ... ....................... ............................ What is acertificate of mortgage? ..

Contents of certificate ................................................................ ~~-~~~ ~ ~

............................ Appendix I-Mortgage (Individuals or Joint Owners) Appendix 2-Mortgage (Body Corporate) ...........................................

3 SALE OF SHIP AND SHIPBUILDING CONTRACTS ............................................................

................................................................................. Sale of ship ........................................ ................................. What is a sale? ..

.......................................... .......................... Representations .... ........................................................... Innocent misrepresentations

............................................................................. Economic loss .......................... Fraudulent misrepresentations ......................... ..

Breaches of contract treated as either conditions or warranties ................ . . What is a condruon? ................................. .. ................................ What is a warranty? ........................... ..... ....................................

.......................... ...................... Implied conditions and warranties .. Express condiuons ..................................................................

Contract term implied hy court to give 'business efficacy' ..................... The ability of a seller to exclude his liabil~ty ....................................... What is a consumer sale? ............................................................... What is an international sale? .......................................................... When does property pass? ............................................................. What are the seller's duties? .......................................................... What are the buyer's duties? ........................................................... What are the seller's remedies? ........................................................ What are the buyer's remedies? .......................................................

CONTENTS ix

......... What is the position when the ship is under charter at time of sale? 65 Shipbuilding contracts .................................................................. 72 Formation of contract ................................................................... 73 Duties of a builder ....................................................................... 75 Doctrine of frustration .............................................................. 75 Passing of risk ............................................................................. 75

........................................................ Destruction of ship being built 75 What are the builder's remedies? ..................................................... 76

....................................................... What are the buyer's remedies? 78 Appendix l-Bill of Sale (Individuals or Joint Owners) ......................... 84 Appendix 2-Bill of Sale (Body Corporate) ........................................ 86 Appendix %Memorandum of Agreement (Norwegian Salefonn) ............ 88

......................................................... 4 JURISDICTION 93

Supreme Court Act 1981 ................................................................ 103 . . . What is a marlume hen? .............................................................. 107 'Other charge' ........................................................................... 111 'Alternative ship arrest' ...................... .... ..................................... 111 'Ship repairer's lien' ...................................................................... 115 Meaning of 'beneficially owning' .......................... .. ................... 115 Arrest of ship .............................................................................. 115 Wrongful arrest ........................................................................ 127 Immunity of State-owned vessels ................................... .... ........... 127 . . Sovere~gn lmmunity ..................................................................... 127

............................................................. 5 COLLISIONS 135

International regulations for the prevention of collisions at sea ................ 141 Causative potency ...................................................................... 155 The 'last opportunity' rule ........................................................... 156 Presumption of fault ................................................................... 158

... The 1910 Collision Convention and the Maritime Conventions Act 191 1 158 Loss of lifdpersonal injury claims ................................................. 160 The concept of contribution between joint tortfeasors ........................... 161 . . . . Multiple coil~s~on slruarlons ........................................ ....... ........ 162 Elder Brethren and nautical assessors .............................................. 164 Limitation period ................................................................... 165 Brief summary of procedure ....................................................... 165 S . . 'Tug and tow' sltuauons ................................................................ 166 The divided damages rule ........ . . 168 Div~slon of loss ............................................................................ 168

(1) Collision involving damage to ship only ..................................... 168 (2) Collision involving ship and cargo damage only ........................... 169 (3) Collision involving ship and cargo damage and loss of life and . .

wrsonal m~urv to crew ......................................................... 169 . . Differences of United States law .................................................. 170 Measure of dama~es after collision ................................................. 171

........................ Measure of damages where ship is damaged but not lost 173 Ascertaining the remoteness of damage ............................................. 175

X CONTENTS

6 SALVAGE .................................................................. . . (a) Mar~tlme property ...................................................................

Life salvage ............................................................................. ......................................................................... (b) Voluntariness

Instances where the crew of a ship in distress can claim salvage ............... The position of a passenger claiming as salvor .....................................

(C) Real danger ....................................................................... (d) The salvage service must be successful if only partially .................

Lloyd's form of salvage agreement .................................................. Application of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 to contracts of marine

salvage ......................... .. ..................................................... When does towage become salvane? .................................................. . When may a charterer be entitled to claim salvage? .................... .. ....... Aooortionment as between owners. Master and crew of salving vessel ...... . . The Mariume Conventions Act 191 1 ................................................ The York/Antwer~ Rules 1974 ........................................................ Apportionment amongst various sets of salvon or salving ships ............... Wroneiul diswssession of earlier salvors by later salvors ....................... Possessory rights of a salvor ............................... .. ..........................

................................................. Who contributes to a salvage award? How are values assessed? ...............................................................

ships .............................. .. ..................................................... Cargo .......................... ... ..................................................... Freight at risk ..........................................................................

To what extent may a salvor be held legally responsible for the consequences of his negligence? ........................ ... ................... . .

..... ...................... .................... A salvor's ability to limit liability .. .. What happens if and when a wrongdoer 'turns salvor'? ......................... . .

Circuity of action in the context of salvage actions ................................ Vessels belonging to the Crown ...................... .. ............. .. ................ What factors are taken into consideration by a tribunal when assessing a

fair and reasonable award in any given set of circumstances? ............ ..................................................................... Fire .

An example of how a potenual salvor cannot be classed as such ............. Appendix-Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (1980 revisloo

7 T O W A G E ................................................................ 22 . . . .

Tug-owner's right to lirmt llablllty .................... ... ................... 22 Appendix-United Kingdom Standard Conditions for Towage and Other

Services (revised 1983) .......................................................... 23

8 L I M I T A T I O N OF L I A B I L I T Y ................................ 23

The limitation fund ............................ .. .................................... 25 Application of limitation after maritime collision between two vessels at

.................... .......................................................... fault .. 25 . . Tug and tow s~tuauons .................................................................. 25 The Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 ....... 25 Constitution and distribution of limitation fund under the 1976

Convention ............................. .. ........................................ 25

CONTENTS xi

Exclusion of liability ..................................................................... 260 Time limitations ........................................................................ 262 The Maritime Conventions Act 1911 ................................................ 262 Other statutes ............................................................................. 263 The equitable doctrine of laches ...................................................... 264

...................................................... 9 OIL POLLUTION

Trespass .................................................................................... Public nuisance ......................................................................... Private nuisance .......................................................................... Civil liability based on international Convention .................................. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 1969 ........... The Oil Pollution (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 1977 .................. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund

for Compensation 1971 ............................................................ Tovalop and Cristal ........................................ Offshore installations potentially more dangerous than oil-laden tankers?

............. Can complete uniformity and reciprocity ever be truly achieved? . . British preventive lemslauon .......................................................... .......... Repeal of selected sections of the 1971 Prevention of Pollution Act

~ .. Penalties ................................................................................... 307 Appendix l-Ratifymg countries of the Civil Liability Convention 1969 ... 310 Appendix 2-Ratifying countries of the 1971 Fund Convention .............. 312

10 SEAFARERS A N D T H E SHIP'S MASTER ............ 313

........................................................... The contract of employment 313 Crew lists ........................................ 315 Seamen's documents ..................................................................... 315

................. The Merchant Navy Establishment Administration (MNEA) 315 Rights and duties of the seaman ................................................... 316

....................................................................................... Wages 317 Payment of wages ...................................................................... 319 Allotment of wages .................................................................... 319 Claims against a seaman's wages ................................................... 320

Certifcates of competency and manning ............................................ 320 Other specialists' positions ........................................ 320 Other ranks ................................................................................ 321 Safe manning scales ................................................................. 321 The employment of aliens in United Kingdom-registered ships ............... 322 Welfare. safety and accommodation .................................................. 322

..................................................................................... Health 323 . . ................................................................................ Repatrlatlon 323 Deceased seamen ....................................................................... 324 Industrial disputes ........................................................................ 324 ... . . ....................................................... ........................ Disc~phe .. 325 Disciplinary procedures for the Merchant Naw .................................. 326 ...

Stowaways; unauthorized presence on board ship ................................ 328 Unfair dismissal ....................................................................... 328 . . . . Liabhty for injury ........................................ 329 The role of the ship's Master ........................................................ 331

.... xii CONTENTS

11 PASSENGERS ....................................................... 336

............................................................... 12 PILOTAGE 344

........................................................................... What is a pilot? The doctrine of common employment ............................................... What is com~ulsorv ~ilotaae? .......................................................... . . . . Defence of compulsory pilotage ....................................................... Geographcal application of Pilotage Act ............................................ Obligations under the compulsory pilotage provisions ........................... What constitutes an ofler of ~ilotage services? ..................................... Limitation of a pilot's Liability ......................................................... A pilot authority's right to limit ....................................................... Comparison with Washington State pilotage Law ..................................

13 HARBOURS AND DOCKS ...................................... 358

Liability of harbour and port authorities to shipowners ......................... 362 ..................... Liability of shipowners for damage to harbour. docks. etc 367

Wreck removal ............................................................................ 370

INDEX .......................................................................... 377

Index

Abandonment 185, 186, 187 Acti jute imperii 133 Actions

in rem 93,94,95,97,98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 120

in personam 95,99, 101, 102 Actual fault or privity

meaning of 240,241,242,243 tests to determine 242

Administration of Justice Act, (1956) 14, 103 er sep

Admiralty Court, Queen's Bench Division 154.207

~d$ia&~urisdiction, invokiog of 103 Admiralty Marshal 123 Admiralty Regisuy 167 Agent of Necessity 191,334 'Agony of the Moment' Defence 137 Aliens

inability to be Master of British vessel 322 ---

inability to awn British vessels 4 as pilots 354

Amoco C& 334 summary of facts of disaster 308

Appearance conditional 100 unconditional 100 1980 revised procedure 100

Arrest of ship 123 alternative ship 111 purpose and meaning 110,123 custodial rights 123, 126 release from 126 wrongful 127

Assistance, obligation to render 200

Bail furnishing of 122, I25 letter of undertaking in lieu of 126

Belligerents 10 Beneficial ownership 117

meaningof 115, 116 position of demise chart ere^ 115, 116

Bill of Lading 170, 332, 333,337, 340 Bill of Sale 3,46, 84 er seq

Bills of Sale Act 3 Blame, tests for determining 156 Blow out 301 Bottomry 106, 121

bond 334 British Nationality Act 7 British Ship

def i t ion of 7, 16 failure to register 16 who can own 6

Brussels Convention (1910) 1 (1924) 1 . .

Brussels Prorocol, (1968, I Builder's C e d k a r c 18, 19

Causative Potency 155,164 Caveat 124, 125 Caveat cmptor 55 Certif~cate of Insurance (oil carrying

vessels) 279, 283 Charterer and master 331,332 Chosc in action 337 Circuity of action 210 Clean up, casts of 2% Collateral deed 27 Collision 135 er rep cargo damaged after 159 causative potency 155 chanerer's position 180 contribution between joint tortfeasom

161 convention, (1910) 158

definition of 136 detention, damages for 173, 174 division of damages rule 168 division of loss 16&170 inevitable accidolt 139 international regulations 141 Last opportunity rule 156 lights and s h a p 152, 153 Limitation

of liability 253 period 165

Loss of life claims 160 Maritime Conventions Act 191 1 158

378 I N D E X

Convention, (1910) - cmr. measure of damages

after 171 er rep ship damaged but not lost 173

multiole 162 naviGting in restricted visibility 150,153 narrow channel 143 personal injury claims 160 presumption of fault 158 procedure 165 radar, usc of 1 S 1 remoteness of damage 175 single liability 168,253 standby obligation after 200 steering and sailing rules 142

crossing 145, 146, 147, 148 head-on 145 overtaking 145, 149, 150

' ~ g and tow' 166 US law 170

Common employment, doctrine of 347 Camwsite unit 153 ~onsvained by draught 154 Contracts

breaches of 54 conditions 54

express 56 implied 55

shipbuilding 72 er req builder

duties 75 mcdics 76

buyer's remedies 78 formation 73 frustration doctrine 75 passing of risk 75

term implied by court 57 warranty 54

implied 55 Convenience, flags of 9 et seq Co-ownership 4, 103 Crasaa negligenfia (gross negligence) 209 Crew, see Seamen Crew lists 315 Crisral 2% et reo Crown ~roceediigs Act 1947 103,211 Gown properry 103 Culpability 155 Currency 178

Demise charterer 115, 116,332 Detention, damages for 173, 174 Discharee book. seaman's 315 ~iscipl&e of crew 325,326 Distressed seamen 323 Divided damages 157, 169 Division of loss, examples of 168, 170 Dodr Estate 359 Dock Labour Licences 375 Dock Labour Scheme 358 Dumping at sea 305

'Eggshell skull' d m i n e 176, 178 Elder Brethren 143, 164 Emigrant vessels 339 Enemy character 10 Equitable Mortgage

deiiition of 24 how effected 25

Escort services 227 Exclusion of Liability 58,260 Extending suit t ime 101-102, 165

Fatal Accidents Acts 160 Federated (non-~edeited) ships 315 Fire 212 Fishing vessels 28 Flags of Convenience 9 er sep

Liberian law 13 Panamanian law 13

Fog, movement in 151 Foreien vessels

regstration of in U.K. 21 transfer of title 21

Foreseeability 160, 175 Forum, mnveniens, non-conveniens 94 'Forum Shopping' 9&95 Freight at risk 205 Fund, oil pollution 285,296

General A v e r ~ e Act 334 General Council of British Shipping 315 Genuine link theory 10 'Give way' vessel 147 Gold Franc, deiiition of 246 Govenunent-awned ships, immunity of

127 et rep Govenunent ship, def i t ion of 17

Hague Rules, (1924) 1 Harbour, defmition of 16 Harbour Authority

duty to buoylmark wrecks 372 liability of 362 limit of liability of 375

Harbour master ability to control movement of shipping

360 acting ultra vircs 361 jurisdiction of 361 shipowner's liability to 367

'Head-on' rule 146 Himalaya clause 366 Home m d e limits 320,350 Home Trade Ships 350

IMCO, see IMO Immunity

of state-owned vessels 127 er seq savereign 127

IMO 141 Industrial disputes 324 Inevitable accident 139

I N D E X 379

Injunction, salvors' 203 Interest, in limitation actions 246 International Convention on Immunity of

State-owned ships, (1926) 127, 128-129

International Moncran, Fund 342 Inrernational ~egularionr for rhc

Pmvcnuon of (:ohstuns at Sea 141 o red - ~- ~~ ~~

International Transport Workers Federation (ITF) 11

Invitee, shipowner as 363

- factors affecting cbun's decision to exercise 99, 119

in personam, how exercised in collision and allied cases 118

Knowledge actual 239,240 consuuctive 240

Laches, defence of 264 Last opportunity rule 156 Letter of Undertaking

purpose of 126 spxhnen text of 126

Lex lacus delicti 101 Liberian Registration 13 Lien

maritime 107-11 1 possessory 109, 115,204 seller's 62-63 ship repairer's 106, l l5

Life Salvage 183 Limitation of Liability

actual fault or privity, meaning 240 or req tests to determine 241

application of 253 early statutory form 237 exclusion of 260 interest rates 246 laches doctrine 264 legal actions 251-252 lifdinjwy claims priority 251 life and property funds, formation of 251 limitation fund 250,258 London Convention of 1976 256 Maritime Conventions Act 191 1 262 navigation or management, meaning of

247 other&tutes 263 others allowed to limit 244 right of ship's Master to limit 244 salvor's right to limit 208 theory behind limitation 236 time limitations 262 tonnage for limitation p u p s e s 238 tug-owner 229

Limitation of Liability - c m . tug and tow cases 254 wreck-raising expenses 248

Lloyd's Form of Salvagc Agreement 19&194,216

MacShannon formula 120 Management of rhe ship 247-248 Man on Clapham omnibus 154,338 Manning requirements 320 M v h g of vessel, requirements for 19 Maritime lien 107-1 l l

definition of 107 types of daim conferring 121 priority in 122

MARPOL 11, 305 er req Master 331

as agent 331 of necessity 106, 334

authority of 332 disbursements of 106,121 as disciplinarian 313,325 employment contract of 316-317 lien for wages and disbursements of 121 nationality of 322 power of arrest 325 role in time of salvage 334

Measwc of damages total loss after collision 172 partial loss after collision 173

Merchant Navy Establishment Administration 315-316

Misrepresentation fraudulent 53 innocent 4%53

Mortgage 23 et seq certif~cate of 39 common law, at 24 creation of 24,25 default in repayments 32 deffition of 23 discharge of 29 discipline 325, 326 equitable 25 fishing nets on uawlers 28 foreclosure 35 funher advances on 23 insurance 29 method of registration 25 priorities 26 registered 26 security, endangering 32 signif~wce of 25 statutory 24 transfer of registration 28

Mortgagee right of actual possession 35 right of consuuctive possession 35 improper exercise of powers 38 power of sale 36 rights of 32

380 I N D E X

Mottgngor power to sell ship 30 rights of 29 right of rcdmption 31

Multiple collision 162 Municipal Authorities administering parts

359

Naming of vessel 19 Narrow channel, rules for navigation in

143 National Maritime Board 315 National Ports Council 359 Nautical assessors 164 Navigable Waterways, duty to conml and

supervise 373 Necessaries 105-106, 334 Negligence

burden of proof 136 contributory 137, 155, 156, 161-162,164 presumption of fault 158 salvor's responsibility for 206208

No cure-no pay 194 Not under command 154 Nuisance

private 267 public 267

Occupier, implied warranty of safety of premises by 362 er req

Offshore installations 301 Offcial number 19 Oil

defhition of crude 286 definition of fuel 286 defhition of persistent 273,282

Oil pollution the Amoco Cadie casualty 265,269,334,

30R ~ i * ~ i b i l i t y Convention 268 compulsory insurance 272,282 etseq Cristal Fund 296 Fund Convention 285 insurance regulations 282 liability for at common Law 266-268 liability, basis for under International

Convention 268 limitation of liability far 276 measures for prevention of 301 er req nuisance, basis for liability 267 offshore installations 301 penaltics 307 Tovalop agreement 2% trespass, basis for liability 266 uniformity and reciprocity 301 UK enactment of International

Conventions 301,305 'Other charges', defhition of 11 1 Owner

CO-owner 4

part-owner 4

Ownership 3 4 beneficial 115 British ship H change of 21 co-awnership 4-5 conditions for declaration of 19 registered 9 ship's husband 5-5 transmission of 14

Panamanian Regisuation 13 Passage

contract of 336 ticket (exclusion clause) 336, 337

Passengers 336 er seq carrier's limit of liability 341 carrier's limits of liability for baggage

?dl

International Convention 341 as salvors 187 ship carrying, whether pilot legally

required 349 time bar 342 whnher ship's Master's wifdchildren

are 350 who are 349-350

Pearson Repart 330 Personal effects 204 Pilot

defhition of 345 defhition of compulsory 349 having conduct of ship 345 limit of liability of 354 shipawner's liability for compulsory 346,

347 Pilotage 344 er seq

Act, geographical application 352 defence of compulsory 351, 352 offer of, what constitutes 354 ships exempted from compulsory 350 Washington State law 357

Pilotage Authority definition of 345 limit of liability of 355

Pilotage Commission 356357 Pilotage Dues 353,356,360 Pilotage Orders 345 Pilotage Services 356

what constitutes offer of 354 Possessory lien l IS, 204

defhtion of 109 shipbuilder 76 ship repairer 1 15 unpaid seller 62-53

Postal packets 204 Preliminary act 166 Presumption of fault, abolition of 158 Prioritv. rankins of claims 121.251 -. " Privity, actual fault or 240 et req Privy Council 8

isss& of in oale contract 3,61 passing of in shipbuilding contract

72-73 .- . - Pmtecriog and Indemnity Clubs 272,282,

256,333

'Reasonable man' 154 Register

failure to 16 obligation to 15, 16 smdships 17

Regisuar, Admiralty 18 Registration 15 et rep

effects of 15 exemption from 17 pmcedw in respect of legal mortgages

25 -. Registry

cdcate of 21 dosing of 22 derails on ship's 18,19 port of 18

Remoteness of damage 175 Repairs

collision 173, 174 owners' 173, 174

Repattintion 323 Res 93,252 Res ipsa laquitur 136 Reswndentia 121 ~~~ ---

~es'timtio in int- 173, 178 'Roll-back' relief 300 Royal Commission on Civil Liability for

Personal Injury, (1978) 330

Safe b e d clause 366-367 liability of &haddock owner for

366-367 Safe speed 142 Sale

buyer duties 62 remedies 63,78

economic loss 50 misrepresentations

innocent 49 fraudulent 53

order of court, by 15 representations 49 shiv, of 46

inder charter 65 E I ~ ~ L ' ~ - ~ ~ -

duties 62 exclusion of liability 58 remedies 62

what is? 47 consumer 59 international 59

when does properry pass? 61

I N D E X 381

Salvage 182 a rep aircraft, of 183

award, to 203.212 apponioknent between salvors 197,200 arbitration 192 chanmrdaiming 197 circuity of action, 210 mew, can claim, where 185 Crown vessel's right to claim 211 d e f ~ t i o n of l84 fm 212 life 183 ~ " y d ' i form of agreement 190-194.216 Mantimc C~nvcnt ion~ Act 191 1 200 manume propew L83 'no cure-no pay' l94 possessory rights of salvor 203 real danger 187 rcquiremcnts 183 salvor

limitation of liability passenger as 187 potential, not classed as 213 responsibility for negligence

206-208 wrangdaer as 209

security 190 m i c e must be successful 189 towage and 195 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, and

194 values 204

ships 204 cargo 205 freight 205

voluntariness 184 wrongful dispossession of salvar 201 YorWAntwerp Rules 1974 200

Seamen accommodation 322 aliens 322 certificates of competency and

manning 320 compensation for injury 329 contract of employment of 313 aew lists 315 deceased 324 discipline of 325,326 documents 315 engaging of 3 15 health of 323 illness of 323 industrial disputes 324 injury 329 lien of, for unpaid wages 318-319 MNEA 315 offences committed by 325 er sep other ranks 321

safe manning scales 321 safety 322

repatriation of 323

382 I N D E X

Seamen - cont. rights and duties of 316 salvage reward, individual claiming of

185,200 specialists 320 unfair dismissal of 328 wages of 317-320

allounent of 319 claims against 320 paymcnt of 319

welfare of 322 Security

endangering 32 furnishing of 252-253

Service out of jurisdiction 95-100 of writ in rem 95, 100

Sct off 21&211,253 Ship

British, see British Ship building contracts 72 collision, see Collision defmition of 16 deterioration of whilst under arrest 34,

126 dest ic ion of whilst being built 75 drsught 20 government, definition of 17 mortgage, see Mortgage naming 20 number, official 19 offending instrument, as 1,95, 135 sale of 46 et seq, sec also Sale security, as 23

Shipbuilding contracts 72, see o h Contracts

Shipawners liability of 367

Ship's husband 5 4 Signing d o f f 3 13 Sister ship

arrest of 11 1 provisions in Supreme Court Act 1981

111 in sense of ships of same description1

dimensions 63 Sovereign immunity 127 Special Drawing Right 257,277,342 'Stand-on' vessel 147 State Immunity Act, (1978) 13L134 State-owned

port authorities 359 vessels, immunity 127

Statutory public cornpanics 359 Steering

automatic 154 rules for 142

Sterling Equivalent Orders 246

Stem light 153 Stowaways 328 Supreme Court Act 1981 103

Tidal water, d e f ~ t i o n of 16 Titanic, the disaster 339 Tonnage

Limitation 238 registered 19-20

Tovalop 2% et req scheme 2% time limit 297

Towage tug owner's right to limit liability 229 UK terms and conditions of 232 when becomes salvage 195

Towage contract effect of Unfair Contract Terms Act on

230 --- sub-contractor 229 uberrima fides in 224 'whilst towing' 225

Traffic Separation Schemes 145 Trespass 266 Trinity House 360, 361,373 Tug, seaworthiness of 224 Tug and tow 166,254 Tugowner's right to limit liability 229

Uberrima fides 224 Ultra vires 361 Unfair dismissal 328 'Unit' approach 163, 164 Units of account 257,342, 346 United Kingdom Standard Towage

Conditions 232 et seq

Vicarious Liability 136, 223, 237

Wages 317 Wash damage 136 Wharfinger, liability to provide safe berth

(US law) 367 Wreck, d e f ~ t i o n of 317-318 Wreck removal 370

costs of 370 right to limit liability 248,371 statutory provisions 248, 370

Writ acknowledgement of sewice of 100 effect of issue of llO,111 in personam 95, % in re", 100. 101 , -

service of 95 et seq Writ (or warrant), affixing of 123

YorWAnwerp Rules, (1974) 200