Admin. Review Lesson 6: The United States Navy 1815-1860: Technological revolution.
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Transcript of Admin. Review Lesson 6: The United States Navy 1815-1860: Technological revolution.
Admin
Review
Lesson 6:
The United States Navy
1815-1860:Technological revolution
Learning Objectives
• Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period.
• Comprehend the M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S maritime interests.
• Comprehend the lessons of the Crimean War.
Remember our Themes!
• The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy• Interaction between Congress and the Navy• Interservice Relations• Technology• Leadership• Strategy and Tactics• Evolution of Naval Doctrine
Naval Warfighting Doctrine
• Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”.– Protect U. S. commercial interests overseas -
“Showing the flag.”
• Overall Doctrine– Focus on Commerce Raiding - “Guerre de Course”.– Command of the sea -- de-emphasized.– Coastal defense - Army forts constructed at entrances
to ports.
Board of Commissioners
• Secretary of Navy William Jones overwhelmed with paperwork during War of 1812
• Asked Congress to establish three officer “advisory board”
• Congress does so in 1815– John Rodgers– Isaac Hull– David Porter
The “Bureau System”
• Secretary of the Navy Upshur -- 1841-42– Proponent of expansion, modernization, and reform.
• Five “bureaus” established to replace the Board of Commissioners in 1842.
– Bureau of Navy Yards and Docks
– Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography
– Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair
– Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
– Bureau of Provisions and Clothing
“Tippecanoe and…”
• Abel P. Upshur SECNAV under President Tyler
• Tyler Doctrine: No one colonizes Hawaii• Bureau System• Continued Naval Increase• Guerre de Course
Secretary of Navy James C. Dobbin
• Hagan: “godfather of modern American Sea Power”
• Modernized fleet in order to maintain “our proper and elevated rank among the great powers of the world.”
Industrial Revolution
• Affects naval technology.
Propulsion: Sail to Steam
Armor: Wood to Iron
Weapons: Solid Shot to Shell
Steam Power
• James Watt -- Steam Engine advances made in 1770’s.• Robert Fulton - Steam-driven “paddle wheelers”.
– Clermont - 1807 First practical steamship.– Demologos (Fulton) - 1814 First steam warship.– Engines and paddles take gun space and are vulnerable to attack.
• M. F. Maury, Robert Stockton and M.C. Perry:– Leading naval advocates for steam power.– Fulton II - 1837 -- Commanded by M.C. Perry.
• Mississippi and Missouri - 1842.• Princeton - 1842-43 “Screw” propeller warship.
– Stockton brings John Ericcson from Europe to design.– All machinery below decks.
• Merrimack - class “fast screw” frigates - 1850’s.• European navies also develop steam power and screws.
USS Mississippi
USS Princeton
Armor• Korean “Turtle” Ships
– Japanese-Korean War 1592-1598– Iron deck on galleys provided protection from boarding and
projectiles.• French ironclad frigate Gloire - 1859.
– 36 guns in broadside.– 5,600-tons displacement.– Wooden hull with iron armor plating.
• British ironclad battleship Warrior - 1860.– 40 guns in broadside.– 9,000-tons displacement.– Iron hull with iron armor plating.– First “modern” warship -- sometimes referred to as first
battleship.
Ordnance
• USS Princeton ordnance demonstration - 1844.– “Peacemaker” improperly reinforced.
• Explosion kills six, including the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy.
– U.S. naval ordnance development suspended.• John Dahlgren -- “Father of Modern Naval
Ordnance”– “Dahlgren Gun” - 1850’s.
• Nine inch shell gun.• Mounted on Merrimac - class frigates.
– Bore is smooth - still inaccurate at longer ranges.– Experiments with “rifled” cannon begin.
John Dahlgren
Father
of
Modern Naval
Ordnance
MatthewFontaine
Maury
Pathfinder of the Seas
“Father of Naval Oceanography”
• Studies of weather and currents allow preparation of detailed navigation charts.
U.S. Navy Expedition to Japan - 1854
• Acquisition of California and Oregon - 1848.– U.S. is now a power in the Pacific Ocean.
• Japan– Island nation closed to foreign influence.
• Commodore M.C. Perry– U.S. Navy squadron to Japan - 1853.– Returns to Tokyo Bay - 1854.
• Treaty of Kanagawa - 1854– Protection of American seamen.– Two ports opened to American shipping.
USS SusquehannaCommodore Perry’s Flagship during mission to Japan.
Conclusion 1815-1860
• Period of U.S. territorial and commercial expansion.
– Navy grows after War of 1812.
– Supports American trade overseas.
• Relative peace throughout period.
– U.S. - defensive and isolationist policy for Europe.
– Popular support of Navy slowly declines.
• Experiments with new naval technologies.
Next time: The Civil War, 1861-1865