ADJECTIVES · Web viewAlready is used in an affirmative statement ... Yet is used at the end of a...

April 2013

GRAMMAR IIIINTERMEDIATE

Overview: In level III, there is increased emphasis on coordination and, especially, subordination with adverb and adjective clauses. The future and present perfect tenses are introduced, along with related prepositions and adverbs. Students also begin to use real and unreal conditionals, gerunds, and infinitives as well as a greater range of modal verbs.

I. ADJECTIVESA. PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES

1. Forms and meanings a) Present participle forms (Verb + -ING)

John heard that they are going to build an Olympic-sized pool soon. This news has excited John.The news was exciting.

b) Past participle forms (Verb + -ED)John heard that they are going to build a n Olympic-sized pool soon. This news has excited John.John was excited.

2. Functions within a sentence a) Before nouns

John was happy to hear the exciting news.b) After the verb be

The news was exciting.

II. ADVERBSA. ADVERBS OF DEFINITE TIME

1. Formsa. Future Time

tomorrow morning tomorrow in … minutestomorrow afternoon next Monday, etc. in … hourstomorrow evening next weekend in … daystomorrow night next week in … weeks

next month in … monthsnext summer, etc.next year in … years

b. Ambiguous Timethis morning todaythis afternoon this Monday, etc.this evening this weekendtonight this week

this monththis summer, etc.this year

2. ExamplesHe will be at home tomorrow morning.He is at home this morning. He was at home this morning. He will be at home this morning.He is home today. He was home today. He will be home today.

B. ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE TIME1. Forms

already, yet, still, anymore, and just2. Usage notes and examples

a. Already is used in an affirmative statement to indicate that an action happened at some point before the present

i. Following the verb beThe mail is already here.

ii. Preceding a verb in the simple present or past tenseThe mail already came an hour ago.

iii. Between an auxiliary verb and a main verbThe mail has already arrived.

iv. At the end of a sentenceThe mail is here already. The mail came already. The mail has come already.

b. Yet is used at the end of a negative sentence or question to indicate that an action has not happened by the present time but that it is expected to happen in the futureHas the mail come yet? No, the mail hasn't come yet.

c. Still is used in any statement or question to indicate that a situation has continued to exist from the past to the present time without change

i. In an affirmative statement (a) Following the verb be

The mailbox is still empty.(b) Preceding a verb in the simple present or past tense

David complained to the post office, but the mailman still arrives late.

(c) Between an auxiliary verb and a main verbDavid is still waiting for the mailman.

ii. In a negative statement, preceding a negative auxiliaryThe mail still hasn't come.

iii. In a question, following the subjectIs David still waiting for the mailman?

d. Anymore is used at the end of a negative statement to indicate that a situation which existed in the past does not continue to exist at the present timeDavid used to wait for the mailman. He doesn't wait for him anymore.

e. Just is used in an affirmative statement to indicate that an action was completed a short time before the present

i. Following the verb beThe mailman was just here.

ii. Preceding a verb in the simple present or simple past tenseThe mailman just left a minute ago.

iii. Between an auxiliary verb and a main verbThe mailman has just left.

III. ADVERB CLAUSESA. TIME CLAUSES

1. FUTURE TENSEa. Conjunctions

after, *as soon as, before, and when*Only as soon as is new at Level III.

b. Functions

i. When is used to show that the main clause action or event happens at or around the same time as another future action or event.

Sara will go back to school next week. She will eat breakfast in the cafeteria next week. Sara will eat breakfast in the cafeteria when she goes back to school.

ii. Before is used to show that the main clause action or event happens first (before another future action or event).

First, Sara will eat breakfast. Second, she will go to class. Sara will eat breakfast before she goes to class.

iii. After is used to show that the main clause action or event happens second (after another future action or event).

First, Sara will eat breakfast. Second, she will go to class. Sara will go to class after she eats breakfast.

iv. As soon as is used to show that the main clause action or event happens immediately before another future action or event.

First, Sara will eat breakfast. Second, she will go to class. Sara will go to class as soon as she eats breakfast.

c. Verb tenses

Future tense is used in the main clause and simple present tense is used in thesubordinate clause. Will is the most frequent choice in a sentence with afuture time clause, but be going to may also be used.Sara will eat breakfast in the cafeteria when she goes back to school.Sara is going to eat breakfast in the cafeteria when she goes back to school.

d. Clause position

The subordinate clause is usually in sentence final position, but it may also beused in initial position.Sara will eat breakfast in the cafeteria when she goes back to school.When Sara goes back to school, she will eat breakfast in the cafeteria.

e. Punctuation

When the subordinate clause is in initial position, it is followed by a comma.When the subordinate clause is in final position, no comma is used.When Sara goes back to school, she will eat breakfast in the cafeteria.Sara will eat breakfast in the cafeteria when she goes back to school.

f. Pronoun precedence

When the subjects of both clauses are the same, a noun should be used in the firstclause and a pronoun should be used in the second clause.Sara will eat breakfast in the cafeteria when she goes back to school.When Sara goes back to school, she will eat breakfast in the cafeteria.

2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSEa. Conjunction

sinceb. Function

Since is used to show that an action or event began at a specific time in the pastand continues to the present.

When Sara got to school, she immediately went to the cafeteria, and she is still there.

Sara has been in the cafeteria since she got to school.c. Verb tenses

Present perfect tense is used in the main clause and simple past tense is used inthe subordinate clause.

Main Clause Subordinate Clause Sara has been in the cafeteria since she got to school.

(See Future Time Clauses for information about pronoun precedence, clause position, and punctuation in adverb clauses.)

B. CAUSE AND RESULT CLAUSES

1. EXPECTED OUTCOMESa. Conjunction

becauseb. Function

Because is used to show that the main clause action or event is the logical orexpected outcome of the subordinate clause.Lucy won ten million dollars in the lottery. She quit her job.Lucy quit her job because she won ten million dollars in the lottery.

c. Verb tenses

Unlike time clauses, there is no set pattern of verb tenses in sentences withbecause-clauses. The tenses in the main clause and the subordinate clause may bethe same or they may be different.Lucy quit her job because she won ten million dollars in the lottery.Lucy is going to quit her job because she won the lottery.


2. UNEXPECTED OUTCOMESa. Conjunctions

although and even thoughb. Function

Although and even though are used to show that the main clause action or eventseems illogical or unexpected given another action or event.Lucy won ten million dollars in the lottery. Lucy still goes to work every day.Lucy goes to work every day although/even though she won the lottery.

c. Verb tenses

Unlike time clauses, there is no set pattern of verb tenses in sentences withalthough/even though-clauses. The tenses in the main clause and the subordinateclause may be the same or they may be different.Lucy kept her job although/even though she won the lottery.Lucy goes to work every day although/even though she won the lottery.


C. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

1. REAL FUTURE CONDITIONALSa. Conjunction

ifb. Function

If is used with simple present tense to show that an action or event is possible inthe future, but its occurrence is dependent on another action or event taking

place.Possibility: Clara will go to Bermuda. Condition: Clara has enough money.Clara will go to Bermuda if she has enough money.

c. Verb tenses

In real future conditional sentences, future tense is used in the main clause andsimple present tense is used in the subordinate clause. Will is the most frequentchoice in a sentence with a future conditional clause, but be going to may also beused.Clara will go to Bermuda if she has enough money.Clara is going to go to Bermuda if she has enough money.


2. UNREAL FUTURE CONDITIONALS (LISTENING/SPEAKING)a. Conjunction

ifb. Function

If is used with subjunctive tense* to express that an action or event is desirable

but unlikely because the condition precipitating its occurrence is unlikely.*(See note in Verb tenses.)Desire: Clara would like to go to the moon. Condition: Clara must know how to build a rocket.Clara would go to the moon if she knew how to build a rocket.

c. Verb tenses

Subjunctive tense* is used in the main clause and would + verb is used in thesubordinate clause.Clara would go to the moon if she knew how to build a rocket.(*Since these subjunctive forms are identical to simple past tense forms in allcases except be, at Level III it is recommended that they be taught as simple pasttense verbs, with be as an occasional aberration in formal English, rather thanintroducing the concept of subjunctive tense.)

d. Irregularities

In formal written English, were is preferred to was in first and third person, but

was is the preferred form in everyday spoken English.Spoken: Sara would go to the moon if commercial space travel was cheap.Written: Sara would go to the moon if commercial space travel were cheap.


IV. COMPARISONS (Listening/Speaking) A. COMPARATIVES

1. AdjectivesJocelyn has a brand-new Jaguar. Caitlin has an old Chevrolet. Jocelyn’s car is faster than Caitlin’s (car) (is).Jocelyn’s car is also more expensive than Caitlin’s (car) (is).

2. AdverbsJocelyn is a terrible driver. Caitlin is a good driver. Jocelyn drives faster than Caitlin (does).Jocelyn also drives more recklessly than Caitlin (does).

3. NounsJocelyn is rich. Caitlin is poor.Jocelyn has more money than Caitlin (does). Caitlin has less money than Jocelyn (does).Jocelyn has many problems. Caitlin has a few problems. Jocelyn has more problems than Caitlin (does).Caitlin has fewer problems than Jocelyn (does).

B. EQUATIVES1. Adjectives

Jocelyn has a brand-new Jaguar. Dinah has a brand-new Ferrari. Dinah’s car is as fast as Jocelyn’s (car) (is).Dinah’s car is as expensive as Jocelyn’s (car) (is).

2. AdverbsJocelyn is a terrible driver. Dinah is a terrible driver too. Dinah drives as fast as Jocelyn (does).Dinah also drives as recklessly as Jocelyn (does).

3. NounsJocelyn is rich. Dinah is rich too.Dinah has as much money as Jocelyn (does).Jocelyn has a lot of problems. Dinah has a lot of problems too. Dinah also has as many problems as Jocelyn (does).

C. SUPERLATIVES 1. Adjectives

Jocelyn has a Jaguar. Caitlin has a Chevrolet. Serena has a Citroen. Jocelyn’s car is the fastest.Jocelyn’s car is the most expensive.

2. Adverbs

Jocelyn is a terrible driver. Caitlin is a good driver. Serena is a great driver. Jocelyn drives the fastest.Jocelyn also drives the most recklessly.

3. NounsJocelyn is rich. Caitlin is poor. Serena is very poor. Jocelyn has the most money.Serena has the least money.Jocelyn has many problems. Caitlin has a few. Serena has almost none. Jocelyn has the most problems.Serena has the fewest problems.

V. COORDINATION A. SERIES

1. Common conjunctions and their functions in a series a) Addition

Bobby has a dog and a cat.b) Choice

Bobby wanted to get a rat or a lizard.c) Contrast

Bobby’s mother likes cats and dogs but not rats and lizards.2. Multiple parts of speech commonly connected by conjunctions a)

NounsBobby has a dog and a cat.

b) AdjectivesBobby has a black and white cat.

c) VerbsBobby’s cat sleeps all day and plays all night.

3. Parallelism (NEW)Incorrect: Bobby’s cat is beautiful and plays. Correct: Bobby’s cat is beautiful and playful.

4. Punctuation: Comma usage (NEW)Bobby wanted to get a rat or a lizard. (No commas) Bobby wanted to get a rat, a snake, or a lizard.

B. SENTENCES 1. Common conjunctions and their functions in sentences

a) AdditionBobby likes cats, and his mother likes them too.

b) ContrastBobby likes snakes, but his mother doesn’t like them.

c) ChoiceWill Bobby get a boa constrictor, or will his mother say no?

d) Result (NEW)Bobby’s mother is afraid of snakes, so Bobby can’t have a boa constrictor.

e) Unexpected result (NEW)Bobby’s mother is afraid of snakes, but she bought Bobby a boa constrictor for his birthday (anyway).

2. Punctuation: conjoined versus non-conjoined sentencesBobby likes cats and dogs, and his mother likes them too.Bobby likes cats and dogs. His mother likes them too.

3. Ellipsis and substitutiona) But

Bobby likes snakes, but his mother doesn’t .Bobby’s mother doesn’t like snakes, but Bobby does.

b) And(i) Affirmative sentences

Bobby likes snakes, and his sister does too.Bobby likes snakes, and so does his sister.

(ii) Negative sentencesBobby doesn’t like rabbits, and his sister doesn’t either.Bobby doesn’t like rabbits, and neither does his sister.

VI. PREPOSITIONS A. PREPOSITIONS OF EXTENDED TIME

1. Formsby, during, for, from ... to, since, and until

2. Usage notes and examples a. By indicates the end point of a period of time in which an action

may occur at any pointSharon had to read a whole book by Monday morning.

b. During indicates a period of time in which an action may occur at any point or a period of time in which an action occurs continuouslySharon didn't have time to read the book during the week . Sharon read her book during lunch.

c. For indicates the specific quantity of time which an action has takenIt's one o'clock Sunday afternoon. Sharon is reading.She has been reading for three hours. She has been reading three hours.(For may be omitted before a number.)

d. From ... To indicates the times at which an action begins and endsShe read from ten o'clock in the morning to two o'clock in the afternoon.

e. Since indicates the time at which an action beginsIt's one o'clock Sunday afternoon. Sharon is reading. She has been reading since ten o'clock .

f. Until indicates the time at which an action ends

Sharon read the book until two o'clock in the afternoon.Also see Adverb Clauses for more about since.

B. PREPOSITIONS OF MEANS1. By

a) Actions (gerunds)Harriet found a travel agent by looking in the telephone book.

b) CommunicationHarriet’s travel agent sent her an itinerary by fax.

c) TransportationHarriet decided to go to Houston by plane rather than by train.

2. Witha) Parts of the body

Harriet slit open the ticket envelope with her fingernail.b) Instruments

Harriet lost the key, so she had to open her suitcase with a nailfile.

C. PREPOSITONS OF PURPOSE1. In order

Harriet is flying to Houston in order to visit her sister.Also see Infinitives.

2. ForShe has been to Houston for a visit once before.

VII. QUESTIONS A. TAG QUESTIONS (Listening/Speaking)

1. Affirmative tag questionsA lion lives in Africa, doesn't it?Expected Response: Yes, it does.

2. Negative tag questionsA lion doesn't live in Asia, does it? Expected Response: No, it doesn't.

See Verbs for further information about tenses and auxiliaries to be practiced at Level III.

VIII. VERBALSA. GERUNDS

1. Rule for forming gerunds (Verb + -ING)John swims almost every day. He really loves swimming.

2. Functions of gerunds a) As objects of verbs

(i) Which may only be followed by gerunds

John enjoys swimming.(ii) Which may be followed by gerunds or infinitives

John loves swimming/to swim.b) As objects of prepositions

John is fond of swimming.c) As subjects

Swimming is John’s favorite sport.d) After the verb go in idiomatic expressions of activity

John goes swimming five days a week.3. Parallel structure with a series of gerunds

John loves swimming and diving.

B. INFINITIVES1. Rule for forming infinitives (To + Verb)

John swims almost every day. He wants to swim seven days a week.2. Functions of infinitives

a) As objects of certain verbs (i) Which may only be followed by infinitives

John wants to swim every day.(ii) Which may be followed by infinitives or gerunds

John loves to swim/swimming.b) As subjects of structures following introductory it

It + Be + Adjective + (For + Indirect Object) + InfinitiveIt is impossible (for John) to swim laps when the pool is crowded.

c) As adverbial phrases of purposeJohn goes to the gym to swim five times a week.

d) As elements of structures following tooToo + Adjective + (For + Indirect Object) + InfinitiveThe swimming pool is sometimes too crowded (for John) to swim laps.

e) As elements of structures following enoughEnough + Noun + (For + Indirect Object) + InfinitiveThere isn’t enough room (for John) to swim laps every day.Adjective + Enough + (For + Indirect Object) + InfinitiveThe swimming pool is not big enough (for John) to swim laps

3. Parallel structure and ellipsis with a series of infinitivesJohn loves to swim and (to) dive

IX. VERBS: MODALS AND PHRASAL MODALSA. ADVICE (Listening/Speaking)

1. FormsSingular Plural

First Personshouldought to + verb

shouldought to + verb

had better had better

Second Person

shouldought to + verbhad better


Third Personshouldought to + verbhad better


2. Contractions

a. With subject pronouns

I You He She It We TheyShould X X X X X X XOught to X X X X X X XHad better

I’dbetter

you’d

better

he’dbetter

she’dbetter

it’dbette

r

we’dbetter

they’dbetter

b. With notFull Form Contraction

Should should not shouldn’tOught to X XHad better had better not X

3. Functions

a. Suggesting that a present or future action would be advisableThere is a big test tomorrow. John hasn’t studied at all.He should stay home and study tonight.He ought to get serious about his classes.

b. Suggesting that a present or future action would be advisable, implying a negative consequence if the advice is not followed

In fact, he had better get an A on that test, or he won’t pass the class.

4. Usage

Questions Affirmative Statements

Negative Statements

Should Should he study? He should study. He shouldn’t go out.Ought to X He ought to study. XHad better

X He’d better study. He’d better not go out.

B. NECESSITY (Listening/Speaking)


First Person*must have to + verb*have got to

*must have to + verb*have got to

Second Person



Third Person*must has to + verb*has got to


*Only must and have got to are new at Level III.

2. Contractions

I You He She It We TheyMust X X X X X X XHave to X X X X X X XHave got to

I’vegot to

you’ve

got to

he’sgot to

she’sgot to

it’sgot to

we’ve

got to

they’vegot to

3. Functionsa. Indicating that a present or future action is obligatory

John must get an A on the test tomorrow in order to pass the class.b. Indicating that a present or future action is necessary, if not obligatory

He has to pass the class or he won’t graduate.He has got to graduate, or he’ll end up working at McDonald’s.

c. With not, indicating that a present or future action is not obligatory or necessary. Note that only have to can be negative in this sense.

John passed the test, so he doesn’t have to get a job at McDonald’s.

4. Usage

Questions Affirmative Statements

Negative Statements

Must X He must pass. XHave to Does he have to pass? He has to pass. He doesn’t have to get a job.Have got to X He has got to pass. X

C. PREFERENCE (LISTENING/SPEAKING)


First Person would rather + verb would rather + verbSecond Person would rather + verb would rather + verbThird Person would rather + verb would rather + verb

2. Contractions

I You He She It We TheyI’d

ratheryou’

drathe

r

he’drather

she’drathe

r

it’drather

we’drathe

r

they’drather

3. Functionsa. Indicating an alternative which is preferable to a proposed present or future action

John needs to study, but he would rather go to Tim’s party.

4. Usage

Questions Affirmative Statements Negative StatementsWould he rather

go?He would rather go. X

D. PROHIBITION (LISTENING/SPEAKING)

1. Forms

Singular Plural

First Personmust notam not supposed to + verb

must notare not supposed to + verb

Second Person



Third Personmust notis not supposed to + verb


2. ContractionsFull

FormContraction

Must must not mustn’t

3. Functionsa. Indicating that a present or future action is prohibited, with a strong implication of

negative consequences for disobedience

Students must not use cell phones during a test. They will be expelled.b. Indicating that a present or future action is prohibited, with a weak implication of

negative consequences for disobedience

Students are not supposed to use cell phones in class. The professor doesn’t like it.

E. REQUEST (Listening/Speaking) 1. Forms

would, could, can, will, and would mind (Only in question form)(would mind is new at this level)

2. Functionsa) Making a request for a present or future action

I need to get an A on this test, but I was absent from class a lot. You are always in class, and you always get A’s.Would you let me borrow your notes? Could you be my study partner?Can you go to the library with me to study? Will you let me sit next to you during the test?Would you mind letting me look at your answers during the test?

F. SUGGESTION (Listening/Speaking) 1. Forms

let’s and why don’t2. Functions

a) Suggesting possible actions or activities in the present or futureWhat do you want to do tonight?Tim is having a party, but we have a test tomorrow. Let’s go to the library and study.Tim has a party every week. Why don’t we go to the next one?

X. VERBS: TENSE AND ASPECTVerb tenses and aspects from previous levels should be reviewed and integrated where appropriate: simple present, present progressive, simple past, and past progressive.

A. FUTURE WITH WILL

1. Forms

Singular Plural

First Person will + Verb will + Verb

Second Person

will + Verb will + Verb

Third Person will + Verb will + Verb

2. Contractions

a. Subject Pronouns

Singular Plural

First Person will + Verb will + Verb

Second Person

will + Verb will + Verb

Third Person will + Verb will + Verb

b. With not

Full Form Contraction

Wil will not won’t

3. Functionsa. Indicating a prediction about the future

Our team will win the baseball game tomorrow.b. Indicating a sudden decision or willingness to perform a future action

John: I need a ride to the game tomorrow.Mary: No problem. I’ll take you.

4. Sentence patterns and examples

a. Affirmative statementsSubject + Will + Verb + (Predicate)Sue will buy tickets for the baseball game .

b. Negative statementsSubject + Will + Not + Verb + (Predicate)The boys will not buy any tickets.

c. Yes/no questionsWill + Subject + Verb + (Predicate)Will Sue buy the tickets?

d. Affirmative short answersYes + Comma + Subject + WillYes, she will.

e. Negative short answersNo + Comma + Subject + Will + NotNo, she will not.

f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subjectQuestion Word + Will + Verb + (Predicate)Who will buy the tickets? Sue will buy the tickets.

Sue will.Sue.

g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverbQuestion Word + Will + Subject + Verb + (Predicate)What will Sue buy? Sue will buy the tickets.

The tickets.When will she buy them? She will buy them tomorrow.

Tomorrow.

B. FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO

1. Forms

Singular Plural

First Person am + going to + Verb are + going to + Verb

Second Person are + going to + Verb

are + going to + Verb

Third Person is + going to + Verb are + going to + Verb

2. Functions

a. Indicating a prediction about the future

Our team is going to win the baseball game tomorrow.

b. Indicating an action which is intended to occur in the future – an action which has been planned

Chris is going to have a huge party after the game tomorrow, win or lose.

3. Sentence patterns and examples

a. Affirmative statementsSubject + Be + Going To + Verb + (Predicate)The boys are going to go to the baseball game

b. Negative statementsSubject + Be + Not + Going To + Verb + (Predicate)The boys are not going to go to a football game .

c. Yes/no questionsBe + Subject + Going To + Verb + (Predicate)Are the boys going to go to the baseball game?

d. Affirmative short answersYes + Comma + Subject + BeYes, they are.

e. Negative short answersNo + Comma + Subject + Be + NotNo, they are not.

f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject

Question Word + Be + Going To + Verb + (Predicate)Who is going to go? The boys are going to go.

The boys are.The boys.

g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverb

Question Word + Be + Subject + Going To + Verb + (Predicate)What are they going to see? They are going to see the game.

The game.Where are they going to go? They are going to go to the game.

To the game.

C. PRESENT PERFECT

1. Forms

Singular PluralFirst Person Have + Past Have + Past

Participle ParticipleSecond Person

Have + Past Participle

Have + Past Participle

Third Person Has + Past ParticipleHave + Past

Participle

2. Contractions a. With subject pronouns

Singular PluralFirst Person I've we'veSecond Person you've you'veThird Person he's

she's they'veit's

b. With not

Full Form ContractionHave have not haven'tHas has not hasn't

3. Functions a. Indicating an action which occurred at some unspecified time in

the pastHazel has traveled around the world.

b. Indicating an action which was repeated a number of times at unspecified times in the pastHazel has been to Europe several times.

c. Indicating that an action began in the past and continues to the present when used with since and forHazel has traveled a lot since she was a child. Hazel has visited France eleven times since 1992. Hazel has wanted to visit Antarctica for many years.

4. Irregularities See Appendix Two for a list of irregular past participle forms.

5. Parallelism a. The auxiliary verb have need not be repeated when two or more

present perfect tense verbs are joined together by andHazel has traveled around the world and has seen many countries. Hazel has traveled around the world and seen many countries.

6. Sentence patterns and examples a. Affirmative statements

Subject + Have + Past Participle + (Predicate)Hazel has traveled around the world.

b. Negative statementsSubject + Have + Not + Past Participle + (Predicate)Hazel has not been to Antarctica.

c. Yes/no questionsHave + Subject + Past Participle + (Predicate)Has Hazel visited Europe?

d. Affirmative short answersYes + Comma + Subject + Have

Yes, she has.e. Negative short answers

No + Comma + Subject + Have + NotNo, she has not.

f. Information questions and responses with an interrogative pronoun as a subject

Question Word + Have + Past Participle + (Predicate)Who has traveled a lot? Hazel has traveled a lot. Hazel has.

Hazel.g. Information questions and responses with an interrogative

pronoun as an object or with an interrogative adverbQuestion Word + Have + Subject + Past Participle + (Predicate)What has she collected? She has collected many souvenirs. Many

souvenirs.Where has she traveled? Hazel has traveled around the world.

Around the world.

APPENDIXIRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES AT LEVEL III

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle

be was/were been keep kept keptbecome became become know knew knownbegin began begun leave left leftbite bit bitten lose lost lostblow blew blown make made madebreak broke broken meet met metbring brought brought pay paid paidbuild built built put put putbuy bought bought read read readcatch caught caught ride rode riddenchoose chose chosen run ran runcome came come say said saidcost cost cost see saw seencut cut cut sell sold solddo did done send sent sentdraw drew drawn set set setdrink drank drunk shake shook shakendrive drove driven show showed showneat ate eaten shut shut shutfall fell fallen sing sang sungfeed fed fed sit sat satfeel felt felt sleep slept sleptfight fought fought speak spoke spokenfind found found spend spent spentfly flew flown stand stood stoodforget forgot forgotten steal stole stolenforgive forgave forgiven swim swam swumget got gotten take took takengive gave given teach taught taughtgo went gone tell told toldgrow grew grown think thought thoughthave had had throw threw thrownhear heard heard understan

dunderstood understood

hide hid hidden wake up woke up woken uphit hit hit wear wore wornhold held held win won won

hurt hurt hurt write wrote written

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