ADJACENCY PAIRS IN THE CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN HOTEL … · HOTEL FRONT-OFFICE ASSISTANTS AND THE...

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ADJACENCY PAIRS IN THE CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN

HOTEL FRONT-OFFICE ASSISTANTS AND THE GUESTS

A Thesis Presented to

The Graduate Program in English Language Studies

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora (M. Hum.)

in

English Language Studies

by

Elisabeth Rosalia Widyanti

146332045

Sanata Dharma University

Yogyakarta

July2017

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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This thesis is dedicated to:

Jesus

Mary

Elisabeth

Jeanne d’Arc

Patricius Dasuki

Elisabeth Purwidiyanti

Patricius Bryan Widyanto

Martinus Widyanto

Mr. and Mrs. Ratno Tumarjo

Mrs. Adi Mulyanto

The Late Mr. Adi Mulyanto

The Late Sunset Beer

The Late Xyloto

Linguistics Class 2014

Myself

My freedom


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“Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam”

-Ignacio de Loyola-

“Ask yourself, be better.”

-Barli Bram-

“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed

by the things that you didn't do than by the ones you did

do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe

harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore,

Dream, Discover. "

-Mark Twain-

“There’s no need to be perfect to inspire others. Let

people get inspired by how you deal with your

imperfections.”

-Robert Tew -


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my greatest gratitude towards Jesus Christ for His

endless blessings and strength given to me. I also would like to whole-heartedly

thank my parents, Patricius Dasuki and Elisabeth Purwidiyanti, for the

unceasing love, support, prayers, encouragement and patience. I also thank my

brothers, Patricius Bryan Widyanto and Martinus Widyanto, for nagging and

complaining about the duration of this thesis writing process.

My gratitude and deep appreciation belong to my great thesis supervisor,

my favorite lecturer, the master of English linguistics, and one of the coolest

people on earth, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for the guidance, support, time,

advice, and patience during this process. My appreciation also goes to the

reviewers, Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A.,Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum., and F.X.

Mukarto, Ph.D., as well as all lecturers who I met in this campus as they have

become my role models.I also owe sincere and earnest thankfulness to Felicita

Devi, Elfrida, Dimas Merdeka, Nurvita, Gatri, and Tya Nernere for helping

me in some steps in this research and thesis writing process.

I would like to express my thankfulness to my grandparents, Mr. and

Mrs. Ratno and Mrs. Mulyanto for the love, support, and prayers. I would also

thank the late Mr. Mulyanto, who in his life time always supported and

encouraged me.I also thank Bulik Mujinem for helping me and my family

everyday. I personally thank Iwon for being a nice guy supporting me for some

time. You taught me many good deeds and virtues in life. My gratitude also goes

to Hernita and Mbak Ajeng for fighting together in this self-battle. What a long

process! After all, we did it.

I thank my great companions in Group Selo: Nury, Novi, Candra, Ima,

Wiji, and Bayu and in PPB UKDWfor supporting me and hoping that this thesis

would last soon.I would like to express my great appreciation to my good friends:

Fatime and Yoga for helping me, encouraging me, supporting me, and just being

with me in my darkest time. I also thank my supporters who virtually always

support me: Wulan, Yessie, Paskalis, Aryo, Ciscus, Memet, and Cepy.

I would like to extend my thanks to Class C and Linguistic Class 2014

for giving me information and helping me finish this process. I also place on

record my sense of gratitude to all who directly and indirectly have lent their

helping hands in this process of conducting research and writing the thesis.

Elisabeth Rosalia Widyanti


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ......................................................................................................................

Page

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APPROVAL PAGES ............................................................................................................ ii

DEDICATION PAGE ..............................................................................................

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .....................................................................

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ......................................................................

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MOTTO ................................................................................................................................ vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................

LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................................

ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................

ABSTRAK ..............................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background .....................................................................................................................

1.2 Problem Limitation .........................................................................................................

1.3 Research Questions .........................................................................................................

1.4 Research Objectives ........................................................................................................

1.5 Research Benefits ............................................................................................................

CHAPTER 2. LITERATUREREVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Review .........................................................................................................

2.1.1 Conversation Analysis .................................................................................................

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2.1.2 Adjacency Pairs ...........................................................................................................

2.1.2.1 Concept and Definition .............................................................................................

2.1.2.2 Rules and Problems ...................................................................................................

2.1.2.3 Types of Adjacency Pairs .........................................................................................

2.1.3Communicative Functions ............................................................................................

2.1.3.1 Concept of Communicative Functions ......................................................................

2.1.3.2 The Classification of Communicative Functions ......................................................

2.1.4 Hospitality in Yogyakarta ............................................................................................ 2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2 Review of Related Study

2.3 Theoretical Framework

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CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Type of Research ............................................................................................................

3.2 Source of Data .................................................................................................................

3.3 Data Collection ...............................................................................................................

3.4 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................

3.4.1Transcription Process ....................................................................................................

3.4.2 Data Presentation .........................................................................................................

3.4.3The Validity Check ................................................................................................

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CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The Types of Adjacency Pairs ........................................................................................

4.1.1 Announcement .............................................................................................................

4.1.2 Apology........................................................................................................................

4.1.3 Assertion ......................................................................................................................

4.1.4 Assessment ...................................................................................................................

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4.1.5 Complaint .....................................................................................................................

4.1.6 Compliment..................................................................................................................

4.1.7 Greeting........................................................................................................................

4.1.8 Leave Taking ...............................................................................................................

4.1.9 Offer .............................................................................................................................

4.1.10 Question .....................................................................................................................

4.1.11 Request .......................................................................................................................

4.1.12 Suggestion ..................................................................................................................

4.2 The Communicative Functions of the Adjacency Pair Parts ..........................................

4.2.1 Referential Function .....................................................................................................

4.2.2 Poetic Function ............................................................................................................

4.2.3 Emotive Function .........................................................................................................

4.2.4 Conative Function ........................................................................................................

4.2.5 Phatic Function ............................................................................................................

4.2.6 Metalingual Function ...................................................................................................

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CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................

5.2Recommendations ...............................................................................................

REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................

APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

4.1 The Occurrence of Adjacency Pair Types ........................................ 33

4.2 The Occurrence of Announcement Pairs .......................................... 35


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4.3 The Occurrence of Assertion Pairs .................................................. 39

4.4 The Occurrence of Assessment Pairs ................................................ 41

4.5 The Occurrence of Offer Pairs ......................................................... 47

4.6 The Occurrence of Question Pairs ................................................... 49

4.7 The Occurrence of Request Pairs ..................................................... 51

4.8 The Occurrence of Suggestion Pairs ................................................ 53

4.9 The Distribution of Communicative Functions ................................ 59

4.10 The Distribution of Referential Function ........................................ 62

4.11 The Distribution of Emotive Function ............................................ 68

4.12 The Distribution of Conative Function ........................................... 71

4.13 The Distribution of Phatic Function ................................................ 75

4.14 The Distribution of Metalingual Function ...................................... 78


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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1:

The Script of Conversations between the Front-Office Assistants and the Guests

of the Hotels in Yogyakarta ......................................................................................

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Appendix 2:

The Types of the Adjacency Pairs in the Conversations between Hotel Front-

Office Assistants and The Guests..................... ........................................................

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Appendix 3:

The Communicative Functions of the Adjacency Pairs in the Conversations

between Hotel Front-Office Assistants and the Guests .............................................

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ABSTRACT

Widyanti, Elisabeth Rosalia. (2017). Adjacency Pairs in the Conversations

between Hotel Front-Office Assistants and the Guests. Yogyakarta: The Graduate

Program of English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

The increasing need of English mastery in hospitality field is in line with

the increase of the development of the hotels in Yogyakarta. The English

communicative skills are needed to communicate and interact with the foreign

guests. Adjacency pair as one of the small units of communication shows the

intention of the speakers. Adjacency pair parts also carry communicative

functions. This research aimed to answer the research questions, namely: 1)What

adjacency pairs are included in the conversations between the front-office

assistants and the guests? 2)What communicative functions are exercised in the

adjacency pairs?

This research was a conversation analysis. This research focuses on the

natural conversation exchange.The data were adjacency pairs taken from the

transcripts of ten conversations between the front-office assistants and the foreign

guests. The setting was in the front offices of two different hotels in Yogyakarta.

The participants were four front-office assistants from two hotels in Yogyakarta

and twelve foreign guests who interacted with the front-office assistants.The data

analysis covered transcription process, data presentation, and validity check.

The first research question focusing on the types of adjacency pairs was

answered based on anadjacency paircompilation proposed by Paltridge (2000),

Tylor and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff

(2006). The second question focusing on the communicative functions of the

adjacency pairs was answered by the classification of functionsbased on Jakobson

(1960). He proposes six kinds of communicative functions: referential, poetic,

emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual.

The types and numbers of occurrences of adjacency pairs found in the data

were greeting (1), question (44),request (13), offer (10), announcement (50),

suggestion (10),assessment (19),compliment (4),assertion (8),complaint

(2),apology (1), and leave taking (5). From those adjacency pairs, many of the

first pair parts were responded by preferred responses and some were responded

by dispreferred responses. There were various topics being communicated under

the major topics namely: hotel, city, business partners of the hotels, and the

guest. The other findings were that different forms of sentences as the inital of the

pairs can be still included in one type, the responses of assessment pairs were

short, and the guests found that what being offered and suggested by the front-

office assistants helpful. The communicative functions of the pair parts and the

occurences were 177 pair parts serving referential function, 155 pair parts serving

conative function, 165 pair parts serving emotive function, 87 pair parts serving

phatic function, 14 pair parts serving metalingual function, and 1 pair part serving

poetic function. Those numbers included the multifunctional pair parts.The result

proved what Schiffrin mentions that main function of the language is referential,

which means the use of language is to convey information.

Keywords: adjacency pair, communicative function


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ABSTRAK

Widyanti, Elisabeth Rosalia. (2017). Adjacency Pairs in the Conversations

between Hotel Front-Office Assistants and the Guests. Yogyakarta: Progaram

Pasca-Sarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Kebutuhan penguasaan bahasa Inggris yang meningkat dibidang

keramahtamahan seiring dengan meningkatnya pembanguanan hotel di

Yogyakarta. Kemampuan komunikasi dalam bahasa Inggris dibutuhkan untuk

berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan tamu asing. Pasangan berdampingan

(adjacency pair) sebagai salah satu bentuk kecil dari komunikasi menunjukkan

maksud dari para pembicara. Pasangan berdampingan juga mambawa fungsi

komunikatif. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menjawab pertanyaan: 1) Pasangan

berdampingan apa sajakah yang terdapat pada percakapan antara resepsionis

hotel dan tamu? 2) Fungsi komunikatif apa yang dibawa dalam pasangan

berdampingan?

Penelitian ini merupakan analisa percakapan. Penelitian ini fokuspada

percakapan yang alami. Data penelitian ini adalah pasangan berdampingan dari

transkrip kesepuluh percakapan antara resepsionis hotel dengan para tamu asing.

Lokasi pengambilan data adalah meja resepsionis dari dua hotel yang berbeda.

Peserta percakapan terdiri dari empat resepsionis dari dua hotel di Yogyakarta dan

dua belas tamu asing yang berinteraksi dengan para resepsionis tersebut. Analisa

data mencakup proses transkrip, presentasi data, dan cek validitas.

Pertanyaan pertama yang berfokus pada tipe pasangan berdampingan

(adjacency pair) dijawab berdasarkan kompilasi tipe yang diajukan oleh Paltridge

(2000), Tylor and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), dan

Schegloff (2006). Pertanyaan kedua fokus pada fungsi komunikatif dari anggota

pasangan berdampingan yang muncul pada percakapan. Klasifikasi fungsi-fungsi

berdasarkan usulan Jakobson (1960) di mana ia mengusulkan enam jenis fungsi

komunikatif atau bahasa. Jenis-jenis tersebut adalah fungsi referensial, fungsi

puitik, fungsi emotif, fungsi konatif, fungsi fatik, dan fungsi metalingual.

Tipe dan jumlah dari pasangan berdampingan pada data adalah 1 sapaan,

44 pertanyaan, 13 permintaan, 10 penawaran, 50 pemberitahuan, 10 saran, 19

penilaian, 4 pujian, 8 pernyataan tegas, 2 komplain, 1 permohonan maaf, dan 5

salam perpisahan. Pasangan berdampingan tersebut direspon dengan respon yang

diharapkan dan juga tidak diharapkan. Topik yang dibicarakan meliputi hotel,

kota, partner bisnis hotel, dan tamu. Temuan lainnya adalah bahwa bentuk kalimat

berbeda mungkin saja termasuk dalam jenis yang sama, respons penilaian singkat,

dan penawaran dan saran dari resepsionis membantu para tamu.Fungsi

komunikatif dari anggota pasangan berdampingan beserta jumlahnya adalah 177

anggota berfungsikan referensial, 155 anggota berfungsikan konatif, 165 anggota

berfungsikan emotif, 87 anggota berfungsikan fatik, 14 anggota berfungsikan

metalingual, dan 1 anggota berfungsikan puitik. Jumlah tersebut sudah termasuk

anggota yang multifungsi. Hasil tersebut membuktikan bahwa benar apa yang

disampaikan Schiffrin bahwa fungsi utama bahasa adalah referensial yang berarti

penggunaan bahasa untuk menyampaikan informasi.

Kata kunci: pasangan berdampingan, fungsi komunikatif


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The introduction part is divided into five parts, namely research

background, problem limitation, research questions, research objectives, and

research benefits. Research background shows the importance of this issue to be

studied. The problem limitation explains the scope of the issue being investigated.

Research questions are formulated to clarify the points of the issue of this study.

The objectives show the goals of this research. The research benefits are clearly

stated as the contribution of the study to the field and the research in the future

with the related focuses.

1.1 Background

People as the society members need to interact to others because humans

socially need each other in life and the interaction can be in the form of

communication. Gumperz in Wardhaugh (1992) explains that communication is a

“social activity” which needs efforts of two or more individuals. It usually occurs

between the speaker and hearer (receiver) (p. 15).

Burton, Dechaine, and Vatikiotis-Bateson mention that expression of

language is using language to communicate (2012, p. 21). It explains that the

communication involves language as the tool. Ramelan (1991) also states that as

means of communication, language helps people to express the ideas and wishes.

He adds that by expressing the ideas and wishes to another, the close relationship

among the members of the group can be carried out (p.8).


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The process of communication using language can be done in oral and

written forms where oral form is more common to be done in daily life. The oral

communication where two or more people are talking to each other will be

referred as conversation. Liddicoat (2007) states that conversation turns to be one

of the most “prevalent uses” of human language. In the process of

communication, there will be automatic patterns which are produced by the

speakers. The automatic patterns in the structure of conversation are called

adjacency pairs. Further, Yule (1996) explains that adjacency pairs constantly

contain a first part and a second part, formed by dissimilar speakers (p. 77). In the

conversation, continuity will take place where there is no interruption and this is

when adjacency pairs take place.

Conversation as one of the ways to communicate also needs the

harmonization of meaning in which there is good coordination between the

speaker and the hearer (receiver). The harmonization, as an example, can be seen

when someone greets other person. The first person will greet and the second

person provides the responses. These pairs reflect that adjacency pair is

successfully carried out. The first pair gives stimulant to the second pair which is

relevant to the meaning of the first utterance. Yule (1996, p.77) also gives an

example as follows.

(1) Anna : Hello. (=Greeting1)

(2) Bill : Hi. (=Response for greeting 1)

(3) Anna : How are you? (=Question 2)

(4) Bill : Fine. (=Answer2 for Question2)

(5) Anna : See ya! (=Leave taking 3)

(6) Bill : Bye. (=response for leave taking 3) (Yule,1996, p.77)

The adjacency pair will vary depends on the happening situations,

purposes, and the participants of the conversations. The knowledge of adjacency


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pairs will enable the researchers to conduct some studies. Conversation can be

appropriately analyzed by Conversation Analysis (CA). Schiffrin (1994) says that

CA is kind of “interactional sociolinguistics in its concern with the problem of

social order, and how language both creates and is created by social context”

(p.232). The focus of CA is given to everyday spoken interaction.

Everyday spoken interaction may happen everywhere. Many working

places really need the skills and competence to conduct good spoken interactions

to make the company run well. The companies usually provide service and

products. Hotel, as the provider of accommodation, needs the communicative

skills of its workers to enable them to interact and communicate with the guests.

Yogyakarta as one of the provinces in Indonesia becomes one of the main

attractions of the tourism for both domestic and foreign tourists. The development

of the hotels increases rapidly in Yogyakarta. There are many good-rated hotels as

well as medium and poor-rated hotels in Yogyakarta. One of the factors

influenced a quality of the hotel is the service from the staffs. English is needed to

serve the guests, specifically to communicate with the foreign guests. Primarily,

the staffs communicating with the foreign guests are front-office assistants. They

are the first people that the guests will meet in the hotel and communicate to in

their stay. The need of communicating in English, the international language,

requires the front-office assistants to master English.

As the front-office assistants are required to be able to communicate in

English, the hotel will find people who can master English for the front-office

assistant positions. The better rate that the hotels possess, the higher qualification

they ask. Beyond that, the motives are about to make the guests satisfied with the


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service of the hotel. To satisfy the guests, the front-office assistants have the roles

to better the hotel’s reputation by their communication. As communication has the

power to affect someone’s opinion, it is important to study “how people use

language within a context and why they use language in particular ways”

(McManis, Stollenwerk, & Zheng-Sheng, 1987, p. 197).

The adjacency pairs will automatically be used in the interactions between

the front-office assistants and the guests as adjacency pairs are parts of

communications. Adjacency pair consists of two parts of exchange in the

conversation which second utterance is functionally dependent on the first

utterance, as in conventional greetings, invitations, and requests. The second

utterance employs the concept of ‘nextness’. It is in line with what Levinson

explains that adjacency pairs can be characterized as paired utterances that are

divided into a first pair part and a second pair part (Levinson, 1983, 303). This

connection must be constructed by the guests and front-office assistants of the

hotel to maintain the good flow of the conversations which will result the

satisfaction of both parties involved in the conversations. In addition to

maintaining the good flow of conversation, the adjacency pair, the smallest unit of

conversation, holds the communicative functions. Knowing the effects of the

adjacency pairs in the communication, this study aims to disclose the use of

adjacency pairs of the conversations between the guests and the front-office

assistants. The study also tries to find out the communicative functions that the

adjacency pairs hold.


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1.2 Problem Limitation

Communication which is done by having conversation can be analyzed.

Conversation analysis might focus on several things. In this study, the researcher

limits the focus on the adjacency pairs and the communicative functions that the

adjacency pairs hold.

The first formulated question focuses on the adjacency pairs that exist on

the conversations between the foreign guests and the front-office assistants of the

hotels in Yogyakarta. The second question is limited to the communicative

functions of the adjacency pairs.

1.3 Research Questions

This study aims to answer the following research questions:

1. What adjacency pairs are included in the conversations between the front-

office assistants and the guests?

2. What communicative functions do the adjacency pairs convey?

1.4 Research Objectives

The research objectives rely upon the two points stated in the research

questions. The first is to find out the adjacency pairs included in the conversations

between the front office assistant and the guests. By finding out the adjacency

pairs in the hotels, this research also aims to find out the topics discussed, the

nature, and the features of the adjacency pair use in the hotels in Yogyakarta.

The second point is related to the communicative function. Before, the

first objective is to find out the adjacency pair types. Then, the second objective


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will use the first finding to go on the second point. The second research objective

aims to understand the communicative functions of the adjacency pairs in the

conversations.

1.5 Research Benefits

Conversation analysis is a way to understand the natural communication

between people by providing profound frameworks to the study of conversation. It

shows the portrait of the real communication. The first benefit of this study will

be seen on the real communication revealed in form of transcription of the

conversations between the front-office assistants and the foreign guests of the

hotels in Yogyakarta. By observing this, the readers will have the chances to see

the natural conversations conducted in English done by the English-speaking

guests and the non-native hotel staffs.

This research will be able to show the smallest unit of conversation

happening in the front-offices of the hotels in Yogyakarta. The big chunk of real

communication will be broken down into the smallest unit, or adjaceny pairs.

After that, they will be analyzed based on their types.

This research also carries a benefit of showing the natural topics occuring

in the front-desks of the hotels. The knowledge of the topics brought up in the

context will help the hotel staffs be prepared and learn for the in their upcoming

contacts with the guests. It will enable them to communicate with and serve the

guests better.


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This study will also develop the existing theory of the adjacency pairs and

communicative functions by observing the nature and tendencies of the features of

adjacency pairs in the conversations. It is hoped that the study will provide the

alternative reference for the upcoming research focusing on the same topics.


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Chapter two consists of three parts, namely, theoretical review, review of

related study, and theoretical framework. The first part, theoretical review,

explains related theories which are used in this study. The second part is review of

related study which gives insight about previous studies concerning the same

topic. Finally, theoretical framework elaborates the concepts of major relevant

theories which are useful to solve the problem, and synthesizes the theories to

reveal the relation with the study matter in order to answer the research questions.

2.1 Theoretical Review

This research aims to study the adjacency pairs in relation to

communicative functions to satisfy the needs of communication. As Lerner (2004)

defines adjacency pairs as “two-utterance sequence” (p. 173), adjacency pairs are

produced by two different speakers. The participants of the conversation are

oriented to the patterns.

2.1.1 Conversation Analysis

Yule (2014, p. 143) explains that conversation deals with two or more

people speaking by taking turn. He also explains that a speaker will give sign that

he has done speaking. The signal is called completion point. There are several

possibilities of completion point. Yule mentions asking question, giving

examples, and pausing as some of the examples of completion point.

Conversation analysis will deal with this kind of situation. Judith Baxter in Lia


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Litosseliti (2010) states that conversation analysis regards the common

conversations which are ordinary as the social reality reflection (p.121).

The nature of conversation analytic research is explained to have some

assumptions which become the fundament. The fundamental assumption is

proposed by Heritage (1984). There are three points: interaction is structurally

organized, the contribution to the interaction is contextually oriented and there is

no order of detail can be dismissed (p.241).

2.1.2 Adjacency Pairs

The theory compilation of adjacency pairs is divided into three parts. The

first part is related to the concept and definition of adjacency pairs. The second

part explains the rules or criteria of adjacency pairs and also the problems that

might occur when applying the rules. The last part shows the types of adjacency

pairs which are compiled from some experts.

2.1.2.1 Concept and Definition

Conversation happens where there are two or more people are talking to

each other. When conversation is broken down into parts, adjacency pairs appear

as the feature of the conversation that contais two parts. Also, adjacency pair

cannot be separated from the turn-taking, as adjacency pair is a type of turn-

taking. The concept also illuminates that adjacency pair is the smallest unit of

conversational exchange. The search also finds the pattern of conversations in

general, and adjacency pair specifically. It is supported as Cutting mentions that


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conversation analysts say that conversation contains frequently occurring patterns

and on pairs of utterances known as adjacency pairs (2002, p.30)

Adjacency pair is characterized as paired utterances that are divided into a

first pair part and a second pair part (Levinson 1983: 303). Richards and Schmidt

as cited in Partridge (2000, p.87) also explain that: “Adjacency pairs are

utterances produced by two successive speakers in such a way that the second

utterance is identified as related to the first one as an expected follow up.” It is in

line with Yule (1996) who explains that adjacency pairs contain two parts and are

formed by two different speakers.

2.1.2.2 Rules and Problems

It can be elaborated that adjacency pair consists of two parts of exchange

in the conversation which second utterance is related and somehow functionally

dependent on the first utterance as the second utterance is the expectation for the

follow up of the first one. This concept of adjacency pair becomes a significant

contribution of conversation analysis. They can be characterized as paired

utterances that are divided into a first pair part and a second pair part (Levinson

1983: 303).

The characteristics and the rule governing the adjacency pairs follow the

definition of adjacency pair. Levinson (1983) states that the characteristics of

adjacency pairs and rule governing the use of adjacency pairs are:

(i) adjacent

(ii) produced by different speakers

(iii) ordered as a first part and a second part


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(iv) typed, so that a particular first part requires a particular second

(v) the rule governing the use of adjacency pairs, namely: having produced a

first part of some pair, current speaker must stop speaking, and next speaker must

produce at that point a second part to the same pair (pp. 303-304).

However, Levionson also states that the characteristics are somehow too strong as

requirement. In addition, Levinson states that the focus should be in number (i)

adjacent and (iv) the kind of expectable part of second part (1983, p.304).

As it is explained that the second utterance is related and somehow

functionally dependent on the first utterance, the second utterance is the

expectation for the follow up of the first one. There are two possibilities of the

second utterances or the response: preferred or dispreferred response (Cutting,

2002, p.30). He adds that the dispreferred responses tend to be the refusal and

disagreements. In addition, the dispreferred responses are more unusual and they

can be taken as meaningful or rude. An absence of response can also be taken as

the hearer not having heard , not paying attention, or simply refuse to cooperate

(p.30).

2.1.2.3 Types of Adjacency Pairs

From the definition that adjacency pair is paired utterances said by two

different speakers, the first speaker will stop talking and allows the next speaker.

The response depends on the second speaker. Levinson (1983, p.332) mentions

that alternative second pair parts of adjacency pairs are not generally equal status;

rather some second turns are preferred and others dispreferred. However, the

responses are naturally related to the first pair part. One example is when someone


12

invites, the second person will accept the invitation (preferred response) or refuse

(dispreferred response).

The nature of the first uttereance and the response enables the pairs to be

classified into some types. There are some typical adjacency pairs proposed by

some experts but the types may be different from one expert to others. Also, Joan

Cutting mentions that the pairs are endless (2002, p.30).

There is a compilation of adjacency pair types proposed by some experts:

Paltridge (2000), Tylor and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and

Schegloff (2006). The types of adjacency pairs they propose are:

1. Announcement

Announcement is simply giving someone information. The second pair

part of the announcement is acknowledgement.

2. Apology

Goddard explains apology normally occurs after someone does something

wrong (2011). Howewer he also adds that apology can also happens before

someone making some imposition. Coulmas (1981) as cited in Goddard (2011)

refers the apology before making some imposition as ‘ex ante apology’ and ‘ex

post apology’ as the one after someone makes mistakes (p. 155). The second pair

part of the apology is minimization.

3. Assertion

When someone asserts something, it means he strongly believes that it is

true. The preferred response of an assertion is agreement. The dispreferred

response is disagreement.


13

4. Assessment

Assessment can be formed into opinion seek or comment, which is asking

another’s opinion or agreement. Opinion seek is responded with opinion provide.

For example:

A: “What do you think about that kitten?”

B: “So cute.”

Assessment can also be in the form of comment. The responses are

agreement as the preferred response and disagreement as the dispreferred one.

Daniel Jurafsky (2007) explains assessment as “a particular kind of evaluative act

(p.595).” He also explains that it is used to explain the properties of something,

both positive and negative.

5. Blame

Blame is utterances that express that someone is responsible about the

mistake. Denial is statement to say that something is not true. The other response

is admission. For example:

A: “You lose the key, don‘t you? ”

B: “No. I don‘t. ”

6. Command

Goddard (2011) mentions that by giving command, someone expects to

trigger a direct response. The response expected is usually semiautomatic and

immediate (p.145). Command is similar to order where someone requires

someone to do something immediately.


14

7. Complaint

Complaint is utterances which indicate feeling unsatisfied about

something. However, apology is the way to response the complaint, which

expresses regretfulness. For example:

A: “This food is too salty. ”

B: “I‘m sorry, sir. I‘ll give you another one.”

8. Compliment

Compliment is the way of praising another person about something he or

she has. It is responded with acceptance. For example:

A: “What a nice cloth!”

B: “Oh, thanks.”

9. Greeting

This is the way of saying hello and salutation. For example:

A: “Hi!”

B: “Hello! ”

The response of greeting is greeting.

10. Invitation

When someone asks someone else to go to an event is called invitation.

Tracy (2002) explains that some of adjacency pairs have different acts, one of

them is invitation which can be accepted or refused. It is in line with what

Paltridge (2010) explains that as one of the adjacency pairs, the preferred response

of an invitation is an acceptance. The dispreferred response in refusal.


15

11. Leave taking

The utterances which is have purpose to end the conversation. For

example:

A: “See you. ”

B: “See you. ”

12. Offer

Offer is utterances which giving something to someone, it may be in the

form of goods or services. Acceptance is response indicates that the offer is

accepted. Refusal is response indicates that the offer is refused.

e.g.:

A: “Here is your book. ”

B: “Thanks a lot. ”

13. Question

Question can be formed into information seek or clarification seek. It is

about asking something to someone. It is responded with information provide or

clarification provide which is referred as answer. For example:

A: “Where do you live?”

B: “I live in London.”

14. Request

By requesting, someone is asking someone else to do something. It can be

responded with acceptance or refusal. For example:

A: “Would you mind to close the door?”


16

B: “Of course.”

15. Suggestion

Goddard (2011) mentions that the implicit nature carried by a suggestion

is essentially tentative. He explains that the speaker gives some distance from idea

that the speaker wants the addressee to do it. Also, he adds that the speaker

acknowledges the addressee’s freedom to do as he or she wishes (p. 146). The

preferred response of a suggestion is acceptance by the other person. Refusal is

the dispreffered rensponse.

16. Summon

Summon is the order for someone to come to or be present at a specific

place. It can also means when someone arranges a meeting of people. The

response of it is answer.

17. Threat

Threat is utterances that indicate the intension of harm. However, counter

threat is utterances that express the defeat of someone‟s threat. For example:

A: “You got to get out of here or I‘ll call the security. ”

B: “No, I won‘t.”

18. Warning

Warning is utterances to warn someone about something. While

acknowledgement is statements which show that the warning is already

acceptable. For example:


17

A: “Beware of the hole in the street. ”

B: ―Okay. Thank you. ”

2.1.3 Communicative Functions

The theory of communicative functions consists of two parts. The first one

explains the concept of language functions or communicative functions. The

second part is the classification of the communicative functions. The classification

is based on Jakobson (1960).

2.1.3.1 Concept of Communicative Functions

Language is the means of communicaton. It is in line with what Ramelan

states. Ramelan (1991) mentions that as means of communication, language helps

people to express the ideas and wishes. In other words, language functions help to

run the communication. Specifically, Brown (2000) defines language functions as

“esentially the purposes that we accomplish with language, e.g., stating,

requesting, responding, greeting, parting, etc (p.248).” Language function also

refers to communicative function as it is the functions of using language in

communication.

Communicative functions and forms of the language are related as to

accomplish what the speakers want, they need to form the language so that the

addressee understands. Brown (2000) also mentions that functions sometimes has

direct relationship with the forms of language (p.250). He gives examples that an

interogative form functions as a question and a declarative form functions as a

statement. However, it does not work that easily. Brown mentions also that


18

linguistic forms sometimes also ambiguous (2000). He gives examples. “I can’t

find my umbrella” might function as a request to help him to find the umbrella

(Brown, 2000, p.250).

In communicating verbally, the source factor is message by using the

language. The target factor may vary and it depends also on the function of the

language or communicative function. Schiffrin (2006, p.192) states that the main

function of the language is referential, which means the use of language is to

convey information. It can be about entities, their attributes, actions, and

relationships. However, Schiffrin (2006, p.192) also mentions that language also

possesses social and expressive functions.

2.1.3.2 The Classification of Communicative Functions

In this study, the writer will analyse the data based on the communicative

functions proposed by Roman Jakobson (1960). Roman Jakobson proposes

six functions of language (or communication functions). Using those functions of

language, he proves that an effective act of verbal communication can be

described (Waugh, 1980). Jakobson was influenced by Karl Bühler's Organon-

Model in categorizing the functions of language, so that he adds the poetic, phatic

and metalingual functions. The six functions of language based on Jakobson

(1960) are stated as follows.

1. The Referential Function

The referential function describes a situation, object or mental state. The

referential function also relates to the thing "spoken of" (Jakobson, 1960, p. 355).


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_communication

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BChler

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon-Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon-Model

19

The referential function can consist of both definite descriptions

and deictic words. According to Yule, deixis is a form of referring that is tied to

the speaker context (Yule, 1996, p.9). It means the meaning depends on the

context. Jakobson also explains that the target factor of referential function is

context.

Schiffrin gives some explanation about this function. Schiffrin also

mentions that sentences which focus on the speech situation mainly function as

referential function (2006, p.192). The speech situation here also refers to

context. One example of the sentence which occupy referential function given by

Schiffrin is “The coffee is hot.” Schiffrin explains that the context influences the

the identities of the parties involved and the contact. For example from the

previous sentence, if the speaker is a waiter of a coffee shop but also a friend of

the addressee, the context of the contact will at least partially inlude a

waiter/customer relationship.

2. The Poetic Function

The poetic function focuses on the code itself. It also deals with how it is

used. This function also describes the operative function in poetry as well as

slogans. Jakobson (1960) mentions that the target factor is the message itself.

Schiffrin gives an example of a line serving a poetic function. The

example is taken from Carl Sandburg’s line, “The fog comes in on little cat feet.”

The line manipulates the code to convey the silent approach of the fog through

metaphor (2006, p.193).


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis

20

How a text or utterance is interpreted is explained by Iqbal. Iqbal (2005)

states that everyone may have different interpretation or perception to elaborate

lines in a poetic form but still, it must be based on the text (p. 10). Iqbal also

mentions that poetic feature is used to make the statement more powerful (2005,

p. 12).

3. The Emotive Function

The emotive function is alternatively called "expressive" or "affective".

The emotive function relates to the addressor or speaker or sender (Jakobson,

1960, p. 355). This function can be best exemplified by interjections and other

sound changes that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but do add

information about the addressor's (speaker's) internal state. For example, "Wow,

what a magic!"

The explanation from Jakobson was also discussed by Schiffrin. Schiffrin

explains that sentences which express the impact of some aspects of the external

world (context) or internal world (feeling, sensations) on the speaker or addressor

usually show emotive function (2006, p.193). They also gave an exampele, “I am

hungry.” The sentence states an internal condition of the speaker or addressor.

4. The Conative Function

The conative function engages the adressee or receiver directly as it is

mentioned by Jakobson (1960) that the addressee is the target factor of

communication. It is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives, e.g. "Jim!

Come inside and eat!" Schiffrin explains by saying that the focus is on the relation


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjections

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_mood

21

of the addresssee to the context or the interaction. They give an example, “Are

you hungry?” They explain that the sentence can be interpteted as request of

information or invitation to join the dinner (2006, pp.193-194).

5. The Phatic Function

The phatic function is language for the sake of interaction. In the

conversation, sharing information is not the only function. Wardaugh (2006)

explains that people might talk to open and to maintain or keep open a channel of

communication (p.285).

Jakobson mentions that the target factor of this function is the contact or

relationship (1960). The phatic function can be observed in greetings and casual

discussions. It also provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close the

communication channel: "Hello?", "Ok?", "Hummm", "Bye".

There are some continuation of the explanation of phatic function.

Jumanto (2014) talks about the practical functions of phatic communication.

Jumanto (2014), as cited in Indarti (2016, pp. 18-19), comes to a conclusion that

there are some functions of phatic communication. They are avoiding the silence,

starting a conversation, making chit-chat, making gossip, keeping talking, creating

comfort, and creating harmony. The other functions are expressing solidarity,

emphaty, friendship, respect, and politeness

6. The Metalingual Function

The metalingual function is alternatively called "metalinguistic" or

"reflexive". The metalingual function is the use of language (what Jakobson calls


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phatic


22

"Code") to discuss or describe itself. He also mentions that the target factor of the

communication is the code (1960). Schiffrin also adds some explanation that the

sentences which focus on the relation between the code and situation usually

occupy metalingual function (2006).

The previous are the communicative functions proposed by Jakobson

(1960). A single sentence can serve more than one function. It is also explained by

Schiffrin (2006, p.194) and Brown (2000, p.252). Schiffrin (2006, p.194)

mentions the word multifunctional and explain that sentences typically have more

than one function at a time although the sentences may also have primary

function. Brown (2000, p.252) explains that a sentence or a conversation is

possible to incorporate many different functions simultanneously.

2.1.4 Hospitality in Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta is known as one of the big cities in Indonesia which can attract

the tourists. These years, the development of the hotels can be seen as so many

hotels are built since a few years ago. It is in line with the number of tourists or

guests. Based on Statisctic Official News of Yogyakarta Province (Berita Resmi

Statistik Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta), the number of guests staying in the hotels in

Yogyakarta in March 2015 reached 292,023 consisting of 278,788 domestic

guests and 14,235 international guests. From that number of guests, 114,989

stayed at the starred hotels and 178,034 stayed at non-starred hotels.


23

The number of the hotel development requires the increased number of the

human resource. There are some high schools and university who offers

hospitality program . Some of the schools and universities are SMK 4 Yogyakarta,

SMK 6 Yogyakarta, Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata AMPTA, Intensa Hospitality

School, Sekolah Tinggi Pariwista Ambarrukmo, and Akademi Pariwisata

Yogyakarta. The high schools and the higher degree of education instititutions

prepare ready human resources to work in the hospitality field. One of the position

in the hospitality field in the hotels is front-office assistant. The requirements of

the front-office assistant are usually related to the physical appearance and

communicative skills. The university graduates who can work in the hospitality

field, especially in the front-office assistant position, are not merely from

hospitality major. It is open for other major as well.

English is one of the main subjects in that education. It will be helpful for

the student if they can master English as they will meet foreigners at their working

environment. The good communication skills are also useful. It will help them to

communicate and by doing that, they can maintain the good reputation of the

hotels where they work. That is why the requirement of being front-office

assistants is also about English communicative skills.

2.2 Review of Related Study

There have been some studies analyzing the conversations. They seem to

have various focuses. For instance, the research might focus on the gap, overlap,

turn taking, grammar and the interaction. The variation is not only in the focus but

also in the data. One of the relevant studies was written by Putra Gigih


24

Pamungkas from Dian Nuswantoro University. His research in 2012 is entitled

Conversation Analysis of Interview between Presenter Oprah Winfrey and

Facebook Founder Mark Zukerberg. It has one objective that is to find out the

type of conversation aspects found in the conversation. He focuses on 4 aspects of

conversation: adjacency pairs, topic management, preference organization and

turn – taking. His main data of the research are the scripts of interview between

presenter Oprah Winfrey and Facebook founder, Mark Zukerberg. From the data,

it was found that there were 8 adjacency pairs that consisted of 1 pair of question

– answer, 2 pairs of assessment – agreement, 2 opinions provide – comment, and

3 opinions provide – clarification. 3 topics were found in the conversation, all

topics were initiated by the Oprah Winfrey and Mark Zuckerberg only follows.

The research partially focuses on the same thing with this research,

adjacency pairs. However, the other focuses are different. The data used are also

different. The similar focus gives additional insights of adjacency pairs.

One of the studies focusing on adjacency pairs has been done by

Rosmayasinta Makasau in 2015. The title of her piece is Adjacency Pairs in

Teacher-Students Interaction in English Day Program at Mutiara Persada

Elementary School Yogyakarta. She focused on the adjacency pairs in teacher-

students interactions in an English Day Program at Mutiara Persada Elementary

School. The focus is the same with this research. However, the participants and

the contexts are different. As it can be seen from the title of her writing, the

context was on the English Day Program at school with teacher-students relation.


25

On the other hand, this research put hotel with staff-guest relationship as the

context.

The participants of the study conducted by Makasau were twenty-three

students and a non-native English teacher. The study shows that giving

information and instruction were emphasized in the teacher talk and that

responding physically and acknowledging were clearly seen in student talk. Also

some types of adjacency pair were found. They are giving information, giving

instruction, question, inviting, asking for attention, greeting, expressing opinion,

assessment, apology, congratulating, and summons. The results also implied that

Makasau used different categorization of adjacency pair with this research. She

applied categorization from Rymes (2008) for the classification of the types.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

This thesis is based on the theory of conversation analysis and mostly

based on the adjacency pairs exsisting in the conversations. This study also

discusses two research questions. The first research questions is to find out the

adjacency pairs included in the conversations between the front-office assistants

and the guests. To answer this research questions, the conception that adjacency

pair consists of two parts of conversation which second utterance is related and

dependent on the first utterance (Yule, 1996; Partridge, 2000, 87; Levinson 1983:

303). The research question requires the mentioning of the types of adjacency

pairs. The types will be based on what have been proposed by Paltridge (2000),

Tylor and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff


26

(2006). There are eighteen types of adjacency pair. They are announcement,

apology, assertion, assessment, blame, command, complaint, compliment,

greeting, invitation, leave taking, offer, question, requesting, suggestion, summon,

threat, and warning. By classifying the adjacency pairs, the researcher is able to

answer the first research question. Furthermore, it helps the researcher to answer

the second research question.

The second research question deals with the communicative functions of

the adjacency pairs in the conversations. The types of the adjacency pairs on the

first research question lead the discussion to the communicative functions as the

types contain the basic function of the adjacency pairs. There are six types of

function proposed by Jakobson (1960). They functions are referential function,

poetic function, emotive function, conative function, phatic function, and

metalingual function. The adjacency pair parts will be classified based on these

communicative functions to know the target factors of the participants as

speakers.



27

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 3 provides the description and explanation of the research

methodology. It discusses several issues which are relevant to research

methodology. They are type of research, source of the data, data collection

procedures, and method of data analysis. The description of the type of the

research explains what type of study this research was dealing with. Meantime,

the source of the data describes the data and the subjects of the study. The next

part, data collection procedures part, presents how the data were collected. In

addition, the data analysis shows how the data were analyzed and verified.

3.1 Type of Research

The type of this research is conversation analysis. This type of research

focuses on the exchange of the natural conversation. Specifically, this

conversation analysis focused on the natural conversational-exchange in front-

office which happened between the foreign guests and the front-office assistants.

Judith Baxter in Lia Litosseliti (2010) states that conversation analysis regards the

common conversations which are ordinary as the social reality reflection (p.121).

There are some fundamental assumption related to the nature of conversation

analytic research proposed by Heritage (1984). The first point is that interaction

is structurally organized. The second point is that the contribution to the

interaction is contextually oriented. The last point is that there is no order of detail

can be dismissed (p.241). Knowing the importance of the assumptions related to

the interaction, the researcher attempted to obtain the natural interaction through


28

the conversational exchange between the participants. The conversations were

recorded, transribed and analyzed.

The transcription helped the researcher to reveal the natural conversations

between the front office assistants and foreign guests. Thus, the main source of

the data was the transcription of the recordings. Heritage and Atkinson (1984)

explain that the tape-recorded data enable detailed descriptions and repeated

examinations towards particular events in interaction. The benefits revealed of

using recorded data were really useful for this research and they accomodated the

researcher to go into detailed information and description in the recording.

3.2 Source of Data

The data are the adjacency pairs taken from transcripts from ten

conversations between the front-office assistants and the foreign guests. The

setting was in the front-offices of two different hotels in Yogyakarta. The

researcher did not limit the topic and reasons which were brought up by the guests

in meeting the front-office assistants. To maintain the naturalness of the

conversations, the researcher asked the front-office assistants to bring the

recorder.

The participants were four front-office assistants from two hotels in

Yogyakarta. They were Indonesian citizens. They had completed English courses

in their universities.

The other participants were the guests of the hotels. There were fourteen

foreign guests who interacted with the front-office assistants. They had their


29

intentions to talk to the front-office assistants. The only characteristic applied for

the guests was speaking English. The researcher did not limit the geographical

aspects and did not take where they came from into account.

The front-office assistants were the graduates of English major in

universities. It was because the hotels required so for the front-office assistant

positions. It could explain that their English competence level is advanced. As the

characteristic sought from the guests was speaking English, so the guests chosen

were the foreign guests who interacted using English. Their English competence

level is also advanced. It eased the process of communication, understanding and

analyzing.

3.3 Data Collection

The data for this study were obtained from recording at two hotels in

Yogyakarta. One of them was located in Tembi, Bantul, Yogyakarta, and the other

one is located in Babarsari, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The data were taken on ten days

in August 2016. The researcher stood by at one hotel for five days.

The researcher stayed at the lobby of the hotel and put the voice recorder

on the desk of the front-office. When there were foreign guests approaching, the

front-office assistants helped the researcher to turn the recorder on. The researcher

kept some distance from where the guests and front-office assistants interacted to

maintain the naturalness of the conversation.


30

3.4 Data Analysis

This part explains how the data was analyzed. This part consists of three

sections. They are transcription process, data presentation, and validity check.

3.4.1 Transcription Process

The transcription was the first step to analyze the data. The recordings

were transcribed into written form. The transcripts are provided in Appendix 1.

The recordings selected were those which have fine sound quality. The data were

the form of recordings so that the non-verbal action was not included. It was also

due to the focus of the study, which was conversational exchange between

participants. Some of the recordings were not fully perfect. Some inaudible voices

existed and the researcher was aware about it.

3.4.2 Data Presentation

The adjacency pairs were analyzed based on the types. They were

presented in the form of tables. Each adjacency pair was observed to find the

communicative functions. The communicative functions were presented on the

tables. By doing tabulation, the researcher could compare the data, simply counted

the data, and obtain the better insight of the tendencies.

3.4.3 The Validity Check

The validity check was done by evaluators checking the data and analysis

to make sure that the analysis of the data was correct. The evaluators were two

master degree holders of English linguistics. The researcher explained the

research, gave the theories, and gave the data as well as the analysis from the


31

researcher. The evaluators gave feedback and proposed different analysis. The

researcher considered the feedback and checked the analysis. Some revision was

done after the correction.

The feedbacks were also obtained from the supervisor and proofreaders. In

the writing process, the supervisor helped the researcher by giving consultation.

The proofreaders gave feedbacks related to the format and grammar of the

writing. Some correction and revision were done after that by the researcher.


32

CHAPTER 4

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter explains the findings of the research and discusses the

analysis. This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is about the

classification of the adjacency pairs used in the conversation between hotel front-

office assistants and the guests. The second part explains the communicative

functions of the adjacency pairs found in the conversations.

4.1 The Types of Adjacency Pairs

There are many experts explain about adjacency pairs. Some of them are

Paltridge (2000), Tylor and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and

Schegloff (2006). They mention a number of adjacency pairs types. There are

eighteen types of adjacency pair as a compilation of what they mention. They are

announcement, apology, assertion, assessment, blame, command, complaint,

compliment, greeting, invitation, leave taking, offer, question, requesting,

suggestion, summon, threat, and warning.

In the conversations being analysed, as it can be found on Appendix 1,

there were 167 adjacency pairs. They were included into twelve types of

adjacency pairs as it can be seen on Appendix 2. Ninety-eight of the pairs were

initiated by the front-office assistant and sixty-nine were initiated by the guests. It

can be seen on the following Table 4.1.


33

Table 4.1 The Occurrence of Adjacency Pair Types

No Type/First Pair Part Second Pair Part Occurrence

1 Announcement Acknowledgement 50

2 Question Answer 44

3 Assessment

Opinion 15

Agreement 4

4 Request Acceptance 13

5 Offer

Acceptance 9

Refusal 1

6 Suggestion Acceptance 9

Refusal 1

7 Assertion Agreement 7

Disagreement 1

8 Leave taking Leave taking 5

9 Compliment Acceptance 4

10 Complaint Response 2

11 Apology Minimization 1

12 Greeting Greeting 1

Total 167

On the Table 4.1, it can be seen that there were fifty announcement pairs

being found in the conversations. The responses or the second pair parts were

acknowledgement. The second mostly used pair is question. Fourty-four questions

were asked and answered. Previous table, Table 4.1 also shows nineteen pairs of

assessment. Fifteen of them were asking about someone’s assessment and

responded by opinions. The other four were assessing something and responded

by agreement.

In the conversations, there were thirteen request pairs which were

responded by acceptance. Offer might be accepted or refused. From the table, it is

seen that there were nine offers which were responded by acceptance and one

offer which was responded by refusal. The next pairs were suggestions. There


34

were nine suggestion pairs which were responded by acceptance and one

suggestion responded by refusal.

Table 4.1 also mentions that assertion also appeared in the data. There

were seven assertion pairs with agreement as the response and one assertion-

disagreement pair. There were five leave-taking pairs in the conversations.

Compliment also exsisted in the conversations four times and responded by

acceptance. Also, on Table 4.1, complaint has two appearances and responded by

the second person. There was only one apology pair and the response was

minimization. Greeting as the opening of the conversations also occured only

once in the recordings.

The compilation of adjacency pairs proposed by Paltridge (2000), Tylor

and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff (2006)

consists of eighteen types. However, the data shows only twelve of them. There

were six types which did not exist in the conversations. They were blame,

command, invitation, summon, threat, and warning.

In the next session, the existing adjacency pair types are discussed. The

discussion covers twelve of them and the sequence is based on the alphabet of the

adjacency pair name initials. Some data is presented and discussed.

4.1.1 Announcement

The compilation of adjacency pairs proposed by Levinson (1983),

Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff (2006) involves announcement as one of the

adjacency pairs and it turned out that announcement, as it is seen on the Table 4.1,


35

was the pair with the most occurrences. There were fifty pairs of announcement

found in the conversations. Announcement is simply giving someone information.

The second pair part of the announcement is acknowledgement. Table 4.2 below

shows the occurrence distribution of the announcement pairs. In the data, there

were forty-one announcement pairs which were initiated by the front-office

assistants and nine pairs initiated by the guests.

Table 4.2 The Occurrence of Announcement Pairs

Response Initiated by Occurrence Total

Acknowledgement

Front-Office Assistant 41 50

Guest 9

The possible reason for the fact that announcement was the most pairs

occurred is that mostly the interaction between the front-office assistants with the

guests is to give information about the hotel and the staying. Below are some

examples of the announcement pairs found in the conversations.

Excerpt 1 (Encounter 2)

Ajeng: We have a shuttle to Ambarrukmo and Malioboro. It is free so you don’t

need to pay. Everyday at three, mmm, ten a.m and three p.m.

Kelly: Ok.

On Excerpt 1, Ajeng, the front-office assistant, gave information to Kelly about

some attractions in Jogja and also the possible transportation. Kelly acknowledged

what Ajeng said.

The second example is Excerpt 2 from Encounter 5 when the front-office

assistant, Aryo, gave information to Demi about the pricing of the taxi .


36


Aryo: But the agency said that it depends on the dealing process tomorrow

morning. So as long as I have stated that 100,000 rupiahs to go there as

starter and then tomorrow, maybe tomorrow the person in charge here can

help you to deal with driver, the price, the fixed price to wait for you

hourly. But he said that tomorrow more or less around 60,000 rupiahs.

Demi: Okay, okay.

The last example of announcement pair which was initiated by front-office

assistant is the following Excerpt 3. The front-office assistant gave some

information about Indonesia’s culture which was about the pray calling. David,

the guest acknowledged what Aryo said.


Aryo: Also another thing with the mosque. We have the mosque pray calling

every 5 times a day.

David: A day. Ya

Those are the examples of announcement pairs initiated by the front-office

assistants. There are also some announcement pairs initiated by the guests. On the

previous Table 4.2, it is shown that there are nine announcement pairs initiated by

the guests. The next two excerpts are the examples of announcement pairs

initiated by the guests.


David: We just arrived 3 days ago in Jakarta.

Aryo: 3 days ago in Jakarta.

On Excerpt 4, David, the guest, gave information to Aryo about his arrival.

Aryo repeated a phrase which David mentioned as the acknowledgement. On

Excerpt 5 below, the guest also gave information to the front-office assistant

about the location of a temple.


37


Catherine: They say it’s 3.5 kilometers on the east of Borobudur Ary: So it’s near, it’s close to Borobudur, it’s near.

Those are some examples of the announcement pair. As it is mentioned

before, this adjacency pair is the type with most occurences. This mostly-occuring

adjacency pair leads to the topics mainly discussed by the front-office assistants

and the guest. By initiating the announcement adjacency pairs, the front-office

assistants gave information about the hotels, information of how to stay in and

enjoy the city, and the information of business partners of the hotels to the guests.

The hotel information consisted of the location, the facilities including the

room, restaurant, and wi-fi, and service including the payment and how to get the

service. The information of how to stay in and enjoy the city consisted of

information about the city transportation, tourist attractions, culture including the

religion aspects and national day activity, and shopping including souvenirs.

While the information of business partners of the hotels incorporated the

transportation service and activity providers. The information of the business

partners might ease the guests to get what they needed and be profitable for the

hotels and business partners.

The guests initiated the announcement pairs and they gave information

about some topics. The topics were the personal experience, their plans, and their

schedule. On the personal experience, the guest gave information about the tour

and related to schedule, the guest informed about his arrival time.

The topics were announced and then responded by the acknowledgement.

The data show that the nature of the acknowledgement as the responses was

always in the form of short responses. The words like ‘okay’, ‘uh-uh’, ‘yes’ were


38

mainly used by the speakers. The previous Excerpts 1 and 2 are examples of ‘ok’

being used as a form of acknowledgement. Also, the speaker frequently responded

the announcement by repeating a part of the announcement. Excerpts 3 and 4 are

the examples of how chunks of the information were used to be the

acknowlegements.

4.1.2 Apology

The second type of adjacency pair from the compilation proposed by

Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff (2006) which was found in the

conversation between the hotel front-office assistant and guests was apology.

Goddard explains apology normally occurs after someone does something wrong

(2011). Howewer he also adds that apology can also happens before someone

making some imposition. Coulmas (1981) as cited in Goddard (2011) refers the

apology before making some imposition as ‘ex ante apology’ and ‘ex post

apology’ as the one after someone makes mistakes (p. 155). The second pair part

of the apology is minimization. There was only one apology pair in the

conversations. The topic of the apology was the condition of the hotels and

surroundings. The pair is shown on Excerpt 6 below.


Aryo: Okay. I am sorry about that because it’s part of life in the village.

George:Ah, no, no.

The excerpt above shows that Aryo said that he was sorry for the condition

of the hotel that was noisy. He also mentioned a reason that it was part of the life

in village; for the hotel was located in the village. The guest, George, minimized

the apology to respond what the front-office assistant said.


39

4.1.3 Assertion

From the conversations, eight assertion pairs were found. When someone

asserts something, it means he strongly believes that it is true. Tylor and Tylor

(1990), Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff (2006) mentioned that

the preferred response of an assertion is agreement. The dispreferred response is

disagreement.

On Table 4.3, it can be seen that seven assertion pairs were responded by

agreement. Four of them were assertions uttered by the front-office assistants and

responded by the guests, while the other three were assertions uttered by the

guests and agreed by the front-office assisstants.

Table 4.3 The Occurrence of Assertion Pairs


Agreement

Front-Office Assistant 4

8 Guest 3

Disagreement


Guest 1

As it is mentioned before, the dispreferred response is disagreement. On

the Table 4.3, it can be seen that there is only one assertion pair initiated by the

guest and responded by disagreement by the front-office assistant. There is none

of assertion pair initiated by the front-office assistant responded by disagreement

by the guest.

The following are some examples of the assertion pair from the

conversations. Excerpt 6 is one of the examples. Excerpt 6 shows the assertion

which was initiated by the front-office assistant. The front-office assistant


40

mentioned a statement about the cause of the noise. He was sure that it was from

the back compound. The front-office assistant knew that there was some

competition in the back compound as it was in August, where people celebrated

the Indonesia independent day. The guest, George, responded with agreement.


Aryo: It’s in the back compound for the sport game.

George: Ok.

Excerpt 7 also shows the assertion pair from the data. However, it was

initiated by the guest, Michael. He stated his opinion that he thought it was true

after having listened to the explanation and agreed by the front-office assistant.

Before, the front-office assistant gave information about the pricing of the taxi if

the taxi waited them for the whole trip. Michael showed his assertion as he had

been explained about it before.


Michael: We go and stay for one hour it’s around 60.

Aryo: Yeah.


Demi: To return, return trip is one hundred, around 60.

Aryo: No, one hundred is only to go there.

Excerpt 8 indicates the assertion was initiated by guest, Demi. However,

the response was the dispreferred one. It has been stated that the dispreferred

response is disagreement.Demi stated her belief that she thought it was true after

being informed of the taxi cost. However, what Demi asserted was thought to be

incorrect by the front-office assistant. So, Aryo, the front-office asssistant

responded it with disagreement.


41

Two topics of assertion have been mentioned previously including hotel

condition, specifically about the source of the noise, and the transportation,

specifiacally the taxi cost. The other topic was the business partner, specifically

the advantage of taking the transportation from the hotel partnership.

4.1.4 Assessment

In total, there were nineteen assessment pairs found in the data. There are

two kinds of assessment explained: asking about someone’s assessment and

giving assessment. Paltridge (2000) explains that assessment can be formed into

opinion seek which is asking other’s opinion. There were four chances when the

front-office assistants asked the assessment of the guests and the guests replied

them by saying their opinions or assessments. The guest also asked the assessment

from the front-office assistants and there were eleven occurrences. The front-

office assistants also responded by giving their assessments. It can be seen on the

following Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 The Occurrence of Assessment Pairs


Opinion/Assessment


19 Guest 11

Agreement


Guest 3

Daniel Jurafsky (2007) explains assessment as “a particular kind of

evaluative act (p.595).” He also explains that it is used to explain the properties of

something, both positive and negative. The other form of assessment is comment.

The responses for the comment are agreement as the preferred response and


42

disagreement as the dispreferred one. However, in the data, as it is seen on Table

4.4, there were only preferred responses found, which were agreements. There

were four assessment-agreement pairs; one of them was initiated by the front-

office assistant and the others were initiated by the guests.

The following Excerpt 9 shows when the front-office assistant asked the

guess to assess the hotel or the staying. She sought the opinion of the guest.

Andrew, the guest, answered by giving his opinion. The guest sometimes also

initiated the pair by asking for the front-office assistant’s assessment. On Excerpt

10, Michael, the guest, sought for the front-office assistant about the better time to

go to the beach. Aryo, the front-office assistant, responded by giving his

assessment about the preferred time to go to the beach.


Ajeng: How was your stay here?

Andrew: I should be coming back.


Michael: What’s it better to go?

Aryo: 7 or 6 because people usually go there after 10, so.

Paltridge (2000) also explains that assessment can be formed into

comment. Excerpts 11 and 12 are two of the data found in the conversations.

Excerpt 11 shows when the front-office assistant gave her assessment and Excerpt

12 shows when the guest gave his assessment..


Dian: Actually only 30 minute but at 7, it must be crowded because you know

the traffic in the morning.

Nicole: Yes


43


George: Since we want to leave early, I think it’s best not to do too much today.

Aryo: Exactly

On Excerpt 11, the front-office assistant gave her opinion or assessment

about the best time for Nicole, the guest, to go to the train station. She considered

about the traffic and she said her assessment to the guest. Nicole responded her

and agreed to what Dian, the front-office assistant said. On Excerpt 12, the guest

was the one who mentioned his assessment about what was best to do on that day.

He considered the thing he did before and assessed that it was best for him not to

do too much. Aryo, the front-office assistant, showed his agreement.

The topics being assessed by the front-office assistants and the guests on

Excerpts 9 to 12 were the guest’ staying and the tourist attractions, specifically the

condition of the tourist attractions which were the distance, best time to visit, and

the view. The other topics assessed were transportation, the plan, health, and

personal experiences of the guests. Also, they assessed business partner, in this

case the activity provider.

Assessment pair as one of the types of adjacency pairs showed that

different forms of sentences as the inital of the pairs can be still included in one

type. First pair part of the assessment can be in the form of declarative form and

also interrogative form. It can also be said that the first pair part might have

different aims: to seek and to give assessment. Excerpts 9 and 10 were the

examples of interrogative form as the first pair parts and Excerpts 11 and 12 were

the examples of declarative form as the first pair part of assessment pair.


44

4.1.5 Complaint

In the data, there were only two complaint pairs found and they were at

Encounter 10. Paltridge (2000) explains that complaint is utterances which

indicate feeling unsatisfied about something and apology is the way to response

the complaint, which expresses regretfulness. However, the data did not have any

complaint-apology pairs. The complaints were responded but not using apology. It

can be seen on the following excerpts 13 and 14 .


George:This morning was very early because it was so much noise.

Aryo: Yeaa I see. Exactly. Because today is ...


George: Because this one, I thought in Bali, we had a noisy night, but this night

that was really noisy, anyways. It’s just not, I don’t care about the

humans or games.

Aryo: Yea, yea.

Excerpts 13 and 14 showed that the guest, George, complained about the

condition of the hotel which was the noise that disturbed him at night. On Excerpt

13, the front-office assistant, Aryo, acknowledged that and tried to mention the

reason. While on excerpt 14, Aryo acknowledged the complain that George

mentioned which was still about the noise. However, although the front-office

assisstant did not directly mention apology, later in the conversation, he

apologized about the condition as it is written on Excerpt 5.

4.1.6 Compliment

Compliment pairs were found in the conversations. There were four pairs

found. Paltridge (2000, pp. 91-99) mentions that compliment is the way of


45

praising another person about something he or she has. It is responded with

acceptance. The data shows that the ones who gave compliments were the guests

and those were responded by the the front-office assistants. The topic of the

compliments was still related to the condition of the hotel.


Janice: Very comfortable.

Laras: Thank you.


Janice: It’s, eh very beautiful.

Laras: Hehehe, thank you very much.

Excerpts 15 and 16 are taken from Encounter 4. On Excerpts 15 and 16,

Janice, the guest, gave compliments about the hotel. She said that the hotel was

very comfortable and beautiful. The front-office assistant, to whom Janice gave

compliments, responded by thanking her. It showed acceptance.

4.1.7 Greeting

Paltridge (2000, pp. 91-99) says that greeting is the way of saying hello

and salutation. In the recordings of the conversations, there was only one greeting

pair which existed. It was when the front-office assistant greeted the guest as it

can be seen on the following excerpt. On Excerpt 17, Aryo, the front-office

assistant greeted Michael. Michael also responded by saying hello.


Aryo: Hello. Good evening.

Michael: Hello.

Conversations are usually started with greetings. However, this research

was limited to the recordings. It has possibilities why some recordings did not


46

contain greetings. Greeting might in the form of gestures or smiles. Also, some

recordings were started after the greetings.

4.1.8 Leave Taking

When greeting is supposed to open a conversation, the thing to end is

leave taking. It is supported by Paltridge. Leave taking has purpose to end the

conversation (Paltridge, 2000, pp. 91-99). In the data, there were five leave taking

pairs. All of them were initiated by the guests. When the guests thought the

conversations were enough, they would end the conversations by saying the leave

taking.


Andrew: Bye.

Ajeng: Thank you.

On Excerpt 18, after doing the check-out process, Andrew, the guest,

ended the conversation by saying the leave taking. Ajeng, the front-office

assistant, responded that by thanking the guest. It can be seen that thanking can

be the way people end the conversations. It also can be seen on Excerpts 19 and

20 below.


Nancy: Thank you.

Aryo: You’re welcome.


William: Thank you


Excerpts 19 and 20 show that the guests ended the conversations by

thanking the front-office assistants for being helpful. In the compilation of


47

adjacecncy pair types proposed by Paltridge (2000), Tylor and Tylor (1990),

Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff (2006), there is not thanking

pair proposed. Although it is possible to make new category of the type as Cutting

mentions that the pairs are endless (2002, p.30), the contexts in the conversations

explain that the phrases “thank you” were also used to end the conversation where

it is the function of leave taking. It is as explained by Paltridge that leave taking

has purpose to end the conversation (2000, pp. 91-99). It is the reason that the

writer put those pairs into leave taking category.

4.1.9 Offer

Ten offer pairs were found in the data. All the offer pairs were initiated by

the front-office assistants. The fact can be seen on Table 4.5. Nine of the pairs

were accepted and one of them was refused.

Table 4.5 The Occurrence of Offer Pairs


Acceptance Front Office Assistant 9

10 Guest 0

Refusal Front Office Assistant 1

Guest 0

Paltrige (2000) explains that offer is utterances which give something to

someone, it may be in the form of goods or services. Acceptance is response

indicates that the offer is accepted. Refusal is response indicates that the offer is

refused.


Laras: You need any, like taxi or...?

Marc: Yea.


48


Dian: Can I help you?

Nicole: Yes.

On Excerpt 21, the front-office assistant offered him help if the guest

needed any transportation. The guest responded and accepted the offer. Excerpt 22

also showed the same thing. The front-office assistant offered him help directly

after meeting the guest. The respose was the same as Excerpt 21. The guest

accepted the offer.

The dispreferred response of an offer is refusal. There was one refusal pair

found in the data. The following excerpt shows when the front-office assistant

offered the destination place to the guest. However, the guest refused to go to that

place and choose other option.


Aryo: Tempe and tofu making factory.

Nancy: No no. I’m out do that.

The topic occuring in offer adjacency pair other than transportation, hotel

service, and hotel partner which was the activity provider, was how to enjoy the

city. The front-office assistant offered a supporting stuff. By using it, the guest

was supposed to be eased in enjoying the city.

The offers that the front-office assistant made were all accepted by the

guests. It means that the things offered were all needed by the guests. So, offers

related to transportation, hotel service, activity, ways to enjoy the city and some

supporting stuff were found helpful by the guests.


49

4.1.10 Question

Question is a type of adjacency pairs in the compilation of adjacency pair

types proposed by Paltridge (2000), Tylor and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983),

Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff (2006) which is often used. It is proved that there

were forty-four pairs which can be found in the data. Paltridge (2000) explains

that question can be formed into information seek or clarification seek. It is about

asking something to someone. It is responded with information provide or

clarification provide which is referred as answer.

Table 4.6 The Occurrence of Question Pairs


Answer

Front-Office Assistant 20 44

Guest 24

Table 4.6 shows that there were forty-four questions pairs occuring.

Twenty of them were initiated by the front-office assistants and aswered by the

guests. The other twenty-four pairs were asked by the guests and answered by the

front-office assistants.

Excerpts 24 and 25 are the examples of the question pairs initiated by the

front-office assistants. Excerpt 24 shows that Laras asked the guest about the

payment. She asked what currency which he wanted to use to pay. The guest

answered that it was up to the front-office assistant. Excerpt 25 from encounter 10

is about the question proposed by Aryo. The front-office assistant asked about the

taxi that the guest meant. By mentioning the type of the taxi, the guest answered

what was asked by the front-office assistant.


50


Laras: Do you want to paid by rupiah or US dollar?

Marc: Mmm I don’t care.


Aryo: Is it the taxi, a public taxi or personal driver?

George: It is a public taxi.

Excerpts 24 and 25 show the question pairs initiated by the front-office

assistants. Excerpts 26 and 27 show other thing where the questions were

proposed by the guests. The questions are not only used to seek information but it

can be also used to ask for clarification of the information given before as it is

explained by Paltridge (2000). The case can be seen on excerpt 26. The guest,

Demi, sought the clarification of the taxi pricing that the front-office assistant had

explained before. Aryo, the front-office assistant, gave a clarification of what he

explained.


Demi: Including to come back?

Aryo: Including to come back.


Nancy: And how do I get transport to Borobudur?

Aryo: To Borobudur? Well actually if you’re using your own driver. We have to

talk about pricing. For 5 hours that would be 500 thousand rupiahs.

The same front-office assistant also talked about the transportation price to

other guest after being asked about it. It can be seen on Excerpt 27. The guest

asked about the way she could get a transportation to Borobudur. Aryo answered

about the case and the price estimation.

Two topics on the question pairs were discussed above namely payment of

the hotel, the transportation, and the tourist attraction. There were several other


51

topics in the pairs. Some of them were related to the hotel: the hotel room, staff

service, hotel stuffs, and business partner. Some of them were related to the guest:

guest background and guest’s personal experiences. The front-office assistants

and the guests also communicated to ask and give information about the culture.

4.1.11 Request

Table 4.7 The Occurrence of Request Pairs


Acceptance Front-Office Assistant 7

13 Guest 6

On Table 4.7, it is shown that question pairs occured thirteen times in the

conversations studied. For seven times, the front-office assistants requested

something to the guests and for six times the guests requested something and were

responded by the front-office assistants. Paltridge (2000) mentions that by

requesting, someone is asking someone else to do something. It can be responded

with acceptance or refusal.


Aryo: Can I see your passport, each one of you?

Corina: Yes. Ya.


Aryo: Okay, just let us know tonight and we will give you the menu, and you

can choose it for tomorrow morning at 6.

Catherine: Ya.

Excerpts 28 and 29 show that the front-office assistant asked the guests to

do something. On Excerpt 28, the front-office assistant asked the guests to give

him the passports. The responded to accept the request. On Excerpt 29, the front-


52

office assistant requested the guest to tell him the decision that the guest made.

The guest also accepted the request.

The following excerpts, Excerpts 30 and 31, are the examples of guest-

initiated requests. On Excerpt 30, the guest, Demi, requested the front-office

assistant to check the price and the front-office assistant accepted the request.

While on the Excerpt 31, the guest requested someone to make him a cocktail. It

was responded and accepted by the front-office assistant.


Demi : Would you be able to check this one how much the official, ya.

Aryo: Ok. Let me check.


George:And can someone make me a cocktail?

Aryo: Yea.

Transportation, restaurant, and document were things requested in the

conversations. There were some other topics being requested. They were the

payment information, hotel reservation, tour from the hotel partnership, and the

service.

Request is also like assessment. Request pair as one of the types of

adjacency pairs showed that different forms of sentences as the inital of the pairs

can be still included in one type. First pair part of the request can be in the form of

declarative form and also interrogative form. Excerpts 28 and 31 are the examples

of interrogative form as the first pair parts and Excerpt 29 is the example of

declarative form as the first pair part of assessment pair.


53

4.1.12 Suggestion

There were ten occurences of suggestion in the data. As it can be seen on

Table 4.8, there were nine suggestion pairs initiated by the front-office assistants

and accepted by the guests. There was also one suggestion pair initiated by the

guest and refused by the front-office assistant. However, there was not any

suggestion pair initiated by the guest which was accepted by front-office assistant.

Also, there was no any data of front-office assistant-initiated suggestion refused

by the guests.

Table 4.8 The Occurrence of Suggestion Pairs


Acceptance Front-Office Assistant 9

10 Guest 0

Refusal Front-Office Assistant 0

Guest 1

One of the types from compilation of the adjacency pair types proposed by

some experts: Paltridge (2000), Tylor and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983),

Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff (2006) is suggestion. Goddard (2011) mentions

that the implicit nature carried by a suggestion is essentially tentative. He explains

that the speaker gives some distance from idea that the speaker wants the

addressee to do it. Also, he adds that the speaker acknowledges the addressee’s

freedom to do as he or she wishes (p. 146). The preferred response of a

suggestion is acceptance by the other person. Refusal is the dispreferred

rensponse.

On Excerpt 32, the front-office assistant suggested James that James go at

7 and have breaksfast at the hotel. James responded Dian and accepted the


54

suggestion. The same thing happened as it can be seen on Excerpt 33. Aryo

proposed an idea and possible plan or action to the guest if the guest wanted to get

the breakfast faster. The guest acknowledged and accepted the idea.


Dian: So maybe at 7 from here and you can have a breakfast here.

James: Yes


Aryo: If you wanna get it faster, then you can, you know, order it tonight.

And at 6 in the morning, you can, yeah.

Catherine: Oh yeah maybe we can..


George: Well, it’s a celebration, so you should celebrate.

Aryo: No, but you’re here for your holidays and you deserve the same

treatmens and..

The previous Excerpt 34 shows different thing from Excerpts 32 and 33. It

shows where the guest, George, suggested that celebration should be celebrated.

However, Aryo, the front office-assistant, thought that the celebration disturbed

the guests, especially George and his family. So, he refused the suggestion from

the guest.

The guest’s plan and national day became two of the topics being

suggested. Transportation and tourist attractions were also discussed using

suggestion pairs. Also, the front-office assistant gave tips about how to stay in the

city.

The suggestion that the front-office assistant made were all accepted by

the guests. It means that the things suggested were all helpful for the guests. It is

the same as the offers that the front-office assistant made.


55

The below is the result of the analysis. The explanation shows the findings

and the discussion. There were twelve types of adjacency pairs found. They

consist of fifty announcement pairs, one apology pair, eight assertion pairs,

nineteen assessment pairs, two complaint pairs and four compliment pairs. In the

beginnings and endings of conversations, one greeting and five leave taking pairs

were found. The other pairs found were ten offer pairs, forty-four question pairs,

thirteen requests, and ten suggestion pairs.

The responses were varied. Many of the first pair parts were responded by

preferred responses and some were responded by dispreferred responses. The

pairs were also initiated by either the front-office assistant or the guests.

There were six types which did not exist in the conversations. They were

blame, command, invitation, summon, threat, and warning. The possible account

of the absence is that the hotels serve the guests well and some adjacency pair

types were not necessarily needed, for example blame, threat, command, and

warning. While summon are usually used when the participants of the

conversations are not close to each other, while in the conversations taken, the

participants were on a face-to-face situation. The invitation pair was also absent.

The possible reason is that the type were out of the topic talked between the

guests and front-office assistants.

The next finding is that the sentence “Thank you,” existed in many

occassions, but the compilation of the types proposed by Paltridge (2000), Tylor

and Tylor (1990), Levinson (1983), Coulthard (1985), and Schegloff (2006) does

not cover it. In the data, as the sentences containing “thank you” were used to

close the conversation, they were included in the leave taking pair. However, there


56

are possibility and need of putting thanking into adjacency pair. The addition of

adjacency pair is possible as Joan Cutting mentions that the pairs are endless

(2002, p.30).

A finding can be seen from the responses of announcement response. The

responses of this adjacency pair types were short. The typical responses were

okay’, ‘uh-uh’, ‘yes’ and the other form of acknowledgement was the repetition of

some chunks of information from the assessment.

The next finding is related to the form of sentences. The discussion

showed that different forms of sentences as the inital of the pairs can be still

included in one type. First pair part of the request can be in the form of declarative

form and also interrogative form. It happened in assessment and request pairs.

The last finding related to the types adjacency pairs was about the

helpfulness of the communication between the front-office assistants and the

guests. The guest accepted all the offers and suggestion made by the front-office

assistants where acceptance is the preferred response. It showed that the guests

found that what being offered and suggested by the front-office assistants helpful.

Another finding was related to the topics being disccussed in every

adjacency pair types. There were various topics being communicated using

adjacency pairs. The first topic was the hotel. The front-office assistants were and

the guests discussed about the location, surrounding, condition, reservation, the

staffs, and also the hotel facility including the restaurant, wi-fi, and rooom, and

also the service including the payment and how to access the service. The second

general topic was the city. The front-office assistants and the guests discussed the

way to stay in and enjoy the city. The topic covered the city transportation, the


57

tourist attraction which included the distance, tips, and view. Related to the city,

they also discussed the culture specifically the religion and national day,

shopping, and souvenirs.

Other topics were also discussed in the conversations. They were the

business partners of the hotels related to the transportation, activity, tour,and the

advantage. The last topic was the guest. It covered the personal experience of the

guests, the plans and schedule, health and their background.

Those topics happened to occur in the conversations between the front-

office assistants and the guests. The list of the topics enables the front-office

assistants to anticipate and prepare the useful expressions and things to take care.

The hotel staffs knowledge on the topics helps and eases the guests to experience

their stay.

4.2 The Communicative Functions of the Adjacency Pair Parts

Communicative functions or language functions are about the use of

language to achieve what speakers want using the language. Brown (2000) defines

language functions are “esentially the purposes that we accomplish with language,

e.g., stating, requesting, responding, greeting, parting, etc (p.248).” . He also

mentions that functions sometimes has direct relationship with the forms of

language (p.250). Adjacency pair as one of the language forms will bring the

functions as it is used by the speakers.

The classification of functions based on Jakobson (1960) where he

proposes six kinds of communicative functions. They are referential function,

poetic function, emotive function, conative function, phatic function, and



58

metalingual function. However, in the classification, every pair part is totally

possible to have more than one function as one pair part may consist of more than

one sentence. Even, one sentence may have more than one function, although one

function is the primary one and the others are the secondary. Schiffrin (2006,

p.194) mentions the word multifunctional and explain that asentences typically

have more than one function at a time. The result of the analysis can be seen in the

following table on page 59.

The following Table 4.9 on page 59 shows that there are 334 pair parts

from 167 adjacency pairs being analyzed. It also shows that there were eighteen

pair parts having conative function, thirty-nine pair parts having emotive function,

twenty-nine pair parts having phatic function, six pair parts having metalingual

function, and thirty-two having referential function. There is no single-functioned

pair part having poetic function. However, later, poetic function will be explained

to exist together with other function in the multifunctioned pair part.

Many pair parts served more than one function. Table 4.9 also shows

many combinations of two functions served by single pair part. The combinations

were conative and emotive, conative and phatic, conative and metalingual,

conative and referential, emotive and phatic, emotive and referential, phatic and

referential, metalingual and phatic, and metalingual and referential. The

combinations do not mean that the first function being mention is the primary

function. Some of the possibility will be explained in the next discussion.


59

Table 4.9 The Distribution of Communicative Functions

No Functions Occurences Speaker Occurences

1 Conative 18 Front-office assistant 17

Guest 1

2 Emotive 39 Front-office assistant 3

Guest 36

3 Phatic 29 Front-office assistant 8

Guest 21

4 Metalingual 6 Front-office assistant 2

Guest 4

5 Referential 32 Front-office assistant 22

Guest 10

6 Conative Emotive 18 Front-office assistant 11

Guest 7

7 Conative Phatic 4 Front-office assistant 3

Guest 1

8 Conative Metalingual 1 Front-office assistant 0

Guest 1

9 Conative Referential 60 Front-office assistant 42

Guest 18

10 Emotive Phatic 21 Front-office assistant 5

Guest 16

11 Emotive Referential 40 Front-office assistant 16

Guest 24

12 Phatic Referential 5 Front-office assistant 1

Guest 4

13 Metalingual Phatic 3 Front-office assistant 2

Guest 1

14 Metalingual Referential 3 Front-office assistant 3

Guest 0

15 Conative Emotive Phatic 18 Front-office assistant 11

Guest 7

16 Conative Emotive Referential 29 Front-office assistant 18

Guest 11

17 Conative Phatic Referential 6 Front-office assistant 3

Guest 3

18 Conative Poetic Referential 1 Front-office assistant 0

Guest 1

19 Metalingual Phatic Referential 1 Front-office assistant 0

Guest 1


60

The number of occurences of the double-functioned pair part as it can be

seen from the previous Table 4.9 is as follows: eighteen for conative and emotive,

four for conative and phatic, one for conative and metalingual, sixty for conative

and referential, twenty-one for emotive and phatic, forty for emotive and

referential, five for phatic and referential, three for metalingual and phatic, and

three for metalingual and referential.

The combinations also cover three functions. The combination of conative,

emotive, and phatic occurred in eighteen pair parts; the combination of conative,

emotive, and referential happened in twenty-nine pair parts; the combination of

conative, phatic, and referential were shown in six pair parts; the combination of

conative, poetic, and referential only appeared once and so did the combination of

metalingual, phatic, and referential.

The following part is the discussion of the each communicative function

found in the data. The explanation is under the names of the single function:

referential function, poetic function, emotive function, conative function, phatic

function, and metalingual function. The multifunction ones will be explained

under those single function, too.

4.2.1 Referential Function

The referential function describes a situation, object or mental state. The

referential function also relates to the thing "spoken of" (Jakobson, 1960, p. 355).

Schiffrin also gives some explanation about this function. Schiffrin mentions that

sentences which focus on the speech situation mainly function as referential


61

function (2006, p.192). The speech situation here also refers to context. There

were thirty-two pair parts serving referential function only in the data. Twenty-

two pair parts were spoken by the front-office assistants and the other ten were

spoken by the guests.


Ajeng: Mount Merapi. It is Merapi Lava Tour, sometimes it will take a jeep.

Excerpt 35 shows that the front-office assistant told the guest about Mount

merapi and the attraction there. This adjacency pair part describe the object, which

was Mount Merapi and the the situation that there was Merapi Lava Tour that

sometimes would take a jeep. The pair part relates to the thing “spoken of”, so it

serves the referential function.



Excerpt 36 is one of the data that served the referential function which was

spoken by the guest. As Jakobson mentions that the referential function relates to

the thing "spoken of" (1960, p. 355), this adjacency pair part also related to the

thing which was spoken of or the context, which was taxi. “It” on that sentence

referred to the taxi that the guest rented. “It” here is a deictic word. Yule explains

that deixis is a form of referring that is tied to the speaker context (Yule, 1996,

p.9). Without any context, it is difficult to understand what is being referred.

Also, the target factor of the pair part is the context, that’s why it is included to

serving the referential function. It is in line with what Jakobson explains that the

target factor of referential function is context.


62

As it is explained before, there were thirty-two pair parts serving

referential function. However, many pair parts also partially served referential

function. What is trying to explained is that many pair parts were multifunction,

where they served the referential function , they also served other function, not to

mention which function was the primary. Table 4.10 shows the occurences of

referential function, in single-functioned pair parts and also multifunctioned pair

parts.

Table 4.10 The Distribution of Referential Function

No

Functions Occurences

Speaker

FOA Guest

1 Referential 32 22 10

2 Conative Referential 60 42 18

3 Emotive Referential 40 16 24

4 Phatic Referential 5 1 4

5 Metalingual Referential 3 3 0

6 Conative Emotive Referential 29 18 11

7 Conative Phatic Referential 6 3 3

8 Conative Poetic Referential 1 0 1

9 Metalingual Phatic Referential 1 0 1

Total 177 105 72

*FOA: Front-office assistant

From the previous Table 4.10, it can be seen that in total, there were 177

adjacency pair parts occupying referential function. 105 of the pair parts serving

referential function were spoken by the front-office assistants and the other

seventy-two were spoken by the guests. The single-functioned pair parts have

already been explained. The following part will discuss some of the

multifuncioned pair parts.


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Some of the double-functioned pair parts carried conative-referential

function. There were sixty of them, the multifunction with the most occurrences.

One of the examples is shown in the following excerpt 37.


Ajeng: And also there is mmm Ramai, mmm Tamansari Water Castle. You can

check.

Excerpt 37 shows that the front-office assistant told the guest that there

was, in a certain place, Taman Water Castle. As the front-office assistant

described a place and also what was there, she focused on the context. Also, the

front-office assistant used the word “there”, a deictic word. Jakobson explains that

the target factor of referential function is context, and the referential function can

consist of both definite descriptions and deictic words (1960, p. 355). That is why

the data, Excerpt 37, carries the referential function.

As it is mentioned before that Excerpt 37 served multifunction, it also

carried conative function. Briefly, the conative function engages the adressee or

receiver directly as it is mentioned by Jakobson (1960) that the addressee is the

target factor of communication. On Excerpt 37, the front-office assistant also told

that the guest could check. It showed imperative where Jakobson (1960) also

states that conative function is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives. The

target factor of this excerpt is also the adressee or in this case, the guest. So, the

second part of this multifunctionality is conative.




64

The multifunctional pair parts also covers pair parts with three functions.

One of them is the combination of conative, phatic, and referential. Excerpt 38 is

one of the examples.



On excerpt 38, the conative function is shown as the target was the

adreessee and also it required the adreessee to do something. In this case, the

guest needed to answer. The phatic function implied was because this question

was used to open the conversation. The front-office assistant opened the

conversation by asking the guest’s opinion about his stay at that hotel. Jakobson

mentions that the phatic function can be observed in greetings and casual

discussions. It also provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close the

communication channel (Jakobson, 1960).

The referential function was also served. It can be seen where the front-

office assistant related to the the thing "spoken of" which is the stay at the hotel.

She also used deictic word, where deixis is a form of referring that is tied to the

speaker context (Yule, 1996, p.9). In this case, she used the word “here”which

referred to the hotel. More than that, the focus was also on the speech situation or

context. Schiffrin mention that sentences which focus on the speech situation

mainly function as referential function (2006, p.192). The analysis comes to the

conclusion that Excerpt 38 serves conative, phatic, and referential functions.


65

4.2.2 Poetic Function

The poetic function focuses on the code itself, and how it is used. This

function also describes the operative function in poetry as well as slogans.

Jakobson (1960) mentions that the target factor is the message itself. How a text

or utterance is interpreted is explained by Iqbal. Iqbal (2005) states that everyone

may have different interpretation or perception to elaborate lines in a poetic form

but still it must be based on the text (p. 10). Iqbal also mentions that poetic feature

is used to make the statement more powerful (2005, p. 12). On the data, there was

not any pair part occupied by poetic function only. However, there was one pair

part which was occupied by a combination of three function. They were conative,

poetic, and referential.


George: Well, it’s a celebration, so you should celebrate.

The only pair part occupied by poetic function is shown on Excerpt 39. As

it is stated previously, it also contained conative and referential functions. The

conative function engages the adressee or receiver directly as it is mentioned by

Jakobson (1960) that the addressee is the target factor of communication.The pair

part written on Excerpt 39 put the addressee as the target factor and required the

addressee to do something, celebrating the celebration. The pair part also

contained referential. As Jakobson mentions that the referential function relates to

the thing "spoken of" (1960, p. 355), this adjacency pair part also related to the

thing which was spoken of or the context, which was celebration. The guest also


66

used deictic word, which was “it”. That word referred to the condition which was

noisy and time which was that day.

The poetic function on Excerpt 39 can be seen because the speaker

emphasized on the message itself. The speaker manipulated the code, or language,

to convey a suggestion through the use of the same-rooted words: celebration and

celebrate. It made the focus be on the message itself. That is why, the message

becomes the target factor and the poetic becomes the function.

Iqbal (2005) states that everyone may have different interpretation or

perception to elaborate lines in a poetic form but still it must be based on the text

(p. 10). Iqbal also mentions that poetic feature is used to make the statement more

powerful (2005, p. 12). By using the the same-rooted words: celebration and

celebrate, the speaker made the statement stronger. That is how the utterance

conveys the poetic function.

4.2.3 Emotive Function

The emotive function is alternatively called "expressive" or "affective".

The emotive function relates to the addressor or speaker or sender (Jakobson,

1960, p. 355). In the data, there were thirty-nine adjacency pair parts which served

only the emotive function. Thirty-six of them were spoken by the guests, while

the other three were spoken by the front-office assistants.

The context of the following excerpt is that the guest had many things to

do. He tried to figure out what he should do that day. He considered the energy,

time, and his family.


67


George: I think it’s okay because today we visit Kaliurang and then Prambanan so

I think Borobudur is fine.

Schiffrin explain that sentences which express the impact of some aspects

of the external world (context) or internal world (feeling, sensations) on the

speaker or addressor usually show emotive function (2006, p.193). On the

previous excerpt, the guest expressed his opinion and feeling about the trip that he

was going to do and the feeling about the next trip. He thought that Borobudur

would be fine. The focus of the statement was on the speaker, in this case the

guest. So, the target factor is the addressor or speaker or sender. This fact shows

that this adjacency pair part carried emotive function as Jakobson mentions that

the emotive function relates to the addressor or speaker or sender (1960, p. 355).


Catherine: You can call and we wait?

Aryo: Ok, yea.

Excerpt 41 is also one of the examples of the pair parts serving emotive

function. On this excerpt, the one which carried the emotive function was the pair

part stated by Aryo, the front-office assistant. Aryo mention “Ok, yea,” in

referrence of the thing being asked by the guest, Catherine. Aryo expressed what

he felt about the thing being asked by the guest. It was ok with him and he would

call and let the guests wait. It is included into pair part having emotive function

because of the speaker-focus.

Emotive function was also mentioned to be combined with other function

in some pair parts. Other functions combined in a double-functional pair parts


68

were conative, phatic, and referential.There were also several pair parts serving

three functions. The combinations were conative-emotive-phatic and conative-

emotive-referential. The numbers of the occurences can be seen on the following

table. Table 4.11 shows the distribution of emotive function on the adjacency pair

parts.

Table 4.11 The Distribution of Emotive Function

No Functions Occurences Speaker

FOA Guest

1 Emotive 39 3 36

2 Conative Emotive 18 11 7

3 Emotive Phatic 21 5 16

4 Emotive Referential 40 16 24

5 Conative Emotive Phatic 18 11 7


Total 165 64 101


In total, there were 165 pair parts containing emotive function. Mostly, the

emotive-functioned pair part were spoken by the guests. There were 101 of them.

The other sixty-four pair parts were spoken by the front-office assistants.

Below is the excerpt that refers to emotive function. Excerpt 41 is an

adjacency pair and the second pair part spoken by the guest, Kelly, serves emotive

function and phatic function. She gave a response to what Ajeng, the front-office

assistant said.



Kelly: Wow.


69

Emotive function can be best exemplified by interjections and other sound

changes that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but do add

information about the addressor's (speaker's) internal state (Jakobson, 1960). This

explanation fits to Excerpt 42. Kelly utterred an interjection showing amazement

of what the front-office assistant mentioned earlier. Her utterance did not alter

the denotative meaning of an utterance but did add information about his internal

state.

Excerpt 42 also employs phatic function. Phatic function provides the keys

to open, maintain, verify or close the communication channel (Jakobson, 1960).

The phatic function is language for the sake of interaction. Jakobson also

mentions that the target factor of this function is the contact or relationship

(1960). The utterance on excerpt 42 also functioned to maintain the

communication. After the front-office assistant gave the explanation, the guest

responded to maintain the conversation and to tell the front-office assistant that

she was listening. The target factor was the contact or relationship, so the

utterance carried phatic function.

One of the combination of three function which included emotive in them

was conative-emotive-referential combination. From the previous Table 4.11, it

can be seen that there were twenty-nine pair parts serving this function

combination. Eighteen were spoken by the front-office assistants and the other

eleven were spoken by the guests. Excerpt 42 is one of them.


Nicole: May I ask you about those table clothes? Because I like it so much.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjections



70

Excerpt 43 shows that the guest asked the front-office assistant and

required the front-office assistant to do something, which was answering. It means

that this pair part conveyed conative function because the target was the adreessee

and also it required the adreessee to do something. The second one is that the

guest referred to a context, which was the condition of the table clothes. The

target factor here is context. It means that the pair part also conveyed referential

function.

The last function that Excerpt 43 carried was emotive function. On the

second sentence, the guest talked about her feeling of the table cloth. She loved

the table cloth. As the target factor was the addressor or the speaker herself, the

pair part carried the emotive function.The emotive function relates to the

addressor or speaker or sender (Jakobson, 1960, p. 355). The explanation from

Jakobson was also discussed by Schiffrin. Schiffrin explain that sentences which

express the impact of some aspects of the external world (context) or internal

world (feeling, sensations) on the speaker or addressor usually show emotive

function (2006, p.193). In this case, the external world was the table cloth and it

affected the feeling of the speaker, the guest.

4.2.4 Conative Function

The conative function engages the adressee or receiver directly as it is

mentioned by Jakobson (1960) that the addressee is the target factor of

communication. Schiffrin also explains by saying that the focus is on the relation

of the addresssee to the context or the interaction. There were eighteen pair parts

carrying conative function only. There were also many function combinations


71

involving conative function. In total, there were 155 pair parts involving conative

function as it can be seen on the following Table 4.12.

Table 4.12 The Distribution of Conative Function


FOA Guest

1 Conative 18 17 1

2 Conative Emotive 18 11 7

3 Conative Phatic 4 3 1

4 Conative Metalingual 1 0 1

5 Conative Referential 60 42 18




9 Conative Poetic Referential 1 0 1

Total 155 105 50


Eighteen pair parts carrying only conative function consisted of seventeen

pair parts spoken by the front-office asisstants and one pair part spoken by the

guest. The context of the following excerpt is that the guest wanted to go to the

city and she wondered if there was any taxi. The front office assistant asked the

guest to be prepared by bringing the namecard of the hotel so that the guest could

tell the taxi driver where to get them back.


Aryo: And prepare yourself with a namecard.

The previous Excerpt 44 is one of the data found serving conative function

only. Jakobson states that conative function engages the adressee or receiver

directly as it is mentioned by Jakobson (1960). On Excerpt 44, the front-office

assistant engaged the guest, or the reciver, by giving a suggestion in the form of


72

imperative where imperative is also one of the illustration of conative function

(Jakobson, 1960). On the excerpt, the front-office assistant asked the guest to

bring a namecard.

As it is mentioned that there were also some combinations of the

functions, conative-emotive is one of them. The following excerpt, Excerpt 45, is

one of the pair parts serving conative-emotive function. Emotive function can be

seen as the front-office assistant focused on himself that he needed to have the

guest’s signature. By focusing on himself and saying how the external world

(imigration process) affected himself (he needed it), he conveyed emotive

function. Schiffrin explains sentences which express the impact of some aspects

of the external world (context) or internal world (feeling, sensations) on the

speaker or addressor usually show emotive function (2006, p.193).

The context of Excerpt 45 is the check-in process in the hotel. He asked

for the guest’s email address and signature. Excerpt 45 also conveys conative

function. The front-office assistant engaged the adressee or the guest directly. It is

one of the characteristics of conative function. Also, the request that the front-

office assistant mentioned required the guest to do something, giving signature. It

is the other form of imperative where imperative is one of the easily-detected

illustration of conative function. Jakobson (1960) explains that conative function

is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives.


Aryo: Can I have your email address here and signature for the immigration

report?


Janice: Wait here?




73

One of the combinations of three functions found in the data which

contained conative function is the combination of conative, emotive and phatic.

The previous excerpt, Excerpt 46 is one of the data found. The context is that the

guest, Janice, was asked to wait for the taxi. After that, she asked where to wait.

The emotive aspect was detected as the pair part relates to the addressor

or speaker or sender, in this case the guest herself. She asked whether she needed

to wait at that place. The phatic function can be seen as she wanted to verify

something on the communication so that the communication could continue. In

brief, the phatic function is language for the sake of interaction. Jakobson

mentions that the target factor of this function is the contact or relationship

(1960). It also provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close the

communication channel. The other function served in this pair part was conative.

Schiffrin explain by saying that the focus of conative function is on the relation of

the addresssee to the context or the interaction (2006, pp.193-194). In this case,

the addressee was the front-office assistant to whom the guest spoke to. The

interaction was build and it required the addressee to respond about the context.

That is where the conative function shows.

4.2.5 Phatic Function

There were twenty-nine single-functioned pair parts which showed phatic

function. Eight of them were spoken by the front office-assistants and the twenty-

one were spoken by the guests. The phatic function is language for the sake of

interaction. Jakobson mentions that the target factor of this function is the contact


74

or relationship (1960). It also provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close

the communication channel.

There are some continuation of the explanation of phatic function.

Jumanto (2014) talks about the practical functions of phatic communication.

Jumanto (2014), as cited in Indarti (2016, pp. 18-19), comes to a conclusion that

there are some functions of phatic communication. They are avoiding the silence,

starting a conversation, making chit-chat, making gossip, keeping talking, creating

comfort, and creating harmony. The other functions are expressing solidarity,

emphaty, friendship, respect, and politeness




The second pair of Excerpt 47 is one of the data found in the text that

functioned to maintain the communication. The context of the excerpt is that he

guests checked-in and the front-office assistant started to open a conversation.

After that, David, one of the guests, continued the conversation by telling the

front-office assistant about his arrival. The front-office assistant verified what was

being uttered by the guest. He neither added any information about the context nor

asked the guest to do something. The intention seen was only to maintain the

communication to continue and confirmed that he listened to what the guest said.

As it focused on maintaining the communication, it served phatic function as

phatic function is language for the sake of interaction. Jakobson mentions that the

target factor of this function is the contact or relationship (1960).


75


Andrew: Bye.

Ajeng: Thank you.

Excerpt 48 above is the other examples if phatic function. Both of the pair

parts functioned as the way to end the conversation or contact. The leave takings

focus on the contact. As it provided the key to close the communication channel,

it was concluded to serve phatic function.

Table 4.13 The Distribution of Phatic Function


FOA Guest

1 Phatic 29 8 21

2 Conative Phatic 4 3 1

3 Emotive Phatic 21 5 16

4 Phatic Referential 5 1 4

5 Metalingual Phatic 3 2 1



8

Metalingual Phatic

Referential 1 0 1

Total 87 33 54


Similar to many other functions, phatic function was also found in some

multifunctional data with combination with other functions. The combination and

the number of occurrences can be seen on Table 4.13. In total, there were eighty-

seven occurences consisting thirty-three spoken by front-office assistants and

fifty-four spoken by the guests.

Excerpt 49 is an example of the multifunctional pair parts. The context of

the excerpt is that the front-office assistant confirmed if the guests reserved two

rooms in the hotel. The guest then answered.


76


Aryo: Ok. You reserved for 2 rooms.

Corina: Yes, two rooms

The second pair part of Excerpt 49, spoken by the guest, Corina, served

referential and phatic function. It is mentioned as serving referential function as

the guest focus on the context. The referential function describes a situation,

object or mental state. The referential function also relates to the thing "spoken

of" (Jakobson, 1960, p. 355). In this case, the context was the reservation of two

rooms. It was also mentiones as having phatic function as the second pair part also

functioned to maintain the contact. Jakobson mentions that the target factor of this

function is the contact or relationship (1960). It also provides the keys to open,

maintain, verify or close the communication channel and this pair part maintained

the communication by verifying what being said before by the front-office

assistant.

One example of the combination of conative, phatic, and referential

functions has been discussed from Excerpt 38 in the discussion of referential

function. As the review, Excerpt 38 was said to have phatic function as the pair

part was spoken to open the conversation. Jakobson mentions the phatic function

can be observed in greetings and casual discussions. It also provides the keys to

open, maintain, verify or close the communication channel (1960). Below is

another example of that combination. Excerpt 50 served conative, phatic, and

referential functions. The context of excerpt 50 is on the discussion of the taxi

price. The front-office assistant gave explanation and then the guest tried to

understand.


77



On that excerpt, the conative function is shown as the target was the

adreessee and also it required the adreessee to do something. In this case, the

guest needed to answer. The referential function was also served. It can be seen

where the front-office assistant related to the the thing "spoken of" which wass the

cost of the taxi. The last function, phatic function was implied because this

question was used to verify the communication so that they would get the same

understanding and the communication could continue to happen.

4.2.6 Metalingual Function

Schiffrin explain some explanation that the sentences which focus on the

relation between the code or language and situation usually occupy metalingual

function (2006). Jakobson also mentions that the metalingual function is

alternatively called "metalinguistic" or "reflexive". The metalingual function is

the use of language (what Jakobson calls "code") to discuss or describe itself. He

also mentions that the target factor of the communication is the code (1960).

Metalingual function is usually found in the definition. The pronunciation

and other aspects of language, if the language is used to explain those aspects, are

also included into the code. There are some data found in the conversations

having this function. From the adjacency pair parts listed, there were six pair parts

serving metalingual function only. Two of them were spoken by the front-office

assistants and the other four were spoken by the guests. Some multifunctional pair

parts were also found. In total, there were fourteen occurences of metalingual

function, including the single-functioned pair parts. Front-office assistants used


78

this function seven times, so did the guests. The combinations of functions and

also the distribution can be seen on the Table 4.14 below.

Table 4.14 The Distribution of Metalingual Function


FOA Guest

1 Metalingual 6 2 4

2 Conative Metalingual 1 0 1

3 Metalingual Phatic 3 2 1

4 Metalingual Referential 3 3 0

5 Metalingual Phatic Referential 1 0 1

Total 14 7 7


The following excerpt shows when th guest talked about her origin. He

mentioned that she came from Firenze. However, the name was not familiar for

the front-offive assistant. So, the front-office assistant tried to make sure how to

pronounce it.


Ajeng: O. Virene? Kelly: Firenze, Italy.

As an example, Excerpt 51 shows the use of metalingual function. The

first pair part spoken by Ajeng, the front-office assistant, served phatic and

metalingual functions. The phatic was served as Ajeng verified what the guest

mentioned before so that the communication could continue well. The metalingual

function was shown as Ajeng asked the guest about the pronunciation of the city

where the guest came from. The second pair part also show metalingual function.

Both the front-office asisstant and the guest used language to describe or explain


79

the language itself. It is in line with what Jakobson explains that metalingual

function is the use of language or code to discuss or describe itself (1960).

The result shows that referential function was mostly-served function. It

showed that the front-office assistants focused on the context to inform the

guests.The result that supports this also can be seen as the front-office assistant

implied referential function 105 times and conative function 105 times as well. It

also proves what Schiffrin mentions. Schiffrin (2006, p.192) states that the main



relationships.


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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

There are two sections of this chapter. The first section presents the

summary or conclusions of the result and discussion which answers the research

questions. The second section is the suggestions for the future researchers who are

going to conduct the relevant studies as the follow-up of this research in order to

improve the current study and also for the hotel staff.

5.1 Conclusions

This part presents the summary of the analysis result that answers the

proposed questions. The topic of the questions is adjacency pairs occurring in the

conversations between the hotel front-office assistants and the guests.

Specifically, the first question focused on the types of adjacency pairs included in

the conversations. Meanwhile, the second question focused on the communicative

functions of the adjacency pairs.

The analysis found that there were fifty announcement pairs being found

in the conversations. The responses or the second pair parts were

acknowledgement. The second type of adjacency pairs which was found was

apology. There was only one apology pair and the response was minimization.

Assertion also appeared in the data. There were seven assertion pairs with

agreement as the response and one assertion-disagreement pair.

Nineteen pairs of assessment were also found. Fifteen of them were asking

about someone’s assessment and responded by opinions. The other four were

assessing something and responded by agreement. Complaints had two


81

appearances and were responded by the second person. Compliment also exsisted

in the conversations four times and responded by acceptance.

Greeting as the opening of the conversations occurred once and leave-

taking pairs as the closing of the conversations occurred five in the recordings.

Also, there were nine offers which were responded by acceptance and one offer

which was responded by refusal.

Fourty-four questions were asked and answered and thirteen request pairs

were responded by acceptance. The last pairs were suggestions. There were nine

suggestion pairs which were responded by acceptance and one suggestion

responded by refusal.

The data analyzed show only twelve out of eighteen types of adjacency

pairs known. There were six types which did not exist in the conversations. They

were blame, command, invitation, summon, threat, and warning.

The results showed the tendency of the conversations. In the hotel-situated

conversations between the front-office assistants and the guests, the tendency was

seeking and giving information of the hotel. It could be seen as announcement

was the mostly used adjacency pair type with fifty occurrences and the question

pairs occurred fourty-four times as the second mostly-used adjacency pair type.

The results also confirmed the theory from Joan Cutting that there are two

possibilities of the second utterances or the response: preferred or dispreferred

response and that the pairs are endless (2002, p.30). The preferred and

dispreferred responses have been stated. The pair part expressing gratefulness has

not been classified where it was found several times in the data. Somehow, it


82

could be categorized as leave taking type, as it happened at the end of the

conversations.

A finding can be seen from the responses of announcement response. The

responses of this adjacency pair types were short. The typical responses were

okay’, ‘uh-uh’, ‘yes’ and the other form of acknowledgement was the repetition of

some chunks of information from the assessment.

The next finding is related to the form of sentences. The discussion

showed that different forms of sentences as the inital of the pairs can be still

included in one type. First pair part of the request can be in the form of declarative

form and also interrogative form. It happened in assessment and request pairs.

The last finding related to the types adjacency pairs was about the

helpfulness of the communication between the front-office assistants and the

guests. The guest accepted all the offers and suggestion made by the front-office

assistants where acceptance is the preferred response. It showed that the guests

found that what being offered and suggested by the front-office assistants helpful

Another finding was related to the topics being disccussed in every

adjacency pair types. There were various topics being communicated using

adjacency pairs. The first topic was the hotel. The front-office assistants were and

the guests discussed about the location, surrounding, condition, reservation, the

staffs, and also the hotel facility including the restaurant, wi-fi, and rooom, and

also the service including the payment and how to access the service. The second

general topic was the city. The front-office assistants and the guests discussed the

way to stay in and enjoy the city. The topic covered the city transportation, the

tourist attraction which included the distance, tips, and view. Related to the city,


83

they also discussed the culture specifically the religion and national day,

shopping, and souvenirs.

Other topics were also discussed in the conversations. They were the

business partners of the hotels related to the transportation, activity, tour,and the

advantage. The last topic was the guest. It covered the personal experience of the

guests, the plans and schedule, health and their background.

Those topics happened to occur in the conversations between the front-

office assistants and the guests. The list of the topics enables the front-office

assistants to anticipate and prepare the useful expressions and things to take care.

The hotel staffs knowledge on the topics helps and eases the guests to experience

their stay.

The second question focused on the communicative functions of the

adjacency pairs shown in the conversations. The data consisted of eighteen pair

parts having conative function, thirty-nine pair parts having emotive function,

twenty-nine pair parts having phatic function, six pair parts having metalingual

function, and thirty-two having referential function. There is no single-functioned

pair part having poetic function.

The result also showed that many pair parts served more than one

function. Many combinations of two functions were served by single pair part.

The combinations were conative and emotive, conative and phatic, conative and

metalingual, conative and referential, emotive and phatic, emotive and referential,

phatic and referential, metalingual and phatic, and metalingual and referential.

The combinations do not mean that the first function being mention is the primary

function. The number of occurences of the double-functioned pair part is as


84

follows: eighteen for conative and emotive, four for conative and phatic, one for

conative and metalingual, sixty for conative and referential, twenty-one for

emotive and phatic, forty for emotive and referential, five for phatic and

referential, three for metalingual and phatic, and three for metalingual and

referential.

The combinations also cover three functions. The combination of conative,

emotive, and phatic occurred in eighteen pair parts; the combination of conative,

emotive, and referential happened in twenty-nine pair parts; the combination of

conative, phatic, and referential were shown in six pair parts; the combination of

conative, poetic, and referential only appeared once and so did the combination of

metalingual, phatic, and referential.

The result shows that referential function was mostly-served function. It

showed that the front-office assistants focused on the context to inform the

guests.The result that supports this also can be seen as the front-office assistant

implied referential function 105 times and conative function 105 times as well. It

also proves what Schiffrin mentions. Schiffrin (2006, p.192) states that the main



relationships.

5.2 Recommendations

This research focused on the types and communicative functions of the

adjacency pairs. However, it has not come to the discussion of the relation of


85

types and the communicative functions of the adjacecny pairs. The future

researcher may discuss the connection between those topics.

About the reseach, the researcher thinks that it is still on the surface of the

topics. The deeper analysis is possible to be conducted. By adding some other

theories, the types and communicative functions of the pair parts might also arrive

at the discussion of how those results affect the reputation of the hotels.

Technically, the researcher also suggests that the improvement of the

research procedure is needed to have research that is more valid, authentic, and

reliable. The transcribing process and result of this research are simple without

any account of the stress, overlapping, and silence. The future had better taking

those into account.

The topics found in the context of hotels are hoped to be useful. The hotel

staffs can use the list to develop an English training covering the topics occuring

to prepare the front-office assistant to be ready to interact with the guests. The

preparation helps the front-office assistants to communicate and serve the guests

better. The better communication supports the better reputation of the hotels.


86

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APPENDICES


90

APPENDIX 1

The Script of Conversations between the Hotel Front-Assistants and the Guests

ENCOUNTER 1 (Recording 1)

Participants

Front-office Assistant: Laras

Foreign Guest: Marc

Laras: Excuse me. Do you want to paid by rupiah or US dollar?


Laras: Okay. Okay. Hehe. Yes. I’ll take in US dollar ya?

Marc: Yea. If that’s better in here.

Laras: I need for your sign, over here and then here.

Marc: Ok.

Laras: For your card and your bill. Thank you very much. Your room

already empty ya?

Marc: Ya.

Laras: Ok. You need any, like taxi or...?

Marc: Yea, can I get a taxi?

Laras: Ok. For now ya? Okay, I’ll call for the taxi.

Marc: Yes. Please.

Laras: You can wait in the ....

Marc: Ok.

(Laras is calling taxi operator via phone)


Participants

Front-office Assistant: Ajeng

Foreign Guest: Kelly

Ajeng: Can you sit may be?

Kelly: Thank you.

Kelly: 2 days.

Ajeng: O just 2 days.

Kelly: After we go to Bali.


91

Ajeng: O you’ve been to Bali?

Kelly: And Lombok.

Ajeng: O Lombok.

Kelly: And then Gili Trawangan.

Ajeng: O Gili Trawangan? O ya, I’m Ajeng, customer guest.

Kelly: Kelly.

Ajeng: Kelly. Where are you from?

Kelly: Firenze, Italy.

Ajeng: O. Virene?


Ajeng: oh ya, here’s the map.

Kelly: Ok..

Ajeng: Ya, and then this is the location of our hotel, Honey hotel, this one.

And then, ya, near Honey hotel, there is Ambarrukmo Plaza, it is

shopping mall.

Kelly: Ok.

Ajeng: We have a shuttle to Ambarrukmo and Malioboro. It is free so you

don’t need to pay. Everyday at three, mmm ten a.m and three p.m.

Kelly: Ok.

Ajeng: For the shuttle. Every day. But you have to book first because you

have to check the availability. And then there is Prambanan

Temple, 20 minutes from the hotel. Ya, and also Borobudur

Temple, one and a half hour. You can see the sunrise, the beautiful

sunrise.

Kelly: Ok.


Kelly: Wow.

Ajeng: And do extreme trip, something like that. And then, oh ya back to

Malioboro.

Kelly: Uh-uh

Ajeng: It is shopping district.

Kelly: Ok.

Ajeng: You can buy batik, souvenirs.

Kelly: Buy batik?

Ajeng: Ya, it can be. Mmm, and also there is a Sultan’s palace. It is a, mmm,

king’s palace, something like that, ya.

Kelly: Oh.


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Ajeng: And also there is mm Ramai, mmm Tamansari Water Castle. You

can check.

Kelly: Uh-uh?

Ajeng: Ya, this one.

Kelly: Oh.

Ajeng: Ya.

Kelly: Ok

Ajeng: Sultan Palace, Tamansari, Borobudur.

Kelly: With taxi mmm?

Ajeng: Mmm?

Kelly: May I take taxi?

Ajeng: Where will you go? Where do you want to go?

Kelly: Sentul.

Ajeng: Oh, ya.


Participants


Foreign Guest: Andrew

Ajeng: Hello. How was your stay here?

Andrew: I should be coming back.

Ajeng: O yea. Thank you so much. What is your room number, Sir?

Andrew: Now, it’s 311.

Ajeng: 311 ya?

Andrew: Bye.

Ajeng: Thank you.


Participants


Foreign Guest: Janice

Laras: How was your stay here? How was your stay here?

Janice: Very well.

Laras: Thank you very much

Janice: Very comfortable.

Laras: Thank you.


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Laras: Hehehe, thank you very much.

Laras: You were all already paid by Agoda, ya, and there is no delay

anymore so you can go, check out, and wait for your taxi.

Janice: Okay. Thank you. Wait here?

Laras: Yes, you can just wait here.

Janice: Yeah.


Participants

Front-office Assistant: Aryo

Foreign Guests: Michael and Demi

Aryo: Hello. Good evening.

Michael: Hello. We want to ask something.

Aryo: Ok.

Michael: How to, if you want to go to the beach, like Parangtritis.

Aryo: Parangtritis. Ya?

Michael: How far is it? Or can..can.. Could you.. Is there a better place to go

that’s more quiet? To go, if you want to see a little bit of the beach,

not to swim but to see?

Aryo: I see. The nearest would be Parangtritis

Michael: Yes.

Aryo: Yea. But there’re other beach also near, as near as Parangtritis but

more quiet than Parangtritis.

Michael: More quiet. Which one?

Aryo: I have some suggestion, like Cemara, Goa Cemara Beach.

Demi: And they are also pretty, right?

Aryo: Yea. Pretty. But still with the black sand.

Aryo: If you wanna have with the white sand and blue ocean, that would be

two and a half hour driving.

Demi: No no. Black sand is good.

Michael: Black sand is nice.

Aryo: It’s only 35 to 40 minutes driving from here to the south.

Mivhael: Hu uh. And how is it called then?

Aryo: Pardon.

Michael: And how is it called then?

Aryo: Yea I will write it.


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Michael: And is it very busy on Sunday?

Aryo: I don’t know but mostly yea. But I think this one is less popular than

Parangtritis so it’s not that crowded.

Demi: Cemara?

Aryo: Yea, cemara, or Pantai Cemara. Because there are a lot of Cemara

tree.

Demi: Okay, Pantai Cemara.

Aryo: Yea

Michael: And can we just take a taxi there and then ask taxi to wait or should

we rent a car?

Aryo: Aa.. there’s no taxi there.

Michael: But can we get a taxi from here and then let the taxi wait?

Aryo: Yea. That’s possible, too.

Michael: Yea, or should we rent the car, I said what is cheaper? What is the

best option?

Aryo: The taxi, we need to ask for the fixed price.

Demi : Okay. It’s fine. Would you be able to check this one how much the

official, ya.


Michael: If we go early in the morning and then come back after a couple of

hours.

Aryo: What time do you wanna go?

Demi: It’s better to go early?

Aryo: Yea, early.


Aryo: 7 or 6 because people usually go there after 10, so.

Michael: Ok. So we could go at 7.

[Conversation between Michael and Demi]

[Conversation between Aryo and Taxi Operator via phone]

Aryo: Ok. For the starter that would be 100,000 rupiahs to go there, and for

one hour, that would be around 60,000 rupiahs to wait there

Demi: It’s back and forth or?

Aryo: From here to there I think it’s around 45 minutes.

Michael: We go and stay for one hour it’s around 60.

Aryo: Yeah.


Aryo: Including to come back.


95


morning. So as long as I have stated that 100,000 rupiahs to go there

as starter and then tomorrow, maybe tomorrow the person in charge

here can help you to deal with driver, the price, the fixed price to wait

for you hourly. But he said that tomorrow more or less around 60,000

rupiahs.

Demi: Okay, okay. To return, return trip is one hundred, around 60..

Aryo: No, one hundred is only to go there.

Michael: Ya ya.

Demi: And one hundred to go back?

Aryo: Yea, I think..

Michael: No no, 100,000 back and forth.

Aryo: Waiting, ya, one hundred is to go there and waiting is 60,000 rupiahs.

Demi: One hundred to come back?

Aryo: I think it includes that.

Demi: Okay.

Michael: Should we book now or we can just come back tomorrow

morning?

Aryo: Ya better, better book now or tomorrow morning. [Aryo is asking who

person in charge tomorrow morning]

Michael: That’s it, we book at 7 o’clock.

Aryo: 7 o’clock, okay then.

[Aryo is talking to the taxi operator via phone]


Participants


Foreign Guest: Nancy

Aryo: The tour would be on horse carriage or with the bicycle? Which one

do you prefer?

Nancy: Horse and carriage.

Aryo: Horse and carriage. Ya. Ok. See you tomorrow.

Nancy: I see.

Aryo: Tomorrow at 7.

Nancy: Nah tomorrow not at 7. Nah. 10 o’clock.


96

Aryo: 10 o’clock? Ok. So what kind of place do you wanna visit? We have

like a central factory for the skin and leather market and also teracota

factory and also the tofu and tempe making factory.

Nancy: What factory?

Aryo: Tempe and tofu making factory.


Aryo: Leather and teracota? Ok. Sure. It’s tomorrow at 10.

Nancy: And how do I get transport to Borobudur?

Aryo: To Borobudur? Well actually if you’re using your own driver. We

have to talk about pricing. For 5 hours that would be 500 thousand

rupiahs.

Nancy: Nah. I just want to go, drive there and stay there.

Aryo: Drive there and stay there? Only drop, then.

Nancy: Just drop?

Aryo: Just drop. I will ask the driver how much. It’s because we need to.

Nancy: Okay.

Aryo: We will let you know. We will call you.

Nancy: Is there any rotan weaving around here?

Aryo: Rotan?

Nancy: Kain.

Aryo: Kain?

Nancy: Kain rotan weaving?

Aryo: Oh, kayu. Kayu rotan. Mmm. My gallery man would know that.

Nancy: The gallery is around here? Is that open?

Aryo: I, I don’t know. But I don’t think it’s open now. I will call the gallery

man, gallery attendant, and and let you know where. My friend will,

can, escort you there.

Nancy: Absolutely. That’s it.

Aryo: Do you have any problem with the room, ma’am?

Nancy: Problem with the room?

Aryo: Ya, may be something. Like, okay.

Nancy: The pump, yes. The water’s turned off

Aryo: The water, okay. I’ll arrange with the tour tomorrow.

Nancy: Okay, thank you.



97

ENCOUNTER 7 (Recording7)

Participants

Front-office Assistants: Dian and Aryo

Foreign Guests: Nicole and James

Dian: Can I help you?

Nicole: Yes. In the morning when you have to take a train.

Dian: What time is it? Mmm? 8, 9 ya?

(Dian is talking to Aryo, another staff)

Dian: So you should leave at 7.

James: At 7?

Dian: Yeah or 7.30.

Nicole: Ok so..

Dian: At 7? Ok?

James: At 7 we have to arrive at ten to be sure that we go to the right train?

Dian: Actually only 30 minute but at 7 it must be crowded because you

know the traffic in the morning.

Nicole: Yes

Dian: So maybe at 7 from here and you can have a breakfast here.

James: Yes

Nicole: And the railway station you just go there and you can check number,

because we’ve never been in railway station obviously.

Dian: Ya hehehe. And do you need transportation?

Nicole and James: Yes

Dian: I will call the taxi for you.

Nicole: Ok. May I ask you about those table clothes? Because I like it so

much.

Aryo: I don’t think it’s with me, but which table clothes?

Nicole: Sorry?

Aryo: Which table cloth?

Nicole: All of them

Dian: The red color?

Nicole: Yeah.

Aryo: The red one.

Nicole: Where can I find them?

Aryo: It’s actually we order it specificly so we made it.

Nicole: Ok

Aryo: Yes, it’s, hahaha.


98

James: Thank you.

Dian: You’re welcome.


Participants


Foreign Guests: David and Corina

Aryo: Can I help you?

Corina: Yes. We want the reservation.

Aryo: Ok. May I know the reservation?

Corina: Yes. It’s a, my name is Corina

Aryo: Ok. You reserved for 2 rooms.

Corina: Yes, two rooms.

Aryo: Can I see your passport, each one of you?

Corina: Yes. Ya.


report?

Corina: Yes. Ya.

Aryo: Is this your first time to Jogja?

David: Yes.

Aryo: Ok. It’ll be exciting.


Aryo: 3 days ago in Jakarta. Ok, Thank you. And for your information,

tomorrow the breakfast will start from 6 to 10 in the morning.

David: Ok.

Aryo: Here in the restaurant

David: Hu-uh

Aryo: And the restaurant will be opening until 11 p.m for the lunch and

dinner for tonight,

Corina: Okay.

David: Uh uh

Aryo: but the last order including the room service would be at 10 p.m.

Corina: Ok

Aryo:Ok

David: No problem.

Aryo: Ya.


99

Aryo: Here we provide you with wi-fi connection; the username would be

the name of your room, all small letters, Jambon and Ijo, and the

password will be the same, it’s 123.

Corina: Uh-huh

Aryo: The name of your room is actually in front of the door.

Corina: I see.

Aryo: So you just can have a look, then.

Corina: Yeah.

Aryo: Do you need this one or?

Corina: Yes, we’ll take it.

Aryo: Ok.

Corina: Thank you.

Aryo: For your information if you move from your room to the another area

like the restaurant you need, you might probably need to lock in

every time.

Corina: Ok. Yes.

Aryo: Ya.

Aryo: And for your information, tonight because we’re still in the month

celebrating the independence day of Indonesia, there might be some

noise from the village from the sports game.

David: Ya

Corina: Uhum..

Aryo: It might last until 3 hours from 8 to 11.

Corina: 8 to? Okay.

Aryo: Ya.

Corina: That would be fine. Hahaha

Aryo: Well, at least I remind you..Of course instead of ...Also another thing

with the mosque. We have the mosque pray calling every 5 times a

day.

David: A day. Ya

Aryo: Ya, starting 4 in the morning.

Corina: 4 in the morning? Yes

Aryo: Ya

Corina: Ya, we, we knew that.

Aryo: O yaya we knew that. Hahaha

Corina: Hahaha. Ya

Aryo: If you need anything or you need any assisstance, we’re just a phone

away. There’s a phone in the in the room.


100

Corina: Uh hum. Okay.

Aryo: And if you’re ready, then my friend will escort you to your room.

Corina: Yes

Aryo: Ok

Corina: Yes


Participants


Foreign Guests: Catherine and William

Catherine: We would like to visit this temple on this this monastery?

Aryo: OK. Hu-uh. Mendhut Temple.

Catherine: Ya ya

Aryo: On the way.

Catherine: On the way.

Aryo: After Borobudur.

Catherine: After probably, I think.

Aryo: Ok ya, ya. Yea it’s possible. Borobudur and then Mendhut. I will tell

the driver.

Catherine: Ya?

William: It’s the same way or the same direction?

Aryo: Let me.....The address there.

Catherine: No, there is no address.

Aryo: Hu-um.

Catherine: They sayit’s 3.5 kilometers on the east of Borobudur

Aryo: So it’s near, it’s close to Borobuder, it’s near.

Aryo: Okay, so tomorrow the car will be ready here at 7.

Catherine: At 7 o’clock? Ok.

Aryo: Ya and you’ll be ready for breakfast at 6.30.

Catherine: Yes. Maybe a bit early.

Aryo: If you wanna go at, because breakfast starts at 6, if you want to go

earlier, like 5.30,then we can provide you with breakfast box or

something.

Catherine: Yeah


And at 6 in the morning, you can, yeah.

Catherine: Oh yeah maybe we can..


101

Aryo: Okay, just let us know tonight and we will give you the menu, and you

can choose it for tomorrow morning at 6.

Catherine: Yaa.

Aryo: Ok.

Catherine: Awesome. And today we want to go to the city.

Aryo: Ya . Ok.

Catherine: Is there a taxi or?

Aryo: Yea, the taxi is, you can find any taxi there. Or if you go to a

restaurant just ask for the reception then to call you a taxi to get back if

you cannot find the taxi. But in the center of the city, there usually

many taxi there.

William: From here?

Aryo: From here we can call. We can call a taxi.

Catherine: Yea yea?

Aryo: But one taxi takes 10 to 15 minutes to get here.

Catherine: Yea it doesn’t matter. You can call and we wait?

Aryo: Ok yea. And prepare yourself with a namecard

Catherine: Ya

Aryo: Just tell the driver, just show it to the driver to get back here. Ok?

Catherine and William: Ok. Thank you



Participants


Foreign Guests: George

George: I’d like to talk with my wife about that. I’d like to check in.

Aryo: Sure

George: And because one of our children was sick today, I think we will

need a rest we’re deserving.

Aryo: Right

George: Mmm, what is the taxi cost to go?

Aryo: Well we have 2 types of pricing for the car. The, the first one is for

five hours, that would be 500,000 rupiahs. For the 10 hour, that would

be 800,000 rupiahs. If you only want to visit Borobudur, then I think 5

hour it would be enough, but if you wanna go, mmm, add another

destination with your schedule, then 10 hour would be a wise choice.


102

George: I think it’s okay because today we visit Kaliurang and then

Prambanan so I think Borobudur is fine

Aryo: Just Borobudur? Yea? That’s fine.

George: Since we want to leave early, I think it’s best not to do too much

today

Aryo: Exactly

George: Because the day after we already check out.

Aryo: No more time for relaxing yet.

George: So 500,000 for..

Aryo: For 5 hour, yeah.

George: I don’t know. We have a driver, a taxi driver cost for ... Exactly

what you cost, so.

Aryo: Is it the taxi, a public taxi or personal driver?


Aryo: A public taxi?

George: Yeah, we have at the airport.

Aryo: At the airport? Yea, ok.

George: (inaudible)

Aryo: You know, the, the advantages of taking our car is the driver speaks

English and also the driver wait for you, I mean it would be easier for

you to communicate with the driver if you wanna go somewhere or

shorten the trip or have some lunch somewhere so that he can give you

suggestion to where to go.

George: Yea. Mmm. You have a car, this, for five?

Aryo: Yea. What time do you surely have breakfast?

George: Ohh, it depends on

Aryo: Depends on the time you wake up? Hehe

George: This morning was very early because it was so much noise.

Aryo: Yeaa I see. Exactly. Because today is ...

George: Yes, somewhere from the village.

Aryo: But tonight there will also be another noise, Sir.

George: Owwh.

Aryo: Yea. I think it’s in the back. It’s in the back compound for the sport

game.

George: Ok. Because this one, I thought in Bali, we had a noisy night, but

it’s not really impressive anyways. It’s just not, I don’t care about the

humans, games.

Aryo: Yea, yea. But that’d be...


103

George: That’s normal.

Aryo: I know.

George: If it’s too much, I think the children don’t get the sleep hours, so.

Because it’s on the night.

Aryo: Did you use the earplugs that we provide you?

George: Yeah

Aryo: Okay. I am sorry about that because ... in the village.

George: Ah, no, no

Aryo: We tried everything we can do. We asked them, the management, the

security, to lower the voice and to lower the sound system, but

apparently they just reduce it a little, so.

George: Especially that corner, just next to the square where they celebrate.

Well, it’s a celebration, so you should celebrate.

Aryo: No, but you’re here for holiday and you deserve your stay with

treatment first.

George: Yeah. People in Indonesia don’t have to worry about that. Mmm

okay, so you think we need 5 hours.

Aryo: From here to there I think it’s one hour. It’s the fastest I think the

traffic would get one and a quarter. And to walk there, two hour is

more than enough to just seeing the Borobudur, yea.

George: So people say it spends the whole day?

Aryo: Yea, if you wanna climb or if you wanna go around, the, you know

the level of Borobudur, it will take you the whole day.

George: Really? Is that big?

Aryo: Yea, yea. But if you just wanna take a look and then just go to the top,

as your goal, I think one hour is enough or, besides, the condition there

is very, you know, very hot because there is no shade, no trees, yea.

Your kid might not like it, so.

George: No, no, hehe. (inaudible)

Aryo: Exactly.

George: We take tour many times. It’s actually very nice. Today we went to

Kaliurang, saw the museum also, took a direct tour for about one hour.

They were fine. (inaudible) There was a lot about Dutch colonialism

and there is a dark side, about our relation, between Netherlands and

Indonesia.

Aryo: Hehe it was a long time ago and everything is getting better.

George: Yea, yea, but well (inaudible)

Aryo: But most countries are colonialized, hehe.


104

George: Yea, that’s okay.

Aryo: Hehehe don’t feel bad about that hehehe I mean hehehe

George: (inaudible) I don’t know, mmm. Okay, I’ll speak to my wife.

Aryo: Okay. You can get back to me what time you want to do the tour

tomorrow.

George: Yea, yea. And can someone make me a coffee?

Aryo: Yea.


105

APPENDIX 2

The Types of the Adjacency Pairs in the Conversations between the Hotel

Front-Assistants and the Guests

Enc. Pair

No Pair Parts Type Response

1

1

Laras: Do you want to paid by

rupiah or US dollar? Question Answer


2

Laras: I’ll take in US dollar ya?

Request Acceptance Marc: Yea. If that’s better in

here.

3

Laras: I need for your sign, over

here and then here. Request Acceptance

Marc: Ok.

4

Laras:Your room already empty

ya? Question Answer

Marc: Ya.

5

Laras: You need any, like taxi

or...? Offer Acceptance

Marc: Yea

6 Marc: Can I get a taxi?

Request Acceptance Laras: Ok.

7 Laras: For now ya?

Question Answer Marc: Yes.

8 Laras: Okay, I’ll call for the taxi.

Announcement Acknowledgement Marc: Please.

9 Laras: You can wait in the ....

Suggestion Acceptance Marc: Ok.

2 10

Ajeng: Can you sit may be? Offer Acceptance

Kelly: Thank you.

11 Ajeng: O you’ve been to Bali?

Question Answer Kelly: And Lombok.

12 Kelly: And then Gili Trawangan.

Announcement Acknowledgement Ajeng: O Gili Trawangan.

13

Ajeng: O ya, I’m Ajeng,

customer guest. Announcement Acknowledgement

Kelly: Kelly.

14

Ajeng: Kelly. Where are you

from? Question Answer


15 Ajeng: O. Virene? Question Answer


106

Enc. Pair



16 Ajeng: Oh ya, here’s the map.

Offer Acceptance Kelly: Ok..

17

Ajeng: Ya, and then this is the

location of our hotel, Honey

hotel, this one. And then, ya, near

Honey hotel, there is

Ambarrukmo Plaza, it is

shopping mall.

Announcement Acknowledgement

Kelly: Ok.

18

Ajeng: We have a shuttle to

Ambarrukmo and Malioboro. It is

free so you don’t need to pay.

Everyday at three, mmm ten a.m

and three p.m.


Kelly: Ok.

19

Ajeng: For the shuttle. Every day.

But you have to book first

because you have to check the

availability. And then there is

Prambanan Temple, 20 minutes

from the hotel. Ya, and also

Borobudur Temple, one and a

half hour. You can see the

sunrise, the beautiful sunrise.


Kelly: Ok.

20

Ajeng: Mount Merapi. It is

Merapi Lava Tour, sometimes it

will take a jeep. Announcement Acknowledgement

Kelly: Wow.

21

Ajeng: And do extreme trip,

something like that. And then, oh

ya back to Malioboro. Announcement Acknowledgement

Kelly: Uh-uh

22 Ajeng: It is shopping district.

Announcement Acknowledgement Kelly: Ok.

23

Ajeng: You can buy batik,

souvenirs. Announcement Acknowledgement

Kelly: Buy batik?

24

Ajeng: Mmm, and also there is a

Sultan’s palace. It is a, mmm,

king’s palace, something like

that, ya. Announcement Acknowledgement

Kelly: Oh.

25 Ajeng: And also there is mm

Ramai, mmm Tamansari Water Announcement Acknowledgement


107

Enc. Pair


Castle. You can check.

Kelly: Uh-uh?

26 Ajeng: Ya, this one.

Announcement Acknowledgement Kelly: Oh.

27

Ajeng: Where will you go?

Where do you want to go? Question Answer

Kelly: Sentul.

28 Kelly: May I take taxi?

Question Answer Ajeng: Oh, ya.

3

29


Assessment Opinion Provide Andrew: I should be coming

back.

30

Andrew: I should be coming

back. Compliment Acceptance

Ajeng: O yea. Thank you so

much.

31

Ajeng: What is your room

number, Sir? Question Answer

Andrew: Now, it’s 311.

32 Andrew: Bye.

Leave taking Leave taking Ajeng: Thank you.

4

33 Laras: How was your stay here?

Assessment Opinion Provide Janice: Very well.

34 Janice: Very well.

Compliment Acceptance Laras: Thank you very much

35 Janice: Very comfortable.

Compliment Acceptance Laras: Thank you.

36


Compliment Acceptance Laras: Hehehe, thank you very

much.

37

Laras: You were all already paid

by Agoda, ya, and there is no

delay anymore so you can go,

check out, and wait for your taxi. Announcement Acknowledgement

Janice: Okay. Thank you.

38

Janice: Wait here?

Question Answer Laras: Yes, you can just wait

here.

5

39 Aryo: Hello. Good evening.

Greeting Greeting Michael: Hello.

40

Michael: We want to ask

something. Request Agreement

Aryo: Ok.


108

Enc. Pair


41

Michael: How far is it? Or

can..can.. Could you.. Is there a

better place to go that’s more

quiet? To go, if you want to see a

little bit of the beach, not to swim

but to see?

Assessment Opinion Provide

Aryo: I see. The nearest would be

Parangtritis

42

Aryo: I see. The nearest would be

Parangtritis Announcement Acknowledgement

Michael: Yes.

43

Aryo: Yea. But there’re other

beach also near, as near as

Parangtritis but more quiet than

Parangtritis. Announcement Acknowledgement

Michael: More quiet.

44

Michael: Which one?

Question Answer Aryo: I have some suggestion,

like Cemara, Goa Cemara

Beach.

45

Demi: And they are also pretty,

right? Assessment Opinion Provide

Aryo: Yea. Pretty. But still with

the black sand.

46

Aryo: If you wanna have with the

white sand and blue ocean, that

would be two and a half hour

driving. Announcement Acknowledgement

Demi: No no. Black sand is good.

47

Aryo: It’s only 35 to 40 minutes

driving from here to the south. Announcement Acknowledgement

Michael: Hu uh.

48

Michael: And how is it called

then? Question Answer

Aryo: Yea I will write it.

49

Michael: And is it very busy on

Sunday?

Assessment Opinion Provide Aryo: I don’t know but mostly

yea. But I think this one is less

popular than Parangtritis so it’s

not that crowded.

50

Demi: Cemara?

Question Answer Aryo: Yea, cemara, or Pantai

Cemara.

51 Aryo: Because there are a lot of

Cemara tree. Announcement Acknowledgement


109

Enc. Pair


Demi: Okay, Pantai Cemara.

52

Michael: And can we just take a

taxi there and then ask taxi to

wait or should we rent a car? Assessment Opinion Provide

Aryo: Aa.. there’s no taxi there.

53

Michael: But can we get a taxi

from here and then let the taxi

wait? Question Answer

Aryo: Yea. That’s possible, too.

54

Michael: Yea, or should we rent

the car, I said what is cheaper?

What is the best option? Assessment Opinion Provide

Aryo: The taxi, we need to ask

for the fixed price.

55

Aryo: The taxi, we need to ask

for the fixed price. Suggestion Acceptance

Demi : Okay. It’s fine.

56

Demi : Would you be able to

check this one how much the

official, ya. Request Agreement


57 Demi: It’s better to go early?

Assessment Opinion Provide Aryo: Yea, early.

58


Assessment Opinion Provide Aryo: 7 or 6 because people

usually go there after 10, so.

59

Aryo: 7 or 6 because people

usually go there after 10, so. Suggestion Acceptance

Michael: Ok. So we could go at

7.

60

Demi: It’s back and forth or?

Question Answer Aryo: From here to there I think

it’s around 45 minutes.

61

Michael: We go and stay for one

hour it’s around 60. Assertion Agreement

Aryo: Yeah.

62 Demi: Including to come back?

Question Answer Aryo: Including to come back.

63

Aryo: But the agency said that it

depends on the dealing process

tomorrow morning. So as long as

I have stated that 100,000 rupiahs

to go there as starter and then

tomorrow, maybe tomorrow the

person in charge here can help



110

Enc. Pair


you to deal with driver, the price,

the fixed price to wait for you

hourly. But he said that tomorrow

more or less around 60,000

rupiahs.

Demi: Okay, okay.

64

Demi: To return, return trip is

one hundred, around 60.. Assertion Disagrement

Aryo: No, one hundred is only to

go there.

65

Demi: And one hundred to go

back? Question Answer

Aryo: Yea, I think.

66

Michael: No no, 100,000 back

and forth.

Assertion Agreement Aryo: Waiting, ya, one hundred

is to go there and waiting is

60,000 rupiahs.

67

Demi: One hundred to come

back? Question Answer

Aryo: I think it includes that.

68

Michael: Should we book now or

we can just come back tomorrow

morning? Assessment Opinion Provide

Aryo: Ya better, better book now

or tomorrow morning.

69

Michael: That’s it, we book at 7

o’clock. Announcement Acknowledgement

Aryo: 7 o’clock, okay then.

6

70

Aryo: The tour would be on horse

carriage or with the bicycle?

Which one do you prefer? Assessment Opinion provide

Nancy: Horse and carriage.

71

Aryo: Tomorrow at 7?

Assessment Opinion provide Nancy: Nah tomorrow not at 7.

Nah. 10 o’clock.

72

Nancy: What factory?

Question Answer Aryo: Tempe and tofu making

factory.

73

Aryo: Tempe and tofu making

factory. Offer Refusal


74

Nancy: And how do I get

transport to Borobudur? Question Answer

Aryo: To Borobudur? Well

actually if you’re using your own


111

Enc. Pair


driver. We have to talk about

pricing. For 5 hours that would

be 500 thousand rupiahs.

75

Nancy: Just drop?

Question Answer Aryo: Just drop. I will ask the

driver how much. It’s because we

need to.

76

Aryo: I will ask the driver how

much. It’s because we need to. Announcement Acknowledgement

Nancy: Okay.

77 Aryo: Rotan?

Question Answer Nancy: Kain.

78

Nancy: Kain rotan weaving?

Question Answer Aryo: Oh, kayu. Kayu rotan.

Mmm. My gallery man would

know that.

79

Nancy: The gallery is around

here? Is that open? Question Answer

Aryo: I, I don’t know. But I don’t

think it’s open now.

80

Aryo: I will call the gallery man,

gallery attendant, and and let you

know where. My friend will, can,

escort you there. Announcement Acknowledgement

Nancy: Absolutely. That’s it.

81

Aryo: Do you have any problem

with the room, ma’am? Question Answer

Nancy: The pump, yes. The

water’s turned off

82

Aryo: I’ll arrange with the tour

tomorrow. Announcement Acknowledgement

Nancy: Okay.

83 Nancy: Thank you.

Leave-taking Leave-taking Aryo: You’re welcome.

7

84 Dian: Can I help you?

Offer Acceptance Nicole: Yes.

85 James: At 7?

Question Answer Dian: Yeah or 7.30.

86

James: At 7 we have to arrive at

ten to be sure that we go to the

right train?

Assessment Opinion Provide Dian: Actually only 30 minute

but at 7 it must be crowded

because you know the traffic in

the morning.


112

Enc. Pair


87

Dian: Actually only 30 minute

but at 7 it must be crowded

because you know the traffic in

the morning. Assessment Agreement

Nicole: Yes

88

Dian: So maybe at 7 from here

and you can have a breakfast

here. Suggestion Acceptance

James: Yes

89

Nicole: And the railway station

you just go there and you can

check number, because we’ve

never been in railway station

obviously.

Question Answer

Dian: Ya hehehe.

90

Dian: And do you need

transportation? Offer Acceptance

Nicole and James: Yes

91 Dian: I will call the taxi for you.

Announcement Acknowledgement Nicole: Ok.

92

Nicole: May I ask you about

those table clothes? Because I

like it so much. Question Answer

Aryo: I don’t think it’s with me.

93 Aryo: Which table cloth?

Question Answer Nicole: All of them

94 Dian: The red color?

Question Answer Nicole: Yeah.

95

Nicole: Where can I find them?

Question Answer Aryo: It’s actually we order it

specificly so we made it.

96 James: Thank you.

Leave-taking Leave-taking Dian: You’re welcome.

8

97

Aryo: Can I help you?

Offer Acceptance Corina: Yes. We want the

reservation.

98

Aryo: Ok. May I know the

reservation? Request Acceptance

Corina: Yes. It’s a, my name is

Corina

99

Aryo: Ok. You reserved for 2

rooms. Assertion Agreement

Corina: Yes, two rooms.

100 Aryo: Can I see your passport, Request Acceptance


113

Enc. Pair


each one of you?

Corina: Yes. Ya.

101

Aryo: Can I have your email

address here and signature for the

immigration report? Request Acceptance

Corina: Yes. Ya.

102

Aryo: Is this your first time to

Jogja? Question Answer

David: Yes.

103

David: We just arrived 3 days

ago in Jakarta. Announcement Acknowledgement


104

Aryo: And for your information,

tomorrow the breakfast will start

from 6 to 10 in the morning. Announcement Acknowledgement

David: Ok.

105 Aryo: Here in the restaurant

Announcement Acknowledgement David: Hu-uh

106

Aryo: And the restaurant will be

opening until 11 p.m for the

lunch and dinner for tonight, Announcement Acknowledgement

Corina: Okay.

107

Aryo: And the restaurant will be

opening until 11 p.m for the

lunch and dinner for tonight, Announcement Acknowledgement

David: Uh uh

108

Aryo: but the last order including

the room service would be at 10

p.m. Announcement Acknowledgement

Corina: Ok

109

Aryo: but the last order including

the room service would be at 10

p.m. Announcement Acknowledgement

David: No problem.

110

Aryo: Here we provide you with

wi-fi connection; the username

would be the name of your room,

all small letters, Jambon and Ijo,

and the password will be the

same, it’s 123.


Corina: Uh-huh

111

Aryo: The name of your room is

actually in front of the door. Announcement Acknowledgement

Corina: I see.


114

Enc. Pair


112

Aryo: So you just can have a

look, then. Announcement Acknowledgement

Corina: Yeah.

113 Aryo: Do you need this one or?

Offer Acceptance Corina: Yes, we’ll take it.

114

Aryo: For your information if

you move from your room to the

another area like the restaurant

you need, you might probably

need to lock in every time.


Corina: Ok. Yes.

115

Aryo: And for your information,

tonight because we’re still in the

month celebrating the

independence day of Indonesia,

there might be some noise from

the village from the sports game.


David: Ya

116

Aryo: It might last until 3 hours

from 8 to 11. Announcement Acknowledgement

Corina: 8 to? Okay.

117

Aryo: Also another thing with the

mosque. We have the mosque

pray calling every 5 times a day. Announcement Acknowledgement

David: A day. Ya

118

Aryo: If you need anything or

you need any assisstance, we’re

just a phone away. There’s a

phone in the in the room. Announcement Acknowledgement

Corina: Uh hum. Okay.

119

Aryo: And if you’re ready, then

my friend will escort you to your

room. Offer Acceptance

Corina: Yes

9

120

Catherine: We would like to visit

this temple on this this

monastery. Announcement Acknowledgement

Aryo: OK. Hu-uh. Mendhut

Temple.

121 Catherine: On the way.

Announcement Acknowledgement Aryo: On the way.

122

Aryo: After Borobudur?

Question Answer Catherine: After probably, I

think.

123 Aryo: Borobudur and then Announcement Acknowledgement


115

Enc. Pair


Mendhut. I will tell the driver.

Catherine: Ya?

124

Aryo: Do you have the address

there? Question Answer

Catherine: No, there is no

address.

125

Catherine: They say it’s 3.5

kilometers on the east of

Borobudur Announcement Acknowledgement

Aryo: So it’s near, it’s close to

Borobudur, it’s near.

126

Aryo: Okay, so tomorrow the car

will be ready here at 7. Announcement Acknowledgement

Catherine: At 7 o’clock? Ok.

127

Aryo: Ya and you’ll be ready for

breakfast at 6.30. Suggestion Acceptance

Catherine: Yes. Maybe a bit

early.

128

Aryo: If you wanna go at,

because breakfast starts at 6, if

you want to go earlier, like

5.30,then we can provide you

with breakfast box or something.

Offer Acceptance

Catherine: Yeah

129

Aryo: If you wanna get it faster,

then you can, you know, order it

tonight. And at 6 in the morning,

you can, yeah. Suggestion Acceptance

Catherine: Oh yeah maybe we

can..

130

Aryo: Okay, just let us know

tonight and we will give you the

menu, and you can choose it for

tomorrow morning at 6. Request Acceptance

Catherine: Yaa.

131

Catherine: And today we want to

go to the city. Announcement Acknowledgement

Aryo: Ya . Ok.

132

Catherine: Is there a taxi or?

Question Answer

Aryo: Yea, the taxi is, you can

find any taxi there. Or if you go

to a restaurant just ask for the

reception then to call you a taxi

to get back if you cannot find the

taxi. But in the center of the city,

there usually many taxi there.


116

Enc. Pair


133

William: From here?

Question Answer Aryo: From here we can call. We

can call a taxi.

134

Aryo: But one taxi takes 10 to 15

minutes to get here. Announcement Acknowledgement

Catherine: Yea it doesn’t matter.

135

Catherine: You can call and we

wait? Request Acceptance

Aryo: Ok yea.

136

Aryo: And prepare yourself with

a namecard Suggestion Acceptance

Catherine: Ya

137

Aryo: Just tell the driver, just

show it to the driver to get back

here. Ok? Suggestion Acceptance

Catherine : Ok.

138

Aryo: Just tell the driver, just

show it to the driver to get back

here. Ok? Suggestion Acceptance

William: Ok.

139 Catherine: Thank you


140 William: Thank you


10

141

George: I’d like to talk with my

wife about that. I’d like to check

in. Request Acceptance

Aryo: Sure

142

George: And because one of our

children was sick today, I think

we will need a rest we’re

deserving. Assessment Agreement

Aryo: Right

143

George: Mmm, what is the taxi

cost to go?

Question Answer

Aryo: Well we have 2 types of

pricing for the car. The, the first

one is for five hours, that would

be 500,000 rupiahs. For the 10

hour, that would be 800,000

rupiahs. If you only want to visit

Borobudur, then I think 5 hour it

would be enough, but if you

wanna go, mmm, add another

destination with your schedule,


117

Enc. Pair


then 10 hour would be a wise

choice.

144

George: I think it’s okay because

today we visit Kaliurang and then

Prambanan so I think Borobudur

is fine Assessment Agreement

Aryo: Just Borobudur? Yea?

That’s fine.

145

George: Since we want to leave

early, I think it’s best not to do

too much today Assessment Agreement

Aryo: Exactly

146 George: So 500,000 for..

Question Answer Aryo: For 5 hour, yeah.

147

Aryo: Is it the taxi, a public taxi

or personal driver? Question Answer


148

Aryo: A public taxi?

Question Answer George: Yeah, we have at the

airport.

149

Aryo: At the airport? Yea, ok.

Question Answer George: So, it's a... from

company.

150

Aryo: You know, the, the

advantages of taking our car is

the driver speaks English and

also the driver wait for you, I

mean it would be easier for you

to communicate with the driver if

you wanna go somewhere or

shorten the trip or have some

lunch somewhere so that he can

give you suggestion to where to

go.

Assertion Agreement

George: Yea.

151

Aryo: Yea. What time do you

surely have breakfast? Question Answer

George: Ohh, it depends on

152

George: This morning was very

early because it was so much

noise. Complaint Response

Aryo: Yeaa I see. Exactly.

Because today is ...

153

Aryo: But tonight there will also

be another noise, Sir. Announcement Acknowledgement

George: Owwh.


118

Enc. Pair


154

Aryo: Yea. I think it’s in the

back. It’s in the back compound

for the sport game. Assertion Agreement

George: Ok.

155

George: Because this one, I

thought in Bali, we had a noisy

night, but this night that was

really noisy, anyways. It’s just

not, I don’t care about the

humans or games

Complaint Response

Aryo: Yea, yea.

156 George: That’s normal.

Assertion Agreement Aryo: I know.

157

Aryo: Did you use the earplugs

that we provide you? Question Answer

George: Yeah

158

Aryo: Okay. I am sorry about that

because it’s part of life in the

village. Apology Minimization

George: Ah, no, no

159

George: Well, it’s a celebration,

so you should celebrate.

Suggestion Refusal Aryo: No, but you’re here for

your holidays and you deserve

the same treatmens and..

160

Aryo: No, but you’re here for

your holidays and you deserve

the same treatmens and.. Assertion Agreement

George: Yeah.

161

George: So you think we need 5

hours (?)

Assessment Opinion Provide

Aryo: From here to there I think

it’s one hour. It’s the fastest I

think the traffic would get one

and a quarter, so. And to walk

there, two hour is more than

enough to just seeing the

Borobudur, yea.

162

George: So people say it spends

the whole day?

Question Answer Aryo: Yea, if you wanna climb or

if you wanna go around, the, you

know the level of the Borobudur,

it will take you the whole day.

163

George: Really? Is that big?

Assessment Opinion Provide Aryo: Yea, yea. But if you just

wanna take a look and then just


119

Enc. Pair


go to the top, as your goal, I think

one hour is enough or, besides,

the condition there, is very, you

know, very hot because there is

no shade, no trees, yea. Your kid

might not like it, so.

164

George: We take tour many

times. It’s actually very nice.

Today we went to Kaliurang, saw

the museum also, took a direct

tour for about one hour. They

were fine. There was a lot about

Dutch colonialism and there is a

dark side, about our relation,

between Netherlands and

Indonesia.


Aryo: Hehe it was a long time

ago and everything is getting

better.

165

George: (inaudible) I don’t know,

mmm. Okay, I’ll speak to my

wife. Acknowledgement

Aryo: Okay.

166

Aryo: You can get back to me

what time you want to do the tour

tomorrow. Request Acceptance

George: Yea, yea.

167

George:And can someone make

me a cocktail? Request Acceptance

Aryo: Yea.


120

APPENDIX 3

The Communicative Functions of the Adjacency Pairs in the Conversations between the Hotel Front-Assistants and the Guests

Enc. No Adjacency Pair Functions Code

1 1

Laras: Do you want to paid by rupiah or US dollar? Conative C

Marc: Mmm I don’t care. Emotive E

2 Laras: I’ll take in US dollar ya? Emotive Conative Phatic CEH

Marc: Yea. If that’s better in here. Emotive E

3 Laras: I need for your sign, over here and then here. Conative Emotive CE

Marc: Ok. Emotive Phatic EH

4 Laras:Your room already empty ya? Conative Referential CR

Marc: Ya. Referential R

5 Laras: You need any, like taxi or...? Conative C

Marc: Yea Emotive E

6 Marc: Can I get a taxi? Emotive Conative CE

Laras: Ok. Emotive Conative CE

7 Laras: For now ya? Conative Referential CR

Marc: Yes. Conative Emotive Referential CER

8 Laras: Okay, I’ll call for the taxi. Emotive Conative CE

Marc: Please. Conative Emotive CE

9 Laras: You can wait in the .... Conative C

Marc: Ok. Emotive Phatic EH

2 10

Ajeng: Can you sit may be? Conative Phatic CH

Kelly: Thank you. Emotive Phatic EH

11 Ajeng: O you’ve been to Bali? Conative C


121


Kelly: And Lombok. Emotive E

12 Kelly: And then Gili Trawangan. Emotive E

Ajeng: O Gili Trawangan. Phatic Metalingual MH

13 Ajeng: O ya, I’m Ajeng, customer guest. Emotive Referential ER

Kelly: Kelly. Emotive Referential ER

14 Ajeng: Kelly. Where are you from? Phatic Conative CH

Kelly: Firenze, Italy. Emotive E

15 Ajeng: O. Virene? Metalingual Phatic MH

Kelly: Firenze, Italy. Metalingual M

16 Ajeng: Oh ya, here’s the map. Conative Referential CR

Kelly: Ok. Phatic H

17

Ajeng: Ya, and then this is the location of our hotel, Honey hotel, this one.

And then, ya, near Honey hotel, there is Ambarrukmo Plaza, it is shopping

mall. Referential R

Kelly: Ok. Phatic H

18

Ajeng: We have a shuttle to Ambarrukmo and Malioboro. It is free so you

don’t need to pay. Everyday at three, mmm ten a.m and three p.m. Referential Conative CR

Kelly: Ok. Phatic H

19

Ajeng: For the shuttle. Every day. But you have to book first because you

have to check the availability. And then there is Prambanan Temple, 20

minutes from the hotel. Ya, and also Borobudur Temple, one and a half

hour. You can see the sunrise, the beautiful sunrise. Referential Conative CR

Kelly: Ok. Phatic H

20 Ajeng: Mount Merapi. It is Merapi Lava Tour, sometimes it will take a jeep. Referential R

Kelly: Wow. Emotive Phatic EH


122


21

Ajeng: And do extreme trip, something like that. And then, oh ya back to

Malioboro. Referential R

Kelly: Uh-uh. Phatic H

22 Ajeng: It is shopping district. Referential R

Kelly: Ok. Phatic H

23 Ajeng: You can buy batik, souvenirs. Referential Conative CR

Kelly: Buy batik? Phatic Metalingual MH

24

Ajeng: Mmm, and also there is a Sultan’s palace. It is a, mmm, king’s

palace, something like that, ya. Referential Metalingual MR

Kelly: Oh. Emotive Phatic EH

25

Ajeng: And also there is mm Ramai, mmm Tamansari Water Castle. You

can check. Referential Conative CR

Kelly: Uh-uh? Phatic H

26 Ajeng: Ya, this one. Referential Conative CR

Kelly: Oh. Emotive Phatic EH

27 Ajeng: Where will you go? Where do you want to go? Conative C

Kelly: Sentul. Emotive Referential ER

28 Kelly: May I take taxi? Emotive Conative CE

Ajeng: Oh, ya. Conative Referential CR

3 29

Ajeng: How was your stay here? Phatic Conative Referential CHR

Andrew: I should be coming back. Emotive E

30 Andrew: I should be coming back. Emotive E

Ajeng: O yea. Thank you so much. Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

31 Ajeng: What is your room number, Sir? Referential Conative CR

Andrew: Now, it’s 311. Referential R


123


32 Andrew: Bye. Phatic H

Ajeng: Thank you. Phatic H

4 33

Laras: How was your stay here? Conative Phatic Referential CHR

Janice: Very well. Emotive Referential ER

34 Janice: Very well. Emotive Referential ER

Laras: Thank you very much Emotive Phatic Conative CEH

35 Janice: Very comfortable. Emotive Referential ER

Laras: Thank you. Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

36 Janice: It’s, eh very beautiful. Emotive Referential ER

Laras: Hehehe, thank you very much. Emotive Phatic Conative CEH

37

Laras: You were all already paid by Agoda, ya, and there is no delay

anymore so you can go, check out, and wait for your taxi. Conative Referential CR

Janice: Okay. Thank you. Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

38 Janice: Wait here? Emotive Conative Phatic CEH

Laras: Yes, you can just wait here. Conative C

5 39

Aryo: Hello. Good evening. Phatic H

Michael: Hello. Phatic H

40 Michael: We want to ask something. Emotive Conative CE

Aryo: Ok. Emotive Conative CE

41

Michael: How far is it? Or can..can.. Could you.. Is there a better place to

go that’s more quiet? To go, if you want to see a little bit of the beach, not

to swim but to see? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: I see. The nearest would be Parangtritis Referential Emotive ER

42 Aryo: I see. The nearest would be Parangtritis Referential Emotive ER

Michael: Yes. Phatic H


124


43

Aryo: Yea. But there’re other beach also near, as near as Parangtritis but

more quiet than Parangtritis. Referential R

Michael: More quiet. Phatic H

44 Michael: Which one? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: I have some suggestion, like Cemara, Goa Cemara Beach. Emotive Conative CE

45 Demi: And they are also pretty, right? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: Yea. Pretty. But still with the black sand. Referential Emotive ER

46

Aryo: If you wanna have with the white sand and blue ocean, that would be

two and a half hour driving. Conative Referential CR

Demi: No no. Black sand is good. Emotive Referential ER

47 Aryo: It’s only 35 to 40 minutes driving from here to the south. Referential R

Michael: Hu uh. Phatic H

48 Michael: And how is it called then? Metalingual Conative CM

Aryo: Yea I will write it. Emotive E

49

Michael: And is it very busy on Sunday? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: I don’t know but mostly yea. But I think this one is less popular than

Parangtritis so it’s not that crowded. Emotive Referential ER

50 Demi: Cemara? Metalingual M

Aryo: Yea, cemara, or Pantai Cemara. Metalingual M

51 Aryo: Because there are a lot of Cemara tree. Referential Metalingual MR

Demi: Okay, Pantai Cemara. Phatic Referential Metalingual MHR

52

Michael: And can we just take a taxi there and then ask taxi to wait or

should we rent a car? Referential Conative Emotive CER

Aryo: Aa.. there’s no taxi there. Referential Conative CR

53 Michael: But can we get a taxi from here and then let the taxi wait? Conative Emotive Referential CER


125


Aryo: Yea. That’s possible, too. Referential Emotive ER

54

Michael: Yea, or should we rent the car, I said what is cheaper? What is the

best option? Referential Conative Emotive CER

Aryo: The taxi, we need to ask for the fixed price. Referential Emotive ER

55 Aryo: The taxi, we need to ask for the fixed price. Referential Emotive ER

Demi : Okay. It’s fine. Emotive Referential ER

56 Demi : Would you be able to check this one how much the official, ya. Conative Referential CR

Aryo: Ok. Let me check. Conative Emotive CE

57 Demi: It’s better to go early? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: Yea, early. Referential Conative CR

58 Michael: What’s it better to go? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: 7 or 6 because people usually go there after 10, so. Referential Conative Emotive CER

59 Aryo: 7 or 6 because people usually go there after 10, so. Referential Conative Emotive CER

Michael: Ok. So we could go at 7. Emotive E

60 Demi: It’s back and forth or? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: From here to there I think it’s around 45 minutes. Referential Emotive ER

61 Michael: We go and stay for one hour it’s around 60. Referential Emotive ER

Aryo: Yeah. Referential R

62 Demi: Including to come back? Referential Conative Phatic CHR

Aryo: Including to come back. Referential R

63


morning. So as long as I have stated that 100,000 rupiahs to go there as

starter and then tomorrow, maybe tomorrow the person in charge here can

help you to deal with driver, the price, the fixed price to wait for you

hourly. But he said that tomorrow more or less around 60,000 rupiahs. Referential Emotive Conative CER


126


Demi: Okay, okay. Phatic Emotive EH

64 Demi: To return, return trip is one hundred, around 60.. Referential R

Aryo: No, one hundred is only to go there. Referential R

65 Demi: And one hundred to go back? Referential Conative Phatic CHR

Aryo: Yea, I think. Emotive Referential ER

66 Michael: No no, 100,000 back and forth. Referential R

Aryo: Waiting, ya, one hundred is to go there and waiting is 60,000 rupiahs. Referential R

67 Demi: One hundred to come back? Referential Conative Phatic CHR

Aryo: I think it includes that. Referential Emotive ER

68

Michael: Should we book now or we can just come back tomorrow

morning? Emotive Referential Conative CER

Aryo: Ya better, better book now or tomorrow morning. Referential Conative Emotive CER

69 Michael: That’s it, we book at 7 o’clock. Emotive E

Aryo: 7 o’clock, okay then. Referential Conative CR

6

70

Aryo: The tour would be on horse carriage or with the bicycle? Which one

do you prefer? Conative Referential CR

Nancy: Horse and carriage. Emotive Referential ER

71 Aryo: Tomorrow at 7? Referential Conative CR

Nancy: Nah tomorrow not at 7. Nah. 10 o’clock. Emotive Referential ER

72 Nancy: What factory? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: Tempe and tofu making factory. Referential R

73 Aryo: Tempe and tofu making factory. Referential R

Nancy: No no. I’m out do that. Emotive E

74 Nancy: And how do I get transport to Borobudur? Emotive Referential Conative CER


127


Aryo: To Borobudur? Well actually if you’re using your own driver. We

have to talk about pricing. For 5 hours that would be 500 thousand rupiahs. Referential Conative Emotive CER

75 Nancy: Just drop? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: Just drop. I will ask the driver how much. It’s because we need to. Referential Emotive Conative CER

76 Aryo: I will ask the driver how much. It’s because we need to. Emotive Conative Referential CER

Nancy: Okay. Emotive E

77 Aryo: Rotan? Metalingual M

Nancy: Kain. Metalingual M

78 Nancy: Kain rotan weaving? Metalingual M

Aryo: Oh, kayu. Kayu rotan. Mmm. My gallery man would know that. Metalingual Referential MR

79 Nancy: The gallery is around here? Is that open? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: I, I don’t know. But I don’t think it’s open now. Emotive Referential ER

80

Aryo: I will call the gallery man, gallery attendant, and and let you know

where. My friend will, can, escort you there. Emotive Conative Referential CER

Nancy: Absolutely. That’s it. Emotive E

81 Aryo: Do you have any problem with the room, ma’am? Conative Referential CR

Nancy: The pump, yes. The water’s turned off Referential Emotive ER

82 Aryo: I’ll arrange with the tour tomorrow. Emotive E

Nancy: Okay. Emotive Phatic EH

83 Nancy: Thank you. Phatic Emotive EH

Aryo: You’re welcome. Phatic Emotive EH

7 84

Dian: Can I help you? Phatic Conative Emotive CEH

Nicole: Yes. Emotive Conative CE

85 James: At 7? Referential Conative CR


128


Dian: Yeah or 7.30. Referential Emotive ER

86

James: At 7 we have to arrive at ten to be sure that we go to the right train? Emotive Referential Conative CER


know the traffic in the morning. Referential R

87


know the traffic in the morning. Referential R

Nicole: Yes Phatic Referential HR

88 Dian: So maybe at 7 from here and you can have a breakfast here. Conative Referential Emotive CER

James: Yes Phatic Referential HR

89

Nicole: And the railway station you just go there and you can check

number, because we’ve never been in railway station obviously. Referential Emotive Conative CER

Dian: Ya hehehe. Referential R

90 Dian: And do you need transportation? Conative C

Nicole and James: Yes Emotive E

91 Dian: I will call the taxi for you. Conative Emotive CE

Nicole: Ok. Emotive Phatic EH

92 Nicole: May I ask you about those table clothes? Because I like it so much. Conative Referential Emotive CER

Aryo: I don’t think it’s with me. Emotive Referential ER

93 Aryo: Which table cloth? Referential Conative CR

Nicole: All of them Referential R

94 Dian: The red color? Referential Conative CR

Nicole: Yeah. Referential R

95 Nicole: Where can I find them? Conative Referential Emotive CER

Aryo: It’s actually we order it specificly so we made it. Referential Emotive ER

96 James: Thank you. Emotive Conative Phatic CEH


129


Dian: You’re welcome. Emotive Phatic EH

8 97

Aryo: Can I help you? Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

Corina: Yes. We want the reservation. Emotive Conative CE

98 Aryo: Ok. May I know the reservation? Conative Emotive Referential CER

Corina: Yes. It’s a, my name is Corina Emotive Referential ER

99 Aryo: Ok. You reserved for 2 rooms. Conative Referential CR

Corina: Yes, two rooms. Referential Phatic HR

100 Aryo: Can I see your passport, each one of you? Conative Emotive EC

Corina: Yes. Ya. Emotive Phatic Conative CEH

101


report? Conative Emotive EC

Corina: Yes. Ya. Emotive Conative Phatic CEH

102 Aryo: Is this your first time to Jogja? Conative C

David: Yes. Emotive E

103 David: We just arrived 3 days ago in Jakarta. Emotive E

Aryo: 3 days ago in Jakarta. Phatic H

104

Aryo: And for your information, tomorrow the breakfast will start from 6

to 10 in the morning. Referential Conative CR

David: Ok. Phatic H

105 Aryo: Here in the restaurant Referential Conative CR

David: Hu-uh Phatic H

106

Aryo: And the restaurant will be opening until 11 p.m for the lunch and

dinner for tonight, Referential Conative CR

Corina: Okay. Phatic H

107 Aryo: And the restaurant will be opening until 11 p.m for the lunch and Referential Conative CR


130


dinner for tonight,

David: Uh uh Phatic H

108 Aryo: but the last order including the room service would be at 10 p.m. Referential Conative CR

Corina: Ok Phatic H

109 Aryo: but the last order including the room service would be at 10 p.m. Referential Conative CR

David: No problem. Phatic H

110

Aryo: Here we provide you with wi-fi connection; the username would be

the name of your room, all small letters, Jambon and Ijo, and the password

will be the same, it’s 123. Referential Conative CR

Corina: Uh-huh Phatic H

111 Aryo: The name of your room is actually in front of the door. Referential Conative CR

Corina: I see. Referential Emotive ER

112 Aryo: So you just can have a look, then. Conative C

Corina: Yeah. Emotive E

113 Aryo: Do you need this one or? Conative C

Corina: Yes, we’ll take it. Emotive E

114

Aryo: For your information if you move from your room to the another

area like the restaurant you need, you might probably need to lock in every

time. Conative Referential CR

Corina: Ok. Yes. Emotive E

115

Aryo: And for your information, tonight because we’re still in the month

celebrating the independence day of Indonesia, there might be some noise

from the village from the sports game. Referential Conative CR

David: Ya Phatic H

116 Aryo: It might last until 3 hours from 8 to 11. Referential R


131


Corina: 8 to? Okay. Phatic Emotive EH

117

Aryo: Also another thing with the mosque. We have the mosque pray

calling every 5 times a day. Referential R

David: A day. Ya Referential Phatic HR

118

Aryo: If you need anything or you need any assisstance, we’re just a phone

away. There’s a phone in the in the room. Conative Referential CR

Corina: Uh hum. Okay. Emotive Phatic EH

119 Aryo: And if you’re ready, then my friend will escort you to your room. Conative Referential CR

Corina: Yes Emotive E

9 120

Catherine: We would like to visit this temple on this this monastery. Emotive Referential ER

Aryo: OK. Hu-uh. Mendhut Temple. Phatic H

121 Catherine: On the way. Emotive Referential ER

Aryo: On the way. Phatic H

122 Aryo: After Borobudur? Conative Referential CR

Catherine: After probably, I think. Emotive E

123 Aryo: Borobudur and then Mendhut. I will tell the driver. Phatic Emotive EH

Catherine: Ya? Phatic Conative CH

124 Aryo: Do you have the address there? Conative C

Catherine: No, there is no address. Emotive Referential ER

125 Catherine: They say it’s 3.5 kilometers on the east of Borobudur Referential R

Aryo: So it’s near, it’s close to Borobudur, it’s near. Referential R

126 Aryo: Okay, so tomorrow the car will be ready here at 7. Conative Referential CR

Catherine: At 7 o’clock? Ok. Referential Emotive Conative CER

127 Aryo: Ya and you’ll be ready for breakfast at 6.30. Conative C


132


Catherine: Yes. Maybe a bit early. Emotive E

128

Aryo: If you wanna go at, because breakfast starts at 6, if you want to go

earlier, like 5.30,then we can provide you with breakfast box or something. Conative Referential Emotive CER

Catherine: Yeah Emotive E

129


And at 6 in the morning, you can, yeah. Conative Referential CR

Catherine: Oh yeah maybe we can.. Emotive E

130

Aryo: Okay, just let us know tonight and we will give you the menu, and

you can choose it for tomorrow morning at 6. Conative Referential Emotive CER

Catherine: Yaa. Emotive E

131 Catherine: And today we want to go to the city. Emotive E

Aryo: Ya . Ok. Phatic H

132

Catherine: Is there a taxi or? Conative Referential CR

Aryo: Yea, the taxi is, you can find any taxi there. Or if you go to a

restaurant just ask for the reception then to call you a taxi to get back if you

cannot find the taxi. But in the center of the city, there usually many taxi

there. Conative Referential CR

133 William: From here? Conative Referential CR

Aryo: From here we can call. We can call a taxi. Conative Emotive Referential CER

134 Aryo: But one taxi takes 10 to 15 minutes to get here. Referential R

Catherine: Yea it doesn’t matter. Emotive E

135 Catherine: You can call and we wait? Conative C

Aryo: Ok yea. Emotive E

136 Aryo: And prepare yourself with a namecard Conative C

Catherine: Ya Emotive E


133


137 Aryo: Just tell the driver, just show it to the driver to get back here. Ok? Conative C

Catherine : Ok. Emotive E

138 Aryo: Just tell the driver, just show it to the driver to get back here. Ok? Conative C

William: Ok. Emotive E

139 Catherine: Thank you Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

Aryo: You’re welcome. Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

140 William: Thank you Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

Aryo: You’re welcome. Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

10 141

George: I’d like to talk with my wife about that. I’d like to check in. Emotive E

Aryo: Sure Phatic H

142

George: And because one of our children was sick today, I think we will

need a rest we’re deserving. Emotive Referential ER

Aryo: Right Phatic Emotive EH

143

George: Mmm, what is the taxi cost to go? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: Well we have 2 types of pricing for the car. The, the first one is for

five hours, that would be 500,000 rupiahs. For the 10 hour, that would be

800,000 rupiahs. If you only want to visit Borobudur, then I think 5 hour it

would be enough, but if you wanna go, mmm, add another destination with

your schedule, then 10 hour would be a wise choice. Referential Conative CR

144

George: I think it’s okay because today we visit Kaliurang and then

Prambanan so I think Borobudur is fine Emotive E

Aryo: Just Borobudur? Yea? That’s fine. Emotive Phatic EH

145

George: Since we want to leave early, I think it’s best not to do too much

today Emotive E

Aryo: Exactly Emotive Conative Phatic CEH


134


146 George: So 500,000 for.. Referential Conative CR

Aryo: For 5 hour, yeah. Referential R

147 Aryo: Is it the taxi, a public taxi or personal driver? Referential Conative CR

George: It is a public taxi. Referential R

148 Aryo: A public taxi? Referential Conative CR

George: Yeah, we have at the airport. Referential R

149 Aryo: At the airport? Yea, ok. Referential Conative Phatic CHR

George: So, it's a... from company. Referential R

150

Aryo: You know, the, the advantages of taking our car is the driver speaks

English and also the driver wait for you, I mean it would be easier for you

to communicate with the driver if you wanna go somewhere or shorten the

trip or have some lunch somewhere so that he can give you suggestion to

where to go. Referential Emotive Conative CER

George: Yea. Phatic Emotive EH

151 Aryo: Yea. What time do you surely have breakfast? Phatic Conative CH

George: Ohh, it depends on Emotive Referential ER

152 George: This morning was very early because it was so much noise. Emotive Referential ER

Aryo: Yeaa I see. Exactly. Because today is ... Phatic Referential HR

153 Aryo: But tonight there will also be another noise, Sir. Referential Conative CR

George: Oh. Emotive E

154

Aryo: Yea. I think it’s in the back. It’s in the back compound for the sport

game. Referential R

George: Ok. Phatic H

155 George: Because this one, I thought in Bali, we had a noisy night, but this

night that was really noisy, anyways. It’s just not, I don’t care about the Referential Emotive ER


135


humans or games

Aryo: Yea, yea. Phatic H

156 George: That’s normal. Referential Emotive ER

Aryo: I know. Emotive Referential ER

157 Aryo: Did you use the earplugs that we provide you? Conative C

George: Yeah Emotive E

158 Aryo: Okay. I am sorry about that because it’s part of life in the village. Emotive Referential Conative CER

George: Ah, no, no Emotive Phatic EH

159

George: Well, it’s a celebration, so you should celebrate. Conative Poetic Referential COR


treatments and.. Emotive Conative EC

160


treatments and.. Emotive Conative EC

George: Yeah. Emotive Phatic EH

161

George: So you think we need 5 hours (?) Conative Referential CR

Aryo: From here to there I think it’s one hour. It’s the fastest I think the

traffic would get one and a quarter, so. And to walk there, two hour is more

than enough to just seeing the Borobudur, yea. Referential Conative Emotive CER

162

George: So people say it spends the whole day? Referential Conative CR

Aryo: Yea, if you wanna climb or if you wanna go around, the, you know

the level of the Borobudur, it will take you the whole day. Referential Conative CR

163

George: Really? Is that big? Emotive Referential ER

Aryo: Yea, yea. But if you just wanna take a look and then just go to the

top, as your goal, I think one hour is enough or, besides, the condition there,

is very, you know, very hot because there is no shade, no trees, yea. Your Referential Conative Emotive CER


136


kid might not like it, so.

164

George: We take tour many times. It’s actually very nice. Today we went to

Kaliurang, saw the museum also, took a direct tour for about one hour.

They were fine. There was a lot about Dutch colonialism and there is a

dark side, about our relation, between Netherlands and Indonesia. Referential Emotive ER

Aryo: Hehe it was a long time ago and everything is getting better. Referential Emotive Conative CER

165 George: (inaudible) I don’t know, mmm. Okay, I’ll speak to my wife. Emotive Phatic EH

Aryo: Okay. Phatic Emotive Conative CEH

166 Aryo: You can get back to me what time you want to do the tour tomorrow. Conative C

George: Yea, yea. Emotive E

167 George:And can someone make me a cocktail? Conative Emotive CE

Aryo: Yea. Referential R


ADJACENCY PAIRS IN THE CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN HOTEL … · HOTEL FRONT-OFFICE ASSISTANTS AND THE...

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