Adipose Tissue IVJONATHAN GRIMWOOD EDDIE SMITHLEAH SANDERS LEAH WAGNER

Fatty Wap Squad (FWS)

Primary Functions Acts as an insulating layer, helping to reduce heat loss through

the skin Provides mechanical protection and support around organs (e.g.

kidneys) Means of energy storage and reserving nutrients

Food that if in excess to requirements is converted into fat and stored within adipose tissue

Peak Functional Levels Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)

Uniquely able to rapidly produce large amounts of heat through activation of uncoupling protein (UCP).

Maximally stimulated brown fat can produce 300 watts/kg of heat vs 1 watt/kg in all other tissues

Uncoupling Proteins UCPs are mitochondrial transporters present in the inner

membrane of mitochondria Found in all mammals and in plants Only detected in brown adipocytes Belong to the family of anion mitochondrial carriers

including adenine nucleotide transporters Originally used for UCP1, which is uniquely present in

mitochondria of brown adipocytes

UCP1 Function is to create a fatty acid-activated uncoupling

of respiration Acts as a proton carrier activated by free fatty acids Creates a bypass between complexes of the respiratory

chain and ATP synthase Activation enhances respiration and results in a

pointless cycle and dissipation of oxidation energy as heat

Only present in small amounts in the fetus and in mammals (e.g.: sheep and humans)

BAT Retained until adulthood Retains the capacity to have a significant role in

energy balance Currently a primary target organ in obesity prevention

strategies Understanding the primary factors that regulate

both the appearance and the disappearance of UCP1 in early life may enable strategies to prevent excess white adipose tissue deposition through the life cycle

Table 1: Summary of the main developmental changes in adipose tissue during early life.Stage of development

Proliferative phase

Preparatory phase

Thermogenic phase

Lipogenic phase

Primary adipose tissue characteristics

Preadipocyte Brown adipose tissue

Brown adipose tissue

White adipose tissue

Function Cellular multiplication necessary to form adipose tissue depot

Acquisition of large amounts of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)

Rapid activation of UCP1 in order to prevent hypothermia

Lipid deposition and storage

Most abundant gene

Antigen identified by monoclonal antibody ki-67

Long form of prolactin receptor

UCP1 Leptin

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/305763/

Peak Body Fat According to National Institutes of Health (NIH) a

healthy body fat % can lower your risk of developing HTN, high cholesterol, Dm, and heart disease

Positive benefits Increasing energy levels Improving flexibility and function

Recommended Percent Body Fat (based on American College of Sports Medicine guidelines):

Age 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Female 16-24% 17-25% 19-28% 22-31% 22-33%

Male 7-17% 12-21% 14-23% 16-24% 17-25%

http://healthandwellness.vanderbilt.edu/news/2011/09/body-fat-percentage/

Table 13.2B Body fat percentage for the athletic populationSport Male Female Sport Male FemaleBaseball 12-15% 12-18% Rowing 6-14% 12-18%Basketball 6-12% 20-27% Shot Putters 16-20% 20-28%Body building 5-8% 10-15% Skiing (X

country)7-12% 16-22%

Cycling 5-15% 15-20% Sprinters 8-10% 12-20%Football (Backs) 9-12% No data Soccer 10-18% 13-18%

Football (Linemen)

15-19% No data Swimming 9-12% 14-24%

Gymnastics 5-12% 10-16% Tennis 12-16% 16-24%High/long Jumpers

7-12% 10-18% Triathlon 5-12% 10-15%

Ice/field Hockey 8-15% 12-18% Volleyball 11-14% 16-25%

Marathon running

5-11% 10-15% Weightlifters 9-16% No data

Racquetball 8-13% 15-22% Wrestlers 5-16% No datahttp://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/normal-ranges-of-body-weight-and-body-fat

Peak Nutrient Level There are 9 calories in every gram of fat, regardless of what type of fat

it is. Fats are more energy-dense than carbohydrates and proteins, which

provide 4 calories per gram. Eating foods with fat is definitely part of a healthy diet. Remember to choose foods that provide good fats (monounsaturated

and polyunsaturated fats) and balance the amount of calories you eat from all foods with the amount of calories you burn.

Aim to eat a dietary pattern that emphasizes intake of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains; includes low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, legumes, non-tropical vegetable oils and nuts; and limits intake of sodium, sweets, sugar sweetened beverages and red meats.

Doing so means that your diet will be low in both saturated fats and trans fats.

Dysfunctional Levels The NIH has stated that a high percentage of body fat can put

one at risk for HTN, high cholesterol, Dm, and heart disease. There is also emerging evidence of a strong association

between obesity and an increased risk of cancer. Obesity is defined as an abnormal or excessive fat

accumulation that involves a risk to health. The health consequences of obesity are huge and varied,

ranging from an increased risk of premature death to several non-fatal but debilitating diseases that have adverse effects on the quality of life.

Dysfunctional Levels Cont. Obesity typically leads to insulin and leptin resistance and a shift

to dysfunctional adipose tissue. These conditions cause metabolic dysregulation with elevated

circulating fatty acids and an increased secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines.

When left untreated, these conditions cause lipotoxicity, chronic inflammation, hypertension, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

A positive association between obesity and the risk of developing type 2 Dm has been also repeatedly reported in different studies.

Intra-abdominal fat accumulation, has been associated with an increased risk of prediabetic conditions such as impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

Fig. 2 summarizes the potential pathways directly linking dysfunctional adipose tissue to obesity and cancer.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005272810007620

Dysfunctional Nutrition Levels Obese individuals are frequently characterized by an

impaired lipid profile, in which plasma triglycerides are raised, HDL-cholesterol concentrations are reduced and low-density lipoprotein apo B (LDL-apoB) levels are raised.

Consuming high levels of calories – regardless of the source – can lead to weight gain or being overweight.

Consuming high levels of saturated or trans fats can also lead to heart disease and stroke.

Standards of FatnessMen Women

Underfatness <3 <12Essential Fat 3 12Optimal Health3-20 12-30Overfatness 20-25 30-35Obesity >25 >35

WHO 1998

Overfat According to University of New Mexico, excess fat produces

hormone-like inflammatory proteins called cytokines; these may play a role in the development of diabetes, obesity and heart problems.

High body fat, particularly around the waist, is associated with metabolic syndrome, a condition with a constellation of symptoms that include insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels and high blood triglycerides.

According to MayoClinic.com, metabolic syndrome increases your risk of serious health problems such as diabetes, heart disease and stroke.

Underfat Conversely, many problems can arise from not having

enough body fat. The body needs a certain amount of body fat to perform

basic physiological functions. Phospholipids are needed for cell membrane formation, and

the triglycerides found in adipose tissue provide insulation and store metabolic fuel.

In addition, lipids are involved in the storage and transport of fat-soluble vitamins and in the functioning of the nervous and reproductive systems, the menstrual cycle, and growth and maturation during pubescence.

Resources (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/adipose_tissue.htm Body Fat Percentage. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from

http://healthandwellness.vanderbilt.edu/news/2011/09/body-fat-percentage/ Brown Adipose Tissue Growth and Development. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/305763/ Diabetes. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from

http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/53/suppl_1/S130.full High Body Fat & Negative Effects on Hormonal Structure. (2015, January 28). Retrieved

November 2, 2015, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/552291-high-body-fat-negative-effects-on-hormonal-structure/

How Much Body Fat is Healthy? / Nutrition / Fats. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/fats/how-much-body-fat-is-healthy.html

Normal ranges of body weight and body fat. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/normal-ranges-of-body-weight-and-body-fat

Role of obesity-associated dysfunctional adipose tissue in cancer: A molecular nutrition approach ☆. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005272810007620

Structure and Functions of Adipose Tissue. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Tissue/Tissue_Adipose-Tissue.php

QUESTIONS