Adipose Tissue II

EDDIE SMITH LEAH WAGNER

LEAH SANDERS JONATHAN GRIMWOOD

FWS

How is adipose stored?

Energy ingested as fat beyond what is needed by the body is stored in adipose tissue.

Carbohydrates and proteins can be converted to fat Carbohydrates are stored in the form of glycogen in the liver and

muscle Carbohydrates can also be converted to triglycerides in the liver, then

transferred to adipose tissue for storage

http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html

How does it get there to be stored? When fat is ingested via the diet:

Emulsified by bile acids in the intestine Fat and cholesterol packaged into chylomicrons Chylomicrons pass into the lymph system and then into the blood

Enzymes (lipoproten lipase) break the fats into fatty acids

Enzyme activity depends on levels of insulin in the body

High insulin: lipases are highly active

Low insulin: lipases are inactive

Adipose, muscle and liver cells take up triglycerides from chylomicrons

Chylomicron gradually becomes smaller and is absorbed by the liver

http://www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderkooi/chap7-9.pdf

How does it get there to be stored? When fat is made in the liver:

Fat, in the form of triglycerides or cholesterol, is exported by a lipoprotein

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL): mainly composed of fat

VLDL circulates through blood and triglycerides are removed as fat moves into adipose tissue

As it gets smaller, it becomes LDLLow Density Lipoprotein (LDL): high amount of cholesterol

With high amounts of LDL in the blood, individuals are at a higher risk for vascular diseases as it forms plaque and foam cells in the arteries.

http://www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderkooi/chap7-9.pdf

How does it get there to be stored? High Density Lipoprotein (HDL): moves cholesterol from tissues

to liver Once in the liver, the cholesterol becomes part of the ‘cholesterol

pool in the liver’

http://www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderkooi/chap7-9.pdf

Cholesterol Levels

How is adipose formed and grown?

When calories in > calories out Adipose cells grow similar to other cells in the body

Hyperplasia: increase in the number of adipose cells Hypertrophy : increase in the size of adipose cells

Once new adipose cells are formed, they remain throughout life and can only reduce in size.

Genetics and diet effect the contributions of these two mechanisms

http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html

How do you adjust adipose?

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/humansciences/fat

Fat is a required nutrient for optimal health

Intake should not excess 35% of total calories

Know your fats: saturated vs unsaturated

How do you adjust adipose?

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/humansciences/fat999--2004

Saturated fats: Solid at room temperature

Come from animal sources (butter, milk, meat)

Consumed in moderation, increased levels create high cholesterol levels

Unsaturated fats: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

Liquid at room temperature

Come from plant sources (vegetable & olive oil, avocado, nuts)

Benneficial to health, helps to lower cholesterol levels

How do you adjust adipose?

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/humansciences/fat

A third group of fatty acids to note:

Trans fatty acids: When unsaturated fats are changed

making it solid

Commonly found in processed foods

Similar to saturated fats

How do you adjust adipose?

To maintain a healthy weight: Eat a balanced diet

Appropriate amounts of carbohydrates, fat, and protein

Do not eat excessively

Most people require 1,500-2,000 calories a day

Exercise regularly