Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041

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SCOE/MECH/HP/2015-16/15/142

A Project Stage I on

Experimental analysis of Domestic

refrigerator compatible with phasechange material, using R290 and

R600 blend as refrigerantBy

Mr !dil "a#i Momin

(ME Heat Power Engneerng!

E"a# $o% 11041

&'e

Mr M $ !ttal

)e*art#ent o+ Mec,anca Engneerng

Sn,ga Coege o+ Engneerng

P'ne 411041

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


.2015-16%inhgad &echnical Education %ociety's

%inhgad (ollege of Engineering)une *++0*+

( E R & " ( ! & E

, to cert+y t,at Mr . Adil Faqi Momin ,a 'cce+'y co#*ete t,e Project Stage-

I Entte 3E"*er#enta anay o+ )o#etc re+rgerator co#*ate wt, *,ae c,ange

#atera 'ng 20 an 600 en a re+rgerant7 'ner #y '*er8on n t,e Parta

+'+#ent o+ Mater o+ Engneerng 9Mec,anca Engneerng (Heat Power Engneerng!

o+ :n8erty o+ P'ne%

)ate ;Pace ; P'ne

Pro+% M% H% Atta Pro+% ()r! <% P% ey

&'e Hea P& St'e =ce Prnc*a

E"terna E"a#ner Sea Pro+% ()r! S% )% >o?,ane

Prnc*a

(-.&E.&%

%erial .o Description )age .o

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Ac?noweg#ent

>t o+ @g're

>t o+ ae

$o#encat're

!/%&R!(& 8

1 .&R-D(&-. 1

1%1 Intro'cton to =a*o'r Co#*reon e+rgeraton Syte# 1

1%2 ,er#a Energy Storage 2

1% P,ae C,ange Matera

1%4 e+rgerant Ar Contoner Heat P'#* an E++ect on

Oone >ayer )e*eton

1%5 &oa ar#ng @act Ca'e D E++ect on En8ron#ent 12

)'e to e+rgerant

1%6 Montrea Protoco D yoto Protoco 1

2 1&ER!&RE REE3 15

-/4E(&E -" )R-4E(& 3-R5 20

4 ME&$-D-1-7 21

4%1 E"*er#enta et'* 21

4%2 S#'aton 21

5 M-.&$ 3%E )1!. -" 3-R5 22

6 !.&& ($!R& 2

RE"ERE.(E%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


!(5.-31EDEME.&

I ta?e t, o**ort'nty to e"*re #y t,an? to #y g'e Pro+% M% H% Atta +or ,

n*raton an t#ey g'ance n t,e co#*eton o+ #y wor? 'cce+'y% I wo' ao

?e to e"*re #y ncere t,an? to o'r re*ecte Coornator Pro+% =% $% a*at?ar Hea

o+ P& t'e Pro+% )r% <% P% ey an Prnc*a Pro+% )r% S% )% >o?,ane +or g8ng

t,er 8ta ntr'cton neceary rect8e an 8a'ae a8ce n t,e 8aro' *,ae o+

t, e#nar wor?%

)ate ; / / 2015 A @aF Mo#n

Pace ; P'ne

1ist of "igure

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"igure .o "igure .ame )age .o

1 =a*o'r Co#*reon e+rgeraton Syte# 2

2 P,ae C,ange Matera ca+caton 4

Cae o+ #atera t,at can e 'e a PCM an t,er G

ty*ca range o+ #etng te#*erat're an #etng ent,a*y

4 E#on re'cton *otenta 10

5 Brea?own o+ owng agent 'e y ty*e an co'ntry ty*e 11

6 Projecte growt, n owng agent n con'#*ton n rg +oa# 12

G ,e ayo't agra# o+ t,e re+rgerator wt, PCM 21

&ang C,art 2

1ist of &able

&able .o &able .ame )age .o

1 Mont, we *an o+ wor? 22

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.-ME.(1!&RE

%ymbol Meaning

At# at#o*,ere

C@C c,oro+'orocar4onCOP coe++cent o+ *er+or#ance

&P go4a war#ng *otenta

, ent,a*y2 ?g ?-1

,+g atent ,eat o+ conenaton2 ? ?g-1

HC@C ,yro c,oro+'orocar4on

HC ,yrocar4on

H@C ,yro +'orocar4onO)P oBone e*eton *otenta

P *re're2 MPa

PI Power n*'t (?!Pr Pre're rato

5E re+rgeratng e++ect2 ? ?g-1

S=@5 'cton 8a*o'r +ow *er ? o+ re+rgeraton2 > -1

0 te#*erat're2 JC or

=5C 8o'#etrc re+rgeratng ca*acty2 ? #-

=CC =o'#etrc coong ca*acty(?/#! entro*c co#*reon wor?2 ?$# ?g-1

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


!/%&R!(&

In e8eo*ng co'ntre ?e Ina t,ere e"t a we*rea genera *roe# o+ +reF'ent

*ower c't w,c, g8e re to *oage o+ *er,ae te# 'c, a #ecne an +oo

t'++ 'e to ac? o+ a *a8e co retenton yte#%% Moreo8er t,ere e"t t,e *reng

nee o+ t,e ,o'r to ncor*orate eco+reny *ractce +ro# t,e gra root e8e w,e at

t,e a#e t#e coner8ng energy an ncreang e++cency%

,e a# o+ t,e *roject to tac?e t, *roe# y e8eo*ng a o#etc re+rgerator

yte# ca*ae o+ #antanng t,e coong e++ect +or #ore t,an 15 ,o'r wt,o't 'e o+

eectrca *ower an eng co#*act a we a cot-e++ect8e% Secon oject8e to

re'ce t,e goa war#ng *otenta ca'e y H@C re+rgerant 14a

(etra+'oroet,ane! eng 'e c'rrenty% ,e t,eoretca an e"*er#enta anay o+

certan tre ca*acty o#etc re+rgerator 'ng 20 (Pro*ane! an 600 (B'tane!

en a a re+rgerant w e carre o't y re*acng 14a% ,e *er+or#ance o+ t,e

re+rgerator 'ng 20 an 600 en a re+rgerant w e anaye an w e

co#*are wt, t,e *er+or#ance w,en 14a 'e a re+rgerant% ,e re+rgerator

*er+or#ance w e #'ate wt, CooPac? o+tware +or coong ca*acty an

re+rgerant c,arge%

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1% .&R-D(&-.

In nat're ,eat tran+er occ'r +ro# t,e regon o+ ,g,er te#*erat're to ower te#*erat're

wt,o't reF'rng any e"terna e8ce% ,e re8ere *roce cannot occ'r y te+% ,etran+er o+ ,eat +ro# ower te#*erat're to ,g,er te#*erat're reF're *eca e8ce

cae re+rgerator% e+rgerator wor? on =a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton Cyce%

=a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# a yte# w,c, 'e to tran+er ,eat +ro#

ow te#*erat're energy reer8or to t,e ,g, te#*erat're reer8or y t,e 'e o+ wor?ng

+' ?nown a a re+rgerant% It a yte# w,c, 'e t,e ,g, grae energy re't n t,e

ncreae o+ coe++cent o+ *er+or#ance% =a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# w,c,

cont o+ certan *art 'c, a Co#*reor E8a*orator an Conener an E"*anon

8a8e% It ,a #aer e +or t,e g8en ca*acty o+ re+rgeraton% , re+rgeraton

yte# can e e#*oye O8er a arge range o+ te#*erat're an t,e coe++cent o+

*er+or#ance o+ t, re+rgeraton yte# F'te ,g,% o +'rt,er ncreae t,e coe++cent

o+ *er+or#ance t,e PCM (P,ae c,ange #atera! can e 'e n t,e e8a*orator an to

get t,e owet te#*erat're o+ e8a*orator t,e PCM can ao e 'e% It ,a t,e #an

a8antage t,at t ,a t,e e r'nnng cot%

++ ntroduction to apour (ompression Refrigeration %ystem

=a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# t,e #ot co##ony 'e a#ong a

re+rgeraton yte#% In t, yte# t,e wor?ng +' #entone n t,e tate o+ F'

an 8a*o'r% It #'t reay e8a*orate an conene or c,ange aternatey etween t,e

8a*o'r an F' *,ae wt,o't ea8ng t,e yte#% @g're 1 'trate t,e #an

co#*onent o+ t,e 8a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# na#ey co#*reor

conener e"*anon e8ce an e8a*orator% ,e re+rgerant 8a*o'r at ow te#*erat're

an ow *re're enter t,e co#*reor (tate 1! w,ere t co#*ree entro*cay to,g, te#*erat're an ,g, *re're% ,e ,g, te#*erat're re+rgerant 8a*o'r t,en enter

t,e conener (tate 2! w,ere t conene to ,g, *re're F'%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


@g 1% =a*o'r Co#*reon e+rgeraton Syte#

,e ,g, *re're F' re+rgerant t,en enter nto e"*anon e8ce (tate ! w,ere t

*re're ecreae% :t#atey t,e F' re+rgerant w attan ower te#*erat're% ,

ow te#*erat're F' re+rgerant aor t,e atent ,eat +ro# t,e e8a*orator (tate 4!

'nergoe *,ae c,ange to 8a*o'r tate% , ,g, te#*erat're 8a*o'r re+rgerant t,en

'c?e y t,e co#*reor an t,e cyce contn'e w,c, ?ee* t,e te#*erat're n t,e

e8a*orator #'c, eow t,e at#o*,erc te#*erat're% In o#e cae +a, c,a#er

'e a+ter t,e e"*anon e8ce w,c, e*arate t,e 8a*o'r re+rgerant +ro# t,e F'

an en t to co#*reor net%

+ 2 &hermal Energy %torage

In orer to ,yre a =CC yte# an a**ro*rate energy torage #e'# #'t e

ntro'ce% ,er#a energy torage (ES! t,e #e'# y w,c, energy tore

wt,n a =CC yte# an ,a een aee Kone o+ t,e #ot #*ortant a8ance energy

tec,nooge7% ES 'nt can e contr'cte 'ng a 8arety o+ ++erent ,a*e an can

tore ene or atent t,er#a energy% In genera atent ,eat ES 'nt tore greater

a#o'nt o+ t,er#a energy t,an ene 'nt 'e to t,e greater ca*acty ,eat torage

t,ro'g, *,ae c,ange #atera (PCM!% &oo re8ew o+ terat're concernng *oe

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


o*ton +or PCM a we a o8er 8ew o+ #oeng #et,o an a**caton% Pre8o'

reearc, ,a een *er+or#e ,yrng =CC yte# +or 'ng a**caton% ,

reearc, ,a 'te *a8e atent ES 'nt w,c, *ea? ,a8e ,g, e#an *ero y

c,argng a arge PCM tan? 'rng *ero o+ ow energy e#an act8e ene ES

'nt w,c, act8ey #anage a arge tan? o+ c,e +' 'rng a 'ty cyce or act8e

atent ES c,arge y a ecate c,er n conj'ncton wt, *a8e 'ng

ca*actance ES% S#*e #oe are 'e to ecre t,ee yte# w,c, 'e et,er a

nge '#*e ca*actance a**roac, or a trat+e a**roac, w,c, e*arate a arge ES

tan? nto two te#*erat're regon wt, a 8ery arge graent n etween% >#te reearc,

,a een *er+or#e ,yrng re+rgerate tran*ortaton yte# at,o'g, t ,a een

ent+e a a *ro#ng c,oce +or re'cng energy con'#*ton n 'c, yte#% One

t'y e"*ore coong a cargo *ace e"*er#entay 'tng a arge onoar *a8e

ES tan? t,at c,arge w,e t,e 8e,ce at ret% ,e no8e It wo' e *oe to

re'ce t,e e o+ t, 'nt y nc'ng t,e re+rgeraton yte# onoar *owere y t,e

#an engne >o act8ey #anage t,e tate or c,arge% Atonay t,ere 8ery tte

#enton #oeng n t, or any re+rgerate tran*ort wor?% In orer to etter a t,e

egn o+ ot, tanaone ES 'nt an ,yre =CC yte# t,e c'rrent wor?

+oc'e on e8eo*ng generaae an etae t,er#a #oe o+ a ,yr =CC yte#

wt, an act8e ES 'nt% , wor? +oc'e *r#ary on a**caton to yte# wt,

,g,y tranent oang% A *r#e e"a#*e o+ 'c, an a**caton re+rgerate

tran*ortL ,owe8er t,e tratege an #oe can e a**e to ,yre any =CC

yte#%

+8 )hase (hange Material

Any ty*e o+ #atera to e 'e +or PCM n ES yte# ,o' ,a8e ,g, atent ,eat

an ,g, t,er#a con'ct8ty% ,ey ,o' ,a8e a #etng/+reeng te#*erat're yng n

t,e *ractca range o+ o*eraton #et/+reee congr'enty wt,n #n#'# ' coong

an e c,e#cay tae non-to"c e coty an non-corro8e%.5

+8+ 3oring of )(M:

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


,e e"terna ,eat '**e to a PCM 'e '* n rea?ng t,e nterna on o+ attce

an t,erey t aor a arge a#o'nt o+ atent ,eat at *,ae c,angng te#*erat're% $ow

w,en t,e PCM coo own te#*erat're goe eow *,ae c,ange te#*erat're (?nown a

'-coong or 'ner-coong! to o8erco#e t,e energy arrer reF're +or n'ceaton o+

econ *,ae% Once *,ae re8era tart te#*erat're o+ PCM re ('e to reeae o+

atent ,eat! an 'eF'ent *,ae re8era ta?e *ace at *,ae c,ange te#*erat're y

reeang ac? t,e atent ,eat to en8ron#ent% eF're#ent o+ '-coong or 'ner-

coong +or *,ae re8era an gn+cant *ro*erty o+ PCM go8ernng t a**caty n

*artc'ar a**caton% >atent ,eat o+ PCM #any orer ,g,er t,an t,e *ec+c ,eat o+

#atera% ,ere+ore PCM can tore 2- t#e #ore ,eat or co *er #a or y 8o'#e

t,an ,eat can e tore a ene ,eat n water% A ,eat e"c,ange ta?e *ace n narrow

te#*erat're range t,e *,eno#enon can ao e 'e +or te#*erat're #oot,enng%

+82 )(M (lassification

@g're 2 ,ow t,e 8arete o+ *,ae c,ange ,eat torage #atera; 8e a organc

an norganc #atera% Organc #atera are +'rt,er ca+e a *ara++n an

non*ara++n% (+atty ac e'tectc an #"t're!% E"*er#ent (#etng an +reeng

cyce! 'ng t,ee #atera ,owe t,at t,ey crytae wt, tte or no ' coong an

are ''ay non-corro8e an 8ery tae%

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@g%2 P,ae C,ange Matera ca+caton .10

Inorganc #atera are +'rt,er ca+e a co#*o'n an e'tectc% Man norganc

#atera are at at ,yrate aF'eo' o'ton an water% Sat ,yrate #ay e

regare a aoy o+ norganc at an water +or#ng a ty*ca crytane o o+

genera +or#'a Mn%H2O% ,e o9F' tran+or#aton o+ at ,yrate act'ay a

e,yraton o+ ,yraton o+ t,e at at,o'g, t, *roce ree#e #etng or +reeng

t,er#oyna#cay% A at ,yrate ''ay #et to et,er to a at ,yrate wt, +ewer

#oe o+ water or to t an,yro' +or#% At t,e #etng *ont t,e ,yrate cryta rea?'*

nto an,yro' at an water or nto a ower ,yrate an water% One *roe# wt, #ot

at ,yrate t,at o+ ncongr'ent #etng ca'e y t,e +act t,at t,e reeae water o+

crytaaton not '++cent to o8e a t,e o *,ae *reent% )'e to enty

++erence t,e ower ,yrate (or an,yro' at! ette own at t,e otto# o+ t,e

contaner% ,e #ot attract8e *ro*erte o+ at ,yrate are; ,g, atent ,eat o+ +'on *er

'nt 8o'#e reat8ey ,g, t,er#a con'ct8ty (a#ot o'e o+ t,e *ara++n! an

S#a 8o'#e c,ange on #etng% ,ey are not 8ery corro8e co#*ate wt, *atc

an ony g,ty to"c% Many at ,yrate are '++centy ne"*en8e +or t,e 'e n

torage% ,e rawac? o+ t,ee PCM are ncongr'ent #etng rre8ere #etng-

+reeng cyce *oor n'ceatng *ro*erte '*ercoong an *,ae egregaton%

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Metac nc'e t,e ow #etng #eta an #eta e'tectc% Beca'e o+ t arger

weg,t #etac are not o+ *r#e #*ortance Howe8er w,en 8o'#e a coneraton

t,ey are ?ey canate eca'e o+ t,e ,g, ,eat o+ +'on *er 'nt 8o'#e% ,ey ,a8e

,g, t,er#a con'ct8te% A #ajor ++erence etween t,e #etac an ot,er PCM

t,er ,g, t,er#a con'ct8ty% So#e o+ t,e +eat're o+ t,ee #atera are ow ,eat o+

+'on *er 'nt weg,t ,g, ,eat o+ +'on *er 'nt 8o'#e ,g, t,er#a con'ct8ty

ow *ec+c ,eat an reat8ey ow 8a*or *re're%

A e'tectc a #n#'#-#etng co#*oton o+ two or #ore co#*onent eac, o+ w,c,

#et an +reee congr'enty +or#ng a #"t're o+ t,e co#*onent cryta 'rng

crytaaton% E'tectc away #et an +reee wt,o't egregaton nce t,ey +reee to

an nt#ate #"t're o+ cryta ea8ng tte o**ort'nty +or t,e co#*onent to e*arate%

On #etng ot, co#*onent F'e+y #'taneo'y agan wt, e*araton 'n?ey%

Organc #atera are categore a *ara++n an non-*ara++n #atera% ,ee #atera

nc'e congr'ent #etngL #ean #et an +reee re*eatey wt,o't *,ae egregaton

an coneF'ent egraaton o+ t,er atent ,eat o+ +'on%

Para++n are c,e#cay ?nown a ,yrocaron w,c, are generay +o'n to e a wa" at

roo# te#*erat're w,erea non-*ara++n enco#*ae +atty ac gyco eter an

aco,o etc% Para++n cont o+ a #"t're o+ #oty trag,t c,an n-a?ane CH9

(CH2!9CH% ,e crytaaton o+ t,e (CH! - c,an reeae a arge a#o'nt o+ atent

,eat% Bot, t,e #etng *ont an atent ,eat o+ +'on ncreae wt, c,an engt,%

Para++n F'a+e a ,eat o+ +'on torage #atera 'e to t,er a8aaty n a arge

te#*erat're range% Syte#-'ng *ara++n ''ay ,a 8ery ong +reee9#et cyce% A*art

+ro# o#e e8era +a8orae c,aractertc o+ *ara++n 'c, a congr'ent #etng an

goo n'ceatng *ro*erte t,ey ,ow o#e 'nerae *ro*erte 'c, a ow t,er#a

con'ct8ty non- co#*ate wt, t,e *atc contaner an #oeratey +a##ae% A

t,ee 'nerae e++ect can e *arty e#nate y g,ty #o+yng t,e wa" an t,e

torage 'nt% $on-*ara++n #atera are +a##ae an ,o' not e e"*oe to

e"ce8ey ,g, te#*erat're +a#e or o"ng agent%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


So#e o+ t,e +eat're o+ t,ee organc #atera are ,g, ,eat o+ +'on n+a##aty

ow t,er#a con'ct8ty ow +a, *ont 8aryng e8e o+ to"cty an ntaty at

,g, te#*erat're%

@atty ac ,a8e ,g, ,eat o+ +'on 8a'e co#*arae to t,at o+ *ara++n% @atty ac

ao ,ow re*ro'ce #etng an +reeng e,a8or an +reee wt, no '*ercoong%

,e genera +or#'a ecrng a t,e +atty ac g8en y CH(CH2!2n COOH ,er

#ajor rawac? ,owe8er t,er cot w,c, are 292%5 t#e greater t,an t,at o+

tec,nca grae *ara++n% ,ey are ao # corro8e% So#e +atty ac are o+ nteret

to ow te#*erat're atent ,eat t,er#a energy torage a**caton%

By +ar t,e et-?nown PCM water% It ,a een 'e +or co torage +or #ore t,an 2000

year% oay co torage wt, ce tate o+ t,e art an e8en coong wt, nat'ra ce an

now 'e agan% @or te#*erat're eow 0 JC ''ay water-at o'ton wt, a

e'tectc co#*oton are 'e%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


@g%% Cae o+ #atera t,at can e 'e a PCM an t,er ty*ca range o+ #etng

te#*erat're an #etng ent,a*y .10

Se8era #atera cae co8er t,e te#*erat're range +ro# -100 JC to ao't 10 JC%

Para++n +atty ac an 'gar aco,o are organc #atera% Sat ,yrate are at

wt, a arge an e+ne a#o'nt o+ cryta water% Cat,rate are crytane tr'ct're n

w,c, #oec'e o+ one ty*e are encoe n t,e cryta attce o+ anot,er% Cat,rate

ao recogne a a ga ,yrate w,en t,e encoe #oec'e +ro# a ga an t,e

'rro'nng cryta tr'ct're water% ,ey co8er a te#*erat're range +ro# ao't 0 JC to

0 JC% At te#*erat're ao8e 150 JC ++erent at an t,er #"t're can e a**e%

E'tectc water-at o'ton ,a8e #etng te#*erat're eow 0 NC eca'e t,e ang

'* o+ t,e at ecreae t,e #etng te#*erat're an ''ay goo torage enty%

E'tectc co#*oton o+y #'taneo'y o't o+ t,e F' at t,e +reeng *ont%

,ere+ore none o+ t,e *,ae can e e*arate an n? own 'e to enty ++erence%

Ao t,e e'tectc co#*oton ,ow a #etng te#*erat're an goo torage enty% ,e

t,er#a con'ct8ty o+ e'tectc water-at o'ton #ar to t,at o+ water an t,ey

can 'coo ?e water% Et,yene gyco an *ro*yene gyco ret +reeng% ,en

o8e n water gyco r'*t ,yrogen onng w,en o8e n water% P're

gyco +reee at ao't 12 JC 't w,en #"e wt, water #oec'e t,ey +or# a ocryta tr'ct're an t,ere+ore t,e +reeng *ont o+ t,e #"t're e*ree coneray%

,e #n#'# +reeng *ont oer8e w,en t,e et,yene gyco *ercent n water

ao't 60%

+88 Desirable )roperties of )(M

,e erae *ro*erte o+ PCM +or t a**caton n re+rgeraton yte# are a

+oow%

1% Hg, atent ,eat o+ +'on *er 'nt 8o'#e o t,at a eer a#o'nt o+ #atera

tore a g8en a#o'nt o+ energy%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


2% Hg, *ec+c ,eat t,at *ro8e atona ene ,eat torage e++ect an ao

a8o '-coong%

% Hg, t,er#a con'ct8ty o t,at t,e te#*erat're graent reF're +or c,argng

t,e torage #atera #a%

4% Hg, enty o t,at a #aer contaner 8o'#e ,o t,e #atera%

5% A #etng *ont ere o*eratng te#*erat're range%

6% ,e PCM ,o' e non-*oono' non-+a##ae an non-e"*o8e

G% e*ro'ce *,ae c,ange ao cae cycng taty to 'e t,e torage

#atera a #any t#e +or torage an reeae o+ ,eat a reF're y an

a**caton%

% $o corro8ene%

% Ao t ,o' e econo#cay 8ae to #a?e t,e yte# cot e++ect8e%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


+* Refrigerant, !ir (onditioner, $eat )ump and Effect on -;one 1ayer Depletion

e+rgeraton ar contonng an ,eat *'#* a**caton re*reent t,e ector w,c,

t,e arget con'#er o+ re+rgerant c,e#ca% Et#ate are ++c't to g8e 't a an

a8erage +or t,e e8eo*e co'ntre ,are n eectrcty 'e t,o'g,t to e etween 10-20%t,e econo#c #*act o+ re+rgeraton tec,noogy #'c, #ore gn+cant t,an

generay ee8eL 00 #on tone or goo are contn'o'y re+rgerate% ,e t,e

yeary con'#*ton o+ eectrcty #ay e ,'ge an w,ere t,e n8et#ent n #ac,nery

an eF'*#ent #ay a**roac, 100000 #on oar% ,e 8a'e o+ t,e *ro'ct treate y

re+rgeraton et,er aone w e +o'r t#e t, a#o'nt% , one o+ t,e reaon t,at

econo#c #*act o+ t,e *,ae-o't o+ re+rgerant c,e#ca ('c, a C@C n t,e *at an

HC@C n t,e +oreeeae +'t're! ,a8e een an t are ++c't to et#ate%

e+rgeraton an ar contonng a**caton 8ary enor#o'y n e an te#*erat're

e8e% A o#etc re+rgerator ,a an eectrca n*'t etween 60-140 an contan e

t,an 100-150 g o+ re+rgerant w,erea n'tra re+rgeraton an co torage

c,aractere y te#*erat're etween -10 0 C an -40 JC wt, eectrca n*'t '* to

e8era M an re+rgerant content o+ #any ,'nre ?ogra#% Ar contonng an

,eat *'#* #ay ,ow e8a*oraton te#*erat're etween 0J C an 10 JC gn+canty

++erent +ro# re+rgeraton a**caton an 8ary enor#o'y n e an n*'t%

It cear t,at to ate any tec,noogy 'ng C@C goay o't o+ ateL ,owe8er

n8et#ent n HC@C tec,noogy t 'ject to trategc coneraton on t,e

a8aaty o+ HC@C on t,e a8aaty o+ re*ace#ent c,e#ca on coneraton on

green,o'e ga e#on +ro# re*ace#ent an ao8e a on econo#c a*ect o+

n8et#ent n certan eF'*#ent an on a*ect o+ eF'*#ent o*eraton% It o8o'L

,owe8er t,at one w oer8e ++erence etween e8eo*e an e8eo*ng co'ntre%

It t,ere+ore #ay e not 'r*rng to note t,at n t,e :SA t,e #ajorty o+ t,e C@Cc,er ,a not een retro+tte an t n o*eraton 'ng recyce or #ay e

toc?*e C@C #atera% ,e *roce o+ eectng a re+rgerant +or t,e 8a*o'r

co#*reon cyce rat,er co#*e" nce a arge n'#er o+ *ara#eter nee to e

n8etgate concernng t,er 'taty +or certan egn nc'ng;

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


,er#oyna#c an tran*ort *ro*erte (*er+or#ance!

e#*erat're range

Pre're an *re're rato

Co#*reor reF're#ent

Matera an o co#*atty

Heat, a+ety an +a##aty a*ect

En8ron#enta *ara#eter ?e O)P &P an At#o*,erc +e t#e%

@g% 4 E#on re'cton *otenta .1

In re+rgeraton a**caton rect &H& e#on can e re'ce y 10 to 0% @or

t,e re+rgeraton ector a a w,oe t,e Mtgaton Scenaro ,ow an o8era rect

e#on re'cton o+ ao't 40 MtCO2-eF *er year y 2015 wt, ao't 400 MtCO 2-eF

*er year *recte%

,e +rt re+rgerant 'e wa et,er e#*oye y Par?n n , ,an o*erate 8a*o'r co#*reon #ac,ne% Et,y C,ore (C2H5C! ga8e way to a##ona a eary a n 1G5%

At ao't t,e a#e t#e '*,er o"e (SO2! n 1G4 #et,y c,ore (CHCI! n 1G

an caron o"e (C02! n 11 +o'n a**caton a re+rgerant% )'rng 110-0

#any new re+rgerant 'c, a $20 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 an CH are e#*oye +or

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


#e'# an ow te#*erat're re+rgeraton% Hyrocaron are ,owe8er +o'n e"tre#ey

n+a##ae -c,oro#et,ane (CH2C2! c,oroet,yene (C2H2C12! an

#onoro#o#et,ane (CHBr! are ao 'e a re+rgerant +or centr+'ga #ac,ne% A

grate rea?t,ro'g, occ'rre n t,e +e o+ re+rgeraton wt, t,e e8eo*#ent o+ @reon

y E% I% Pont e $e#o'r D co% @reon are a ere o+ t,e orna ,yrocaron

generay ?nown a +'orocaron er8e +ro# #et,ane et,ane etc% A a ae wt,

t,rornne c,orne o#et#e ro#ne n t,er #oec'e t,ee +or# a ere o+

re+rgerant wt, a we range o+ nor#a ong *ont to at+y t,e 8are reF're#ent

o+ ++erent re+rgeratng #ac,ne% ,e *reence o+ +'orne n t,e #oec'e #a?e t,e

co#*o'n non-to"c an #*art ot,er erae *,yca an *,yoogca

c,aractertc% Pane ,a g8en n8'a #ot co##on norganc re+rgerant a

a##ona ($H! water (H20! an caron o"e (CO2!% A##ona 'e wt,

rec*rocatng an crew co#*reor n co torage ce *ant +oo re+rgeraton etc%

ater 'e n water-t,'# ro#e aor*ton yte# an tee njector yte# ony

+or ar contonng% Caron o"e 'e a ry ce n tran*ort re+rgeraton%

Preenty t,e #ot co##ony 'e organc re+rgerant are c,oro+'oro er8at8e o+

CH4 an C2H6% ,e @'y ,aogenate one wt, c,orne n t,er #oec'e c,oro+'oro

caron are re+erre to a C@C% ,e +8e C@C egnate n t,e Montrea Protoco a

controe 'tance are C@C 11 12 11% 114 an 115% ,ee are 'e a re+rgerant

n 8a*o'r co#*reon yte#% C@C 11 12 an 114 are 'e a aeroo *ro*eant

C@C 11 12% 11 an 114 are 'e a *,yca owng agent n t,e *ro'cton o+ *atc

+oa# an C@C 11 wey 'e a a o8ent n t,e eectronc n'try%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


@g% 5 Brea?own o+ owng agent 'e y ty*e an co'ntry ty*e .1

At t,e *ont o+ co8ery o+ t,e oone ,oe n t,e eary 10 8rt'ay a o+ t,e

a**caton an *ro'ct ty*e te ao8e 'e C@C a et,er a *r#ary owng agent

(rg +oa#! or a'"ary owng agent ( +e"e +oa#!% ,e tota con'#*ton o+

C@C y t,e +oa# ector n 16 wa a**ro"#atey 250 ?tonne (165 ?tonne rgL 5

?tonne +e"e!% Bowng-agent 'e o8era grew y a +'rt,er 0 o8er t,e ne"t 15

year e*te #*ro8e owng e++cence an re'ce oe% In t,e #eant#e

,owe8er a 8arety o+ aternat8e owng-agent ,a8e een e8a'ate an ao*te% ,ee

nc'e HC@C (a trantona 'tance! ,yrocaron H@C #et,yene c,ore (+or

+e"e +oa#! an 8aro' +or# o+ CO2%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


@g% 6 Projecte growt, n owng agent n con'#*ton n rg +oa# .1

,e reg'ate re+rgerant an t,er oone e*etng *otenta (O)P! are -11 (1% 0! -

12 (1% 0! -11 (0% ! -114(1% 0! an -115 (0% 6!% C'rrenty a8aae re+rgerant t,at

are not retrcte y t,e *rotoco nc'e -22 ee t,e ow te#*erat're re+rgerant

'c, a -14a an -50 an t,e +a##ae co#*o'n ?e -142 -152 an

an,yro' a##ona G1G% O+ t,e organc re+rgerant c'rrenty -50 o#nate t,e

#ar?et an toget,er re*reent #ore t,an o+ t,e +'orocaron re+rgerant o a

o8er t,e wor%

,e awarene to *rotect t,e en8ron#ent +ro# t,e ,ar#+' e++ect o+ C@C ,a

#ot8ate t,e re+rgeraton centt an engneer to t'y aternat8e re+rgerant to

re*ace t,e C@C e8en n e"tng 'nt% Attenton w nee to e *a #ore coey to

Montrea Protoco an t,e c,oro+'orocaron re+rgerant t,at e*ete t,e oone ayer%

&rowng 'e o+ -22 a a re*ace#ent +or -12 an -502 co' ,a8e 'n+oreeen

#*caton +or co#*reor o*eraton% ane &arto8e an St'art >awon o+ t,e Co*ean

e+rgeraton A8ce &ro'* ,g,g,te a *otenta o'rce o+ tro'e a -22 ,a

gn+canty ,g,er atent ,eat t,an t,e re+rgerant t eng 'e to re*ace% ,ere+ore

gn+cance o+ t,e *ro*oe reearc, wor? to ee ,ow et t co' e re*ace y eco-

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


+reny re+rgerant en -410A% ,e #ot ntrg'ng c,aenge t,e re+rgeraton ar

contonng an ,eat *'#* n'try now +acng to en're an eay tranton +ro# t,e

oone e*etng wor?ng +' 'c, a -11 -12 12B -11 an -114 to

en8ron#entay +reny wor?ng +'%

+< lobal 3arming "acts, (auses = Effect on En>ironment Due &o Refrigerant

&oa ar#ng t,e ncreae o+ Eart,Q a8erage 'r+ace te#*erat're 'e to e++ect o+

green,o'e gae 'c, a caron o"e e#on +ro# 'rnng +o +'e or +ro#

e+oretaton w,c, tra* ,eat t,at wo' ot,erwe eca*e +ro# Eart,% , a ty*e o+

green,o'e e++ect%

,e #ot gn+cant green,o'e ga act'ay water 8a*or not o#et,ng *ro'cerecty y ,'#an?n n gn+cant a#o'nt% Howe8er% E8en g,t ncreae n

at#o*,erc e8e o+ caron o"e (C02! can ca'e a 'tanta ncreae n

te#*erat're%

A##ona wa t,e +rt re+rgerant to e 'e on a arge cae% It e++cent 't t ao

8ery to"c an +a##ae% ,at w,y a+er 'tt'te ,a8e o+ten een *re+erre an

a##ona now generay retrcte to 'e wt, '*er8on y ?e *eronne (+or

e"a#*e co tore are% an rewere!% Howe8er t,e yte# to en're a+ety

n8o8e a 0 to 40 cot *re#'# co#*are to 'ng e angero' +'%

HC@C were e8eo*e n *arae wt, C@C (c,oro+'orocaron! an toget,er t,ey

*ro8e t,e *ectac'ar oca e8eo*#ent o+ a+e c,ea* an e++ect8e re+rgeraton%

HC@C ,a8e a #a e++ect on t,e oone ayer% ,ey were aee 3trantona

'tance7 n 10 an t,er *ro'cton an 'e w e *,ae o't% In 10 t,er

contr'ton to green,o'e ga e#on wa ony 0% 5 o+ t,e tota t,at year%

H@C arc *ractcay non-to"c an non+a##ae ,ey can e 'e n a arge n'#er o+

a**caton an eF'*#ent can ,e er8ce an #antane y t,e arge e"tng trane

ae o+ ntaer% H@C *reent #n#'# r? e8en n t,e cae o+ an accenta ea?%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


,ey ao o++er 8ery goo energy *er+or#ance% Howe8er w,t t,ey ,a8e no e++ect on

trato*,erc or tro*o*,erc oone% ,ey are green,o'e gae%

Hyrocaron (>P&! are ao e++cent re+rgeraton +'% Howe8er t,ey are 8ery

+a##ae *otentay e"*o8e% An t,' angero'% In o#e co'ntre t,er 'e

retrcte or anne n *'c *ace an ta 'ng% Hyrocaron ao contr'te to

'ran *o'ton a t,ey trgger t,e generaton o+ tro*o*,erc oone n t,e ower

at#o*,ere% ,er goa war#ng *otenta ow 't a+ety reF're#ent can ncreae

energy con'#*ton an C02 e#on%

+ 6 Montreal )rotocol = 5yoto )rotocol

,e Montrea Protoco w,c, wa orgnay eta,e n 1G wa create a a re'to+ t,e +nng o+ t,e oone ,oe o8er Antarctca y owan an Mona% ,ey

co8ere t,at c,oro+'orocaron (C@C! were t,e c'*rt o+ t,e oone e*eton% ,e

Montrea Protoco wa to en t,e *ro'cton o+ 'tance t,at e*ete oone w,c,

nc'e t,e *,ang o't o+ C@C% In 10 a#ot a e8eo*e an e8eo*ng co'ntre

ca#e toget,er to jon t,e goa treaty o+ t,e Montrea Protoco ?nown +or#ay a t,e

>onon A#en#ent to t,e Montrea Protoco%

, treaty ,a een 8ery e++ect8e e*ecay 'e to t,e +act t,at t ,a ntate a

ten year *,ae o't o+ C@C y e8eo*ng co'ntre #ae *oe t,ro'g, t,e

M'tatera @'n y t,e e8eo*e co'ntre wt, n'++cent +'n +or tranton% ,e

Montrea Protoco ao tryng to *,ae o't an c'r #ore c,e#ca t,at are e*etng

t,e oone ayer o+ o'r at#o*,ere% )'e to a o+ t,ee en+orce#ent o+ t,e Montrea

Protoco an t,e +act t,at t wa agree to y o #any co'ntre aro'n t,e wor y

200 C@C e#on were a#ot ero% C@C an H@C t,o'g, t,ey e*ete t,e oone

are ao ,eat tra**ng *o'tant% ,e *,ang o't o+ t,ee c,e#ca ,a e to a greater

owng o+ c#ate c,ange%

On t,e ot,er ,an we ,a8e t,e yoto Protoco% ,e t,e Montrea Protoco wa

eta,e to *,ae o't 'tance t,at e*ete oone t,e yoto Protoco wa et n

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


*ace to re'ce t,e e#on o+ green,o'e gae wt, t,e e"ce*ton to oone e*etng

'tance% ,e yoto Protoco% Eta,e ater t,an t,e Montrea Protoco +or t,e

goa re'cton o+ caron o"e (C02! e#on w,c, ,a een ,eg,tene greaty

y car e",a't t,ro'g,o't t,e year% ,e re'cton o+ C02 ,a een gn+canty #aer

*er year n co#*aron to ,ow F'c?y C@C were *,ae o't% ,ere ,a8e een #ore

contro8ere etween co'ntre e8eo*e an e8eo*ng t,at ,a owe t,e re'cton

o+ green,o'e gae%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


2% 1&R!&RE REE3

)a?c an ongwe .1 t'e an ea 8a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte#

wa 'e +or t,e *er+or#ance anay o+ aternat8e new re+rgerant #"t're a

'tt'te +or C@C12 H@C14a an C@C22% Conerng t,e co#*aron o+

*er+or#ance coe++cent (COP! an *re're rato o+ t,e tete re+rgerant an ao t,e

#an en8ron#enta #*act o+ oone ayer e*eton an goa war#ng re+rgerant

en o+ HC20/HC600a (40/60 y wt%! an HC20/HC12G0 (20/0 y wt%! were

+o'n to e t,e #ot 'tae aternat8e a#ong re+rgerant tete +or 12 an 22

re*ect8ey% ,e re+rgeraton e++cency t,e *er+or#ance coe++cent (COP! o+ t,e

yte# ncreae wt, ncreang e8a*oratng te#*erat're +or a contant conenng

te#*erat're n t,e anay% Better *er+or#ance coe++cent 8a'e (COP! t,an t,oe o+

t,e non'*er,eatng /'coong cae were otane a a re't o+ t, o*t#aton%

P%,anga8e at a .2 anaye t,e Co#*reon e+rgeraton Cyce wt, )++erent

e+rgerant% In t, anay t,e *er+or#ance o+ co#*reon cyce aee

t,eoretcay wt, ++erent re+rgerant% In co#*reon re+rgeraton yte#

,yrocaron re+rgerant 'c, a 20 an 600a were conere a a re+rgerant y

#"ng o+ t,ee at ++erent #a +racton ao't 20R0 25RG5 50R50 an

G5R25 re*ect8ey% =aro' *er+or#ance #ea're ?e co#*reor c,argete#*erat're *re're rato 8o'#etrc coong ca*acty (=CC! 8o'#etrc e++cency

an #a +ow rate were anaye% ,e re't were co#*are wt, ,aogenate

re+rgerant 'c, a 14a 12 +or ++erent conener an e8a*orator te#*erat're%

Haogenate co#*o'n are ,a8ng rect en8ron#enta #*act n t'rn o+ O)P an

&P% A#ong t,e ,yrocaron re+rgerant gro'* t,e #"t're o+ 20 an 600a at

concentraton o+ 50 eac, ,a o*t#'# *er+or#ance n ter# o+ ,g,er re+rgeraton

e++ect etter ,eat tran+er an COP%

A% Ba?aran P%o,y Mat,ew . t'e t,e *er+or#ance co#*aron o+ =CS 'ng

Eco-+reny re+rgerant ,a8ng ow &P 'c, a H@C-152a H@C-2 HC-20 HC-

12G0 HC-600a an E-1G0% ,ey co#*are t,e *er+or#ance o+ t,oe re+rgerant wt,

14a a *oe aternat8e re*ace#ent% ,er re't ,owe t,at t,e aternat8e

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


re+rgerant n8etgate n t,e anay E-1G0-152a an -600a ,a8e a g,ty ,g,er

COP t,an -14a +or t,e Conenaton te#*erat're 50o C an E8a*oratng te#*erat're

rangng etween -0oC to 10oC% ,ey ao +o'n t,at a o+ t,e n8etgate re+rgerant

,a8e #'c, ,g,er e+rgeratng e++ect an entro*c co#*reon wor? t,an -14a%

M% Mo,anraj S% ayraj C% M'raee,aran P% C,anrae?ar .4 e"*er#enta

n8etgaton o+ -20/-600a #"t're a an aternat8e to -14a n o#etc

re+rgerator o+ 200 > ca*acty% ,ey were 'e #"t're -20 /-600a n weg,t

*ro*orton o+ 45%2 /54%%,ey *er+or#e Contn'o' r'nnng tet 'ner ++erent

a#ent te#*erat're o+ 240C 20C 20C0C an 40C%,er o8era *er+or#ance

,a *ro8e t,at t,e ao8e ,yrocaron re+rgerant #"t're co' e t,e et ong ter#

aternat8e to *,ae o't -14a%

Ao' et a .5% carre o't e"*er#enta n8etgaton to n8etgate t,e *er+or#ance

o+ a ,o'e,o re+rgerator 'ng a *,ae c,ange #atera (PCM!% ,e PCM ocate on

t,e ac? e o+ t,e e8a*orator n orer to #*ro8e t e++cency an to *ro8e a torage

ca*acty aowng e8era ,o'r o+ re+rgeraton wt,o't *ower '**y% ,e yte# ,a

een tete wt, water an wt, a e'tectc #"t're (+reeng *ont J C! an +or a range

o+ o*eratng conton (PCM t,c?ne a#ent te#*erat're t,er#a oa!% ,e

anay or t,e re't ,ow a gn+cant #*ro8e#ent o+ t,e *er+or#ance co#*are to acon8entona yte# wt, a 10 to 0 ncreae n COP e*enng On t,er#a oa an

ty*e or PCM 'e%

)% >e'eF et a .6% *',e a reearc, oc'#ent w,c, *ro8e an o8er8ew o+ t,e

e++ort o+ t,e @ISBEE *roject n E'ro*e w,c, a# to 'e t,er#a energy torage n t,e

+or# o+ P,ae C,ange Matera (PCM! to rng ao't nno8aton an #*ro8e#ent n

t,e co c,an n'try% An a8ance controer ta?ng nto acco'nt t,e F'aty energy

'e an en8ron#enta #*act e8eo*e% Bae on t,e generc *rnc*e o+ *rect8e

controer t, controer eter#ne an o*t#a contro trategy on a ay *ero ta?ng

a8antage o+ t,e t,er#a energy torage ca*acty% ,e reearc,er ' '*on t,e re't

o+ Ao' et a% an conc'e t,at y 'ng a *rect8e contro a**roac, an *,ae

c,ange #atera n re+rgeraton yte# *re8o' e"*er#ent ,ow gn+cant

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


en,ance#ent on energy con'#*ton% By antc*atng on t,e re+rgeraton e#an

ta?ng nto acco'nt +oreeeae cenaro 'ng crtera 'c, a F'aty o+ t,e *ro'ct an

energy *er+or#ance #*e#entng a *rect8e contro a**roac, an t,er#a energy

torage e8ce t,e @ISBEE *roject aow to e8eo* an nno8at8e an a+er a**roac,

o+ controng t,e re+rgeratng yte# n8o8e n t,e +oo co c,an a**caton%

MarF'e et a .G 'e Co#*'tatona +' yna#c (C@)! to c,aractere t,e ar+ow

an te#*erat're tr'ton n a nat'ra con8ecton t,er#a energy torage re+rgerator%

,e #oe co#*are t,e ,o'e,o re+rgerator te#*erat're taty wt, ++erent *,ae

c,ange #atera (PCM! ncor*orate nto t,e torage co#*art#ent% Scenaro

n8etgate nc'e t,e PCMQ orentaton te#*erat're an co#*art#ent egn% ,e

re't 'ggete t,at a ,oronta PCM con+g'raton *ro'ce ower co#*art#ent

te#*erat're t,an a 8ertca con+g'raton% ,e te#*erat're tr'ton wt, a ,oronta

PCM wa tete e"*er#entay an t,e re't were n agree#ent wt, t,e C@)

*recton% Bot, t,e #'aton an t,e e"*er#enta re't 'gget t,at a e'tectc wt,

a *,ae c,ange te#*erat're eow 0JC #'t e e#*oye to #antan t,e co#*art#ent

te#*erat're wt,n acce*tae #t% ,e #oe ncate t,at co#nng ,oronta an

8ertca PCM n a +' ,eg,t co#*art#ent or 8ng t,e a#e co#*art#ent nto two

rawer wt, a ,oronta PCM con+g'raton +or eac, rawer are +eae egn o*ton

+or t,e ,o'e,o t,er#a torage re+rgerator%

E% Oro >% Mro et a . #*ro8e t,e t,er#a *er+or#ance o+ co##erca +reeer 'ng

*,ae c,ange #atera (PCM! 'ner oor o*enng an eectrca *ower +a're% A

co##erca PCM wa eecte wt, a #etng te#*erat're o+ 1J C w,c, contane

n 10 ## t,c? tane tee *ane *ace ++erent ocaton n t,e +reeer% )'rng

,o'r o+ eectrca *ower +a're% ,e 'e o+ PCM #antane t,e +reeer te#*erat're 4-6

J C ower an t,at o+ t,e +roen *ro'ct re#an at acce*tae e8e +or #'c, onger

t#e% t, +reF'ent oor o*enng t,e ene+t o+ t,e PCM e8ent w,en t,e

te#*erat're o+ t,e canet near t,e #etng te#*erat're o+ t,e PCM%

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Sattar M% A% et a .% Aee t,e *oty o+ 'ng ,yrocaron re+rgerant en n

o#etc re+rgeraton yte#% A o#etc re+rgerator egne to wor? wt, -14a

wa 'e a a tet 'nt to ae t,e *oty o+ 'ng ,yrocaron an t,er en a

re+rgerant% P're 'tane o'tene an #"t're o+ *ro*ane 'tane an o'tene were

'e a re+rgerant ,e *er+or#ance o+ t,e re+rgerator 'ng ,yrocaron a

re+rgerant wa n8etgate an co#*are wt,% ,e *er+or#ance o+ re+rgerator w,en

-14a wa 'e a re+rgerant% ,e e++ect o+ conener te#*erat're an e8a*orator

te#*erat're on COP re+rgeratng e++ect conener 'ty wor? co#*reon an ,eat

rejecton rato were n8etgate% ,e energy con'#*ton or t,e re+rgerator 'rng

e"*er#ent wt, ,yrocaron an -14a wa #ea're% ,e re't ,ow t,at t,e

co#*reor con'#e an 2 e energy t,an t,at o+ H@C-14a at 2J C a#ent

te#*erat're w,en o-'tane an 'tane wa 'e a re+rgerant re*ect8ey% ,e

energy con'#*ton an COP or ,yrocaron an t,er en ,ow t,at ,yrocaron

can e 'e a re+rgerant n t,e o#etc re+rgerator% ,e COP an ot,er re't otane

n t, e"*er#ent ,ow a *ot8e ncaton o+ 'ng HC a re+rgerant n o#etc

re+rgerator%

%ummary of 1iterature Re>iew

, *a*er t'y on t,e a**caton o+ PCM to o#etc re+rgerator an +eaty o+

20 600 an 20/600 Ben a re+rgerant% ,e reearc, +oc'e on t,e egn

an o*eraton o+ t,e t,er#a torage re+rgerator a#ng to #*ro8e t,e a**ance

e++cency te#*erat're taty an energetc a'tono#y% o ac,e8e t,e *roject goa +rt

t,e *er+or#ance o+ a con8entona re+rgerator wa anaye n *artc'ar t,e e an

e++cency o+ t,e co#*reor an t #*act on t,e o8era yte# *er+or#ance% ,e

o*eraton o+ t,e t,er#a torage re+rgerator wa n8etgate y et#atng t,e PCM

#etng an +reeng t#e%

Se8era egn o*ton were #'ate to ent+y t,e #ot e++ect8e PCM con+g'raton

(,oronta or 8ertca! an *,ae c,ange te#*erat're% A tet rg wa egne an

contr'cte to 8aate e"*er#entay t,e t,eoretca #oe w,c, *recte t,e

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*er+or#ance o+ t,e re+rgerator wt, a ,oronta PCM% ,e e"*er#enta re't otane

+or a *rototy*e re+rgerator w e *reente an c'e%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


% SCOPE O@ HE POB>EM / OBECI=E

,e #an oject8e o+ t, *roject wor? to t'y an to e8eo* a new ,er#a Energy

torage (ES! yte# 'ng Et,yene &yco a PCM an 20/600 en a aternat8e

re+rgerant +or o#etc re+rgerator%

1% o e8eo* 8a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# wt, 20/600 en a an

aternat8e re+rgerant

2% o carry o't t,e e"*er#entaton wt, PCM D wt,o't PCM

% o n8etgate t,e +eaty o+ PCM n o#etc re+rgerator to #antan *a8e

coong ne can

4% o 8aate Coo*ac? #'aton re't wt, e"*er#enta re't

5% o oer8e te#*erat're n+or#aty n can wt, PCM

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4% ME&$-D-1-7

*+ Experimental %etup

E"*er#enta et'* to carry o't n8etgaton on re+rgerator *er+or#ance w e a+oow

@g%G ,e ayo't agra# o+ t,e re+rgerator wt, PCM

,e E"*er#ent w cont o+ 2 tage atng 4-6 ,o'r eac,% @rt tage w e

co#*ete wt,o't 'ng PCM% Secon tage wt, Et,yene gyco a PCM% ,e

e"*er#ent w c,e'e on conec't8e ay to en're e e++ect 'e to c#ate an

t,e e"*er#ent t#ng w e trcty +oowe to otan any e8aton% ,e weat,er

eta w ao e note%

Matera ?e*t ne PCM o"% ,e o'e wae PCM o" contan Et,yene gyco

n etween an t,e o"% ,e o" #ae o+ tane tee to en're #a"#'# ,eat

tran+er an not to react wt, Et,yene gyco%

*2 %imulation

e+rgerator *er+or#ance *ara#eter w e #'ate 'ng Coo*ac? o+tware% ,e

#'aton re't otane w e 8aate agant otane e"*er#enta re't% ,e

conc'on w e #ae ae '*on t,e re't%

< M-.&$ 3%E )1!. -" 3-R5

ae 1; Mont, we *an o+ wor?

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


)eriod of 3or )roposed 3or

15 'y 9 15 A'g >terat're 'r8ey an ecng t,e roa reearc, area

16 A'g 9 15 Oct >terat're re8ew an e+nng *roe# tate#ent

16 Oct 9 15 $o8)e+nng oject8e an co*e o+ t,e *roject Coecton o+ neceary

ata

20)ec 9 15 an Cot et#aton an e"*er#enta et'* *re*araton

16 an 9 15 @e E"*er#enta reang re't c'on

16 @e 9 15 A*r S#'aton =aaton conc'on

16 A*r 9 15

May

Project Stage-2 )ertaton wrtng S'#on o+ )ertaton

6 !.&& ($!R&

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


@g % &antt C,art

RE"ERE.(E%1 A%S% )a?c S% ongwe 7A *er+or#ance co#*aron o+ 8a*o'r-co#*reon

re+rgeraton yte# 'ng 8aro' aternat8e re+rgerant7 Internatona Co##'ncaton

n Heat an Ma ran+er G (2010! **% 140914

2 P%,anga8e )r%P%So#a'nara# %S8a?'#ar C%Se8a '#ar &%=etre8an3S#'aton Anay o+ Co#*reon e+rgeraton Cyce wt, )++erent e+rgerant7

Internatona o'rna o+ Engneerng an Inno8at8e ec,noogy (IEI! =o'#e 2 I'e

10 A*r 201 **% 12G-11%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


A%Ba?aran P%o,y Mat,ew 3A Per+or#ance Co#*aron o+ =a*o'r Co#*reon

e+rgeraton Syte# :ng Eco @reny e+rgerant o+ >ow &oa ar#ng

Potenta7 Internatona o'rna o+ Scent+c an eearc, P'caton =o'#e 2 I'e

Se*te#er 2012%

4 M% Mo,anraj S% ayaraj C% M'raee,aran P% C,anrae?ar 3E"*er#enta

n8etgaton o+ 20/600a #"t're a an aternat8e to 14a n a o#etc

re+rgerator7 Internatona o'rna o+ ,er#a Scence 200 **% 1-%

.5 % Ao' )% >e'cF )% &on 3Per+or#ance en,ance#ent o+ a ,o'e,o

re+rgerator y aton o+ atent ,eat torage7 nternatona jo'rna o+ re+rgeraton

1(200!** 2901%

.6 )% >e'cF P% Sc,aart @% rnF'et &% A8are B% =ernen P% =ero8en S% =an

)er S' E% en? @% ay M% Pran et a 3,er#a energy torage ; a ?ey tec,noogy

+or t,e +oo co c,an7 2r II Internatona Congre o+ e+rgeraton A'g 2011

Prag'e Cec, e*'c%

.G C% MarF'e &% )a8e &% Ma#ent % E8an I% oo 3,e 'e o+ *,ae c,ange

#atera n o#etc re+rgerator a**caton7 Proc% Intt'te o+ e+rgeraton% 201‐14

** 2‐12%

. E% Oro >% Mro M% M% @ar >%@% Caea7I#*ro8ng t,er#a *er+or#ance o+

+reeer 'ng *,ae c,ange #atera7 nternatona jo'rna o+ re+rgeraton 5(2012! **

4-1%

7/23/2019 Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041


. M% A% Sattar % Sa'r an H% H% Maj'? 3Per+or#ance In8etgaton o+ )o#etc

e+rgerator :ng P're Hyrocaron an Ben o+ Hyrocaron a e+rgerant7

Internatona o'rna o+ Mec,anca Syte# Scence an Engneerng =o'#e 1 $'#er

1 ** 50-55

.10 Coo*ac? So+tware (2001!% )en#ar? ec,nca :n8erty )e*art#ent o+

Mec,anca Engneerng A8aae;

,tt*;//www%et%we%#e?%t'%?/Coo*ac?/:/ownoa%,t# %

.11 )an+o (200!% SR Co#*reor an Conenng 'nt eecton too A8aae;

,tt*;//www%an+o%co#/B'neArea/e+rgeratonAnArContonng/Pro'ctRSeec

tonRooR)eta/S*'%,t#%

.12 B%O% Boaj 3E"*er#enta t'y o+ 152a an 2 to re*ace 14a n a o#etc

re+rgerator7 Energy 5 (2010! **% G-G

.1 M% Mo,anraj D S% ayaraj D C% M'raee,aran 3Co#*arat8e ae#ent o+

en8ron#ent-+reny aternat8e to 14a n o#etc re+rgerator7 Energy E++cency

(200! **%191%

.14 M%A% Ha##a M%A% Aaa 3,e 'e o+ ,yrocaron #"t're a re+rgerant n

o#etc re+rgerator7 A**e ,er#a Engneerng (1! **% 111-11

.14 B%O% Boaj M%A% A?nt'ne an %O% @aae 3Co#*arat8e Anay o+

Per+or#ance o+ ,ree Oone-@ren H@C e+rgerant n a =a*o'r Co#*reon

e+rgerator7 o'rna o+ S'tanae Energy D En8ron#ent 2 (2011! **% 61-64

.15 ,anga8e P So#a'nara# P% 3Part oa *er+or#ance o+ anay o+ 8a*o'r

co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# wt, ,yrocaron re+rgerant7% Sc In e 201L

G2; **%454-60%

.16 <%S% C,ang M%S% # S%% o 3Per+or#ance an ,eat tran+er c,aractertc o+

,yrocaron re+rgerant n a ,eat *'#* yte#7% Internatona o'rna o+ e+rgeraton

2 (2000! **% 22-242%

Adil Faqi PS-1 ,11041

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