ADF2

Contents.Contents.

Chapter.Chapter.

11 Basic Radio Theory.Basic Radio Theory. 22 Communications.Communications. 33 Automatic Direction Finding ( ADF ).Automatic Direction Finding ( ADF ). 44 VHF Omni-Directional Range ( VOR ).VHF Omni-Directional Range ( VOR ). 55 Instrument Landing System ( ILS ).Instrument Landing System ( ILS ). 66 Basic Radar.Basic Radar. 77 Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ).Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ). 88 Distance Measuring Equipment ( DME ).Distance Measuring Equipment ( DME ). 99 Air Traffic Control Radio Beacon System ( ATCRBS ).Air Traffic Control Radio Beacon System ( ATCRBS ). 1010 Radio Altimeter.Radio Altimeter. 1111 Airborne Search Radar ( ASR ).Airborne Search Radar ( ASR ). 1212 Area Navigation ( RNAV ).Area Navigation ( RNAV ). 1313 Global Positioning System ( GPS ).Global Positioning System ( GPS ). 1414 Ground Proximity Warning ( GPWS ).Ground Proximity Warning ( GPWS ).

Automatic Direction FindingAutomatic Direction Finding( ADF ).( ADF ).

Summary For ADF.Summary For ADF. FrequencyFrequency :: ICAO ICAO 190190 to to 17501750 KHz. Usual frequencies areKHz. Usual frequencies are

200200 to to 500 500 KHz. These frequencies are in the LF to KHz. These frequencies are in the LF to MF MF band. The ADF is considered to be a MF radio.band. The ADF is considered to be a MF radio.

TransmissionTransmission :: Omni Directional Omni Directional Vertically PolarisedVertically Polarised signals. signals.

RangeRange :: 10 Nm for Locator beacon to 1000 Nm over the 10 Nm for Locator beacon to 1000 Nm over the Sea. The typically range is Sea. The typically range is 300 Nm300 Nm over land. over land.

EmissionEmission :: A1AA1A or or A2A.A2A.

NavigationNavigation : : SecondarySecondary navigation. navigation.

Aircraft Equipment For ADF.Aircraft Equipment For ADF.

ADF Receiver.ADF Receiver.

Loop Antenna.Loop Antenna.

Sense Antenna.Sense Antenna.

Relative Bearing Indicator ( RBI ).Relative Bearing Indicator ( RBI ).

Radio Magnetic Indicator ( RMI ).Radio Magnetic Indicator ( RMI ).

ADF Function Switches.ADF Function Switches.

ADF Frequency Selectors.ADF Frequency Selectors.

Frequency SelectorsFrequency Selectors :: Selectable frequency range from Selectable frequency range from 190 190 KHz to KHz to 17501750 KHZ. When the frequency is selected KHZ. When the frequency is selected the Phase Lock Loop will auto-tune the the Phase Lock Loop will auto-tune the receiver.receiver.

ADF Function Switch.ADF Function Switch.

ANT/REC :ANT/REC : The The Sense Antenna Sense Antenna is in use for tuning and identifying is in use for tuning and identifying the NDB. The the NDB. The Loop AntennaLoop Antenna is switched out of circuit. In this is switched out of circuit. In this

position the ADF will not give any navigation information.position the ADF will not give any navigation information.

ADF :ADF : The The SenseSense and and LoopLoop aerials are operational. In this aerials are operational. In this position position the ADF will display bearing information. This is the the ADF will display bearing information. This is the normal position of the switch.normal position of the switch.

BFO :BFO : In this position the Beat Frequency Oscillator ( BFO ) is used In this position the Beat Frequency Oscillator ( BFO ) is used to to IdentifyIdentify and and Tune Tune A1AA1A Non Directional Beacons ( NDB ).Non Directional Beacons ( NDB ).

ADF Function Switch.ADF Function Switch.

HDG :HDG : This can set the This can set the Bearing display cardBearing display card to a particular number. to a particular number. This card is normally left with the 360This card is normally left with the 360° set to the fore-aft ° set to the fore-aft axis of the aircraft.axis of the aircraft.

Test Test :: Used to Used to test test the system. the system. NoNo warning of ADF malfunction by means warning of ADF malfunction by means of a red flag will be indicated. It will only test if the bearing pointer is of a red flag will be indicated. It will only test if the bearing pointer is correctly fixed to the Goniometer shaft.correctly fixed to the Goniometer shaft.

VOL / OFF :VOL / OFF : This is the This is the powerpower switch and the switch and the volume volume control for identifying control for identifying the NDB Station.the NDB Station.

ADF Loop Antenna.ADF Loop Antenna.

ADF Loop Antenna.ADF Loop Antenna.

Loop Antenna.

Loop Antenna.

NDB.NDB.

Maximum Reception.Maximum Reception.

Minimum Reception.Minimum Reception.

Loop Antenna Polar Diagram.Loop Antenna Polar Diagram.

+ +

_

Antenna.

Directional Radiation Pattern.Directional Radiation Pattern.

The 180 degree ambiguity is caused by the Loop Antenna.The 180 degree ambiguity is caused by the Loop Antenna.

NDB.NDB.

ADF Sense Antenna.ADF Sense Antenna.

Sense Antenna Polar Diagram.Sense Antenna Polar Diagram.

Antenna.

Omni-Directional Radiation Pattern.

+

_

The 180 degree ambiguity is resolved by the Sense Antenna.The 180 degree ambiguity is resolved by the Sense Antenna.

NDB. NDB.

The Cardiod Polar Diagram.The Cardiod Polar Diagram.

+ +

_

+

_

+

=



Cardiod Polar Diagram.

+ +

_

+

The Cardiod Polar Diagram.The Cardiod Polar Diagram.

+ +

_

+

_

+

=



Cardiod Polar Diagram.

NDB.

_

Relative Bearing Indicator.Relative Bearing Indicator.

Radio Magnetic Indicator.Radio Magnetic Indicator.

Direction.Direction.

True HeadingTrue Heading :: Working on a Working on a Map.Map.

Magnetic HeadingMagnetic Heading :: Working with a Working with a Land Compass.Land Compass.

Use Use Variation to convert from one to another. to convert from one to another.

Variation W +Variation W +Variation E -Variation E -

True Heading True Heading ± Variation = Magnetic Heading± Variation = Magnetic Heading

TH ± VAR = MH


Compass HeadingCompass Heading :: Working with an Working with an Aircraft Aircraft Compass.Compass.

Magnetic HeadingMagnetic Heading :: Working with a Working with a Land Compass.Land Compass.

Use Use DeviationDeviation to convert from one to another. to convert from one to another.

Deviation W -Deviation W -Deviation E +Deviation E +

Compass Heading Compass Heading ± Deviation = Magnetic Heading± Deviation = Magnetic Heading

CH ± DEV = MH


HeadingHeading :: The direction True or Magnetic where the The direction True or Magnetic where the nose nose of the aircraft is pointing.of the aircraft is pointing.

TrackTrack :: The line the aircraft draws on theThe line the aircraft draws on the Ground. Ground.

Use Use DriftDrift to convert from one to another. to convert from one to another.

Aircraft Drifting Left Turn Nose Right.Aircraft Drifting Left Turn Nose Right.

Aircraft Drifting Right Turn Nose Left.Aircraft Drifting Right Turn Nose Left.

Q Codes.Q Codes.

QDMQDM :: MagneticMagnetic from aircraft to from aircraft to station.station.

QDRQDR :: MagneticMagnetic from station to aircraft. from station to aircraft.

QUJQUJ :: TrueTrue from aircraft to station. from aircraft to station.

QTEQTE :: TrueTrue from station to aircraft. from station to aircraft.

RBI Operation.RBI Operation.

Relative Bearing :Relative Bearing : The angle measured from the The angle measured from the Fore Aft Fore Aft AxisAxis of the aircraft in of the aircraft in Clockwise Clockwise direction.direction.

HeadingHeading : : The direction true or magnetic where the The direction true or magnetic where the Nose Nose of the aircraft is pointing.of the aircraft is pointing.

Relative Bearing can not be used by itself.Relative Bearing can not be used by itself.

True HeadingTrue Heading Magnetic HeadingMagnetic Heading++ + +

Relative BearingRelative Bearing Relative BearingRelative Bearing

== QUJQUJ = = QDMQDM


The Bearing card is The Bearing card is fixedfixed to the to the Fore AftFore Aft axis of the aircraft or the lubber axis of the aircraft or the lubber line. This card must not be turned away from the zero position.line. This card must not be turned away from the zero position.

The The Pointer Pointer oror ADF needle ADF needle shows the angle measured clockwise from the shows the angle measured clockwise from the nose of the aircraft to the station. This angle is known as the nose of the aircraft to the station. This angle is known as the Relative Relative Bearing.Bearing.

Using the Using the Relative BearingRelative Bearing and the and the Magnetic headingMagnetic heading a QDM can be a QDM can be obtained. obtained.

Remember when using an ADF the variation at the Remember when using an ADF the variation at the aircraftaircraft must be used must be used and the and the deviationdeviation must be used, as the aircraft compass is used for the must be used, as the aircraft compass is used for the calculation.calculation.


NDBStation.

Nose Of Aircraft.

Relative Bearing.

RBI Calculations.RBI Calculations.

Track 090.

HEADING 080.

RB 10.

Aircraft track 090 to a station has 10 degrees of right drift . What is the aircraft heading and relative bearing ?

Drift 10.

Station.


Track 090.

HEADING 100.

RB 350.

Aircraft track 090 to a station has 10 degrees of leftleft drift . What is the aircraft heading and relative bearing ?

Drift 10.

Station.


Track 090.

HEADING 100.RB 170.

Aircraft track 090 from a station has 10 degrees of leftleft drift . What is the aircraft heading and relative bearing ?

Drift 10.

Station.


Track 090.

HEADING 080.

RB 190.

Aircraft track 090 from a station has 10 degrees of rightright drift . What is the aircraft heading and relative bearing ?

Drift 10.

Station.


An aircraft is maintaining a track outbound from an NDB with a constant relative bearing of 185°. To return to the NDB the relative bearing to maintain is ?

To solve the CAA questions use the following method.To solve the CAA questions use the following method.

Identify the question. Write down the formula or draw the sketch. Solve using the appropriate method.


RB 185.

Drift 5.

Station.


N

S

EW

3

6

12

1521

24

30

33

Wind direction.

N

S

EW

3

6

12

1521

24

30

33


Station.


RB 355.

Drift 5.

Answer : Relative Bearing = 355.Wind direction.


An aircraft heading 157° true, variation 15° west has a relative bearing of 193° from NDB CD what is the QDM to NDB CD ?

To solve the CAA questions use the following method.To solve the CAA questions use the following method.

Identify the question. Write down the formula or draw the sketch. Solve using the appropriate method.


An aircraft heading 157° true, variation 15° west has a relative bearing of 193° from NDB CD what is the QDM to NDB CD ?

Relative Bearing

Magnetic Heading+

= QDMQDM

1. True Heading ± Variation = Magnetic Heading

157° + 15° =

172°

2 . 193°

365365°°

172°

+

Or 005Or 005°°

RMI Operation.RMI Operation.

The compass card shows the aircraft Compass Heading The compass card shows the aircraft Compass Heading under the under the lubber linelubber line..

The ADF pThe ADF pointerointer shows the angle measured clockwise from shows the angle measured clockwise from the nose of the aircraft to the station. This angle is known the nose of the aircraft to the station. This angle is known as the as the Relative Bearing.Relative Bearing.

Remember when using an ADF the Remember when using an ADF the Variation Variation at the aircraft at the aircraft must be used and the must be used and the DeviationDeviation must be used as the must be used as the aircraft compass as used for the calculation.aircraft compass as used for the calculation.

Radio Magnetic Indicator.Radio Magnetic Indicator.

RMI Operation.RMI Operation. Compass Heading.

Relative Bearing.

Magnetic Heading+

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

060°

300°

360360°°

+

The head of the pointer indicatesThe head of the pointer indicatesQDM. The QDM. The Tail of the pointer Tail of the pointer indicates theindicates the QDR. QDR.

NDBStation.

RMI Operation.RMI Operation. Compass HeadingDeviation is 5 east.

Relative Bearing.

Magnetic Heading+

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

065°

300°

005005°°

+

The head of the pointer indicatesThe head of the pointer indicatesQDM. The QDM. The Tail of the pointer Tail of the pointer indicates theindicates the QDR. A correction for QDR. A correction for deviation must be made.deviation must be made.

NDBStation.

Factors Affecting NDB Accuracy.Factors Affecting NDB Accuracy.

Night Effect.Night Effect.

Thunderstorms.Thunderstorms.

Mountain Effect.Mountain Effect.

Coastal Refraction.Coastal Refraction.

Quadrantal Error.Quadrantal Error.

Station Interference.Station Interference.

Coastal Refraction.Coastal Refraction.

NDB.

NDB.

NDB.

Fix.Actual Position.

Coast Line.

Sea.Land.

Actual Radio Bearing.

Plot On Map.

Coastal Refraction Calculation.Coastal Refraction Calculation.

The coast line lies north south. An aircraft heading north south over the sea receives an ADF Bearing of 225° Relative. The true bearing of the aircraft from the NDB is ?

Greater Than.Less Than.Equal To.

The plotted line.

225°180°±

45°

NDB.

45°

Greater Than45°.

Coast.Land. Sea.

ADF Relativ

e Bearin

g

Actual R

adio Bearin

g.

Plot On M

ap.

True Bearing.

225°

The coast line lies north south. An aircraft flying north south over the sea receives an ADF Bearing Of 225° Relative. the true bearing of the aircraft from the ADF is greater than, equal to or less than the plotted line.

Factors Affecting NDB Range.Factors Affecting NDB Range.

Surface Attenuation.Surface Attenuation.

Transmitting Power.Transmitting Power.

NDB Frequency.NDB Frequency.

Receiver Quality.Receiver Quality.

Precipitation Static.Precipitation Static.

Type Of Emission A1A or A2A.Type Of Emission A1A or A2A.

A1A And A2A.A1A And A2A.

A1A And A2A NDBA1A And A2A NDB

A1A is an older type of NDB than an A2A NDB.A1A is an older type of NDB than an A2A NDB.

No modulation is used to transmit the identification on an A1A NDB.No modulation is used to transmit the identification on an A1A NDB.

A1A has a longer range than an A2A NDB.A1A has a longer range than an A2A NDB.

The direction needle wanders during transmission of an A1A NDB.The direction needle wanders during transmission of an A1A NDB.

An A1A is underlined on a Jeppesen chart.An A1A is underlined on a Jeppesen chart.

A1A And A2A NDB.A1A And A2A NDB.

A1A Transmission.

A2A Transmission.

A1A NDB System.A1A NDB System.

382KHZ

BFO

As the two carrier frequencies mixa tone is heard in the headset in the form of Morse code, which identifies the NDB.

BFO ON For Identification.BFO ON For Identification.

Signal From A1A NDB.

Signal From BFO.

BFO Is Hard Wired To ADF Frequency.

BFO ON For Tuning.BFO ON For Tuning.

A2A NDB System.A2A NDB System.

382KHZ

BFO.

BFO OFF For Identification,BFO OFF For Identification,

Signal From A2A NDB.

BFO Is Hard Wired To ADF Frequency.

BFO ON For Tuning,BFO ON For Tuning,

ADF Interception Calculations.ADF Interception Calculations.

MethodMethod

CalculateCalculate and and PlotPlot the the QDM.QDM.

Plot the track to be Plot the track to be InterceptedIntercepted note if note if InboundInbound or or Outbound.Outbound.

Plot the intercept Plot the intercept AngleAngle on the intercept track note if on the intercept track note if InboundInbound or or Outbound.Outbound.

Close the Close the Triangle.Triangle. This is a check to see that the drawing is correct. This is a check to see that the drawing is correct.

Calculate all the answers at the point of Calculate all the answers at the point of Intercept.Intercept.

Calculate the followingCalculate the following A) Aircraft A) Aircraft Intercept Heading.Intercept Heading.B) B) ChangeChange in aircraft heading. in aircraft heading.C) C) Relative BearingRelative Bearing of aircraft or NDB. of aircraft or NDB.


An aircraft is heading 290290° magnetic,° magnetic, has an ADF reading of 305°305° relative from an NDB station. ATC instructs the pilot to intercept the 020020° QDR from the station at an angle of 050°.050°. Calculate the Intercept Heading, the change in aircraft heading and the Relative Bearing of the NDB station.


MethodMethod






Calculate The FollowingCalculate The Following A) Aircraft A) Aircraft Intercept Heading.Intercept Heading.B) B) ChangeChange in aircraft heading. in aircraft heading.C) C) Relative BearingRelative Bearing of the aircraft or of the aircraft or

NDB.NDB.

ADF Interception Calculations.ADF Interception Calculations.An aircraft heading 290290° Magnetic° Magnetic has an ADF reading of 305°305° Relative from an NDB station. ATC instructs the pilot to intercept the 020020° QDR from the station at an angle of 050°050°.Calculate the Intercept Heading, the Change In aircraft heading and the Relative Bearing of the NDB station.

Magnetic Heading

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

290°

305°

235235°°

+

Station.

235

235°Q

DM°Q

DM


MethodMethod







NDB.NDB.


Magnetic Heading

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

290°

305°

235235°°

+

Station.

235

235°Q

DM°Q

DM

020

020°

QD

R°

QD

R

An aircraft heading 290290° Magnetic° Magnetic has an ADF reading of 305°305° Relative from an NDB station. ATC instructs the pilot to intercept the 020020° QDR from the station at an angle of 050°050°.Calculate the Intercept Heading, the Change In aircraft heading and the Relative Bearing of the NDB station.


MethodMethod

CalculateCalculate And And PlotPlot The The QDMQDM

Plot The Track To Be Plot The Track To Be InterceptedIntercepted Note If Note If InboundInbound Or Or OutboundOutbound

Plot The Intercept Plot The Intercept AngleAngle On The Intercept Track Note If On The Intercept Track Note If InboundInbound Or Or OutboundOutbound

Close The Close The Triangle.Triangle. This Is A Check That The Drawing Is Correct This Is A Check That The Drawing Is Correct

Calculate All Answers At The Calculate All Answers At The Point Point Of InterceptOf Intercept

Calculate The FollowingCalculate The Following A) Aircraft A) Aircraft Intercept HeadingIntercept HeadingB) B) ChangeChange In Aircraft Heading In Aircraft HeadingC) C) Relative BearingRelative Bearing Of Aircraft Or NDB Of Aircraft Or NDB


Magnetic Heading

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

290°

305°

235235°°

+

Station.

235

235°Q

DM°Q

DM020

020°

QD

R°

QD

R

50°



MethodMethod



Plot the intercept Plot the intercept AngleAngle on the Intercept Track note if on the Intercept Track note if InboundInbound or or Outbound.Outbound.




NDB.NDB.


Magnetic Heading

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

290°

305°

235235°°

+

Station.

235

235°Q

DM°Q

DM

020

020°

QD

R°

QD

R

50°



MethodMethod

CalculateCalculate And And PlotPlot The The QDMQDM

Plot The Track To Be Plot The Track To Be InterceptedIntercepted Note If Note If InboundInbound Or Or OutboundOutbound

Plot The Intercept Plot The Intercept AngleAngle On The Intercept Track Note If On The Intercept Track Note If InboundInbound Or Or OutboundOutbound

Close The Close The Triangle.Triangle. This Is A Check That The Drawing Is Correct This Is A Check That The Drawing Is Correct

Calculate All Answers At The Calculate All Answers At The Point Point Of InterceptOf Intercept

Calculate The FollowingCalculate The Following A) Aircraft A) Aircraft Intercept HeadingIntercept HeadingB) B) ChangeChange In Aircraft Heading In Aircraft HeadingC) C) Relative BearingRelative Bearing Of Aircraft Or NDB Of Aircraft Or NDB


Magnetic Heading

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

290°

305°

235235°°

+

Station.

235

235°Q

DM°Q

DM

020

020°

QD

R°

QD

R

50°



MethodMethod



Plot the intercept Plot the intercept AngleAngle on the Intercept Track note If on the Intercept Track note If InboundInbound or or Outbound.Outbound.




NDB.NDB.


Magnetic Heading

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

290°

305°

235235°°

+

Station.

235

235°Q

DM°Q

DM020020° QDR -° QDR -

Intercept 50°

A ) Intercept Heading

5050° Angle° Angle = = 330330°°

330330°°

B ) Change In Aircraft Heading

AC Heading 290AC Heading 290° Went To 330° = 40° Right° Went To 330° = 40° Right

C ) Relative Bearing Of NDB

180° + 50° = 230°



Magnetic Heading

Relative Bearing

QDMQDM

040°

060°

100100°°

+

Station.

120120°° Intercept QDM - Intercept QDM -

A ) Intercept Heading

5050° Angle° Angle = = 070 070 °°

B ) Change In Aircraft Heading

AC Heading 040AC Heading 040° Went To 070° = 30° Right° Went To 070° = 30° Right

C ) Relative Bearing Of NDB 50°

100°QDM

50°

120 Intercept TRK

070 070 °°

An aircraft heading 040040° M° M has an ADF reading of 060°060° Relative from an NDB. ATC instructs the pilot to Intercept the NDB 120120° QDM at an angle of 050°.050°. Calculate the Intercept Heading, the change in aircraft heading and the Relative Bearing of the NDB.

Time And Distance To An NDB.Time And Distance To An NDB.

At 09H00Z a Relative Bearing of 258º is obtained from an NDB. At 09H08Z aRelative Bearing of 272º is obtained from the same NDB. The TAS is 140 Kts. If the aircraft alters heading at 09H08Z to fly directly to the NDB, what is theTime and Distance to the NDB.

Time And Distance To An NDB.Time And Distance To An NDB.At 09H00Z a Relative Bearing of 258º is obtained from an NDB. At 09H08Z aRelative Bearing of 272º is obtained from the same NDB. The TAS is 140 Kts. If the aircraft alters heading at 09H08Z to fly directly to the NDB, what is theTime and Distance to the NDB.

Change Bearing of Degrees

BearingsBetween Flown Minutes 60 NDB the to

Time


BearingsBetween Flown Minutes GS / TAS NDB the totan

ceDis



BearingsBetween Flown Minutes 60 NDB the to

Time

Change Bearing of Degrees 14

BearingsBetween Flown Minutes 8 60 NDB the toTime

Minutes 34 NDB the to Time



BearingsBetween Flown Minutes GS / TAS NDB the totan

ceDis

Change Bearing of Degrees 14

BearingsBetween Flown Minutes 8 Kts 140 NDB the totan

ceDis

Miles Nautical 80 NDB the totan ceDis

ADF2

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