Addressing key IoT performance challenges: resource ......Addressing key IoT performance challenges:...

Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Information Technology Communication Networks Institute Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Wietfeld www.cni.tu-dortmund.de

dortmund university

Addressing key IoT performance challenges: resource-efficiency, robustness and scalability

Christian Wietfeld [email protected]

Geneva, 18 February 2014

ITU-T Workshop: Internet of Things – Trends and Challenges in Standardization

dortmund university

Slide 2

Communication Networks Institute Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Wietfeld

Addressing key IoT performance challenges: Resource-efficiency, robustness and scalability

Content

Overview and Introduction

Selected on-going IoT-related research: Context-aware Power Consumption Model (CoPoMo) enabling

ressource-efficient IoT communication services

Communication-aware Potential Fields for robust Wireless networking and Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Wi-UAV)

Interoperable Vehicle2Grid communication ISO/IEC 15118

Evaluating scalable Smart Grid communications with hybrid simulation techniques

Conclusions

dortmund university

Slide 3



Who we are • Team of 20 full-time researchers and 30

students (70 % third party funded)

• Research focus: Networking for Cyber Physical Systems / Internet of Things

• Unique set of experimental equipment: • Lab (3G/4G mobile network emulators) • Outdoor Testing Site: LTE base station, …

• Sophisticated system simulators and on-going contributions to Open Source projects

• Contributions to standardization (ISO/IEC 15118, IEC 61850, IETF)

• Since 2008: 7 Int‘l „Best Paper“ Awards • Award-winning spin-off comnovo

LTE

dortmund university

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Introducing a Stochastical Model for Power Consumption

Idle P1

Low Power

P2

High Power

P3 µ 2

µ 3

λ 3 Max.

Power P4

λ 4

µ 4

λ 2

𝝀𝒊 depends on the arrival rate of data and the cell environment in terms of the transmission power distribution

B. Dusza, C. Ide, L.Cheng and C. Wietfeld, "CoPoMo: A Context-Aware Power Consumption Model for LTE User Equipment", Transactions on Emerging Telecomunication Technologies (ETT), vol. 24(6):615-632, Wiley

𝝁𝒊 depends on radio channel dependent throughput and the average file size

Green IoT

dortmund university

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Architecture of the Context Dependent Model Cell

Environment File Size

Arrival Rate

Center Frequency MCS #PRB UE PTx,i

Empirical Power Consumption Model

Throughput Measurements Ray-Tracing

Markovian Model

Con

text

Pa

ram

eter

s Sy

stem

Pa

ram

eter

s

𝜇𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖/𝐷 𝜆𝑖 = 𝜆 ∙ 𝜗𝑖

𝑃Σ = �𝑃𝑖� ∙ 𝑝𝑖𝑖

CCDF Evaluation

Mobility Trajectory

𝑃𝑖�

𝑅𝑖 𝐷 𝜆 𝜗𝑖

𝜇𝑖,1 𝜆1,𝑖

Green IoT

dortmund university

Slide 6




Optimizing the battery lifetime of IoT devices: Choosing the right frequency

2,6 GHz

Influence of carrier frequency Enhanced battery lifetime by switching to 800 MHz

800 MHz

Battery life time [h]

Average power consumption

[W]

File Size [Byte] (with 1 File per Minute)

Rural

Green IoT

dortmund university

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Optimizing the battery lifetime of IoT devices: Trading local data processing to data offloading

2,6

800

800

800

800

Battery life time [h]

Average power consumption

[W]

File Size [Byte] (with 1 File per Minute)

Rural

Green IoT

dortmund university

Slide 8



A swarm of aerial IoT devices can achieve more in less time

BUT: control is more complex, as UAVs must cooperate to spread efficiently across the scenario communication within the swarm is key!

Aerial IoT

dortmund university

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Model-based Development Process

Hardware in the Loop Validation

Simulation Validation

Software in the Loop Validation

Full Experimental

Validation

Optimized Parameterization

Refined Control Algorithms & System Concept

Initi

al C

once

pt

Evol

ved

UAV

Sys

tem

Experimental Validation

Shadowing ofbuilding

I

Decrease of distanceto maintain desired

RSS value

-10 dB attenuationdue to shadowing

Reduct ion oft x power by 10 dB

RSSmax

RSSmin

RSSmeasurements

Dist ance betweenagent s

Average RSS

Holding posit ion

Target RSSreached

I I I

I I I

I I

I I I

Desired RSSthreshold of -63 dBm

SCG

SCA1 SCA2 SCA3

Hardware in the Loop

Aerial IoT

dortmund university

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Example: Communication Aware Potential Fields (CAPF) Aerial IoT

The total force on each UAV is defined as:

𝐹𝑖 = � 𝐹𝑂𝑂𝑖𝑂

𝑝

𝑂=1

+ � 𝐹𝑂𝑖𝑂 + 𝐹𝐴𝑖𝑂

a

𝑂=1

+ 𝐹𝐶𝐴𝑖

𝑝 total number of repelling forces 𝐹𝑂𝑂𝑖𝑂 Repelling force of obstacle j to UAV i a total number of attracting or repelling UAVs 𝐹𝑂𝑖𝑂 Repelling force of UAV j to UAV i (coverage)

𝐹𝐴𝑖𝑂 Attracting force of UAV j to UAV i (comm.)

𝐹𝐶𝐴𝑖 Attracting force of moving team to UAV i

Potential Fields impose attracting/repelling forces on UAVs based on RSSI measurements

dortmund university

Slide 11



System goodput stable despite changing channel conditions

Goodput stays constant due to reduced inter-UAV distances Proposed algorithms are robust and scale

Robustness check through protocol simulation: Metric: Goodput

Protocol Simulation for transmitting telemetry data between UAVs: 250 kbit/s data stream between 5 UAVs (each-2-each)

Aerial IoT

dortmund university

Slide 12



ICT-Architecture for Automation and Network Integration

Front-End Communication

Vehicle to Grid(V2G)

Back-End Communication

Charging Infrastructure Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle

Mobility Services Backend

Utility Back-End

Backend

Network Services

Services

Safety

Back-End Infrastructure

Electric Vehicles

dortmund university

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ISO/IEC 15118 V2G CI Joint Working Group

Project Team 1: Use Cases

Project Team 2: Messages, Sequences & Timings

Project Team 3: Intermediate OSI Layers

Project Team 4: Wired PHY + MAC

Project Team 5: Security

Layer 5-7

Layer 3+4

Layer 1+2

ISO TC22 / SC3 Convener

IEC TC 69 Convener

Project Team 6: Conformance Testing

ISO/IEC 15118 Part 3 Physical Layer

& Data Link Layer

Req.

ISO/IEC 15118 Part 2 Technical Protocol

Description & OSI-Layer

Requirements

ISO/IEC 15118 Part 1 General Information

& Use Case Definition

ISO/IEC 15118 Conformance Tests

Part 4 Network and application protocol Part 5

Physical and Data Link Layer

Organization of ISO/IEC 15118 Joint Working Group Electric Vehicles

dortmund university

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ISO/IEC 15118 V2G CI Joint Working Group

Project Team 1: Use Cases

Project Team 2: Messages, Sequences & Timings

Project Team 3: Intermediate OSI Layers

Project Team 4: Wired PHY + MAC

Project Team 5: Security

Layer 5-7

Layer 3+4

Layer 1+2

ISO TC22 / SC3 Convener

IEC TC 69 Convener

Project Team 6: Conformance Testing

Organization der ISO/IEC 15118 Joint Working Group

OEMs Utilities / System Operators

Infrastructure / Component Suppliers & Service Providers

… … …

Electric Vehicles

dortmund university

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ICT-Standards for interoperable charging processes

Example contribution Optimization of the communication protocols based on most recent Web Services

standards (Embedded Web Services)

Contributions to open reference implementation “Open V2G”

Prototype implementation of ISO/IEC 15118-2 CNI V2G-Simulator for validation of fully automated V2G-Communication

0500

10001500200025003000 XML schema informed EXI strict byte pkd EXI strict bit pkd

Schmutzler, J. and Wietfeld, C., "Analysis of Message Sequences and Encoding Efficiency for Electric Vehicle to Grid Interconnections", IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) 2010, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA, IEEE, pages: 118-125, Dec 2010.

Reduction by 95%

Electric Vehicles

dortmund university

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Hybrid Simulator INSPIRE: Integrated Co-Simulation of Power and ICT Systems for Real-Time Evaluation Simulation Core: Master event

and time control Generic network

description

Networking Layer: Connectivity between

simulators Using the

High Level Architecture (IEEE 1516-2010)

Management Layer: Main configuration Database Event logging Scenario configuration Statistical analysis Incident generation

Management layer

Generic network

description

Master event and time control

Scenario configuration

Statistical analysis

Simulation core

Incident generation

Main configuration

Networking layer

Legend: simulator specific network connection e.g. Web Services, Sockets, etc.

ICT simulator

Algorithms for

protection and control technology

Database Event-logging

Power system

simulator

Power plant

simulator

H. Georg, S. C. Müller, C. Rehtanz and C. Wietfeld, "A HLA Based Simulator Architecture for Co-simulating ICT Based Power System Control and Protection Systems", 3rd IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm 2012), Tainan City, Taiwan, Nov 2012 awarded with a Best Paper Award

Smart Grid

dortmund university

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Conclusions

Internet of Things is a “hot” topic in on-going research (naming varies, cf. Cyber Physical Systems, etc.)

Key challenges are:

Resource-efficiency (spectrum, but also energy)

Robustness (even in harshest environments)

Scalability (even for continent-wide Smart Grids)

Standards are essential to ensure IoT interoperability:

New protocols are developed in area-specific standardization groups (e.g. energy, automotive)

Research institutes can help to enable cross-innovation to leverage most recent ICT state-of-the-art in on-going standardization projects

Addressing key IoT performance challenges: resource ......Addressing key IoT performance challenges:...

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