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Transcript of Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium [email protected] Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2...
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Address:
Washington street 40
B-1050 Brussels
Belgium
• www.rehva.eu• [email protected]• Tel: +32 2 514 11 71• Fax: +32 2 512 90 62
rehva
Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations
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Use of REHVA Guidebook Power Point Presentations
•This Power Point Presentation can be freely used for training purposes by REHVA members. •It is prepared by the main author to the REHVA Guidebook. •Please refer the original author always when making the presentation.•Inform REHVA secretariat each time the presentation is used: [email protected]
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CFD in Ventilation Design
by
Peter V. Nielsen,
Aalborg University
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The Audience
The user of the design book is mainly considered to be a consulting engineer who has to:
- order a CFD prediction
- consider and work with a CFD prediction
- discuss CFD and the CFD quality with a supplier of a CFD prediction
In principle the book is not written for engineers who are making CFD predictions already
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CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
Authors: Francis Allard, Hazim B. AwbiLars Davidson, Alois Schälin and Peter V. Nielsen
![Page 6: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 7: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Development in Computer Cost
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CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 9: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mathematical Background
From the general description
SgraddivVdivt
)()()(
to a two-dimensional time dependent transportequation
2
2
2
2
y
c
x
cD
y
cv
x
cu
t
c
![Page 10: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 11: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Turbulence ModelsLaminar flow/turbulent flow2D steady state
A discussion of different turbulence models as e.g.the k-ε model, the k-ω model, the SST modeland the Reynolds Stress model
The Large Eddy Simulation is also discussed
2
2c c
c c cu v Sx y y
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CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 13: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
One-Dimensional Case
The case can be considered as a small part of a flow, which in certain areas is one-dimensional, parallel with grid lines and steady.
cc Sdx
cd
dx
dcu
2
2
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One-Dimensional Discretization Equation
Control volume formulation:
It is necessary to replace values at the cell surfaces e and w with values from the grid points WW, W, P, E and EE to have a final version of the discretization equation.
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Different Discretization Equations, 1
The flow is studied in a case where the length x is equal to 4. The boundary values co and c3 are equal to 1.0 and 0.0.
Central differences is e.g. ce = (cP + cE)/2 and u = 0.1
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Different Discretization Equations, 2
Central differences e.g. ce = (cP + cE)/2 and u = 3.0
Wiggly for larger than 2c
uxPe
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History and Numerical Schemes, 1
The sixtiesThe central difference scheme becomes unstable (wiggly)when the Peclet number is large. The cure is to decrease the grid size.
The seventiesUpwind difference opened the way for infinitely high Reynolds numbers, but false diffusion could in manycases be larger than diffusion of physical kind.
The eighties and the ninetiesSecond order schemes decreased the effect of false diffusion.
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Different Discretization Equations, 3
The flow is studied in a case where the length x is equal to 4. The boundary values co and c3 are equal to 1.0 and 0.0.
Upwind scheme e.g. ce = cP and u = 3.0
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History and Numerical Schemes, 2
The sixtiesThe central difference scheme becomes unstable (wiggly)when the Peclet number is large. The cure is to decrease the grid size.
The seventiesUpwind difference opened the way for infinitely high Reynolds numbers, but false diffusion could in manycases be larger than diffusion of physical kind.
The eighties and the ninetiesSecond order schemes decreased the effect of false diffusion.
![Page 20: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
False Diffusion
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Higher Order SchemesSecond order upwind scheme is an example of a newscheme developed in the middle of the seventies.
The one-dimensional case with the velocity u = 3.0 and1st and 2nd order upwind scheme
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False Diffusion and Order of the SchemesFlow from an opening, which is inclined at ~30 deg. to the mesh.Three-dimensional flow. Profile at the upper surface at a distance of 1 m from the opening.
Svidt
Dispersive error
Diffusive error
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History and Numerical Schemes, 3
The sixtiesThe central difference scheme becomes unstable (wiggly)when the Peclet number is large. The cure is to decrease the grid size.
The seventiesUpwind difference opened the way for infinitely high Reynolds numbers, but false diffusion could in manycases be larger than diffusion of physical kind.
The eighties and the ninetiesSecond order schemes decreased the effect of false diffusion.
![Page 24: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 25: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Boundary Conditions• Wall boundary• Free boundary• Plane of symmetry• Air supply opening• Air exit opening• Obstacle boundary
Air supply opening
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CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 27: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Quality ControlQuality control consists of these major steps:- recognize possible sources of errors- check for these errors in your own simulations- estimate the accuracy of the simulations- improve the simulations, if possible
Main items in this chapter are:- Steps in a CFD simulation - Sources of errors and uncertainties- How to ensure high quality predictions (recommendations)- Questions to ask the CFD engineer as regards the work reported- Additional advice and remarks- A short check list
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Quality Control, Sources of Errors and Uncertainties
Some examples: 2D treatment instead of 3D
Simplification, modelling level
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Cell Quality
Monitoring velocities versus number of cells in the prediction
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Cell Quality
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Turbulence Model3D wall jet in a room simulated by a k-epsilon Modeland a Reynolds Stress Model.
Schälin and Nielsen
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CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 33: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
CFD Combined with Other Prediction Models
![Page 34: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 35: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Application of CFD Codes in Building Design
The applications of CFD in buildings may be grouped under the following headings:
• Prediction of air jet diffusion• Analysis of Room air movement• Prediction of contaminant dispersal• Modelling emission from materials and equipment in buildings• Indoor air quality prediction• Thermal comfort assessment• Mean age of air and ventilation effectiveness predictions• Prediction of fire and smoke spread• Wind flow around buildings
![Page 36: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 37: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Case Studies on Different Air Distribution Systems
Five air distribution systems are compared with each other. They are all installed in the same room, and they all handle the same situation and the same load.
Mixing ventilation with end wall mounted diffuser.
Vertical ventilation with a textile terminal..
Displacement ventilation. End wall mounted low velocity diffuser.
Mixing ventilation generated by a ceiling mounted radial diffuser.
![Page 38: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Test Room
The test room is the IEA Annex 20 room with length, width and height equal to 4.2 m, 3.6 m and 2.5 m.The heat load consists of two PCs, two desk lamps and two manikins producing a total heat load of 480 W. One work placeis used in some of the experiments (240 W).
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Case Study, Mixing Ventilation with Wall Mounted ATD
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Simulation of the Diffuser
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Mixing Ventilation with End Wall Mounted Diffuser
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Case Study, Vertical Ventilation
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Vertical Ventilation, Diffuser
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Vertical Ventilation, Diffuser1st order steady state equations, k-ε turbulence model, 300,000 cells
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Vertical Ventilation
BC: Diffuser F
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Vertical Ventilation, Quality Control
Monitoring points
Velocity iny-direction
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Vertical Ventilation
Predictions in the whole roomn = 5 h-1
218.400 grid points
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Case Study, Displacement Ventilation
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Diffuser for Displacement Ventilation
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Displacement Ventilation
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Case Study, Mixing Ventilation with Ceiling Mounted ATD
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Mixing Ventilation with Ceiling Diffuser, Diffuser Models
– Fixed-flow diffuser– Diffuser with horizontal surface
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Diffuser Model
Measurements Diffuser with horizontal surface
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CFD SimulationsTemperatures
Velocities at the the height of 1.80 m close to the side walls
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Simulation of Unsteady Flow (Time Dependent Equations)
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CFD in Ventilation Design
Computational fluid dynamics in a nutshellSymbols and glossaryMathematical backgroundTurbulence modelsNumerical methodsBoundary conditionsQuality controlCFD combined with other prediction modelsApplication of CFD codes in building designCase studiesBenchmark tests
![Page 57: Address: Washington street 40 B-1050 Brussels Belgium info@rehva.eu Tel: +32 2 514 11 71 Fax: +32 2 512 90 62 rehva Federation of European.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649e4a5503460f94b3dd8a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
CFD Manikins
Benchmark test for different CFD manikins:
www.cfd-benchmarks.com