ISSN 0072 9612Hamburg, Dezember 2006

S. 137-147Mitt. hamb. zool. Mus. Inst. Band 103

Additions to the catalogue of the type specimens of theherpetological collection in the Zoological Museum of

the University of Hamburg

JAKOB HALLERMANN

Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3,D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. E-mail: hallermann@uni-hamburg.de

ABSTRACT. – 65 types specimens of amphibians and reptiles found in the general collectionduring the last ten years since the first type catalogue was published are provided together withtypes of recently described species. For each taxon the present name and its status are given.Taxonomic histories for some taxa are reviewed. The herpetological collection of the ZoologicalMuseum Hamburg includes 318 type specimens, representing 137 named taxa.

KEYWORDS: Type catalogue additions, Museum Hamburg, Amphibia, Reptilia, taxonomichistory

IntroductionSince the first herpetological type catalogue of the Zoological Museum Hamburg waspublished (HALLERMANN 1998) 65 type specimens of 23 nominal type species, formerlythought to be lost, were detected by the author in the collection. The new findings arelisted below. The identities of some extant type specimens were resolved previously(CADLE 1998; HALLERMANN 2000; RÖDEL & HALLERMANN 2006; ROSSMAN 2000) andmany others are established in this paper. Some new species were also described fromthe collection (BAUER 2002; PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2002). The addition of remarkable types ofhistorical value to the collection necessitate an update to the existing type catalogue.

The herpetological collection of the ZMH contains currently about 50 000 specimens.About 17 000 specimens in 6100 lots are catalogued in a data file (FileMaker Pro 7). Atpresent the collection contains 318 type specimens of 137 nominal species and subspeciesi.e. 54 holotypes, 69 syntypes, 147 paratypes, 3 lectotypes and 45 paralectotypes.

Each species or subspecies is listed in the combination as it was originally proposed.If the name has been subjected to subsequent nomenclatorial change or has been givenin synonymy, the name in current use is given after an equal sign, together with acitation of the authority for the change. The arrangement in the following list isalphabetical by genus and species within each family. Localities are listed in the originalspelling from the label, in English translation and if possible with coodinates and thepresent name of the state. Corrections of spelling mistakes and change of status of sometypes listed in the first type catalogue are added. Also types of questionable status arelisted. For some the status could not be resolved because all documents

138 JAKOB HALLERMANN

(correspondence, catalogues, type lists) were destroyed during Word War II.(HALLERMANN in press).

The family and genus concepts used follow the EMBL Reptile Data Base(http://www.reptile-database.org/) for reptiles and the amphibian species of the worlddata base (FROST 2006).

List of type specimensMuseum acronyms

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London [former British Museum (Natural History)]MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MassachusettsMSNG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria” di GenovaNMW Naturhistorisches Museum WienSMF Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, FrankfurtSMNS Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde StuttgartZMB Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (former Zoologisches

Museum Berlin)ZMH Zoologisches Museum Hamburg

AmphibiaUrodela

Plethodontidae

Plethodon yonahlossee DUNN, 1917

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – near the Yonahlossee Road about 1 1/2 miles from Linville, AveryCounty, North Carolina, altitude 4200 feet, USA, leg. E. R. DUNN, 16.VIII 1916, rec. NOBLE2.X.1925, 1 paratype ZMH A04286 (formerly AMNH 4633).C o m m e n t s: holotype is AMNH 4634. Our specimen of the type series with 117 mm totallength, 16 mm head length, 48 mm body length, and 53 mm tail length corresponds exactly withDUNN’S data (DUNN 1917).

AnuraMegophryidae

Leptobrachium carinense BOULENGER, 1889[=Brachytarsophrys carinensis sensu TIAN & HU (1983)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Yado (Yado Taung MT 19°19’N 96°50’E), Montagni Carin (=Karenmountains), 1200-1300 m about sea level, Burma (Myanmar), L. FEA leg. 1885-89 on his travelin Burma, 3 paralectotypes ZMH A04092-4 (formerly no. 740, field no. 41, lot 1°).

C o m m e n t s: The original type locality was given by BOULENGER (1889) as “western slopeof the Karens Mountains, east of Toungoo at an attitude of 800 m and upwards”. BOULENGERnoted, that FEA obtained several specimens; he gave measurements for a female (168 mm) and amale (150 mm). ZMH A04092 (107 mm): leg. FEA Xbrie (October) 1887; A04093 male (150mm): leg. FEA Genn. (January)1889; A04094 (130.6 mm): leg FEA XII 1888. Lectotype MSNG29689 from Karin Bia-po was designated by CAPOCACCIA 1957, 3 paralectotypes in Genova:one from Karin Bia-po 900-1200 m, one from Carin Cheba 900-1200 m, and one from Yado1200-1400 m, 4 paralectotypes from Karin Hills in BMNH, 2 paralectotypes from West slopeof Karin Mountains in NMW. Today I cannot verify which and how many specimens belongedto the type series.

139Additions to the herpetological type catalogue, Hamburg

Ranidae

Phrynobatrachus monticola FISCHER, 1884[= Tomopterna monticola sensu RÖDEL & HALLERMANN (2006)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Bach (streamlet) Wasso-Njiro, „Massailand“, (Kenya, north of LakeNatron in the border region to Tanzania (approximately between 1°30' and 2°04 S / 36°12' E)),leg. G.A. FISCHER between 19 April and 1 May 1883, h o l o t y p e ZMH A04402(formerly no. 388).

C o m m e n t s: det. by Fr. NIEDEN as Phrynobatrachus delalandii Bibron, was considered“incerta sedis” by FROST (2006), collection details see G. A. FISCHER (1885).

Rhacophoridae

Chirixalus doriae BOULENGER, 1893

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Bia-po, (Bia-po Keba, District Karen-ni, 19°15' N, 97°30' E) MontagniCarin Ghecú, in 900-1000 m, Burma (Myanmar), L. Fea leg., during his travel in Burma, 1885-1889, 1 syntype ZMH A03145 (formerly number 722, field No. 26, lat 1°).

C o m m e n t s: There were 5 type specimens from District of the Karin Bia-po“ and 1specimen from „Thao“ (BOULENGER 1893). CAPOCACCIA 1957 designated a lectotype MSNG29426A and 3 paralectotyes. All were in bad condition. The specimens are no longer present inMSNG (DORIA et al. 2001). HÄUPL & TIEDEMANN (1978), and HÄUPL et al. (1994) listed onespecimen (NHW 16556) from “Karin-Gebirge” without specific locality as a syntype. It seemsmore probable that the ZMH specimen is a syntype, until a new lectotype designation will bemade for the lost lectotype.

Ixalus carinensis BOULENGER, 1893[= Philautus carinensis sensu SMITH (1940)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Montagni Carin (=Karen mountains) in 900-1000 m, Burma(Myanmar), Kayah State 19° 15’N 97° 30’E, L. FEA leg., during his travel in Burma, 1885-1889,4 (?) paralectotypes ZMH A03138-41 (formerly number 702, field no. 23, lat 1°).

C o m m e n t s: status not clear. According to BOULENGER (1893) types are from Karin Hills(1), Thao (1), and Karin Bia-po (5). There are more type specimens listed and they did notcorrespond to the given localities: three specimens in Genova are from Thao (CAPOCACCIA1957), four from Karin Hills in BMNH (MCCARTHY pers. comm. 2000). BOSSUYT & DUBOIS(2001) designated BMNH 1947.2.6.24 from Karin Hills, “2900-3500 feet” as lectotype. It seemsthat they did not examine other probable type specimens other than the BMNH specimens. Thisdid not clarify the situation because the specimens from Karin Bia-po could not be located withcertainty and no paralectotypes were explicitly noted by BOSSUYT & DUBOIS (2001). It is notcurrently possible to verify which specimens belong to the type series because no measurementsexist other than that of a male of 38 mm length (the lectotype ?). It may be that at least one ofthe specimens in Hamburg is a paralectotype.

Ixalus parvulus BOULENGER, 1893[= Philautus parvulus (BOULENGER) sensu BOURRET (1942): 451]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Montagni Carin (=Karen mountains), 900-1000 m about sea level,Burma (Myanmar), Kayah State 19° 15’N 97° 30’E, L. FEA leg. 1885-89 on his travel in Burma,2 paralectotypes ZMH A04076-7 (formerly number 724, field no. 38 lot 1°).

C o m m e n t s: according to BOULENGER (1893) there were 7 type specimens from Karin Bia-po. Today the lectotype and two paralectotypes are in MSNG, one specimen from Karin Hills

140 JAKOB HALLERMANN

in NMW, and two from Karin Hills in BMNH. Including the ZMH specimens there are 8 typespecimens present, one too many. Existing data do not permit me to determine which specimendoes not belong to the type series.

Rhacophorus feae BOULENGER, 1893

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Thao, (Tahò ~19°23' N 96°54' E), Montagni Carin, Carin Ghecu1300-1400 m about sea level, Burma (Myanmar), L. Fea leg. II 1888 on his travel in Burma,1 paralectotype ZMH A04063 (formerly no. 718).

C o m m e n t s: This specimen was determined as Rhacophorus nigropalmatus feae by WOLF in1935 and as Rhacophorus feae by N. ORLOV in 2000. Lectotype MSNG 29415 designated byCAPOCACCIA (1957). Another paralectotype is BMNH 93.10.9.24.

ReptiliaSquamataAnguidae

Diploglossus (Celestus) ohlendorffi FISCHER, 1886[= Celestus costatus costatus (COPE, 1861) J. HALLERMANN det. 2001,

HALLERMANN & BÖHME (2002)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Haiti, Hispaniola, Zoologische Gesellschaft ded. 1885, received fromZoological Garden Hamburg, h o l o t y p e ZMH R06351 (formerly no. 855).

C o m m e n t s: the specimen was determined by MEERWARTH (1901) as Diploglossus striatus.Original label is missing.

Boidae

Epicarsius cupreus FISCHER, 1856b[= Epicrates cenchia cenchria (LINNAEUS, 1758), J. HALLERMANN det. (2006)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Porto Cabello, Venezuela, Dr. TAMMS leg. 1851, h o l o t y p e ZMHR08256 (formerly no. 49 B 17bd 51).

Chamaeleonidae

Rhampholeo boettgeri PFEFFER, 1893[= Rhampholeon brevicaudatus MATSCHIE, 1892 sensu WERNER (1902)].

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Bagamoyo, Tanganyika [Tanzania], Dr. F. STUHLMANN leg. 1890,h o l o t y p e ZMH R07911 (formerly no. 1287).

C o m m e n t s: determined as Rhampholeon brevicaudatus by WERNER (1902). On an old labelwas mistakenly written: “Rhampholeo boulengeri PFEFFER = Rh. brevicaudatus”.

Colubridae

Boaedon nigrum FISCHER, 1856[=Lamprophis virgatus (HALLOWELL, 1854) det. J. HALLERMANN (2006)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – São Thomé Is. (West Africa) [São Tomé et Principé], leg. ChirurgiusWEISS 1848, 1 syntype ZMH R08378 (formerly no. 143).

141Additions to the herpetological type catalogue, Hamburg

C o m m e n t s: other syntypes formerly deposited in ZMH are lost. The taxon name Boaedonnigrum or Boodon niger was, at times, variously assigned to different dark coloured species ofthe genus Lamprophis: L. fuliginosus, L. capensis, L. virgatus as seen during a visit in the ZMBcollection.

Coronella elegans JAN, 1863[= Meizodon regularis FISCHER, 1856, sensu FISCHER (1883), species status]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – West Africa (no specific locality, no collector), one syntype ZMHR06837 (formerly no. 136).

C o m m e n t s: G. JAN returned the specimen with a label “Ablabes elegans JAN”. Total-length:350 mm, tail-length: 70 mm, Subcaudals 64. Other syntypes (4?) were deposited in Stuttgart andare destroyed (SCHLÜTER pers. com. 2006). The right upper jaw is missing.

Helicops infrataeniatus JAN, 1865

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Surinam (no specific locality, no collector), lectotype ZMH RO4331(formerly no. B88 da) was designated by ROSSMAN (2000).

C o m m e n t s: the other syntype from Brazil is deposited in the Essex Institute of Salemaccording to JAN (1865) and seems to be missing (ROSADO pers com).

Leptophis varius FISCHER, 1884[= Liopholidophis varius (FISCHER, 1884) sensu CADLE (1998)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Madagascar, LÉON HUMBLOT leg, vend.1883, lectotype ZMH R04319(formerly no. 1175), female.

C o m m e n t s: formerly 5 syntypes, destroyed, the jar label reads as collector “HUMBOLD”,perhaps a mistake by copy of the old label. FISCHER (1884) noted: “gesammelt und gekauft vonHerrn Humblot in Paris” [collected and bought from Mr. Humblot in Paris]. Léon Humblot wasa colonist and amateur naturalist on the Comores and he obtaind specimens from Madagascar forthe Paris Museum. The present specimen was designated as lectotype by CADLE (1998). In theoriginal description 5 specimens with the catalogue numbers 1174 and 1175 were listed. Thelectotype most closely matches FISCHER’S specimen „b“ in its length and pholidosis (CADLE1998; FISCHER 1884).

Ligonirostra stuhlmanni PFEFFER, 1893[= Prosymna stuhlmanni, sensu SPAWLS et al. (2002)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Usambáa, Usambara, Deutsch Ost-Afrika [Tanzania], F. STUHLMANNleg. Sept. 1888, one syntype ZMH R07910 (formerly no. 1646).

C o m m e n t s: One of the two synytpes No. 521 or 522 of PFEFFER with 132 (133-136 ofPFEFFER) ventrals, 31(31-32) subcaudals, total length 190 mm (“etwa 20 cm” after PFEFFER1893).

Rhabdosoma univittatum JAN, 1862[= Atractus univittatus (JAN, 1862) sensu PETERS & OREJAS MIRANDA (1970)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Caracas, (10°30’00"N 66°55’00"W), Venezuela, h o l o t y p e ZMHR02851 (formerly no. 482).

C o m m e n t s: formerly det. as Atractus guentheri. MARKEZICH (2002 in lit) determined thatthe specimen was the holotype.

142 JAKOB HALLERMANN

Gekkonidae

Cnemaspis indraneildasii BAUER, 2002

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Gund (15°10’N, 74°40’E), Karnataka, North Kanara (= Uttara Kannada),India, „Hütte“ = hut, G. A. v. MAYDELL leg. 20 January 1956 (Deutsche Indien Expedition1955/58), h o l o t y p e ZMH R06125, female (formerly no. 875).

Cnemaspis heteropholis BAUER, 2002

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Gund (15°10’N, 74°40’E), Karnataka, North Kanara (= Uttara Kannada)India, „Bambus teak, Dschungel“, G. A. v. MAYDELL leg. 20. January 1956 (Deutsche IndienExpedition 1955/58), h o l o t y p e ZMH R06158, female (formerly no. 234).

C o m m e n t s: tail autotomized.

Gerrhosauridae

Gerrhosaurus zanzibaricus PFEFFER, 1893[= Gerrhosaurus major major DUMÉRIL, 1851, det. J. HALLERMANN (2006)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Kubueni, Sansibar (=Zanzibar 6°10’00"S 39°11’00"E), Tanzania,F. STUHLMANN leg, 12.V.-9.VI 1888, 3 syntypes ZMH R07964-6 (formerly numbers 1276, 249,field no. 127).

C o m m e n t s: specimen R07965 with 440 mm total length leg. 12.V.1888; R07964 with 460 mmtotal length (no colleting date), R07966: specimen head only, without body (no collection datapreserved).

Hydrophiidae

Hydrophis pelamoides var. annulata FISCHER, 1855[= Lapemis curtus hardwickii GRAY, 1835, det J. HALLERMANN (2006)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Coast of Java, Indonesian Sea, Indonesia, MEYER and WERNER leg.1847, ded. 1848, 2 syntypes ZMH R03353 (formerly no. 417), R03355 (formerly no. 418).

C o m m e n t s: The description was first issued in 1855 in the school program of theRealschule Johanneum. It was reprinted in 1856 by the „Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zuHamburg“, a scientific society and clearly labeled as the second edition (FISCHER 1856 a). It isten pages longer than the original and there are three hand coloured plates added. ZMH R03353is the smaller specimen: total-length: 337 mm, R03355 the larger one with total-length: 785 mmand both correspond with the measurements of FISCHER (1855).

Leptotyphlopidae

Glauconia unicolor WERNER, 1913[= Leptotyphlops unicolor sensu WALLACH in lit. (2006)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – wahrscheinlich Brasilien (probably from Brazil), AUGUST BRÜCKMANNleg., ded. 9.XI.1910, holotype ZMH R08401 (formerly no. 4823).

C o m m e n t s: The species was described by WERNER (1913) under Glauconia bilineata(SCHLEGEL). He wrote:” Eventuell würde ich, wenn es sich um eine neue Art handeln sollte, denNamen P. unicolor beantragen” [possibly, if it may be a new species I would like to propose thename P. unicolor]. “P” may be a spelling mistake and means “G.” Label reads: Glauconiabilineata var. unicolor Wern. Our collection houses other specimens of other species received

143Additions to the herpetological type catalogue, Hamburg

from BRÜCKMANN definitively from South America. VAN WALLACH (pers. comm. 2006) iscurrently examining the specimen and will publish its identity soon.

Scincidae

Heteropus rhomboidalis PETERS, 1869[= Carlia rhomboidalis sensu GREER (1974)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Port Mackay NE Autralia, most probably AMALIE DIETRICH leg.1864-66, 1 syntype ZMH R06796 (formerly no. MG “Museum Godeffoy” 931).

C o m m e n t s: as BAUER et al. (2003) pointed out the lectotype designation of BMNH1946.8.16.57 by WELLS & WELLINGTON (1985) is invalid and the lectotype designation of ZMB6509A by INGRAM & COVACEVICH (1989) is ambigous. Until clarification I regard the Berlin andHamburg specimens as syntypes.

Lygosoma (Emoa) Kuekenthali BOETTGER, 1895[= Emoia kuekenthali (BOETTGER, 1895) sensu BROWN (1991)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Halmaheira [= Halmahera], Moluccas [Maluku Propinsi], Indonesia,W. KUEKENTHAL leg., received from Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (no date), 2paralectotypes ZMH R06794-5 (formerly no.1780).

C o m m e n t s: SMF 15202 is the lectotype (MERTENS 1967), other paralectotypes in ZMB,BMNH, MCZ, SMF (BAUER et al. 2003). The published type locality is Soa Konorra andTabella, North Halmaheira, up to 2500 m about sea level, W Halmaheira, and Pantani EHalmaheira. „in ziemlicher Anzahl erbeutet“ (caught in rather large quantities).

Lygosoma (Emoa) sorex BOETTGER, 1895[ = Emoia sorex (BOETTGER, 1895) sensu BROWN (1991)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Halmaheira [= Halmahera], Moluccas [Maluku Propinsi], Indonesia,W. KUECKENTHAL leg., received from Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (no date),2 paralectotypes ZMH R06791-2 (formerly no. 1783).

C o m m e n t s: SMF 15340 was designated as lectotype (MERTENS 1967), otherparalectotypes in ZMB, BMNH, SMF (BAUER et al. 2003). BROWN (1991) mistakenly referredto the lectotype, SMF 15340, as the holotype and did not mention the existence of other types.

Lygosoma zebratum BOULENGER, 1887[= Sphenomorphus indicus (GRAY, 1853) sensu SMITH (1935)]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Montagni Mooleyit in 1100-1200 m about sea level (= Muleyitmountains, Dawna Chain (Mula-a Taung 16° 07' N 98° 39' E), Tenasserim, Burma (= Myanmar), L. FEA leg., during his travel in Burma, 1885-1889, 1 syntype ZMH R06566 (formerly no.1444, collecting no.: 71 lat 1°).

C o m m e n t s: the published type locality is Pla-poo, Mt. Mooleyt. BOULENGER (1887) notedseveral specimens as types but giving measurement for only one. Later BOULENGER regardedL. zebratum as a variety of L. indicum (BOULENGER 1893: 319) and TAYLOR as a subspecies ofSphenomorphus indicus (TAYLOR 1963: 1020). The ZMH syntype and BMNH 1889.3.25.23-24specimens are smaller than the specimen for which BOULENGER (1887) provided measurements.5 MNSG specimens also belong to the type series. G. DORIA (pers com. 2006) providedmeasuremens and photos of all specimens of the type series. MNSG 27883 -1 matches the dataof BOULENGER (1887).

144 JAKOB HALLERMANN

Mabuya quinquetaeniata scharica STERNFELD, 1917[= Trachylepis quinquetaeniata (LICHTENSTEIN 1823) sensu BROADLY & BAUER

(1998) species status and BAUER (2003) genus status]

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – Fort Archambault, [Sarh, Chad], H. SCHUBOTZ leg. 2. DeutscheZentral-Afrika-Expedition des Herzogs ADOLF FRIEDRICH ZU MECKLENBURG 1910-1911,10 paralectotypes ZMH R06771-80 males (formerly no. 3478), 10 paralectotypes ZMHR06781-90 (females, formerly no. 3479), 5 paralectotypes ZMH R06764-68 (formerly no.3480); Route Fort Crampel-Archambault [Road from Kaga Bandoro, Central African Republic toSarh, Chad], HABERER leg. 2. Deutsche Zentral-Afrika-Expedition des Herzogs ADOLFFRIEDRICH ZU MECKLENBURG 1910-1911, 4 paralectotypes ZMH R06760-3, males (formerlyno. 3481); Route Fort Possel-Fort Crampel [road between Possel and Kaga Bandoro, CentralAfrican Republic], H. SCHUBOTZ leg. 2. Deutsche Zentral-Afrika-Expedition des HerzogsADOLF FRIEDRICH ZU MECKLENBURG 1910-1911, 2 paralectotypes ZMH R06769-70, females,gravid (formerly no. 3477).

C o m m e n t s: SMF 14271 designated by MERTENS (1967) as lectotye, specimens exchangedin 1921 by RICHARD STERNFELD.

TestudinesTestudinidae

Testudo graeca marokkensis PIEH & PERÄLÄ, 2004

T y p e l o c a l i t y. – near Casablanca (Morocco), H. WITTKE leg.1974, S. SCHIELZETH ded.VI 1976, 1 paratype ZMH R01092, female.

Corrections of the type catalogue of 1998page 200, line 9 from below: Acanthosaura fruhstorferi ZMH R04357 no longer a syntype

(see HALLERMANN 2000). Comments: the lectotype is NMW 1141,paralectotype SMNS 4155.

page 202, line 9:“Cantonophis praefrontalis WERNER, 1909 a, b [ = Opisthropis latouchii“not Opistrophis.

page 208 line 12 from below ; Hydrophis (Pelamis) bicolor var. alternans FISCHER,1855 not 1856 a.

page 209, line 30: Lacerta cappadocica muhtari EISELT, 1979. „R00782, adult“, not „juvenile“page 221, line 12: „OTA, H. & HIKIDA, T.“, not „OTA & ZSUTOMU, H.“

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I thank COLIN MCCARTHY (BMNH) and GIULIANO DORIA forinformation on specimens in their care, AARON M. BAUER (Pennsylvania) and RAINERGÜNTHER (ZMB) for helpful comments on the manuscript.

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Liopholidophis pinguis PARKER, 1925, in its synonymy. – J. Herpetol. 32(3): 434-437.CAPOCACCIA, L. 1957. Catalogo dei tipi di anfibi del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova.

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Received: 30 June 2006; accepted: 27 September 2006.