I2

INTERMEDIATE TWO

This material is going to help you to understand grammar in Intermediate Two.

ADDITIONAL

G R A M M A R

I2

INTERMEDIATE TWO

Buying a Car

Accidents

Problems

Helping Out

Dreams and Ambitions

Politics

Instructions

Money Matters

UNIT 1

BUYING A CAR

CONDITIONAL: REAL CONDITIONAL

Real Conditionals

Conditional sentences express a choice and the possible conse-quences at that choice.Real Conditional involves a present choice and a future conse-quence.For example: IF Clause Result Clause

If I have time today, I will visit my friendIf you eat your spinach, you will grow stronger.If I quit my job, I will spend more time with you.If you study hard, you will pass the test

Note! We never use “will, or won’t” in the “if part” of the sentence.

If you pass the driving test, I will buy you a car.

If I have a day off from work, I will go to the beach.

If I go to the Mall, I will buy a dress.

If you pass the driving test, I will buy you a car.

UNIT 2

Accidents

Past Perfect Progressive

The Past Perfect Progressive

The past perfect continuous tense is used to talk about longer situations that continued up to the moment in the past we are talking about.

The past perfect continuous tense is made with the auxiliaries had been + present participle

Positive statement: I had been doing. Negative statement: I had not been doing. Question form: Had I been doing?Negative question: Had I not been doing?

For example:

I had not been working all day; so I wasn’t tired and went to the disco at night.

He hadn’t been studying much until he failed his first exam.

Her back was sore because she had been sitting at the computer all day.

He had been driving less than an hour when he ran out of gas.

We had been looking for her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom.

We had been sleeping for 9 hours when he woke us up.

They were very tired in the evening because they had been helping on the farm all day.

They had been waiting for two hours when the bus finally arrived.

Leyla had been working at the store since 2005 when it closed

Note: It is always

“for” a length of

time and “since” a

point in time.

They had been cycling all day so their legs were sore in the evening.

I had not been walking for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.

UNIT 3

Problems

Past Perfect Simple Tense

Past Perfect Simple Tense

The past perfect simple tense is used to make it clear that an event was completed before another event. It is made with the auxiliary verb had + past participle

For example:

Positive statement: I had done.Negative statement: I had not done Question form: Had I done? Negative question: Had I not done?

I had visited Choluteca before, so I knew where the Cathedral was.

They had studied English be-fore they went to Miami.

Had they studied English before they went to Miami?

Henry changed his job because he had worked as an accountant for many years and was bored.

When I arrived there Sarah had already left.

I had written an e-mail.

She had already gone home when I arrived at the party.

I was so hungry! I had not eaten anything since the morning.

I was late for work, by the time I arrived the client had already left.

I had already done the shopping by the time he came home.

It is also used to say how long something went on for, up to a time in the past.

For example:

We apologized because we had kept them waiting for 3 hours.

We apologized because we had kept them waiting since lunchtime.

UNIT 4

Helping Out

Indirect Speech/Reported Speech

The noun clause contains the statement or question which is being reported.

For statements, we use the conjunction THAT, which is omitted in informal English.

For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.However, that is optional.For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.

Reporting Verbs:

Say, Tell, Promise,

Know, Believe,

Think, Claim, etc.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

To report or describe statements/ideas or questions without using the speaker’s exact words.

The main clause contains the “reporting or question verb”:

Question Verbs:

Ask, Wonder,

Want/Would

Like To Know

“that” is never used in questions, instead we often use “if ”.

Example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

She asked me if I spoke English.

Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.

We use “asked” to report questions:For example: I asked Lesly what time the lesson started.

We use “told” with an object.For example: Lesly told me she felt tired.

We usually use “said” without an object.For example: Lesly said she was going to teach English online.

If “said” is used with an object we must include “to”;For example: Lesly said to me that she’d never been to China.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative. For example:She asked me to come to the party:She invited me to the party.She begged me to come to the party.She ordered me to come to the party.She advised me to come to the party.She suggested I should come to the party.

Note - there are many other verbs we can use apart from told, asked and said, these include:-accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologized, begged, boasted, complained, de-nied, explained, implied, invited, offered, orde-red, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Note - here “me” is the object.

UNIT 5

Dreams and Ambitions

Unreal Conditionals

If I had more time, I would do more on my business. (I don’t have more time - therefore the condition is unreal).

If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. (I am not you - therefore the condition is unreal).

If I owned a car, I would drive to work. (But I don’t own a car.)

She would travel around the world if she had more money. (But she doesn’t have much money.)

Unreal Conditionals

We can begin a sentence with either a condition or a result clause.

The unreal conditional is used to express unreal, impossible, or very improbable situations in the present and future.

The verb in the Result Clause always has a Modal, usually

WOULD (to express a certainty),

MIGHT (to express a possibility),

or COULD (to express ability).

Example:

If I won the lottery, I would buy a new house.

I would read more if I didn’t watch so much TV.

If they worked harder, they would earn more money.

For example:

If he were French, he would live in Paris.

If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.

I would play basketball if I were taller.

I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.

I would buy that computer if it was cheaper. (Incorrect)

NOTE: If we use the verb “BE” as the main verb, or in the past progressive form, we use WERE instead of WAS.

If I had gotten paid, I could have traveled with you.

If I had known that you were going to the movies, I would have gone too.

If I had known you were sick, I could have brought you some soup.

If it had been sunny, we could have gone out.

If I had worked harder, I would have passed my exam.

UNIT 6

Reported Speech/Time Aspects

Reported Speech: Time Aspects

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Note:

If you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).

“Today’s lesson is on presentations.” She said yesterday’s lesson was on presentations.orShe said yesterday’s lesson would be on presentations.

“I am going to London next week,” she said.

Chris asked, “Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?”

She says, “I wash my hair every day.”

She says she washes her hair every day.

She has said, “I wash my hair every day.”

She has said that she washes her hair every day.

She will say, “I wash my hair every day.”

She will say that she washes her hair every day.

If the reported sentence deals with a fact or general truth, the present tense can be retained.

What did the bus driver say?He said that the next stop is Metro Mall.

*Exceptions:

She said that the moon causes the tides.

If the speaker reports something immediately or soon after it was said, the noun clause verb often remains as spoken.

Changes in time and place words

Direct Speech Indirect Speechtoday the following day/ the next

day/ a day latertonight that nightthis week/month/year that week/month/yeartomorrow the next daynext week/month/year the following week/month/

yearyesterday the day before or the previous

daylast week/month/year the week/month year befo-

re or the previous week/mon-th/year

now then/at that timeAnother Changes

here there

If “will” is the modal in the reported utterance and expresses future time, and if the situation described in the quote still holds true at the time of the indirect report, the “will” may not be changed to “would” even though the reporting verb is in the past tense:

Mr. Arden said that a volcanic eruption will occur next year.

UNIT 7

Politics

Reported Speech/Review

Reported Speech: Review

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Simple Past Simple

“He is American,” she said. She said he was American.

“I am happy to see you,” Mary said. Mary said that she was happy to see me.

He asked, “Are you busy tonight?” He asked me if I was busy that night.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

“Dan is living in San Francisco,” she said.

She said Dan was living in San Francisco.

He said, “I’m making dinner.” He told me that he was makingdinner.

“Why are you working so hard?” they asked.

They asked me why I was working so hard.

Past Simple Past Perfect Simple

“We went to the movies last night,” he said.

He told me they had gone to the movies the night before.

Greg said, “I didn’t go to workyesterday.” Greg said that he hadn’t gone to work the day before.

“Did you buy a new car?” she asked. She asked me if I had bought a new car.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

“I was working late last night,” Vicki said.

Vicki told me she’d been working latethe ni-ght before.

They said, “we weren’t waiting long.” They said that they hadn’t been waiting long.

He asked, “were you sleeping when I called?”

He asked if I’d been sleeping when he called.

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple

Heather said, “I’ve already eaten.” Heather told me that she’d alreadyeaten.

“We haven’t been to China,” they said. They said they hadn’t been to China. “Have you worked here before?” I as-ked.

I asked her whether she’d workedthere before.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

“I’ve been studying English for two years,” he said.

He said he’d been studying English for two years.

Steve said, “we’ve been dating for over a year now.”

Steve told me that they’d been dating for over a year.

“Have you been waiting long?” they asked.

They asked whether I’d been waiting long.

Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (No change)

“I’d been to Chicago before for work,” he said.

He said that he’d been to Chicago before for work.

Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (No chan-ge)

She said, “I’d been dancing for years be-fore the accident.”

She said she’d been dancing for years before the accident.

UNIT 8

Instructions

Causatives and Permissive

Would likeWantHave Get LetHaveMake

Would likeWantAllow AskTellGetPersuadeEncourageRequireOrder Force

something done

someone to do something

someone do something

Causatives and Permissive

Causative verbs express the idea of somebody causing something to happen or causing another person to do something.

The barking dog made the postman run away.

The rain has made the tourists stay in the hotel this morning.

I don’t think she can make her husband buy that expensive ring.

Sad movies always make me cry.

Make somebody do something(make + object + infinitive without to):

Somebody requires another person to do something

Did you have the car washed yesterday?

I have my hair cut once in 2-3 months.

We’ve had the grass mowed by the neighbor’s son.

Jane will have the curtains cleaned at the dry cleaner’s tomorrow.

Have something done

(have + object + 3rd form of the verb):

Somebody wants something to be done for them

We must get the house decorated for the wedding.

Let’s get mother to bake a cake on Sunday.

I couldn’t get my sister to wash my dirty overalls.

get is often used instead of have in informal speech:

Get somebody to do something

(get + object + infinitive with to):

Somebody requires or inspires another person to do something

The tap is leaking, get a plumber to fix it.

She always gets me to help with her homework.

Did you get your hair cut before the weekend?