Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010...

49
Addi$onal Benefits of Oral Contracep$ves Dr. Serdar Dilbaz Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Transcript of Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010...

Page 1: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Addi$onal  Benefits  of  Oral  Contracep$ves  

Dr.  Serdar  Dilbaz  Etlik  Zübeyde  Hanım  Women’s  Health  Training  and  Research  Hospital,  Ankara,  Turkey  

Page 2: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

1914-­‐1921  Ac$vist  Margaret  Sanger  coins  the  term  “birth  control,”  opens  first  birth  control  clinic  in  Brownsville  

1934  Endocrinologist  Gregory  Pincus  creates  a  test  tube  rabbit  —  and  is  vilified  as  a  Frankenstein  

1951  Sanger  and  Pincus  meet  at  a  dinner  party  in  New  York;  she  persuades  him  to  work  on  a  birth  control  pill  

1951  Carl  Djerassi,  a  chemist  in  Mexico  City,  creates  a  pill  by  synthesizing  hormones  from  Mexican  yams.  On  a  chemical  level,  the  pill  

has  been  invented,  but  Djerassi  isn’t  equipped  to  test,  produce  or  distribute  it  

1952  Pincus  tests  progesterone  in  rats  and  finds  it  works  He  meets  gynecologist  John  Rock,  who  has  already  begun  tes$ng  chemical  contracep$on  in  women.  

Frank  Colton,  chief  chemist  at  the  pharmaceu$cal  company  

Searle,  also  independently  develops  synthe$c  progesterone  

 

1953  Sanger  is  the  ac$vist  behind  the  pill  and  Pincus  the  scien$st,  

Katherine  McCormick  —  biologist,  women’s  rights  ac$vist  and  heiress  to  a  great  fortune  

 —  is  the  money.  She  writes  Pincus  a  check  for  $40,000  to  conduct  research    

1954  Rock  and  Pincus  conduct  the  first  human  trials  on  50  women  in  MassachuseWs.  It  works.  

1956  Large  scale  clinical  trials  are  conducted  in  Puerto  Rico  The  pill  is  deemed  100  percent  effec$ve,  but  some  serious  side  effects  are  ignored  

1957  The  FDA  approves  the  pill,  but  only  for  severe  menstrual  disorders,  not  as  a  contracep$ve  

An  unusually  large  number  of  women  report  severe  menstrual  disorders    

1960  The  pill  is  approved  for  contracep$ve  use    

History  of  COC  

Page 3: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis
Page 4: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

  11.2  million  women  use  oral  contracep$ve  pills  Ø 58%  of  these  use  least  in  part  for  noncontracep$ve  reasons  

Ø Moreover,  14%  of  pill  users  (more  than  1.5  million  women),  about  half  of  whom  have  never  had  sex,  use  the  pill  exclusively  for  noncontracep$ve  reasons  

Ø Related  to  noncontracep$ve  benefits  of  COC,  drug  industry  was  focused  on  new  compounds  

Contracep$on  and  Beyond:  The  Health  Benefits  of  Services  Provided  at  Family  

Planning  Centers.  GuWmacher  Ins$tute  2013  

Page 5: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis
Page 6: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis
Page 7: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis
Page 8: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Mechanisms  of    Oral  Contracep$ves  

  Progestogen;    

Ø endometrial  atrophy  

Ø cervical  mucus  thickening  

Ø decreased  tubal  mo$lity  

Ø provide  the  dominant  contracep$ve  benefit  

 

Interrupts  the  hypothalamic-­‐pituitary  gonadal  

axis  by  suppressing  secre$on  of  luteinizing  hormone  

(progestogen)  and  follicle  s$mula$ng  hormone  (estrogen)  

to  primarily  prevent  ovula$on                Crosignani  PG,  et  al.Contracep$on  1996  

Estrogen;  

Ø  stabilizes  the  endometrium  to  minimize  breakthrough  bleeding  

Ø  poten$ates  the  ac$on  of  progestogens    Schindler  AE,  Campagnoli  C,  Druckmann  R,  et  al.  Maturitas  2008  

Ø  inhibi$ng  the  release  of  follicle-­‐s$mula$ng  hormone  from  the  

pituitary                        Shulman  LP,  et  al.  Cancer  Treat  Res  2010  

Page 9: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Estrogens  

Page 10: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

 

Dienogest  

Page 11: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

History  of  Proges$ns  

Page 12: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis
Page 13: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Health  Benefits  of  COCs  

Gynecological   Reproduc$ve   Oncologic   Other  

Menstruel  Bleeding  

Disorders  

Endometriosis  /  

Adenomyosis  

Benign  Breast  Disease   Rheumatoid  Arthri$s  

Dysmenorrhea   Androgenisa$on   Ovarian  Cancer   Voice  

PMS   Endometrial  

Hyperplasia  /  Cancer  

Mul$ple  Sclerosis  

Ovarian  Cysts   Colorectal  Cancer   Bone  Structure  

Leiomyoma     Asthma  

PID   Menstrual  Migraine  

Ectopic  pregnancy   Social  

Page 14: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Menstruel  Bleeding  Disorders  

  Significant  blood  loss  decrease  à  %40  –  50  (Fraser  IS.  Aust  N  Z  J  Obstet  Gynaecol.  1991)  

Ø   Cyclic  Fashion  à  Decreaement  of  the  hormone  free  interval  à  BeWer  result  (Sulak  PJ.Obstet  Gynecol.2000)  

Ø   Extended  Cycle  à  Significant  Endometrial  safety  (Anderson.  Am  J  Obstet  Gynecol.2006)  

Ø Currently  marketed  OCs  à  Not  approved  by  FDA  except  «Dienogest  /  Estradiol  Valerate»  (2012)  

especially  newer  and  lower-­‐dosed  COCs,  all  reduce  the  volume  of  

blood  loss  with  conven$onal  use                Luis  Bahamondes  et  al.  Human  Reproduc$on  Update,  2015  

Page 15: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Dysmenorrhea  

Ø   Proges$n  dominant  effect  à  Endometrial  atrophy  à  Rela$vely  lower  cytokines  

Ø Combined  OC  vs  Placebo  à  Pain  improvement  OR  2.01  (Wong  CL.  Cochrane  Data  Sys  Rev.  2011)  

Ø   COCs  à  Uterine  prostoglandins  

                            

 Symptoma$c  relief  upto  %70-­‐80  (Hendrix  SL.  Contracep$on  2002)      

Ø   Low  or  medium  dose  estradiol  is  effec$ve    

Ø   Third  genera$on  proges$ns  à  More  effec$ve  than  the  previous  ones  

Page 16: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Oral  contracep$ves  for  pain  relief  from  dysmenorrhea:  a  review  

Hans-­‐Peter  Zahradnik,    2010  

Page 17: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

ACOG    Noncontracep$ve  Uses  of  Hormonal  Contracep$ves  (Jan  2010)  

Ø  Limited  data  suggest  that  COCs  can  reduce  the  severity  of  dysmenorrhea  in  women  with  endometriosis  

Ø  Con$nuous  COCs  may  offer  addi$onal  benefit  by  elimina$on  of  menstrua$on  and  associated  dysmenorrhea  

Page 18: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

PMS  Ø   Maybe  first  line  therapy  

   (Lopez  LM.  Cochrane  Database  Syst  Rev.  2009)  

Ø   Drospirenone  à  Strongest  evidence  for  PMS  /  PMDD  

 (strong  an$-­‐mineralocor$coid  effect)  

   Yonkers  KA.  Obstet  Gynecol.  2005  ,  Lopez  LM.  Cochrane  Database  Syst  Rev.  2012  

   Sillem  M.  Et  al.  Womens  Health  (Lond  Engl).  2006  

Ø   4  days  of  interval  beWer  than  7  days  

      

Page 19: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Ovarian  Cysts     Cyclic  suppression  à  FSH  suppression  à  Reduce  follicular  and  luteal  cysts    

               

No  clinical  significance  

Ø   Combined  OCs  à  Do  not  hasten  the  resolu$on  of  exis$ng  cysts        (Bayar  U.  Int  J  Gynaecol  Obstet.  2005)  

Ø     Cys$c  masses  that  did  not  resolve  within  several  months  were  probably  

NOT  func$onal  cysts  Grimes  D  et  al.Cochrane  Database  of  Systema$c  Reviews  2014  

 

Page 20: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Leiomyomas     Endometrial  atrophy  

Ø   Risk  of  myoma  reduced  among  post-­‐treatment  and  constant  users  of  COC  

Ø The  risk  decreases  with  longer  use  

             Ross  Rk  et  al.  Br  Med  J  (Clin  Res  Ed).  1986  

Ø   70%  reduc$on  of  myoma  size,  who  used  the  pills  for  seven  and  more  years,  demonstrated  a  50%  reduc$on  of  myoma  size  

           Chiaffarino  F,  et  al.    Br  J  Obstet  Gynaecol.  1999  

  BUT  THEY  ARE  OLD  STUDIES  AND  THERE  IS  NOT  ANY  HIGH  LEVEL  NEW  EVIDENCE  

Page 21: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Pelvic  Inflammatory  Disease  (PID)  Ø   Proges$n  à  Cervical  mucus  thickening  à  Inhıbi$ng  the  ascending  pathway  

Ø   Diminished  menstrua$on  à  Decresased  retrograde  menstrua$on  

Ø   Reduc$on  in  hospitaliza$on  days,  amount  of  medica$on  and  opera$ve                procedures  and  also  the  risk  of  ectopic  pregnancy  and  infer$lity  problems

               (Kaunitz  AM.  Contracep$on.  1999)  

Ø   Do  not  have  a  role  in  reduc$on  of  upper  genital  tract  infec$on    

             (Ness  R.  AJOG.  2001)  

Ø   Reduce  the  risk  of  PID  by  50%  to  60%  

             (Burkman  RT.  Et  al.  Clin  Obstet  Gynecol.  2001)  

Page 22: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Ectopic  pregnancy  

Ø The  primary  mechanism  providing  effec$ve  pregnancy  

preven$on  

Ø COCs  use  reduce  the  risk  of  PID  and  related  to  this  reduces  the  

risk  of  ectopic  pregnancy                Burkman  R,  et  al.  Am  J  Obstet  Gynecol  2004  

Ø There  is  evidence  that  women  who  become  pregnant  while  on  

proges$n-­‐only  oral  contracep$ves  may  have  a  higher  

likelihood  of  that  pregnancy  being  extrauterine                Furlong  LA.  Et  al.  J  Reprod  Med  2002  

Page 23: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Androgenisa$on  

Ø   Decreasing  serum-­‐free  testosterone  concentra$ons  

Ø   Inhibi$ng  luteinising  hormone  s$mula$on  of  ovarian        androgens  

Ø   Increasing  SHBG  

Ø   Inhibiting  5-­‐alpha  reductase          Thorneycroo  IH,  et  al.  Contracep$on  1999  

       Arowojolu  AO,  et  al.  Cochrane  Database  Syst  Rev  2009;(7):CD004425.29  

 

Acne:  OCs  vs  placebo  for  6  cycles  OR:  3.41  (Koltun  W.  Eur  J  Obstet  Gynecol  Reprod  Bio.  2011)  

Total  lesion  count  reduc$on:  %55  vs  %39  (Palombo-­‐Kinne  E.  Contracep$on.  2009)  

 

Page 24: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Androgenic  Effects  of  Proges$ns  

Page 25: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

An$-­‐androjenic  effect  

Page 26: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Androgenisa$on  (hirsu$sm–acne)  

Ø The  highest  an$-­‐androgenic  progestogen  is  cyproterone  acetate              Schindler  AE.  Eur  J  Obstet  Gynecol  Reprod  Biol.  2004  

Ø Normaliza$on  of  the  ovaries  in  structure  and  size  in  women  with  

PCOS  

Ø COCs  are  likely  to  be  effec$ve  in  the  treatment  of  acne  

Ø COCs  reduced  acne  severity  and  lesion  counts              Carey  and  Allen.  2012  Royal  College  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynaecologists  

•  The  effect  lasted  aoer  the  pill  cessa$on  

•  Drospirenone  and  dienogest  containing  COCs  are  effec$ve  in  hirsu$sm              Breitkopf  DM,  et  al.  Contracep$on  2003;  Batukan  C,  et  al  .  Fer$l  Steril  2006;  

Ø COCs  with  lower  androgenic  proges$ns  should  be  used    

Page 27: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Endometriosis     Progestogenic  effect  and  ovulatory  inhibiton  à  Endometrial  atrophy  in  ectopic  $ssue  

Ø   Risk  of  endometriosis  is  reduced  in  pill  users    Vercellini  P,  et  al.  Hum  Reprod  Update.  2011  

Ø   COC  reduce  the  severity  of  dysmenorrhea  in  women  with  endometriosis.  Significant  reduc$on  in  pain                    Harada  T.  Fer;l  Steril.  2008,  Schindler  AE.  Et  al.  Minerva  Ginecol.  2004  

Ø   Symptoms  presumed  due  to  endometriosis  with  combined  hormonal  contracep$ves                  ESHRE  guideline:  management  of  women  with  endometriosis  Human                Reproduc;on,  2014  

Ø   Significant  postopera$ve  preven$on        Serrachioli  R.  Hum  Repord.2009  

Ø   Con$niuous  OC  vs  GnRH  agonist:  Similar  effect    Guzick  DS.  Fer;l  Steril.  2011  

Ø   Con$nuous  use  of  a  combined  oral  contracep$ve  pill  is  more  effec$ve  Vercellini  P,  et  al.Fer$l  Steril  2003  

Ø Arer  cystectomy  for  endometrioma,  hormonal  contracep$ves  (COCs…)  →  secondary  preven$on              Vercellini  et  al.,  Reprod  Biomed  Online  2010  

Page 28: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis  

Ø Adenomyosis  related  symptoms  is  reduced  by  oral  hormonal  

contracep$ves              Maia  H,  et  al.  Gynecol  Endocrinol.  2006.    

Ø Best  choice  for  adenomyosis-­‐related  pain  is  con$nuous  use    

 Monophasic,  low-­‐dose  COC  •  safety  

•  good  efficacy  

•  appreciable  tolerability  

•  low  cost,                Vercellini  P,  Vigano  P,  Somigliana  E,  Fedele  L.  Endometriosis:    

           pathogenesis    and  treatment.  Nat  Rev  Endocrinol  2013;  

Page 29: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Progestogenic  effect  of  progestagens  

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0

Ov

ula

tio

n in

hib

itio

n /

Tra

ns

form

ati

on

do

se

ra

tio

Oettel M et al. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001

Page 30: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Benign  Breast  Disease    Ø   Older  studies  with  50  mcg  estradiol  à  Protec$ve  effect  

             L.A.  Brinton.  Am  J.  Epid  1981  

Ø   <  50  mcg  estradiol  à  Similar  effec$vite  

Ø   All  types  of  COCs  reduce  the  incidence  of  benign  breast  disease  § Fibrocys$c  breast  disease  

§ Fibroadenoma  

§ Undefined  breast  lumps  

Ø   Controversy  COC  use  in  BRCA1/2  muta$on  carriers  increases  their  risk  of  developing  breast  cancer  

Ø   COCs  use  consistently  →increased  risk  is  small  →but  sta$s$cally  significant  

Page 31: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Ovarian  cancer  -­‐  I  

•  Possible  mechanisms;  •  reduc$on/elimina$on  of  ovula$on  

•  significant  increase  in  apoptosis  of  the  ovarian  epithelium  with  proges$ns,  either  alone  or  in  combina$on  with  an  estrogen  

       in  animal  studies  

•  a  high  potency  proges$n  may  be  more  effec$ve  ??  Rodriguez  GC,et  al.  J  Soc  Gynecol  Inves$g  1998,  Rodriguez  GC,  et  al.  Cancer  Prev  Res  (Phila)  2013,  Schildkraut  JM,  et  al.  J  NatlCancer  Inst  2002  

•  high-­‐grade  serous  EOCs  arise  the  distal  fallopian  tube  COCs  may  be  relevant  to  a  similar  effect  on  the  fallopian  tube  

•  low-­‐dose  COCs  (<35  micrograms  estrogen)  as  protec$ve  effect  as  high  ones  

 

Page 32: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Ovarian  cancer  -­‐  II  

•  a  significant  reduc$on  in  ovarian  cancer  in  ever-­‐users  

compared  with  never-­‐users  

•  dura$on–response  rela$onship,  with  a  reduc$on  in  incidence  

of  50%  among  women  using  COCs  for  10  or  more  years              Havrilesky  LJ,  et  al.Obstet  Gynecol  2013  

•  risk  decreases  by  20%  for  each  5  years  of  use  the  protec$ve  

effect  presents  30  years  arer  stopping.              Beral  V,  et  al.  Lancet  2008  

Page 33: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Ovarian  cancer  -­‐  III  

Page 34: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Risk  Reduc$on  by  Years  of  Use  Rela$ve  Risk  

(log  scale)    

0.1  

1.0  

10.0  

1   12  6  2   11  10  9  8  7  3   5  4  

CASH,  1987  

Beral  et  al,  1988  

La  Vecchia  et  al,    1986  

Wu  et  al,  1988  

years  

Adapted  from  Grimes  DA  et  al,  eds.  Modern  Contracep$on:  Updates  from  The  Contracep$on  Report.  Emron,  1997.  

Page 35: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

≥10  <.5   <1   1–4   5-­‐9  5   ≥5  

COCs  Protect  Against  Ovarian  Cancer  aoer  Discon$nua$on  

Rela$ve  Risk    

0.1  

1.0  

10.0   CASH,  1987  

WHO,  1989  

La  Vecchia  et  al,  1986  

Rosenberg  et  al,1982  

years after discontinuation

Stanford  JL.  Contracep;on.  1991;43:543-­‐556.  

<  

Page 36: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Use  of  COCs  on  high  risk  women  

  BRCA1  and  BRCA2  muta$ons  increase  the  risk  of  ovarian  cancer    Ø   BRCA  1    45%  risk    

Ø   BRCA  2    25%  risk  

  COCs  reduce  the  ovarian  cancer  risk  for  women  BRCA1  and  BRCA2  muta$on  ◦ COCs  use    ≤3  years        20%      

◦ COCs  use    ≥6  years        60%  

Narod  SA  et  al.  N  Engl  J  Med.  1998,  Shulman  LP,  Dungan  JS.  Et  al.  Cancer  Treat  Res  2010,  Gadducci  A,  et  al.  Ann  Oncol  2013    

www.contracep$ononline.org  

Page 37: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Endometrial  cancer  -­‐  I  

•  The  mechanism:  

Ø overall  suppressive  effect  of  COCs  on  endometrial  prolifera$on  

Page 38: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Endometrial  cancer  -­‐  II  

•  compared  with  never-­‐users  of  COC,  ever-­‐users  a  significant  

reduc$on  in  the  risk  of  endometrial  cancer            Hannaford  PC,  et  al.  BMJ  2010  

•  50%  reduc$on  in  the  risk  of  endometrial  cancer→used  at  least  

for  one  year.    

•  the  risk-­‐reducing  effect  persists  arer  discon$nua$on            Luis  Bahamondes  et  al.  Human  Reproduc$on  Update,  2015  

•  protec$ve  effect  increases  with  the  dura$on  of  use  and  

persists  more  than  20  or  more  years  arer  discon$nua$on  

Page 39: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

COCs  and  Endometrial  Cancer  

  Risk  reduc$on  of  endometrial  cancer  

  4  years  of  use    %56  

  8  years  of  use      %67         12  years  of  use    %72    

             Schlesselman,  1998  

       Type  of  end.Ca    ◦ Adeno  Ca  ◦ Adenoskuamöz  Ca  ◦ Adenoakantoma  

 

Page 40: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Endometrial  Hyperplasia  &  Cancer  

(Collabora$ve  Group  on  Epidemiological  Studies  on  Endometrial  Cancer.  Lancet  Onco.  2016)  

Page 41: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Endometrial  Hyperplasia  &  Cancer  

Ø   Medium  to  long  term  use  

  Significant  preven$on  

Ø   Similar  preven$on  rate  as  ovarian  cancer  

Ø   Effect  resumes  arer  30  years  from  cessa$on  

Page 42: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Adapted  from  Schlesselman  JJ.  Hum  Reprod.  1997  

years  aoer  discon$nua$on    

Rela$f  Risk  

10  

0   2   4   6   8   10   12   14   16   18   24  20   22  

0.1  

1  

0.01  

Years  RR      5  0.33  

10  0.41  20  0.51  

COCs  Protect  Against  Endometrial  Cancer  Aoer  Discon$nua$on  

La  Vecchia,  1986  

CASH,  1987  

Levi  et  al,  1991  

Stanford  et  al,  1993  

Hulka  et  al,  1982  

Kaufman  et  al,  1980  

Weiss  et  al,  1980  

Page 43: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Colorectal  Cancer  -­‐I  

•  COCs  for  96  months  or  longer  had  a  40%  lower  risk  of  developing  colorectal  cancer  

 Mar$nez  ME,  et  al.  Cancer  Epidemiol  Biomarkers  Prev  1997  

•  18%  reduc$on  in  colorectal  cancer  among  COC  users  compared  with  never-­‐users  

•  RR  for  ever  COCs  use  Ø Colon  Cancer:  0.80  

Ø Rectal  Cancer:  0.85  

   Boser  C.  Hum  Reprod  Update.  2009  

Page 44: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Colorectal  Cancer  -­‐II  

•  S$ll  unclear  whether  the  dose  of  COCs  plays  a  role  in  colorectal  

cancer  preven$on.            Carey  and  Allen.  2012  Royal  College  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynaecologists  

•  High  benefits  of  COCs  especially  among  reproduc$ve-­‐aged  

women  with  Lynch  syndrome            Lu  KH,  Daniels  M.  Cancer  2013  

•  No  risk  reduc$on  was  found  for  distal  large  bowel  cancer  

through  use  of  COCs              Long  MD,  et  al.  Am  J  Gastroenterol.  2010  

 

Page 45: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Other  Non-­‐Gynecologic  Benefits  Ø  BMD:  Conflic$ng  data  

§  Especially  in  hypoestrogenic  women    Williams  JK.  Int  J  Fer$l  Womens  Med.  2000  

Ø  Asthma:  Reduced  risk  of  physician  diagnosed  asthma  OR:  0,68  § >  3  asthma  aWacks:  OR:  0,45      Nwaru  BI.  J  R  Soc  Med.  2015  

Ø  Rheumatoid  Arthri$s:  Conflic$ng  data  § Symptoma$c  relief  at  inflammatory  arthri$s  

§ Risk  of  RA  RR=0.88,  95%  CI=0.75-­‐1.03    Albreth  K.Arthri$s  Care  Res.  2016,  Qi  S.Ther  Clin  Risk  Manag.  2014  

Ø Mul$ple  Sclerosis:  Use  of  OC  may  increase  incidence  OR:  1.52  

           Hellwig  K.PLoS  One.2016  § OC  +  Inf  β  à  Decreasing  ac$ve  brain  lesions  and  may  be  used  as  a  treatment  

           Pozzilli  C.  Neurol  Neuroimmun.  2015  

Ø   Voice  :  Androgen  excess  in  climacterium  can  lead  to  voice  improvement  

           La  FM  et  al.  J  Voice  2007  

Ø   Menstrual  Migraine:  without  aura  is  just  minimal  changes  in  hormonal  concentra$ons  

             Kuhl  H  et  al,  Ther  Umsch.  2009;  Sulak  P  et  al,  Headache.  2007  

Page 46: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

  Birth  Control  Advances  Women’s  Economic  Empowerment  

  Birth  Control  Advances  Women’s  Educa$onal  Opportuni$es  

  Access  to  Contracep$on  Has  Also  Led  to  More  College-­‐Educated  Women  Pursuing  Advanced  Professional  Degrees  

  Birth  Control  Enhances  Children’s  Well-­‐Being  in  the  Long  Run  

  Birth  Control  Reduces  Teen  Pregnancy  

  Birth  Control  Reduces  Unintended  Pregnancy  

Social  and  Health  Benefits  Birth  Control  Has  Expanded  Opportunity  for  Women  

Page 47: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Mother  age  vs.infant  mortality    

Page 48: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Unintended  pregnancy  &  saving  money    

Page 49: Addional Benefits of Oral Contracepve s - utcd.org.tr · Shulman LP, et al. Cancer Treat Res 2010 Estrogens Dienogest ... Menstruel Bleeding Disorders Endometriosis / Adenomyosis

Thank you for your attention