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Adding a Fourth Dimension to 3-D PrintingAdding a Fourth Dimension to 3-D Printing Zeeshan Ahmed,...
Transcript of Adding a Fourth Dimension to 3-D PrintingAdding a Fourth Dimension to 3-D Printing Zeeshan Ahmed,...
Adding a Fourth
Dimension to 3-D
Printing
Zeeshan Ahmed, James A. Fedchak, Makfir Sefa, Julia Scherschligt, Nikolai Klimov and Matt Hartings
Sensor Science DivisionPhysical Measurement Laboratory
Certain equipment or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available.
Disclaimer
• The Engineering Laboratory program is focused on material characterization, real-time control of additive manufacturing processes, qualification methodologies and system integration.
• The Material Measurement Laboratory is investigating additive manufacturing-related issues for both metals and polymers. Projects underway include studying the (nano)-mechanical properties of materials, modeling of microstructure evolution, and relationships between precursors and final product quality.
• The Physical Measurement Laboratory is studying emissive properties of materials in solid, powder, and liquid states, as well as improved techniques for real-time temperature measurements.
Additive Manufacturing at NIST
3https://www.nist.gov/topics/additive-manufacturing
• The Thermodynamic Metrology group realizes, maintains, and disseminates the national measurement standards for temperature, humidity and pressure and vacuum.
• We conduct innovative research aimed at developing novel methods for measurements of temperature, pressure, vacuum and humidity.
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Thermodynamic Metrology Group
http://www.nist.gov/pml/div685/grp01/
Photonic Pressure Standard Photonic Thermometer
• We are exploring the use of additive manufacturing in metrology.
• Our interest is driven by the potential to conserve resources (time and money) and freedom of design that is inherent to additive manufacturing.
• There are two thrusts to our research program:
– Design of novel metrology instruments
– Fabrication of chemically active materials
• applications in gas storage and chemical sensing
Additive Manufacturing in Metrology
52 4 6 8 10
Tra
nsm
issio
n (
au)
Time (ps)
photonic crystal fiber
band pass filter
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Can we use 3D printed metal parts in Atom-traps?
• We are developing an innovative atom-trap based Extremely High Vacuum (XHV) standard that relies on measurements of trap loss rate to realize vacuum.
• We envision the use of embedded metalized fiber optics to deliver light into the active region thus avoiding the use feedthroughs that could compromise trap environment
• Are 3D printed materials (stainless steel and Ti) suitable to XHV operation?
https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/cold-core-technology-platform
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Measurement System and Method
Sample chamber
RGA IG
TMP
SRGSC
V
Ceff
MC
Q - Outgassing flowA - Surface areaVsc - Volume of sample chamberCeff- effective pumping speedP - pressure (valve open)
P0 - pressure (valve closed)
• Outgassing rate
𝑞 =𝑄
𝐴𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡(𝑃𝑎𝐿𝑠−1𝑐𝑚−2)
Rate-of-rise
𝑄 = 𝑉𝑠𝑐 ×∆𝑝𝑠𝑐
∆𝑡
Simple, robust methodNot suitable for condensable species e.g. H2O
t0 t
P0
P
open Close
Accumulation
𝑃𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑓𝑓 × 0
𝑡
𝑃(𝑡) − 𝑃0 𝑑𝑡
Complicated measurement schemeBest suited for fast, time dependent outgassing processes
t0 t
P0
P
openClose
𝑄 = (𝑃 − 𝑃0)× 𝐶𝑒𝑓𝑓Robust methodLittle more complicated than ROR Need to quantify Ceff
Applicable to any gas species
Throughput
P
t0 t
P0
P
open Close
𝑃 − 𝑃0
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Measurement Protocol
RGA IG
TMP
SRG
V
Ceff
MC
All parts of system were baked in vacuum for 15 days at 430 °C (except RGA, IG and TMP)
Assembly the system
Bake the system for 48 h at 150 °C to remove water
Measure outgassing of sample chamber (Background) using rate-of-rise method
Bake the system for 48 h at 150 °C to remove water
Measure Outgassing using rate-of rise method
Outgassing was measured at room temperature
Place sample on the sample chamber
SC
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3-D Printed Sheets (Ti 64)
Surface area of the samplesA = 496 cm2
Volume of the sheetsV = 42.3 cm3
Surface area of the samples chamberA = 212 cm2
Volume of the sheetsV = 150 cm3
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Density of 3D printed Ti: 3.488 to 3.948 g/mlDensity of Commercially available Ti: 4.4 to 4.9 g/ml.
3-D Printed Sheets (Ti 64)
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𝛥𝑃
𝛥𝑡[𝑃𝑎 𝑠−1] 𝑉 [L] 𝑄 = 𝑉
𝛥𝑃
𝛥𝑡[𝑃𝑎 𝐿 𝑠−1] 𝐴 [𝑐𝑚2] 𝑞 =
𝑄
𝐴[𝑃𝑎 𝐿 𝑠−1𝑐𝑚−2]
𝑆𝐶 1.56 × 10−9 0.15 2.36 × 10−10 212.2 1.11 × 10−12
𝑆𝐶 + 𝑇𝑖 2.45 × 10−9 0.11 2.66 × 10−10 / /
𝑇𝑖 / 0.04 3.08 × 10−11 496 6.20 × 10−14
Outgassing from 3-D Printed Sheets (Ti 64)
RGA signals of pressure burstRate-of-rise data
H2 gas
FluxRate of rise Vol adj. rate of rise
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Outgassing from Chambers
Traditional stainless steel Printed stainless steel (316 L) Printed Ti
3-D Printed Sheets (Stainless Steel)
SEM of Stainless Steel blocks
SEM of Stainless Steel chamber
Work on outgassing behavior of 3D printed stainless is currently underway. We are examining the role of starting material on the hydrogen outgassing rate of the final printed piece
Enabling a new dimension for 3D printing: Chemistry
Masterbatch
Nanoparticle
Polymer:ABS/PLA
Blend to Percentage
ExtrudeFilament
Print Shape
Altering Mechanical Properties of Feedstock Plastic
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TiO2 quenches the native
fluorescence of ABS
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2016.1152879
ABS 10% MOF5
50% MOF5
10% ZIF-8
10% HKUST-1
MoF Ref: Science 2002, 295 (5554), 469-472.
MOF-ABS Composites
MOF-ABS CompositesSEM of MOF-ABS composite filament
EDX map overlayed over SEM image shows the presence of ZnOSEM of MOF-ABS composite printed piece
SEM and EDX mapping of the filament and printed piece confirm MOF crystals are dispersed through out the plastic and retain
Just the ABS
3D-Printed ABS absorbs mostly H2O from atmosphere, 0.15% wt/wt in 24 h and 0.36% wt/wt in 360 hr when in air
The water diffusion coefficient at 23 C is 8.1 X 10-8 cm2 (12% uncertainty at k=1)
While ABS can be used in UHV, it must degassed for 3 days at 100 C
http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4965304
MOF-ABS Composites
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DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/N48ET
Degraded MOF-5 samples retain their H2 loading capacity following the blending and printing process
ZIF-8 and HKUST-1 Composites
DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/B7NCF
ZIF-8 and HKUST-1 Composite’s Gas Storage Properties
DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/B7NCF
• Our preliminary measurements on Ti and Stainless Steel indicate that these materials are generally compatible with vacuum operation. – Helium leaks where a major problem in printed stainless steel chamber (316 L) and
points to a need to better develop the fabrication process
• We have demonstrated that MOF impregnated ABS can selectively store and release gas molecules.
Summary
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Acknowledgments:
• Peter Liacourous (Additive Manufacturing)
• Nathan Castro (Biomedical Metrology)
Collaborators
• Matt Skorski
• Megan Chanel
• Michael Bible
Students