ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for Poverty Reduction 1 19 th...

ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for

Poverty Reduction

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ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy

& Energy Efficiency for Poverty Reduction

19th – 23rd June 2006Nairobi, Kenya


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Module 11: Wind

Mike Harries MA (Cambridge)Managing Director

Kijito Windpumps - Thika


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Training Module on Wind

• Developing Windpumping in Kenya – a personal experience

• An overview of small and large scale Wind Generation


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Developing Windpumping in Kenya – a personal experience


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The Building of the Railway 1896 – 1902 brought my family to Kenya in 1904


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Where the family camped in 1904, near the current Chiromo Campus in Nairobi


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Allen Charles Harries at left on Karamaini in 1911


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The Harries family brought pineapples to Kenya in the 1920’s.

Below my father in 1965 with a load on it’s way to

the Canning Factory


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Our family developed the cultivation of

Macadamia Nuts in Kenya and by 1973 we had the second biggest acreage in the world behind

Hawaii planted in Kenya with small holders.


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My Family and I brought Windpumps to Kenya in 1979


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The Family behind Kijito Windpumps

• Julian, Tracy, Pauline and Mike


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It all started with “Oscar Golf” and flying for “Sight by Wings”, where much of our work was dealing with

Trachoma, a disease encouraged by poor hygiene and a lack of water


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And then we heard about the Intermediate Development Technolgy

Group of the UK who had developed a simple

Windpump prototype together with Reading University, and were

looking for collaborators to take

the design forward, and Pauline and I visited

them in 1977


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Then followed six years of very expensive development work mostly carried out on Ol Pejeta Ranch near

Nanyuki


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Where we just reinventing the wheel?

• NO! The first generation windpumps going back to the late 19th century were made of very heavy and complicated castings and usually gears for the smaller machines. We did not see this as practical for small scale manufacture in Developing Countries


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Prince Charles visited us in April 1987. He came to further his interest in Alternative Energy


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Three bladed Horizontal axis Wind Generator

These are only used for Electricity Generation, as the small diameter machines rotate too fast, and cannot initially generate enough torque to start a piston pump working. More about this later!


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Darrieus Wind Turbine

Not really suitable for Windpumping as they cannot self start, and are difficult to protect from storm damage – so never really caught on anywhere


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Savonius Rotor

These are very inefficient and turn very slowly. They are also difficult to protect against storms


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Windpower - Some basic Facts

• The power available from a Windpump Rotor is proportional to: the SQUARE of its Diameter and the CUBE of the Windspeed passing through it

• Wind Generators require a mean average speed of more than 5 M/Sec to be viable

• Windpumps on the other hand can be viable as low as 3 M/Sec

• A Windpump can continue to pump in a lower Windspeed than it needs to start it, due to the”flywheel” effect. (See diagram)


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The “flywheel” effect of the Windpump Rotor means it can continue pumping at a lower speed than it needs to

start!


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A Kijito Multi-bladed horizontal axis Windpump pumping water for livestock

This type of multibladed Windpump is still the only practical, commercially available mechanical technology for lifting water with wind.

This size of Kijito Windpump has a Rotor Diameter of 26 feet (7.9m) and can lift water from 150m


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Urban Domestic Water Supply

As we saw in the previous slide, Windpumps come into their own for watering Livestock, but can also be very effective for Rural/Urban Water supplies.

This machine was only 1 kilometer from the National Grid!


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We are even pumping water for Elephants!

• In recent years the Kenya Wildlife Service has been installing Kijitos in some of their Game Parks to increase the range for the Elephant population during the dry months of the year


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But people and their kids are our top priority!


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All our Kijitos come with hinged towers, so the whole Windpump can be assembled at ground level and then

winched upright


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Storage is always important!

Ideally the storage tank should reflect at least three to four days total water usage


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KIJITO SALES = 369

• KENYA – 280• TANZANIA – 32• UGANDA – 16• SOMALIA – 15• SUDAN – 7 • NIGERIA - 4

• BRITAIN – 3• BOTSWANA – 2• COMOROS – 2• NIGER – 2• CAN/USA – 2• RWANDA – 1• JORDAN – 1• HOLLAND - 1


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The Transmission is the Heart of the machine – ten years in the development and no castings or gears!


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We have a brilliant team in our workshop facility headed up by Senior Foreman Julius

Kariuki


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More often than not the problems are underground! MUD!!


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Careful planning is required before installation, to

maximise water output

It is very important that the Customer supplies the exact details of the installation. This will enable the correct size of Rotor, Pump and Stroke to be calculated


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What about Windspeeds? This is Wilson Airport near Nairobi


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This is Eldoret, west of the Great Rift Valley

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Mea

n A

vera

ge W

inds

peed

in M

/sec

AVERAGE

LOW

MEDIUM

HIGH

SPEEDRANGESThis is an example of a Medium Wind Regime


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This is Wajir in Kenya’s NE

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00


Mea

n A

vera

ge W

inds

peed

in M

/sec

AVERAGE

HIGH

MEDIUM

LOW

SPEED

RANGES

This is an example of a good Wind Regime


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This is Kenya’s best Wind Regime at Marsabit

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00


Mea

n A

vera

ge W

inds

peed

in M

/sec

AVERAGE

MEDIUM

LOW

SPEEDRANGES

This is an example of an INCREDIBLE Wind Regime!!

HIGH


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Problems? - What Problems?

• Trying to resurrect a “discarded” technology• Lack of knowledge as to the potential for

Windpumping• Not wanting to go outside the accepted “norms”• Lack of reliable Wind Data• Corruption• Lack of informed investors and financiers• Lack of a “maintenance mentality”• Unrealistic expectations, sometimes due to false

claims from suppliers


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Photo Credit: Nordex AG

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2004.

Clean Energy Project Analysis CourseClean Energy Project Analysis Course

Wind Energy Project AnalysisWind Energy Project Analysis

Retscreen International


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Objectives

• Review basics ofWind Energy systems

• Illustrate key considerations forWind Energy project analysis

• Introduce RETScreen® Wind Energy Project Model


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• Electricity for

Central-grids

Isolated-grids

Remote power supplies

Water pumping

…

What do wind energy systems provide?

Photo Credit: Warren Gretz/ NREL Pix

Palm Springs, California


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Wind Turbine Description

• Components

RotorGearboxTowerFoundationControlsGenerator


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Utilisation of Wind Energy

• Off-Grid Small turbines (50 W to 10 kW) Battery charging Water pumping

• Isolated-Grid Turbines typically 10 to 200 kW Reduce generation costs in

remote areas: wind-diesel hybrid system

High or low penetration

• Central-Grid Turbines typically 200 kW to 2

MW Windfarms of multiple turbines Photo Credit: Charles Newcomber/ NREL Pix

10 kW Off grid - Mexico


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Elements of Wind Energy Projects

• Wind resource assessment

• Environmental assessment

• Regulatory approval

• Design

• Construction

Roads

Transmission line

Substations

Photo Credit: Warren Gretz/NREL Pix

Photo Credit: GPCo Inc.

Met Tower Quebec

Sub Station California


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• High average wind speeds are essential 4 m/s annual average is minimum People tend to overestimate the wind Wind speed tends to increase with

height

• Good resource Coastal areas Crests of long slopes Passes Open terrain Valleys that channel winds

• Typically windier in Winter than summer Day than night

Wind Resource


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Wind Energy System Costs• Windfarms

$1,500/kW installed

O&M: $0.01/kWh

Selling price: $0.04-$0.10/kWh

• Single turbines & isolated-grid

Higher costs(more project specific)

Feasibility study, development & engineering represent a higher portion of costs

• Expect one major component replacement of 20 to 25% of initial costs

Rotor blades or gearbox


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Wind Energy Project Considerations

• Constraints and criteriaConstraints and criteria Environmental acceptability Acceptance of local population Grid interconnection and

transmission capacity

• Financing, interest rates, Financing, interest rates, currency exchange ratescurrency exchange rates

• Good wind resource dramatically reduces cost of production Good resource assessment is a worthwhile investment

• Additional sources of revenue Government/utility production credits or Greenpower rates Sales of emissions reduction credits (ERC’s)

Turbine of the Le Nordais Windfarm, Quebec, Canada

Le Nordais Windfarm – Quebec 1 of 133!


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Examples: Europe and USACentral-Grid Wind Energy Systems

• Intermittent generation not a problem: 17% of Denmark’s electricity is from wind with no additional reserve generation

• Quick projects (2 to 4 years) that can grow to meet demand

Photo Credit: Warren Gretz/ NREL Pix

• Land can be used for other Land can be used for other purposes, such as agriculturepurposes, such as agriculture

• Individuals, businesses, and co-Individuals, businesses, and co-operatives sometimes own and operatives sometimes own and operate single turbinesoperate single turbines

Photo Credit: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet

9.6 MW Windfarm Lolland, Denmark

Palm Springs, California


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Examples: India and CanadaIsolated-Grid Wind Energy Systems

• Electricity generation is expensive due to cost of transporting diesel fuel to remote areas

Wind turbines reduce consumption of diesel fuel

• Reliability & maintenance are important

Photo Credit: Paul Pynn/ Atlantic Orient Canada

Photo Credit: Phil Owens/ Nunavut Power Corp.

50 kW in West Bengal India - Hybrid System

The same machine in N Canada


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Examples: USA, Brazil and ChileOff-Grid Wind Energy Systems

• Electricity for small loads in windy off-grid areas

• Batteries in stand-alone systems provide electricity during calm periods

• Water pumping: water reservoir is storage

• Can be used in combination with fossil fuel gensets and/or photovoltaic arrays in a “hybrid” system

Photo Credit: Arturo Kunstmann/ NREL PixPhoto Credit: Roger Taylor/ NREL PixPhoto Credit: Southwest Windpower/ NREL Pix

400w for telcom – Arizona Hybrid with PV & Battery bank Brazil Chile 2 x 1kW plus batteries


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RETScreen® Wind Energy

Project Model

• World-wide analysis of energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emissions reductions Central-grid, isolated-grid and

off-grid Single turbines or windfarms Rayleigh, Weibull, or user-

defined wind distributions

• Only 1 point of data for RETScreen® vs. 8,760 for hourly simulation models

• Currently not covered: Stand-alone systems requiring

storage


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Conclusions• Wind turbines provide electricity on and off grid

world- wide

• A good wind resource is an important factor for successful projects

• Availability of production credits or Greenpower rates are important for on-grid projects

• RETScreen® calculates energy production using annual data with an accuracy comparable to hourly simulations

• RETScreen® can provide significant preliminary feasibility study cost savings


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Questions?Wind Energy Project Analysis Module

RETScreen® International Clean Energy Project Analysis Course

www.retscreen.netwww.retscreen.netFor further information please visit the RETScreen Website at


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Thank you for your attention

ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for Poverty Reduction 1 19 th...

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