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Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization--Chapter 15 · Web view15.2 Development of the Immune...
Transcript of Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization--Chapter 15 · Web view15.2 Development of the Immune...
Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization--Chapter 15
15.1 Specific Immunity: The Adaptive Line of Defense Adaptive / Acquired Immunity
Very ____________ __________ line of defense EX: ___________________ (measles—getting the disease) EX; __________________ (measles—prevention)
Adaptive / Acquired immunity 2 leukocytes
___ & ___ lymphocytes ___________ development - undergo selective process that specializes them
for reacting only to specific antigens Immunocompetence - development of body to ______ with lots of foreign
particles Antigens
__________________________ that stimulate a response by B and T lymphocytes Made of proteins or carbohydrates ___ or inside cells and / or viruses Environmental chemicals too (______________)
Antigens _____ PAMPs Many organisms _____________ the same PAMPs Antigens are more _____________ / specific
Specificity and Memory Antibodies produced will only protect against SAME PATHOGEN in the ______________
__________________ EX: Antibodies produced for infection from chicken pox will have _______
effect on the measles virus _______________ are programmed to “remember” a previous invader and quickly
respond ______________
Overview of immunity types _____________—must activate lymphocytes to producte antibodies
Attribute of the immunocompetent Creates ____________ Takes ___________ to develop protection __________ for a while
______________-must receive antibodies made by someone else
Lack of _____________ No ____________________ made __________________ protection ___________________ protection
______________- acquired through normal life experiences
_________________-acquired through medical means
Combined Immunity types Natural Active
EX: getting an ________________ Natural Passive
EX: Mother to _____________ (pre- or post-natal) NOT permanent —why babies eventually “have” to get ____________________
Artificial Passive EX: immunotherapy
If you are at risk, get a shot with _____________________ (from donor blood) Good for Hep A, rabies, tetanus
Artificial Active EX: ____________________
Exposes person to prepared microbial stimulus, generates a _____________
Vaccines Edward ____________ James Phipps
8 y.o. Cowpox Smallpox
Overview of Third Line Responses• Development and differentiation of _________________________• Lymphocyte and antigen _____________________• _____________________ between lymphocytes during antigen presentation• B lymphocytes and production and activation of __________________• T lymphocyte ________________
15.2 Development of the Immune Response System Markers on cell surface involved in recognition of ____ and nonself
Receptor functions Recognize and _________ to foreign / nonself molecules Receive and transmit chemical ____________
___ajor ___istocompatibility ___omplex (MHC) Set of genes for human cell __________________
Class ____ Make MHC molecules (glycoproteins) found on _______ but RBC Molecules come from __________ of the cell
When cell is healthy, looks ____________ When cell has infection, markers are ________________
AKA human leukocyte antigen (_________) system Combinations of these markers are __________ to every person
Why we have to look for _____________ in blood transfusions and organ transplants
Class _____ Immune regulatory receptors on immune antigen presenting cells (__________)
B receptors bind _________ antigens T receptors bind ___________________ antigens w / MHC molecules on cells
that present antigens Molecules that come for _____________ of the cell
Clonal Selection Theory and Lymphocyte Development Idea—early undifferentiated lymphocytes in the embryo and fetus undergo a
continuous series of divisions and genetic changes that generate hundreds of millions of different cell types, each carrying a particular receptor specificity
Steps of the Clonal Selection Theory• Early lymphocyte rapidly ________________
Rearranges ___________ to make new surface proteins• Clones that could be ______________ (EX: target self cells) are _______________
Called immune __________________ Origin of autoimmune diseases?
• This clone will have this antigen for __________• When _______________ particles enter, they will stimulate specific lymphocytes into
final action and trigger an immune response
B-Cell Receptor: Immunoglobulin Immunoglobulins (_____) are large glycoprotein molecules that serve as the specific
receptors of ________ cells and as __________________
Immunoglobulin structure ___ polypeptide chains
2 identical __________ (H) 2 identical __________ (L)
Ends of “fork” are _______________________________ Highly _______________ selections
Part of clonal selection theory The Immunoglobulins
Ig___ Ig___ Ig___ Ig___ Ig___
T cell receptors for antigens _____________ than immunoglobulin Like a fork
15.3 Lymphocyte responses and antigens Antigen (____) characteristics
Made of many ______________ Proteins and polypeptides and polysaccharide derivatives
EX: ______________, cell surface structures, ________________, exotoxins, nucleoproteins, bacterial _______________
__________ enough to catch attention 10,000+ MW Too small? Called a ____________
_______________ structure (to be noticed) Epitope —specific ________________ of a molecule that causes antigenicity
15.4 Cooperation in Immune Reactions to Antigens When an antigen ____________ a WBC, it stimulates a response Before T cells can do their job, they have to be “___________________” antigens by antigen-
presenting cells (APCs) ___________________ Dendritic cells ____ cells
APCs modify antigen to make it more _______________ as nonself T helpers Cells (TH)
Class of ___ cells that bind with ____________ and ______________ Interleukin ___ and Interleukin _____ are made
_________________ B and T cells
15.5 B-Cell Responses Activation of B Lymphocytes: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production
Series of ___________ to activate B cells• Clonal selection and ___________ of antigen• Instruction by chemical mediators• Signal to B-cell ________________• ___________ activation (aka lymphoblast)• Clonal expansion
_______________ cells ____________ cells
• Antibody production and secretion Memory cells
Modified B-cells that ____________ for a long time to react with antigen in _________ Plasma cells
Large, modified B-cells that are extremely ________________ Activation of B lymphocytes: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production
Antibodies are a type of ________________________ Have same ________________
Site where antigen binds is a ____________________ region Lots of variety
Each antibody has a _____________ shape that will only bind to one specific antigen
Antibody Functions _____________________
Antibodies coat microorganisms or other particles so they ________________ more _____________________
Cross-link ____________ into large groups ______________________
Cross-link __________ antigen molecules into large groups _______________________
___________________________ on pathogen cells which prevents attachment
Monitoring Antibody Production over Time: Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigens Level of antibodies in blood serum is ___________
___________ exposure to antigen—primary response Initially, _________ antibodies for antigen Antigen in lymphoid tissue
Antibodies will _______________, ______________, and _________________ after weeks or months
Monitoring Antibody Production over Time: Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigens If exposed __________, it’s the secondary response
Much ____________ process second time around Many _________ antibodies produced second time around
15.6 T-Cell Responses ___ell-___ediated ___mmunity (CMI)
T cells are activated at the _________ time as B cells T—cell-mediated immunities
Complex reactions ______________ types of T cells Direct interaction Stimulate other cells
T _____________ Cells (TH) cells: Activators of Specific Immune Responses TH1 (CD4) play a regulatory role
___ cells ___ cells Increase growth (size)
_____________ macrophages Increasing phagocytosis
HIV targets the _________ cells Activation of TH cells
Will turn into TH1 or TH2 cells IL-1 or IL-12TH1 IL-4, IL-5, IL-6TH2
Cause B cells to ______________________ _________________ (TC) Cells: Cells that kill other cells
Killer T cells Cytotoxicity-- capability of T cells to kill a specific __________________
Have perforins Proteins that punch _____________ in foreign cell membranes
Have granzymes Enzymes that digest ______________
Killer T cells target ____________________________ ____________________________ Self cells that are ____________________