Kazi Khayrul Bashar

Biotechnologist

Bangladesh Jute Research Institute

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Adaptive mechanisms of plants during water logging condition and it's application in jute

improvement

Introduction Jute cultivation in Bangladesh 80% of the total jute cultivable area is covered by Corchorus olitorius (Tossa jute) and remaining

20% area is under the cultivation of Corchorus capsularis (Deshi jute) due to the higher yield and good fiber quality in tossa jute.

Water logging problemBoth deshi and tossa jute produces Adventitious root when water logging comes. But it is rapid and

much more in deshi jute than the tossa jute.

When water logging condition removes deshi jute produces new adventitious roots from the base of the stem but tossa jute does not contain this capability or have very limited capability.

So development of water logging resistant tossa jute variety is a big challenge.

Objectives

To find out the water logging tolerant mechanisms in plants

Materials and methods

All the data are from secondary source. These data were collect from different journals, books, you tube videos, thesis and personal contact.

Results and discussion

Plant aerobic respiration

(Source: http://blog.canacad.ac.jp/bio/BiologyIBHL1/3104.html)

Main adaptive features in plants during water logging condition

Aerenchyma formation Adventitious root formation Hypertrophide lenticel formation Lignification and suberization of hypodermal cell

Anaerobic proteins can be divided into

(1) glycolytic and fermentative pathways upon which anoxic energy generation depends;

(2) enzymes implicated in pH regulation;

(3) enzymes involved in aerenchyma formation

(4) enzymes with protective functions such as scavenging for potentially damaging active oxygen species generated when anoxic roots are returned to air;

(5) proteins involved in signal sensing and transduction (e.g., the ethylene receptor ETR),

(6) others of unidentified function.

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Plant Plant anaerobicanaerobic respiration during respiration during water loggingwater logging condition conditionCHO

(C. Parent., 2008)

Short term adaptation

Long term adaptation

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Modified (C. Parent., 2008)

Lowering the PH, causing disfunctioning

of most plant enzymes

CHO

Lactic acid causes cell death !!!!!!!!!

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eC2H5OH : OH binds with cellular water, causing dyhydration of cell and

C2H5 dissolves fat, thus breaking cell membrane

C2H5OH causes precipitation of proteins for denaturation

CHO

Ethanol causes cell death !!!!!!!

Modified (C. Parent., 2008)

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CHO

The most desirable 2 ATP

L-arginine + 3/2 NADPH + H+ + 2 O2

citrulline + nitric oxide + 3/2 NADP+

Modified (C. Parent., 2008)

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CHO

The most desirable 2 ATP

L-arginine + 3/2 NADPH + H+ + 2 O2

citrulline + nitric oxide + 3/2 NADP+

Modified (C. Parent., 2008)

(Dordas et al., 2003)

Low O2

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Aerenchyma formation through NO production

NO (Nitric oxide)

+

O2- (Super oxide)

ONOO-(peroxinitrite)

H2O21. Lipid peroxidation2. Protein oxidation3. Protein nitration4. Inactivation of enzymesFinally DNA breakdown

Exchange of oxygen from shoot to root

Source: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mgoss/five/78157.jpg

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Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in wheat plant

Source: M. E. Haque, 2010

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Recovery from cell death

(Nitric oxide) NO

cGMP

Signal transduction

Cell survivalSource: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/signaltrans/sigtrans.gif

It phosphorylates a number of biologically important targets and is implicated in the regulation of cell division and nucleic acid synthesis.

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Comparison among lactic acid, ethanol and nitric oxide (NO) as signaling molecule

Lactic acid and ethanol are not signaling molecule. So there increased amount can cause only the death of plant cell.

But Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that can minimize its harmful effect through signal transduction mechanismsignal transduction mechanism..

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Ethylene synthesis during water logging condition

Source: K. J. Bradford, 2008

Protein synthesis

ethylene

What function does

Activated only in the hypoxia

Activated by IAA

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Ethylene response in plant cell

Activates Ca signal, G protein signal transduction, DNA break down and protein oxidation

Cellulase, pectinase and xyloglucanase

Source: Modified T. Yamauchi, 2011

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Source: Lin, et. al., 2009

04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 22Source: Q. Ma. 2012

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Ethylene

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Source: http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/receptor-activation-plc.png

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Ca functioning inside plant cellCa functioning inside plant cell

Activation of Protein Kinase C (activates MAP kinases which dysfunctions different repressors)

Facilitates Na uptake K and Cl efflux channel Activates cellulase enzyme

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Adventitious root (AR) developmentAdventitious root (AR) development

2nd adaptive feature against water logging condition

Generally not formed if main root system is fully functional through aerenchyma formation

Auxin is responsible Ethylene activates auxin synthesis pathway Similar to the lateral root formation but in water

logged condition from plant stem Developed for the replacement of main root system

(for their poor/non functioning capability)

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Auxin activation through ethyleneAuxin activation through ethylene

Source: Abbas et. al., 2013

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Auxin transport inside plant cellAuxin transport inside plant cell

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/www.cell.com

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Cell expansion due to acidification of periplasm/apoplast

Source: http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch39/39_08AuxinResponse.jpg

Source: modified http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7336/images/471042a-i1.0.jpg

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Auxin signaling for Auxin signaling for Adventitious Root Formation Adventitious Root Formation

Sourcu:Vanneste et. al., 2013

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Cellular response due to auxin signal

Source: Krecek et. al., 2009

PIN protein:Type1 and Type2

PIN protein is active when it is phosphorylated by the enzyme Protein Kinase

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Cladogram of PIN proteins

Species abbreviations:At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Alyr, Arabidopsis lyrata;Bradi,Brachypodium distachyon; Cpap, Carica papaya; Glyma, Glycine maxima; Mtru,Medicago truncatula; Osat, Oryza sativa; Ppat, Physcomitrella patens; Ptri, Populus trichocarpa; Smoel, Selaginella moellendorffii; Sb,Sorghum bicolor; Vvin, Vitis vinifera; Zm, Zea mays.

Source: http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/512/327/2812941/2812941_gb-2009-10-12-249-3.png

04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 34Source: http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/18684/fpls-03-00037-HTML/image_m/fpls-03-00037-g002.jpg

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Auxin activated TF

Repressor

TIR1

auxin

Auxin activated TF(Transcription Factor)

Repressor Inhibitory Aux/IAA protein (Repressor)

Auxin activated TF(Transcriptio Factor)

Transport inhibitor response 1(TIR1)

Auxin

Lacking of Auxin

Presence of Auxin

Auxin dependent promoter Auxin regulated gene

Auxin activated TF

Repressor

TIR1

auxin

Lacking of Auxin

Cellular response due to auxin signal

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Auxin activated TF

Repressor

TIR1

auxin

Auxin activated TF(Transcription Factor)

Repressor Inhibitory Aux/IAA protein (Repressor)

Auxin activated TF(Transcriptio Factor)

Transport inhibitor response 1(TIR1)

Auxin

Lacking of Auxin

Presence of Auxin

Auxin dependent promoter Auxin regulated gene

Auxin activated TF

Repressor

TIR1

auxin

Presence of Auxin

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Source: http://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/567431/thesis1.gif

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Origin of adventitious root

Source:http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/451719/pericycle

pericyclic region undergo transformation and organize into root primordia, which later grow through the cortex and emerge out of the stem.

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adventitious root development

Source: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/

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Hypertrophide lenticel

Source: https://californiaavocadocomments.wordpress.com/2014/04/26/avocado-plants-respond-to-flooding-through-lenticel-hpertrophy/

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Suberization of hypodermel rice root cell

Source: K. Watanabe. et. al., 2013

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Search for water logging tolerant genes in different crops

SL NO. Plant No.of genes/contig/protein

1 plant 25 protein

2 Wheat 12 genes

3 Maize 21 contig

4 Cotton 37 genes

5 Brassica LDH

6 Sugercane SDS

7 Tomato ADH, LDH, AlAT, GAD and NR

8 Soybean 25 protein

9 Cucumber 39 genes

10 Petunias Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vhb)

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Blast result

Corchorus capsularis Corchorus olitorius

No hit hit No hit hit

Default 88 35 92 31

1e-30 93 30 96 27

1e-50 94 29 96 27

Sl no. Plant species Specific enzyme/ protein found in C. Olitorius genome

1 cotton 19

2 Soybean 01

3 wheat 02

4 cucumber 05

1.Glycolysis2. Expansin

3. PIN protein4. ACS5. ETR

6. ARF(1)

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Conclusion

Fermentation pathway is used by plants for short term water logging adaptation

Adventitious root development is the main long term adaptive pathway

Auxin regulates the adventitious root elongation PIN protein is involved for lateral movement of

adventitious root.

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RecommendationsRecommendations

Cross incompatibility between C. capsularies and C. olitorius should be eradicated through effective steps.

Auxin transport through PIN protein should be emphasized to study adventitious root development and elongation.

mRNA from cortex and pericycle may be studied to know the genes involved in aerenchyma and adventitious root formation respectively.

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