Adaptive Batch Resolution Algorithm for CSMA Wireless Networks

Andrea [email protected]

Adaptive Batch Resolution Algorithm for CSMA Wireless Networks

Special Interest Group on

NEtworking & Telecommunications

Problem statement

A. Zanella - Globecom 2010

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What’s a “batch”? Set of mutually interfering nodes simultaneously

solicited to send a packet RF tags illuminated by a reader Wireless nodes that reply to neighbour-discovery request Mobile terminals that compete to reserve a channel slot

What’s the “Batch resolution problem”? Simultaneous transmissions by multiple nodes result into

collision all packets are lost! Nodes need to arbitrate the channel access in order to

transmit their packet avoiding collisions A node that successfully transmits is said to be resolved

What’s a “Batch Resolution Algorithm” (BRA)? The BRA arbitrates the channel access in order to

minimizing the batch resolution interval, ie, the mean time required to resolve all the nodes in the batch

Broadcast inquiry message

Inquirer

Solicited nodes form the “batch”

Unicast reply messages

BRA vs MAC


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The batch resolution problem looks like the MAC problem but… MAC protocols generally look at the channel

contention as a steady-state phenomenon BRAs address scenarios where contention has a

bursty nature BRAs can be applied as MAC protocol, called

obvious MAC nodes with pending packets form a batch batch is resolved using BRA

one pck delivered per node No other nodes is admitted into the batch till the end of

the BRA Process starts over again, with a new batch formed by

nodes with still pending packets

Performance measures Batch resolution interval (BRI)

Tau(n) = E[time required to resolve a batch of size n]

Batch Throughput

Asymptotic throughput Corresponds to the maximal sustainable

arrival rate when BRA is used as obvious MAC

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Literature: immediate feedback


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Feedback (idle, successful, collision) is returned after each slot

Collisions are recursive resolved by random binary splitting Nodes are randomly split in two subsets: Left and Right Left subset is activated first (nodes transmit)

Collision? apply recursively the algorithm from step (1) Idle or successful slot? activate Right subset & goto step

(3)

activatedbackloggedresolved

I/S/C

Idle slot (i)Feedback packet (p)

Collision (c) Successful tx (s)

C I C S S Sc p

i s

Splitting-tree BRAs Time is slotted

Slots may have unequal duration in CSMA networks In each slot, some nodes are “activated”, that is to say,

enabled to transmit Feedback is returned after each slot

Idle slot: no nodes transmit Successful slot: a single node transmit Collided slot: two or more nodes transmit

BRA works recursively, driven by feedback, as follows Idle: activate nodes in the next slot Successful: activated node is resolved and leaves the batch Collision: activated nodes are randomly split in left (L) and right (R)

subgroups BRA is applied to L first Once L is resolved, BRA is applied to R

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Example: BTInitial batch: {1,2,3,4,5}

L= {1,2}

LL= {1,2} LR= { }

R= {3,4,5}

LLL= {1} LLR= {2}

1 is resolved 2 is resolved

RL= {} RR= {3,4,5}

RRL= {3} RRR= {4,5}

RRRL= {4} RRRR= {5}

3 is resolved


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Ex: MBTInitial batch: {1,2,3,4,5}

L= {1,2}

LL= {1,2} LR= { }

R= {3,4,5}

LLL= {1} LLR= {2}


RL= {} RR= {3,4,5}

RRL= {3} RRR= {4,5}

RRRL= {4} RRRR= {5}

3 is resolved


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Ex: CMBTInitial batch: {1,2,3,4,5}

L= {1,2}

LL= {1,2} LR= { }

LLL= {1} LLR= {2}


Clipped

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Ex: CMBT (2)Clipped batch: {3,4,5}

R= {3,4,5}

RL= {3}

RR= {4,5}

RRR= {4,5}

RRL= {4} RRR= {5}3 is resolved


L= {}

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Shortcomings of existing solutions

Slots are assumed to have constant time duration

Feedback overhead is negligible

Maximizing the per-frame throughput will minimize the batch resolution time

In CSMA systems, slots duration depends on the channel status

Each transmission brings along a certain overhead

Maximizing per-frame throughput does not necessarily minimize the overall batch resolution interval

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In theory In practice

Slot time duration Feedback message time duration

Successful Tdata=1 phi_sIdle Beta<<1 phi_iCollision beta_c~1 phi_c

The cost of neglecting feedback cost…

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Contribution of this work


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ABRA: principles

ABRA works in successive resolution rounds At each round, unresolved nodes transmit their packets in a random slot in the

frame Slotted CSMA ALOHA

At the end of the contention frame, the inquirer broadcasts a probe message that contains: aggregate feedback field frame length w to be used in the next round

ACKed nodes leave ABRA, the other keep competing in the next frame

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ABRA core: frame size optimization! We assume that the inquirer perfectly knows the

number “n” of still unresolved nodes at the end of each round

The frame size w(n) of the next round is selected in order to minimize the BRI for the residual batch:

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€

wn* = argmin

w

β p +w −w 1− 1w

⎛ ⎝ ⎜

⎞ ⎠ ⎟n−1

1−β( ) + ps r( )r=1

min w,n{ }

∑ T n − r( )

1− ps 0( )

⎧

⎨ ⎪ ⎪

⎩ ⎪ ⎪

⎫

⎬ ⎪ ⎪

⎭ ⎪ ⎪

€

T n( ) = β p +E sτ s + cτ c + iτ i + T n − s( )w,n[ ]

= β p +w −w 1− 1w

⎛ ⎝ ⎜

⎞ ⎠ ⎟n

1−β( ) + Pr s = r w,n[ ]r=0

min w,n{ }

∑ T n − r( )

Frame duration Residual batch resolution interval

scis

w*n: optimal frame length for a batch of size n

Dynamic programmi

ng optimizati

on

Batch Resolution Interval

Optimal frame length16


ABRA’s throughput


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(n)

€

Λlimn→∞ λ n( ) = exp −μ∞( )

Case study


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Parameters set according to WiFi (WF) & ZigBee (ZB) specifications

Batch size n with Poisson distribution of parameter N

Simple batch size estimator [Schoute83]: Tdata [ms] b bs bc bp=w/

Lmax

0.399 0.0225 0.1319 0.1319 w/184964.896 0.0654 0.1111 0.0458 w/944

€

ˆ n = max ˆ n ,s +2c{ }

Throughput comparison Throughput gain of ~9% for

WF and ~6% for ZB wrt best competitor

High and rather constant throughput for all batch sizes

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ABRADE

ABRADE

Energy efficiency comparison Mean number of tx per

slot (proportional to energy consumption) comparable to the best performing algorithms

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ABRADE

ABRADE

Andrea [email protected]

Adaptive Batch Resolution Algorithm for CSMA Wireless Networks

Special Interest Group on

NEtworking & Telecommunications

Appendix: asymptotic throughput

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Appendix: asymptotic throughput

Taking the derivative wrt mu_infty

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Adaptive Batch Resolution Algorithm for CSMA Wireless Networks

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