Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village...

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Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU

Transcript of Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village...

Page 1: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia

The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam

Le Thi Van HueCRESVNU

Page 2: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Introduction (1)

• Vietnam has made great economic progress in recent years:– growing on average 8% a year– reducing poverty, from 60 percent of the

population in 1993 to 16 percent in 2006

• Vietnam is one of the world’s most vulnerable countries

Page 3: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Introduction (2)

• Vietnam has already begun to feel the effects: – the average surface temperature has risen

0.7°C since 1950– the typhoon and flood seasons are longer

than they used to be, and storms are tracking into new coastal areas

• Vietnam adopted in December 2008 a National Target Program for Climate Change (NTP).

Page 4: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Introduction (3)

• The main adaptation measures mentioned in the NTP are ‘hard’ adaptation measures

• Little attention has been paid to social vulnerability or ‘soft’ adaptation measures.

• Several innovative approaches have been developed to classify social vulnerability and explore adaptation strategies for the future

• Little is known about how people differentially adapt to climate-related water stresses in the peri-urban context.

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Preliminary findings:1. Van Mon commune’s profile2. Impact of cc-induced water stresses to households and social vulnerability

Page 6: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Van Mon Commune, Yen Phong District, Bac Ninh

Province

Page 7: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Research methodology

• Man Xa and Quan Do villages selected:– Man Xa: engaged in metal melting, furniture,

agricultural production. – Quan Do: Majority: engaged in agricultural

production; Minority: rich households engaged in junk trading and hired villagers to sort scrap materials out for them during the off-farm season.

Page 8: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Research methodology• Household Survey: 30

households/village selected at random

• Focus Groups: 10-12 of local residents in each village, including women, and poor households to build histories of resource use and climatic events & set up institutions

• Life Histories and key Informants

• Stakeholder interviews • Participatory observation

was also used.

Page 9: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Preliminary findings:1. Van Mon commune’s profile2. Impact of cc-induced water stresses to households and social vulnerability

Page 10: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Natural conditions of Van Mon(1)

• Rainy season: May-October (1,224.4 and 1,639.4 mm/year)

• Dry season: November to March (15% and 20% of the total annual rainfall)

• No rains at all for a period of 3 to 4 months (March has the lowest evaporation level in the year of 67mm)

• Flowing through the area of Van Mon with a length of about 2km is Ngu Huyen Khue.

Page 11: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Natural conditions of Van Mon (2)

• In the rainy season, the water level of the river fluctuates from 3 to 10m

• The river’s water is used for irrigation purposes• It receives waste sources of various types from

the area• Underground water in the area of Bac Ninh

province exists in the form of voids and cracks• Water in voids exists and moves in gravelly

cracked soil or agglutinate soil.

Page 12: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Land Use in Van Mon Commune in 2012

Page 13: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Population in Van Mon in 2012

Page 14: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Van Mon commune’s socio-economic development (1)

• 5 agricultural service cooperatives

• 65 companies

• 33 private enterprises

• 1 factory and 4 joint stock cooperatives

• 17 households are engaged metal melting

• 290 households engaged in melting aluminum bars

• 700 households engaged in carpentry and fine art engraving.

Page 15: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Van Mon commune’s socio-economic development (2)

• The total income in 2012 was VND 184,335 million: – artisanal production and commercial

services: VND 135,486, accounting for 73.5% of the total income of the commune

• The annual income was VND 17.7 million per capita

• On average, each household engaged in artisanal production earned 4–10 million VND/month.

Page 16: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Poverty Rate in Van Mon in 2012

Page 17: Adapting to Climate Change in Peri-urban Southeast Asia The case of the Van Mon Craft Village Vietnam Le Thi Van Hue CRES VNU.

Man Xa Village• Majority of households are engaged in metal

melting• Minority of households have recently been in

engaged in furniture producing to export to China

• A small number of households with senior members engaged in agricultural production

• Most of agricultural land owed by those who are engaged in metal melting and carpentry has been leased out

• If agricultural land left abandoned it would be confiscated by the officials.

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Quan Do Village

• The majority of villagers in Quan Do are engaged in agricultural production

• The minority are the rich households that are engaged in junk trading and hire Villagers of Quan Do, outsiders to sort scrap materials out for them during the off-farm season.

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Impact of cc-induced water stresses to households and social vulnerability

1. Infrequent and unpredictable flooding:• Quan Do villagers expressed their worries

about unusual, sudden inundation in Man Xa and sudden flooding in Quan Do

• Sudden rain and inundation made them unable to protect their property and limit their everyday practices

• It might have caused negative impact on people’s health.

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Infrequent and unpredictable flooding

• In Man Xa, infrequent and unpredictable flooding has not yet become a trend

• An extreme event of the sudden flood occurred in October 2008

• Infrequent and unpredictable rain fall and flood might make it drier in the dry season and more wet in the rainy season -> cause difficulties for villagers’ production and their daily life activities.

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Infrequent and unpredictable flooding (2)

• Long rain period in July of 1984 or 1985:– caused all rice field area flooded -> lost income– it caused not only financial loss but also threatened their

food security at that time.

• 27 October to 4 November 2008, an almost 2 week long lasting rain made two third of rice fields flooded: – 40% of total rice area was damaged seriously – No other damage caused by the inundation in the village – Human and animal waste which is discharged directly to the

open drainage system, floating in the inundated area and causing very bad odor and dirty look

– Increased number of rats and mice.

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Visually recognized phenomena of the changing weather

No Major changes in the weather in the past 10 years

Changes that have been noticed

1 Weather in winter or summer Colder in winter and much hotter in summer

2 Rain frequency and volume Rain becomes less frequent and the volume also lesser

3 Change of weather The weather changes very suddenly, not as in the past

(Source: Field research, 2013)

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2. Scarcities of domestic water supply (1)

• Man Xa and Quan do are facing scarcities of domestic water supply

• There are 2,239 boreholes • 766 households using water supplied from

the clean water supply station of the commune and village

• The clean water system has not yet been fully operated -> villagers still use water from their boreholes for their daily needs.

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Scarcities of domestic water supply (2)

• Villagers of both villages realized that the water levels of the boreholes have decreased, especially in the dry season

• In summer, the water levels of boreholes is 20 cm lower than it was in the past.

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3. Water pollution

• Villagers realized that the quality of the water that they were using had gotten worse

• They dug wells deeper to get better water quality.

• During the time of this field research, many households have drilled wells of 90-95m deep.

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Serious threats of pollution to surface water in commune

• Domestic waste water discharges

• Waste water discharges from home-based craft industries

• Oil washed out from transformers heavily pollutes the village’s public canals, the underground water

• Seepage from solid waste dumps.

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4. Drinking water

• The water is pumped from a borehole in the village and filtered before it is supplied to households

• The water becomes more turbid and has fishy smell that one can not see with bare eyes

• In early 2013, 80% of households were constructed pipeline on premises, but no water supplied yet

• The rich group could afford to have boreholes that are 80-100m deep and cost VND12-13 million each (USD 570 – 620)

• The middle and poor groups of households have earth wells or boreholes that are 30-50m deep

• The water from those wells is reported not to be as good as the one from 100m deep boreholes.

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5. Villagers’ Health

Year 2009 2010 2011 2012

Visit 56372371

Recorded to Quarter 2

6207 6007

(Source: Van Mon Health Clinic’s records in 2012)

Serious diseases are as below:Gynaecological diseasesRespiratory diseases/ coughHeadacheRheumatism

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6. Gender issues• Women have virtually been excluded from highly

lucrative jobs• They are supposed to give birth to boys• Recently, women in Van Mon, including Man Xa

and Quan Do are supposed to have more children

• Having a large family is also considered a symbol of wealth - placed a lot of pressure and a burden on women’s shoulders

->The population has dramatically increased• Women are busier than men.

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7. Roles of the local government in the context of peri-urbanization

• No forms of monitoring, control and management of the wastewater in the village as well as at the commune levels

• No collective action has been taken so far at the village level to resolve the issue

• “Self-protection” action taken by households is to purchase modern filtration systems with pump or build the filtering systems at their home in order to have “cleaner” water.

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Conclusions

• Households in the commune have experienced the impacts of CC-induced water stresses:– infrequent and unpredictable flooding – crop losses or damages caused to households

• Women are daily in touch with water more than men are; busier than men

• They are both worried about the scarcities of domestic water supply as well as water quality

• Weak local government.