Adantae Peter Okpo

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SPAIN: H i s tory

Prehistorical Times

The oldest historical findings made in Spain date of about 30000 to 50000 b.C. Among the most

important remains of this period are the caves Cova Negra (Jtiva) and Piar(Granada).

The Celt-Iberian Spain

The Iberian population probably arrived to the peninsula from the north of Africa. Tartessos,probably an iberian tribe, founded an important kingdom of high culture in the valley ofGuadalquivirriver, in the south of Spain. By 1200 b.C. Celtictribes entered the peninsula from thenorth, mixing up with Iberians and so generating the celt-iberian race. The origin of the baskraceliving in the north of the country is uncertain, but many historians suppose that it goes back to apre-iberian population.

Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians

By 1100 b.C. Phoenicians arrived to the peninsula and founded colonies, the most important ofwhich was Gadir(today's Cadiz). Also Greeks founded colonies in southern Spain and along theMediterranean coast.During the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthago Carthaginians invaded Spain and conqueredlarge parts of it. Their most important colonies were the islandIbiza andCartagena, the "newCarthago".

Romans and Goths

After Rome had defeated Carthago definitely, Romans also invaded the colonies in Spain, and

ended up conquering the entire peninsula. The province Hispania became part and parcel ofRoman empire and acquired great importance, even two Roman emperors, Traian and Hadrian,were born there. Spaniards absorbed completely the Roman culture as still today is very evident intheir language.In 409, when the Roman empire started to fall, Gothic tribes invaded the peninsula andestablished their kingdom in 419.

Moorish Epoch and Reconquista

Gothic dominance lasted until 711, when Muslim armies crossed the Straight of Gibraltar anddefeated Roderic, the last Visigoth king. Specially the southern parts of Spain, called al-Andalus,were prospering in the Moorish epoch, thanks to new sciences and agricultural technics. TheMoors conquered major parts of the country until they were defeated for the first time by Visigothking Pelayo at Covadonga in northern Spain, 722.Though the small Christian kingdoms in the north were a nucleus of resistence, the Arabian culturewas prospering in the rest of the country. The Muslim Spain by the time got politically independentof the Arabian empire, and in 10th centuryAbderraman III. made Al-Andalus his own caliphate. Inthis epochCordoba was the indisputable cultural center of this area of the world. Decadencestarted in 11th century, when the various Arabian noble families were more and more at varianceamong themselves, and al-Andalus broke into numerous small caliphates. The Christian kingdomsin the north started then the reconquest of Spain. The marriage between Isabel of Castilia andFerdinand of Aragon in 1469, uniting the two most important among them, was the turning point ofthe Reconquista. From now on Muslims rapidly lost territory, until they were definitely expelled

when they lost their last remaining caliphate, Granada, in 1492.
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The Catholic Monarchs

Isabel and Ferdinand succeeded in uniting the whole country under their crown, and their effort to"re-christianize" Spain resulted in the Spanish Inquisition, when thousands of Jews and Moors who

didn't want to convert to Christianism were expelled or killed.After the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 tons of gold and silver werebrought in from the new continent, and Spain became one of the most powerful nations of thisepoch called the Golden Age.

Habsburg and Borbon Kings

After Isabel died in 1504, her daughter Joan who was married with the German emperor's sonPhilip succeeded to the throne. Charles I., at the same time Austrian king and German emperorunited in 1517 one of the largest empires in history. Anyhow after his retirement in 1556 it was splitbetween the Spanish and the Austrian line of Habsburg family.Spain was prospering economically under the Habsburg crown thanks to the trade with its

American colonies, but on the hand involved in wars with France, the Netherlands and England,culminating in the disastrous defeat of the "Invincible Armada"in 1588.When the last Habsburg King Charles II. died without descendant, the nephew of French KingLouis XIV., Philip of Borbon, successed to the throne. As a consequence of the French Revolution,Spain declared war on the new republic but was defeated. Napoleon took the power in France andsent his troops against Spain in 1808. He established his brother Joseph as Spanish king, butSpaniards fought a 5-yearIndependence Waragainst the French. After Napoleon's definite defeatat Waterloo in 1815, Ferdinand VII. was restored to the Spanish throne and reigned with rigidabsolutism. When he changed the law of succession to the throne and his daughter Isabel wasestablished as queen, his brother Charles rebelled against it and the War of Seven Years brokeout. Economical recession and political instability were the consequences, Spain lost its colonieswith the exceptions of Puerto Rico, Cuba and Philippines. The revolution of 1868 forced Isabel II.to renounce to the throne, and the First Republicwas proclaimed. Anyhow, it lasted for just aboutone year. After a coup d'tatIsabel's son, Alphonse XII., restored the kingdom. The rebellion ofCuba in 1895 resulted in a war against United States, with disastrous results for Spain. It lost itslast overseas possessions.

20th Century

The economical crisis of the early 1920s led the country to the brink of civil war, and GeneralPrimo de Ribera established a military dictature until 1930. Elections in 1931 saw a triumph for thepolitical left, and Alphonse XIII. left the country. Increasing conflicts between the Republicangovernment and the Nationalist opposition led to the Spanish Civil War(1936-39). The

Nationalists, led by General Franco, received extensive support from Nazi-Germany and fascistItaly and succeeded against the Republican block which was officially supported only by Russia,although many intellectuals (as Ernest Hemingway) and politically committed from other countriesfought in the International Brigades. The nationalists succeeded.Although Franco kept Spain neutral during World War II, his military dictature led to political and

economical isolation. During the 1950s and 60s every effort was taken to improve international

relations, and the country's economy recovered. In 1969 Franco proclaimed Juan Carlos de Borbon,

the grandson of Alphonse XIII., his successor with the title of king.

Franco died in 1975, and a constitutional monarchy was established. President Adolfo Suarez

introduced important political reforms. When he surprisingly dismissed in 1981, a group of militars

tried to take the power with a coup, but failed. In 1982 the socialist party won the elections and

Felipe Gonzalez became president of the government. Spain became member of the NATO in 1985and entered the European Community in 1986. In 1992 it appeared impressively at the world stage:

Barcelona hosted the Olympic Games, Seville the world exposition EXPO'92, and Madrid was


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declared European Cultural Capital.

BRIEF HISTORY OF SPAIN

One of the characteristic features of the early history of Spain is the succesive waves of differentpeoples who spread all over the Peninsula. The first to appear were the Iberians, a Libyan people, whocame from the south. Later came the Celts, a typically Aryan people, and from the merging of the twothere arose a new race, the Celtiberians, who, divided into several tribes (Cantabrians, Asturians,Lusitanians) gave their name to their respective homelands. The next to arrive, attracted by miningwealth, were the Phoenicians, who founded a number of trading posts along the coast, the mostimportant being that of Cadiz. After this came Greek settlers, who founded several towns, includingRosas, Ampurias and Sagunto. The Phoenicians, in their struggle against the Greeks, called on theCarthaginians, who, under the orders of Hamilcar Barca, took possession of most of Spain. It was atthis time that Rome raised a border dispute in defense of the areas of Greek influence, and thus

beguan in the Peninsula the Second Punic War, which decided the fate of the world at that time.

After the Roman victory, Publius Cornelius Scipio, Africanus, began the conquest of Spain, which wasto be under Roman rule for six centuries. Once the Peninsula had been completely subdued, it wasRomanized to such an extent that it produced writers of the stature of Seneca and Lucan and sucheminent emperors as Trajan and Hadrian.

Rome left in Spain four powerful social elements: the Latin language, Roman law, the municipality andthe Christian religion. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Suevi, Vandals and Alans entered Spain,but they were defeated by the Visigoths who, by the end of the 6th century, has occupied virtually thewhole of the Peninsula.

At the beginning of the 8th century the Arabs entered from the south. They conquered the countryswiftly except for a small bulwark in the North which would become the initial springboard for theReconquest, which was not completed until eight centuries later. The period of Muslim sway is dividedinto three periods: the Emirate (711 to 756), the Caliphate (756-1031) and the Reinos de Taifas (smallindependent kingdoms) (1031 to 1492).

In 1469, the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, preparedthe way for the union of the two kigdoms and marked the opening of a period of growing success forSpain, since during their reign, Granada, the last stronghold of the Arabs in Spain, was conquered and,at the same time, in the same historic year of 1492, the caravels sent by the Crown of Castile underthe command of Christopher Columbus discovered America.

The Canary Islands became part of Spanish territory (1495), the hegemony of Spain in theMediterranean, to the detriment of France, was affirmed with the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples,and Navarre was incorporated into the Kingdom.

The next two centuries, the 16th and the 17th, witnessed the construction and apogee of the SpanishEmpire as a result of which the country, under the aegis of the Austrias, became the world's foremostpower, and European politics hinged upon it.

The War of Succession to the Spanish Crown (1701-1714) marked the end of the dynasty of theHabsburgs and the coming of the Bourbons. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formalized the Britishoccupation of the Rock of Gibraltar, giving rise to an anachronistic colonial situation which still persiststoday and constitutes the only dispute between Spain and the United Kingdom.


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In 1808 Joseph Bonaparte was installed on the Spanish throne, following the Napoleonic invasion,although the fierce resistance of the Spanish people culminated in the restoration of the Bourbons inthe person of Fernando VII. In 1873, the brief reign of Amadeo of Savoy ended with his abdication, andthe First Republic was proclaimed. However, a military pronunciamiento in 1875, restored themonarchy and Alfonso XII was proclaimed King of Spain. He was succeeded in 1886 by his sonAlfonso XIII, although his mother Queen Maria Cristina of Habsburg acted as regent until 1902, when

he was crowned king.

Prior to this, a brief war with the United States resulted in the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico and thePhilippines, in 1898, thus completing the dissolution of the Spanish overseas empire.

In the municipal elections of April 12th, 1931, it became clear that in all the large towns of Spain thecandidates who supported the Monarchy had been heavily defeated. The size of the Republican's votein cities such as Madrid and Barcelona was enormous. In the country districs the Monarchy gainedenough seats to secure for them a majority in the nation as a whole. But it was well known that in thecountry the 'caciques' were still powerful enough to prevent a fair vote. By the evening of the dayfollowing the elections, great crowds were gathering in the streets of Madrid. The king's most trustedfriends advised him to leave the capital without delay, to prevent bloodshed. As a result, Alfonso XIIIleft Spain and the Second Republic was established in April 14th. During its five-year lifetime, it wasridden with all kind of political, economic and social conflicts, which inexorably split opinions into twoirreconcilable sides. The climate of growing violence culminated on July 18th 1936 in a military risingwhich turned into a tragic civil war which did not end until three years later.

On October 1st, 1936, General Franco took over as Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of theArmed Forces. The Spanish State embarked on a period of forty years' dictatorship, during which thepolitical life of the country was characterized by the illegality of all the political parties with theexception of the National Movement. Franco died in 1975, bringing to an end a period of Spanishhistory and opening the way to the restoration of the monarchy with the rise to the Throne of thepresent King of Spain, Juan Carlos I de Borbon y Borbon.

The young monarch soon established himself as a resolute motor for change to a western-styledemocracy by means of a cautious process of political reform which took as its starting point theFrancoist legal structure. Adolfo Suarez, the prime minister of the second Monarchy Government (july1976) carried out with determination and skill though helped, certainly, by a broad social consensus thesocalled transition to democracy which, after going through several stages (recognition of basicliberties, political parties, including the communist party, the trade unions, an amnesty for politicaloffences, etc.), culminated in the first democratic parliamentary elections in 41 years, on June 15th,1977. The Cortes formed as a result decided to start a constituent process which concluded with theadoption of a new Constitution, ratified by universal suffrage, on December 6th, 1978.

Between 1980 and 1982, the regions of Catalonia, the Basque Country, Galicia and Andalusia

approved statutes for their own self-government and elected their respective parliaments. In January1981, the prime minister, Adolfo Suarez, resigned and was succeeded by Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo. OnAugust 27th, 1982, Calvo-Sotelo presented to the King a decree for the dissolution of Parliament andthe calling of a general election to be held on October 28th.

Victory of the polls went to the Spanish Socialist Worker Party (PSOE) and its secretary general, FelipeGonzalez. The socialists obtained 202 seats out of the 350 of which the Lower House consists andapproximately 48% of the popular vote. Felipe Gonzalez was elected prime minister (December 2nd)after the parliamentary vote of investiture. The major losers were the Union of the Democratic Centre-which has split up following the defection of a number of its members- and the Spanish CommunistParty (PCE). The Popular Alliance, whose chairman was Manuel Fraga Iribarne, made considerable

gains (106 seats and approximately 26% of the vote).


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The subsequent general elections of 1986, 1989 and 1993 were also won by the Spanish SocialistParty and consolidated the the position of the Popular Party, led by Jose Maria Aznar, as the secondlargest political force in the country.

Pol i t ica l and Economic Sys tem in Spa in

This page has a summary of the political and economic systems in Spain.

Government

Type: Constitutional monarchy (Juan Carlos I proclaimed King November 22, 1975).Constitution: 1978.Branches: Executive--president of government nominated by monarch, subject to approval by

democratically elected Congress of Deputies. Legislative--bicameral Cortes: a 350-seat Congress ofDeputies (elected by the d'Hondt system of proportional representation) and a Senate. Four senatorsare elected in each of 47 peninsular provinces, 16 are elected from the three island provinces, andCeuta and Melilla elect two each; this accounts for 208 senators. The parliaments of the 17autonomous regions also elect one senator as well as one additional senator for every 1 millioninhabitants within their territory (about 20 senators). Judicial--Constitutional Tribunal has jurisdictionover constitutional issues. Supreme Tribunal heads system comprising territorial, provincial, regional,and municipal courts.Subdivisions: 47 peninsular and three island provinces; two enclaves on the Mediterranean coast ofMorocco (Ceuta and Melilla) and three island groups along that coast--Alhucemas, Penon de Velez dela Gomera, and the Chafarinas Islands.

Political parties: Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Popular Party (PP), and the United Left (IU)coalition. Key regional parties are the Convergence and Union (CIU) in Catalonia and the BasqueNationalist Party (PNV) in the Basque country.

Economy

GDP (2004): $955.1 billion in current prices (seventh-largest Organization for Economic Cooperationand Development--OECD--economy).Annual growth rate: 2.5%.Per capita GDP: $22,421.Natural resources: Coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead,tungsten, copper, kaolin, hydroelectric power.Agriculture and fisheries (2.9% of GDP, 2004 est.): Products--grains, vegetables, citrus and deciduousfruits, wine, olives and olive oil, sunflowers, livestock.Industry (17.3% of GDP, 2004 est.): Types--processed foods, textiles, footwear, petrochemicals, steel,automobiles, consumer goods, electronics.Trade (2003): Exports--$137.8 billion: automobiles, fruits, minerals, metals, clothing, footwear, textiles.Major markets--EU 71.8%, U.S. 4.12%. Imports--$184.1 billion: petroleum, oilseeds, aircraft, grains,chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, fish, consumer goods. Major sources--EU 63.9%,U.S. 3.7%.Average exchange rate (first semester 2004): 0.815 euros=U.S.$1.

People

Spain's population density, lower than that of most European countries, is roughly equivalent to NewEngland's. In recent years, following a longstanding pattern in the rest of Europe, rural populations are


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moving to cities.Spain has no official religion. The constitution of 1978 disestablished the Roman Catholic Church asthe official state religion, while recognizing the role it plays in Spanish society. More than 90% of thepopulation are at least nominally Catholic.

Educational System

About 70% of Spain's student population attends public schools or universities. The remainder attendprivate schools or universities, the great majority of which are operated by the Catholic Church.Compulsory education begins with primary school or general basic education for ages 6-14. It is free inpublic schools and in many private schools, most of which receive government subsidies. Followinggraduation, students attend either a secondary school offering a general high school diploma or aschool of professional education (corresponding to grades 9-12 in the United States) offering avocational training program. The Spanish university system offers degree and post-graduate programsin all fields--law, sciences, humanities, and medicine--and the superior technical schools offerprograms in engineering and architecture.

Maps of Spain

Maps GPS Info.com- Useful information about maps and GPS including resources for those planningtravel to Spain.

History

Spains Iberian Peninsula has been settled for millennia. In fact, some of Europe's most impressivePalaeolithic cultural sites are located in Spain, including the famous caves at Altamira that contain

spectacular paintings dating from about 15,000 to 25,000 years ago. The Basques, Europes oldestsurviving group, are also the first identifiable people of the peninsula.Beginning in the ninth century BC, Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Celts entered the IberianPeninsula. The Romans followed in the second century BC and laid the groundwork for Spain'spresent language, religion, and laws. Although the Visigoths arrived in the fifth century AD, the lastRoman strongholds along the southern coast did not fall until the seventh century AD. In 711, NorthAfrican Moors sailed across the straits, swept into Andalusia, and within a few years, pushed theVisigoths up the peninsula to the Cantabrian Mountains. The Reconquestefforts to drive out theMoorslasted until 1492. By 1512, the unification of present-day Spain was complete.

During the 16th century, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe, due to the immense wealth

derived from its presence in the Americas. But a series of long, costly wars and revolts, capped by thedefeat by the English of the Invincible Armada in 1588, began a steady decline of Spanish power inEurope. Controversy over succession to the throne consumed the country during the 18th century,leading to an occupation by France during the Napoleonic era in the early 1800s, and led to a series ofarmed conflicts throughout much of the 19th century.

The 19th century saw the revolt and independence of most of Spain's colonies in the WesternHemisphere: three wars over the succession issue; the brief ousting of the monarchy andestablishment of the First Republic (1873-74); and, finally, the Spanish-American War (1898), in whichSpain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. A period of dictatorial rule(1923-31) ended with the establishment of the Second Republic. It was dominated by increasingpolitical polarization, culminating in the leftist Popular Front electoral victory in 1936. Pressures from all

sides, coupled with growing and unchecked violence, led to the outbreak of the

Spanish Civil War in July 1936.Following the victory of his nationalist forces in 1939, General Francisco Franco ruled a nation
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exhausted politically and economically. Spain was officially neutral during World War II but followed apro-Axis policy. Therefore, the victorious Allies isolated Spain at the beginning of the post-war period,and the country did not join the United Nations until 1955. In 1959, under an International MonetaryFund stabilization plan, the country began liberalizing trade and capital flows, particularly foreign directinvestment.Despite the success of economic liberalization, Spain remained the most closed economy in Western

Europejudged by the small measure of foreign trade to economic activityand the pace of reformslackened during the 1960s as the state remained committed to guiding the economy. Nevertheless,in the 1960s and 1970s, Spain was transformed into a modern industrial economy with a thrivingtourism sector. Its economic expansion led to improved income distribution and helped develop a largemiddle class. Social changes brought about by economic prosperity and the inflow of new ideas helpedset the stage for Spain's transition to democracy during the latter half of the 1970s.

Upon the death of General Franco in November 1975, Franco's personally designated heir Prince JuanCarlos de Borbon y Borbon assumed the titles of king and chief of state. Dissatisfied with the slowpace of post-Franco liberalization, he replaced Franco's last Prime Minister with Adolfo Suarez in July1976. Suarez entered office promising that elections would be held within one year, and hisgovernment moved to enact a series of laws to liberalize the new regime. Spain's first elections since

1936 to the Cortes (Parliament) were held on June 15, 1977. Prime Minister Suarez's Union of theDemocratic Centre (UCD), a moderate centre-right coalition, won 34% of the vote and the largest blocof seats in the Cortes.

Under Suarez, the new Cortes set about drafting a democratic constitution that was overwhelminglyapproved by voters in a national referendum in December 1978.

Government And Political Conditions

Parliamentary democracy was restored following the death of General Franco in 1975, who had ruled

since the end of the civil war in 1939. The 1978 constitution established Spain as a parliamentarymonarchy, with the prime minister responsible to the bicameral Cortes (Congress of Deputies andSenate) elected every 4 years. On February 23, 1981, rebel elements among the security forcesseized the Cortes and tried to impose a military-backed government. However, the great majority of themilitary forces remained loyal to King Juan Carlos, who used his personal authority to put down thebloodless coup attempt.

In October 1982, the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), led by Felipe Gonzalez, swept both theCongress of Deputies and Senate, winning an absolute majority. Gonzalez and the PSOE ruled for thenext 13 years. During that period, Spain joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and theEuropean Community.

In March 1996, Jose Maria Aznar's Popular Party (PP) won a plurality of votes. Aznar moved todecentralize powers to the regions and liberalize the economy, with a program of privatisation, labourmarket reform, and measures designed to increase competition in selected markets. During Aznar'sfirst term, Spain fully integrated into European institutions, qualifying for the European Monetary Union.During this period, Spain participated, along with the United States and other NATO allies, in militaryoperations in the former Yugoslavia. President Aznar and the PP won re-election in March 2000,obtaining absolute majorities in both houses of parliament.

After the terrorist attacks on the U.S. on September 11, 2001, President Aznar became a key ally in thefight against terrorism. Spain backed the military action against the Taliban in Afghanistan and took aleadership role within the European Union (EU) in pushing for increased international cooperation on

terrorism. The Aznar government, with a rotating seat on the UN Security Council, supported theintervention in Iraq.


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Spanish parliamentary elections on March 14, 2004 came only three days after a devastating terroristattack on Madrid commuter rail lines that killed 191 and wounded over 1,400. With large voter turnout,PSOE won the election and its leader, Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero, took office on April 17, 2004.The Zapatero government has supported coalition efforts in Afghanistan, including maintaining troopsupport for 2004 elections, supported reconstruction efforts in Haiti, and cooperated on counterterrorism issues. Carrying out campaign promises, it immediately withdrew Spanish forces from Iraq

but has continued to support Iraq reconstruction efforts.

Local Government

The 1978 constitution authorized the creation of regional autonomous governments. By 1985, 17regions covering all of peninsular Spain, the Canaries, and the Balearic Islands had negotiatedautonomy statutes with the central government. In 1979, the first autonomous elections were held inthe Basque and Catalan regions, which have the strongest regional traditions by virtue of their historyand separate languages. Since then, autonomous governments have been created in the remainder ofthe 17 regions. The central government continues to devolve powers to the regional governments,which will eventually have full responsibility for health care and education, as well as other socialprograms.

Economy

Spain's accession to the European Community--now European Union (EU)--in January 1986 requiredthe country to open its economy, modernize its industrial base, improve infrastructure, and reviseeconomic legislation to conform to EU guidelines. In doing so, Spain increased gross domestic product(GDP) growth, reduced the public debt to GDP ratio, reduced unemployment from 23% to 15% in 3years, and reduced inflation to under 3%. The fundamental challenges remaining for Spain includereducing the public sector deficit, decreasing unemployment further, reforming labour laws andinvestment regulations, lowering inflation, and raising per capita GDP.Following peak growth years in the late 1980s, the Spanish economy entered into recession in mid-

1992. The economy recovered during the first Aznar administration (1996-2000), driven by a return ofconsumer confidence and increased private consumption, although growth has slowed in recent years.Unemployment remains a problem at 10.5% (2004 est.), but this still represents a significantimprovement from previous levels. Devaluations of the peseta during the 1990s made Spanish exportsmore competitive, but the strength of the euro since its adoption has raised recent concerns thatSpanish exports are being priced out of the range of foreign buyers. However, this has been offset bythe facilitation of trade among the euro nations.

Foreign Relations

After the return of democracy following the death of General Franco in 1975, Spain's foreign policy

priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the Franco years and expand diplomaticrelations, enter the European Community, and define security relations with the West.As a member of NATO since 1982, Spain has established itself as a major participant in multilateralinternational security activities. Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreignpolicy. Even on many international issues beyond Western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate itsefforts with its EU partners through the European political cooperation mechanism.

With the normalization of diplomatic relations with Israel and Albania in 1986, Spain virtually completedthe process of universalising its diplomatic relations. The only country with which it now does not havediplomatic relations is North Korea.

Spain has maintained its special identification with Latin America. Its policy emphasizes the concept of

Hispanidad, a mixture of linguistic, religious, ethnic, cultural, and historical ties binding Spanish-speaking America to Spain. Spain has been an effective example of transition from authoritarianism todemocracy, as shown in the many trips that Spain's King and Prime Ministers have made to the region.


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Spain maintains economic and technical cooperation programs and cultural exchanges with LatinAmerica, both bilaterally and within the EU.

Spain also continues to focus attention on North Africa, especially on Morocco. This concern is dictatedby geographic proximity and long historical contacts, as well as by the two Spanish enclave cities ofCeuta and Melilla on the northern coast of Africa. While Spain's departure from its former colony of

Western Sahara ended direct Spanish participation in Morocco, it maintains an interest in the peacefulresolution of the conflict brought about there by decolonisation. These issues were highlighted by acrisis in 2002, when Spanish forces evicted a small contingent of Moroccans from a tiny islet offMoroccos coast following that nations attempt to assert sovereignty over the island.

Meanwhile, Spain has gradually begun to broaden its contacts with Sub-Saharan Africa. It has aparticular interest in its former colony of Equatorial Guinea, where it maintains a large aid program.In relations with the Arab world, Spain has sought to promote European-Mediterranean dialogue. Spainstrongly supports the EUs Barcelona Process which seeks to expand dialogue and trade betweenEurope and the nations of North Africa and the Middle East, including Israel.

Spain has been successful in managing its relations with its two European neighbours, France andPortugal. The accession of Spain and Portugal to the EU has helped ease some of their periodic tradefrictions by putting these into an EU context. Franco-Spanish bilateral cooperation is enhanced by jointaction against Basque ETA terrorism. Ties with the United Kingdom are generally good, although thequestion of Gibraltar remains a sensitive issue.

LIST OF POLI T ICAL PARTIES IN SPAIN

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Political parties in Spain listspolitical partiesin Spain.

Spain has a system similar to a two-party system, which means that there are two dominant politicalparties, with extreme difficulty for anybody to achieve electoral success under the banner of any otherparty. Regional parties can be strong in the autonomous communities like Catalonia and theBasqueCountry and are essential for government coalitions, which makes the party system a multi-partysystem.

Contents

1 The partieso 1.1 Registered partieso 1.2 Major parties

1.2.1 Parties only in regional parliamentso 1.3 Coalitionso 1.4 European Parliament election listso 1.5 Minor partieso 1.6 Illegalized partieso 1.7 Defunct major parties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#column-one%23column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#searchInput%23searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#The_parties%23The_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#The_parties%23The_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Registered_parties%23Registered_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Major_parties%23Major_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Major_parties%23Major_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Parties_only_in_regional_parliaments%23Parties_only_in_regional_parliamentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Coalitions%23Coalitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#European_Parliament_election_lists%23European_Parliament_election_listshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Minor_parties%23Minor_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Illegalized_parties%23Illegalized_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Defunct_major_parties%23Defunct_major_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#column-one%23column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#searchInput%23searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#The_parties%23The_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Registered_parties%23Registered_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Major_parties%23Major_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Parties_only_in_regional_parliaments%23Parties_only_in_regional_parliamentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Coalitions%23Coalitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#European_Parliament_election_lists%23European_Parliament_election_listshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Minor_parties%23Minor_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Illegalized_parties%23Illegalized_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain#Defunct_major_parties%23Defunct_major_parties


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The parties

Registered parties

For a complete listing of all parties registered at the Ministry of Interior, see List of registered politicalparties in Spain.

Major parties

The two major parties of Spain are:

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Espaol). It has a federalstructure with a federation in each autonomous community, such as:

o Socialist Party of the Basque Country(Partido Socialista de Euskadi) in the BasqueCountry

Euskadiko Ezkerraalso in theBasque Country joined the PSE in 1991.o Socialists' Party of Galicia (Partido dos Socialistas de Galicia) in Galicia.o

Socialist Party of the Valencian Country (Partit Socialista del Pas Valenci) inValencia.o Socialists' Party of the Balearic Islands (Partit dels Socialistes de les Illes Balears) in

the Balearic Islands.

It does not have a federation in Catalonia, but an association with the Socialists' Party ofCatalonia (Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya).

People's Party (Partido Popular), formerly People's Coalition (Coalicin Popular), a coalitionofPeople's Alliance (Alianza Popular), Democratic People's Party (Partido DemcrataPopular) andLiberal Party (Partido Liberal)

Other parties with current representation in the Congress of Deputies, theSenate or in the EuropeanParliament:

Convergence and Union (Convergncia i Uni), coalition of:o Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (Convergncia Democrtica de Catalunya)o Democratic Union of Catalonia (Uni Democrtica de Catalunya)

Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea in Basque. Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya) United Left (Izquierda Unida), a coalition of parties around Communist Party of Spain

(Partido Comunista de Espaa). It has a federal structure with a federation in each autonomouscommunity but the Basque Autonomous Community and Catalonia, where it has an

association with.o Ezker Batua in the Basque Country.o Esquerra Unida i Alternativa in Catalonia.

Esquerra Unida i Alternativa usually runs in coalition with Initiative for Catalonia Greens(Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds).

Galician Nationalist Bloc (Bloque Nacionalista Galego) Canarian Coalition (Coalicin Canaria) Union, Progress and Democracy (Unin Progreso y Democracia) Nafarroa Bai (Navarre Yes) Navarrese People's Union Aragonese Party (Partido Aragons). Only in the Senate. PSM - Nationalist Agreement (PSM - Entesa Nacionalista). Only in the Senate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_registered_political_parties_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_registered_political_parties_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_registered_political_parties_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Basque_Country_%E2%80%93_Basque_Country_Lefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Basque_Country_%E2%80%93_Basque_Country_Lefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskadiko_Ezkerrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskadiko_Ezkerrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Valencian_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialists'_Party_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialists'_Party_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Coalition_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Alliance_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Popular_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Deputieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converg%C3%A8ncia_i_Uni%C3%B3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Autonomous_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezker_Batuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerra_Unida_i_Alternativahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_for_Catalonia_Greenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafarroa_Baihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarrese_People's_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSM_-_Nationalist_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_registered_political_parties_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_registered_political_parties_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Basque_Country_%E2%80%93_Basque_Country_Lefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskadiko_Ezkerrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Valencian_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialists'_Party_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialists'_Party_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Coalition_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Alliance_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Popular_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Deputieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converg%C3%A8ncia_i_Uni%C3%B3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Autonomous_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezker_Batuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerra_Unida_i_Alternativahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_for_Catalonia_Greenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafarroa_Baihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarrese_People's_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSM_-_Nationalist_Agreement


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[edit] Parties only in regional parliaments

Evolution of popular vote in the Spanish General Elections from the democratic transition until 2008.Voter turnout is usually high.

Parties with current representation only in any of the regional parliaments:

Aragonese Council (Chunta Aragonesista) Eusko Alkartasuna (Basque Socialdemocracy) Cantabrian Regionalist Party (Partido Regionalista de Cantabria) Majorcan Union (Uni Mallorquina) Citizens - Citizenship Party (Ciutadans - Partit de la Ciutadania) Valencian Nationalist Bloc (Bloc Nacionalista Valenci) Initiative of the Valencian People (Iniciativa del Poble Valenci) Aralar Party (Aralar) Coalition for Melilla (Coalicin por Melilla) Democratic Ceutan Union (Unin Demcrata Ceut) Navarrese People's Union (Unin del Pueblo Navarro) Batzarre Democrats Convergence of Navarre (Convergencia de Demcratas de Navarra) Riojan Party (Partido Riojano) Leonese People's Union (Unin del Pueblo Leons) Independent Popular Council of Formentera(Agrupaci Independent Popular de

Formentera) Bloc per Mallorca. Eivissa pel Canvi.

[edit] Coalitions

Nafarroa Bai, coalition of Eusko Alkartasuna, Aralar, Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) andBatzarre, only for the constituency ofNavarre.

Bloc per Mallorca, coalition at the regional and local elections of United Left, Majorca SocialistParty, Greens and Catalonia Republican Left for the island ofMajorca. Eivissa pel Canvi, coalition similar to the Bloc per Mallorca but for the island of Ibiza.

[edit] European Parliament election lists

Europe of the Peoples (Europa de los Pueblos), coalition at the European elections of centre-left, regional parties:ERC, Eusko Alkartasuna, CHA, PSA and CNC.

GalEusCa - Pueblos de Europa, coalition at the European elections. European Coalition(Coalicin Europea), coalition for European elections of centre-right,

regional parties such as CC, PAR, PA,UV, CDN and UM

[edit] Minor parties

Parties currently without representation in the parliament:
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pedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusko_Alkartasunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunta_Aragonesistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Party_of_Andalusia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Nationalist_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GalEusCa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pueblos_de_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalici%C3%B3n_Canariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Aragon%C3%A9shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Andalucistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Valencianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convengencia_de_Dem%C3%B3cratas_de_Navarra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Mallorquinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Spain&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales


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Alianza para el Desarrollo y la Naturaleza Alianza por la Unidad Nacional Aragonese Party (Partido Aragons) Andecha Astur Batzarre Bloque por Asturies

Candidatura d'Unitat Popular Coalicin Asturiana Ciudadanos Agobiados y Cabreados Ciudadanos En Blanco Coalicin Europea Coalicin Liberal - European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party Coalicin Galega Comunin Tradicionalista Conceju Nacionaliegu Cntabru Democracia Nacional Espaa 2000 Estat Catal Extremadura Unida Falange Autntica Falange Espaola de las JONS Frente Popular Galega Frente Nacional (National Front) Herritarren Zerrenda (legal in France, but not in Spain due to links with Batasuna / Herri

Batasuna) Republican Left (Izquierda Republicana) Iniciativa Socialista de Izquierdas Izquierda Asturiana Izquierda Castellana La Falange Los Parados Los Verdes Los Verdes de la Comunidad de Madrid Los Verdes Ecopacifistas Lucha Internacionalista Movimiento Social Republicano Ns-Unidade Popular(Us-People Unity) Nueva Izquierda Verde Otra Democracia Es Posible Partido Andalucista Partido Antitaurino Contra el Maltrato Animal (PACMA)

Partido Carlista, seeCarlism Partido Cannabis Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de Espaa (PCPE) Partido de Accin Socialista (PASOC) Partido de los Autnomos Jubilados y Viudas Partido del Bierzo Partido del Karma Democrtico Partido Demcrata Espaol Partido Familia y Vida Partido Humanista Partido Galeguista Partido Mutuo Apoyo Romntico Partido Obrero Socialista Internacionalista Partido Regionalista del Pas Leons (Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country)

Salamanca, Zamora, LenPREPAL Partu Asturianista
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alianza_para_el_Desarrollo_y_la_Naturaleza&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alianza_por_la_Unidad_Nacional&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andecha_Asturhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batzarrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloque_por_Asturies&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatura_d'Unitat_Popularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Asturiana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanos_Agobiados_y_Cabreadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanos_Agobiados_y_Cabreadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanos_En_Blancohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Europea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Liberal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Liberal,_Democrat_and_Reform_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Liberal,_Democrat_and_Reform_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Galega&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuni%C3%B3n_Tradicionalistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceju_Nacionaliegu_C%C3%A1ntabruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_Nacionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extremadura_Unida&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extremadura_Unida&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9nticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(current)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Popular_Galegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Front_(Spain,_2006)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herritarren_Zerrendahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iniciativa_Socialista_de_Izquierdas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iniciativa_Socialista_de_Izquierdas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_Asturianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_Castellanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Falangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Parados&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Verdeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Verdes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Verdes_Ecopacifistas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucha_Internacionalista&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucha_Internacionalista&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_Social_Republicanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3s-Unidade_Popularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3s-Unidade_Popularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nueva_Izquierda_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otra_Democracia_Es_Posiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Andalucistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Against_Bullfighting,_Cruelty_and_Mistreatment_to_Animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PACMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Carlistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Cannabishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_de_los_Pueblos_de_Espa%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Socialista&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PASOC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_de_los_Aut%C3%B3nomos_Jubilados_y_Viudas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_del_Bierzo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_del_Karma_Democr%C3%A1ticohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_del_Karma_Democr%C3%A1ticohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Dem%C3%B3crata_Espa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Familia_y_Vida&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Galeguistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Mutuo_Apoyo_Rom%C3%A1ntico&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Obrero_Socialista_Internacionalista&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Regionalista_del_Pa%C3%ADs_Leon%C3%A9shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalist_Party_of_the_Leonese_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREPALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Asturianistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Asturianistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alianza_para_el_Desarrollo_y_la_Naturaleza&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alianza_por_la_Unidad_Nacional&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andecha_Asturhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batzarrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloque_por_Asturies&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatura_d'Unitat_Popularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Asturiana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanos_Agobiados_y_Cabreadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanos_En_Blancohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Europea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Liberal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Liberal,_Democrat_and_Reform_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Galega&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuni%C3%B3n_Tradicionalistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceju_Nacionaliegu_C%C3%A1ntabruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_Nacionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extremadura_Unida&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9nticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(current)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Popular_Galegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Front_(Spain,_2006)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herritarren_Zerrendahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iniciativa_Socialista_de_Izquierdas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_Asturianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_Castellanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Falangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Parados&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Verdeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Verdes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Verdes_Ecopacifistas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucha_Internacionalista&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_Social_Republicanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3s-Unidade_Popularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nueva_Izquierda_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otra_Democracia_Es_Posiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Andalucistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Against_Bullfighting,_Cruelty_and_Mistreatment_to_Animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PACMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Carlistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Cannabishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_de_los_Pueblos_de_Espa%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Socialista&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PASOC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_de_los_Aut%C3%B3nomos_Jubilados_y_Viudas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_del_Bierzo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_del_Karma_Democr%C3%A1ticohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Dem%C3%B3crata_Espa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Familia_y_Vida&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Galeguistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Mutuo_Apoyo_Rom%C3%A1ntico&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Obrero_Socialista_Internacionalista&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Regionalista_del_Pa%C3%ADs_Leon%C3%A9shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalist_Party_of_the_Leonese_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREPALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Asturianista


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Por un Mundo ms Justo Por una Europa de los Trabajadores y los Pueblos- No a la Constitucion Europea -

coalition ofPCPE andLI-LIT.CI Prepal Tierra Comunera - partido nacionalista Castellano, Castilian nationalist party Unidad Cntabra

Unidad Regionalista Asturiana Unidad Regionalista de Castilla y Len Unin Centrista Liberal Unin del Pueblo Salmantino, Salamanca Uni Valenciana Unificacin Comunista de Espaa Zornotza Eginez (local) Zutik

[edit] Illegalized parties

ANV (EAE - ANV) Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas)

PCTV - EHAK Euskal Herritarrok has been made illegal by the Spanish Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal

Supremo), which regards it as part of the terrorist organisation,ETA. Herri Batasuna/Batasuna(the political branch ofETA)

(* Note: Batasuna is legal in France; it is however an association and not a political party)

Batasuna is in the list of terrorist organisations of US and EU.

Herritarren Zerrenda

[edit] Defunct major parties

Unin de Centro Democrtico, refounded as Centro Democrtico y Social (also defunct)(merged into Partido Popular)

Alianza Popular, refounded as Partido Popular Partido Demcrata Popular, absorbed into Coalicin Popular(Partido Popular) Partido Liberal, absorbed into Coalicin Popular(Partido Popular) Partit Socialista de Mallorca, absorbed intoPSM - Nationalist Entity Euskadiko Ezkerra, absorbed into Partido Socialista de Euskadi Confederacin Espaola de Derechas Autnomas the leading right-wing party of the

Second Spanish Republic Partido Reformista Democrtico Partido Socialista Popular Radical Republican Party

STRUCTURE OF SPAIN

Communi t ies , Prov inces and Munic ip ios?

As with the UK, Spain is broken up into a variety of increasingly smaller areas to ease althoughsometimes it seems as if the point is to increase the burden of administration and to ensure that the
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Por_un_Mundo_m%C3%A1s_Justo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Por_una_Europa_de_los_Trabajadores_y_los_Pueblos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Por_una_Europa_de_los_Trabajadores_y_los_Pueblos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_a_la_Constitucion_Europea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LI-LIT.CI&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LI-LIT.CI&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prepal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Comunerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_nacionalista_Castellano&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_C%C3%A1ntabrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unidad_Regionalista_Asturiana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unidad_Regionalista_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uni%C3%B3n_Centrista_Liberal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_del_Pueblo_Salmantinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Valencianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unificaci%C3%B3n_Comunista_de_Espa%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zornotza_Eginez&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Spain&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Basque_Homelandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herritarrokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herritarren_Zerrendahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Spain&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Centro_Democr%C3%A1ticohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Democr%C3%A1tico_y_Socialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Popularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Popular&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Popular&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca_Socialist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSM_-_Nationalist_Entityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSM_-_Nationalist_Entityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskadiko_Ezkerrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskadiko_Ezkerrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Socialista_de_Euskadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Derechas_Aut%C3%B3nomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Reformista_Democr%C3%A1tico&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Socialista_Popular_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republican_Partyhttp://www.timafremedia.co.uk/adserve/adclick.php?n=a3cd708ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Por_un_Mundo_m%C3%A1s_Justo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Por_una_Europa_de_los_Trabajadores_y_los_Pueblos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_a_la_Constitucion_Europea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LI-LIT.CI&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prepal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Comunerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_nacionalista_Castellano&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_C%C3%A1ntabrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unidad_Regionalista_Asturiana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unidad_Regionalista_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uni%C3%B3n_Centrista_Liberal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_del_Pueblo_Salmantinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Valencianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unificaci%C3%B3n_Comunista_de_Espa%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zornotza_Eginez&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Spain&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Basque_Homelandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskal_Herritarrokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herritarren_Zerrendahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Spain&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Centro_Democr%C3%A1ticohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Democr%C3%A1tico_y_Socialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Popularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Popular&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalici%C3%B3n_Popular&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca_Socialist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSM_-_Nationalist_Entityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskadiko_Ezkerrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Socialista_de_Euskadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Derechas_Aut%C3%B3nomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Reformista_Democr%C3%A1tico&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Socialista_Popular_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party


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wildly different areas and styles of living within the country are catered for at a local, as well as anational, level.

Spanish Administrative Districts

There are three main Administrative Levels within Spain, along with a fourth historical but little referred

to level.

Autonomous Community

The broadest level is that of the Autonomous Communities, which are regions with the ability to settheir own taxes and that have their own governments. The Canary Islands is the Community into whichLanzarote falls.

There are 18 Autonomous Communities, including Ceuta and Melilla, although these two cities whichare nestled on the northern coast of Africa, are more properly classed as two seperate autonomouscities, rather than as a combined community.

Province

At the next level we have the 52 Provinces, which are roughly equal to British Counties. Each provinceis allocated a number which along with other things forms the basis of the Spanish Post Codesystem.

Lanzarote is in Las Palmas Province, along with the islands of Fuerteventura and Las Palmas de GranCanaria. The ID for this province is 35, hence all post codes in Las Palmas start with this number, ie35550 for San Bartolom.

The other province in The Canary Islands is Tenerife, which contains the islands of Tenerife, LaGomera, El Hierro and La Palma.

Municipio

The smallest level of administrative control is the Municipio, which manages the everyday functionssuch as maintenance of local amenities, provision of local policing and refuse collection; much as adistrict council would in the UK.

These local districts are normally named after the most prominent town within them, although thefurther south you go in Spain, you find that generally the Municipios get smaller and in fact only includeone town.

Comarca

There is an additional, slightly obscure, level of administrative district in Spain known as a Comarca.This falls roughly between the province and municipio level. Basically it is a co-operative of localmunicipios and these days is not used much, other than for some commercial activities.

Islands

To further complicate matters, individual islands are treated separately for adminsitrative reasons andstatistics are available on a per-island basis as well.


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Resources

You can visit ourMunicipios of Lanzarote page for an introduction to each of the seven areas of theisland.

TheSpanish National Statistics Institute website has been very useful in preparing the information

for this page, especially with reference to Population figures, which are taken at 1st January 2004.

IX. Structure of the civil law Systems

Modern European Constitutionalism, the last of the Sub-Traditions that I have mentioned,represents my view of the Future of the Civil Law Tradition. It is mostly a post-Second Worldwar constitutional phenomenon.

Constitutional Schizophrenia? Or Careful Balancing?

Nation vs. Regions

Spanish vs. Cataln, Basque, etc.

De Facto powers: Military and the Church

Spanish Constitutional Court

Final jurisdiction on Constitutional matters

Must defer to the Supreme Court on matters of interpretation of other laws.

Located in Madrid, nationwide jurisdiction.

Spanish Constitutional Court: Membership

12 justices formally, but only nominally, appointed by the King.

Four elected by Congress by 3/5 majority.

Four by the Senate, by 3/5,

Two by the Government, and

Two by the General Council of the Judiciary.

Justices: lawyers w/15-years experience.

9-yr. terms, one third will be replaced every 3 years.

Constitutional Court Jurisdiction

1) Appeals against unconstitutional laws.
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2) Appeals for protection by citizens against actions by the government.

3) Official Appeals (Abstract norm control).

JUDICIAL REVIEW:

Constitutional court under Article IX of the Constitution and Article 1 of the Spanish civil code,has supreme authority to interpret and apply the laws. Its decisions have stare decisis effectand are binding generally.

The Regions of Spain

Constitutional Schizophrenia? Or Careful Balancing?

Art. 2: The Spanish nation is indissoluble, but it recognizes the right of the nationalities andregions of Spain to autonomy. [590].

Art. 3: Language: main official language is Castellano (castillian spanish), but regionallanguages are recognized as co-official languages. [586].

Regions

Fast-Track or Slow-Track

Federalism?

Article 148: institutions of self-government; town-planning; housing; public works; forestry;environmental protection; museums; libraries; cultural affairs; the regional languages; tourism;

sport and leisure; social welfare; health and hygiene; and non-commercial ports and airports.

Spanish Court System

Spanish Court Structure

Supreme Court: Located in Madrid, nationwide jurisdiction.

Superior Justice Courts: (17, one for each autonomous region); 3-judge panels.

Provincial Courts of Justice (51 provinces) Audiencias Provinciales

Courts of First Instance: One judge, sits in both criminal and civil cases.

Justice of the Peace Courts (Juzgados de Paz)

National Court of Justice (Audiencia Nacional)

Ordinary Courts: Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

Civil


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Criminal

Administrative

Labor (Social)

Military

-- While the majority of the traditional courts have Civil, Penal, Administrative and Socialchambers, military matters only appear at the Supreme Court Level.

Supreme Court: Civil Chamber

(1) Civil Appeals in cassation;

(2) Certain regular appeals and

(3) Extraordinary appeals.

(4) Some first instance jurisdiction: Enforcement of foreign judgments, Civil liability claimsagainst high executive or judicial officials.

Supreme Court: Criminal Chamber

Hears Criminal Appeals.

Administrative Chamber,

(1) Original trial as to cases against high public bodies such as the Council of the Judiciary orCouncil of Ministers;

(2)Cassation appeals from judicial-administrative decisions of the superior justice courts;

(3) Cassation appeals from decisions by the National Court of Justice;(4)appeals as provided by law.

Supreme Court: Labor/Social Chamber

(1) Cassation appeals;

(2)revision appeals

(3)extraordinary appeals.


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o (1) Appeals from decisions of courts of first instance within the province,o (2) conflict of jurisdiction matters and recusal.

Criminal

o (1) Try serious felony cases;o (2) Hear appeals from lower criminal courts.

Penal Supervision Courts

In each province, execute sentences, control prison discipline and protect rights or prisoners

Courts of First Instance: Civil

One judge, sits in both criminal and civil cases. Where the docket so requires, you can have

them separate.

(1) All civil cases,

(2) ex-parte matters not under another courts jurisdiction,

(3) appeals from Justice of the Peace courts. Juzgados de primera instancia

Courts of First Instance: Criminal

(1) try certain felony and misdemeanor cases (up to 6-yr. sentence);

(2) investigate cases to be tried by Provincial courts;

(3) hear appeals from lower courts. Juzgados de instruccin, New Criminal Courts, 88,Province.

Lower Courts

Lower Administrative Courts

Lower Labor Courts

Justice of the Peace Courts Juzgados de Paz.

Certain minor civil matters.

Criminal:

--misdemeanors.

--Minors courts: Juveniles

National Court of Justice Audiencia Nacional(Only one, in Madrid) Not involved in civil matters. Few cases as a criminal trial court; app. tothe Supreme Court.


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Chambers:

o Penalo Administrative Litigationo Social

Central Criminal Courts

Investigate cases to be heard by the National Ct.of Justice.

Has some original jurisdiction. Original jurisdiction over judicial-administrative matters issued byministers or secretaries of state. Original jurisdiction in cases of collective bargainingagreement effective in more than one region.

Spanish Constitutional Court Jurisdiction

Nationwide jurisdiction,

Located in Madrid.

Final jurisdiction on Constitutional matters, but must defer to the Supreme Court on matters ofinterpretation of other laws. Pantoja case.

Language Problems [597]

Castillian vs. Basque

Constitution of Spain: 3, 14, 23

Vizcaya vs. Diputacin Foral de Vizcaya

D. Comparative Litigation and Crime rates, 599-602

Civil:

We have more attorneys in private practice than almost anyone else in the world. How mightthis affect litigation rates?

D. Comparative Litigation and Crime rates, 599-602

Crime:

In the crime area, I pointed to the higher levers of violent crime here in the US, relative toWestern-European nations. Yes, I know that everyone was just dying to get into a debate aboutthe levels of violent crime in America and guns and all those fun things. Sorry. It is aninteresting subject, but not for this class.


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Culture of Honor?

Richard Nisbett, Dov Cohen (Contributor), Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in theSouth (New Directions in Social Psychology) (Westview Press 1996).

o Studied homicide rates in the US and blames Southern men, who have a much higher

incidence of killing someone they know, especially if they live in cities of less than200,000 people, for increased violence in America. The book is not new, it just gotrecent press because professor Nisbett has reported the results of studies he has beenconducting.

Excerpt

The report of Prof. Nisbett's work is excerpted in the web site. It came from: Psychology Today,September 19, 1997, SECTION: No. 5, Vol. 30; Pg. 34; BY Jones, Marian M., Unconventionalwisdom: a report from the ninth annual Convention of the American Psychological Society.

POLIT ICS OF SPAIN

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The Politics of Spain take place in the framework of a parliamentaryrepresentative democraticconstitutional monarchy, whereby the Monarch is theHead of State and thePresident of theGovernmentis thehead of government in amulti-party system.Executive poweris vested in thegovernment. Central legislative poweris vested in the two chambers of parliament. TheJudiciary is

independent of the executive and the legislature.Political developments

Evolution of popular vote in the Spanish General Elections from the democratic transition until 2008.Voter turnout is usually high.

Parliamentary democracywas restored following the death ofGeneral Franco in 1975, who hadruled since the end of the civil warin 1939. The 1978 constitution established Spain as aparliamentary monarchy, with the President of the Government(equivalent to Prime Minister)responsible to the bicameral Cortes Generales(Cortes) elected every 4 years. On 23 February 1981,in an event known as "23-F", rebel elements among thesecurity forces seized the Cortes and tried toimpose a military-backed government. However, the great majority of the military forces remained loyalto King Juan Carlos, who used his personal and constitutional authority as Commander-in-Chief of

the Armed Forces, to put down the bloodless coup attempt.

In October 1982, the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), led by Felipe Gonzlez Mrquez,swept both the Congress of Deputies and Senate, winning an absolute majority. Gonzlez and the
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PSOE ruled for the next 13 years. During that period, Spain joined NATOand the EuropeanCommunity. Spain also created new social laws

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