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Charles Darwin, widelyconsidered as one of the greatest and

most revolutionizing scientists in

history, was the British naturalist whoformulated the theory of evolution.Pre-Darwin, it was thought that each

species of life on earth came

individually and that none had everchanged its form. He confuted this

notion and demonstrated from his

research that evolution is the law of

nature and all living things on earthhave descended from common

ancestors who lived millions of years ago. He proved that animals and plants have evolved in an

orderly manner and keep on evolving even today.

Contributions and Achievements:

Darwin got his big break in 1831. A naturalist was needed to travel along on a scientific

expeditiona voyage around the world in the brigantine HMBS Beagle under the

supervision of Captain Fits Roy. Luckily, some of his Cambridge fellows also

recommended him for the place. The voyage took around five years.

Throughout this voyage, Darwin collected bones of extinct animals. He was curiousabout the relationship between the extinct animals and the existing ones. The unusual

marine iguana, the tortoises and the finches on the Galapagos Islands in the pacific

made him perplexed, since similar, yet rather distinct, forms of the same animals were

found on separate islands. These observations led to his legendary ideas on evolution.

After the return, Darwin moved to London for a while and compiled an account of his

travels. Darwin got married to his cousin Emma Wedgowood in 1839. The coupled

moved to Downe House in Kent in 1844. There, Darwin got a letter from the naturalist

Alfred Russel Wallace, who had made similar observations about evolution separately.

A collaborative report by Darwin and Wallace was published in 1858. Darwin publicized

the theory of evolution in his famous book, The Origin of Species by Natural Selection,

in 1859. The book, which asserted that all the varied forms of life on earth could, in the

course of time, have evolved from a common ancestry, was a huge success. Darwin

also commented that in the struggle for life, only the fittest creatures would survive

while others fail.

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The book became controversial due to its conflict with the religious belief about the

creation of the world. However, in later years, it was embraced by all biologists.

Darwins another book, The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication,

came out in 1868. It is considered to be his second most significant work. The book

maintains that man, by selective breeding, could make rather different breeds of

pigeons, dogs, and some species of plants also. His work also included The Various

Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects, Insectivorous Plants, The

Power of Movement in Plants, Descent of Man, and The Formation of Vegetable

Mould Through the Action of Worms.

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An Austrian biochemist

and author, ErwinChargaff is best known for

Chargaffs Rules whichlead to the discovery of

DNAs double helixstructure. He was born in

Bukowina, Austria-Hungary, but today, his

birthplace is referred to as

Chernivtsi, Ukraine. Hebecame an American

citizen in the year 1940,

and emigrated to the U.S. during the time when the Nazis were still very muchactive, and it was in the U.S. where he was able to come up with the discovery of

thymine and adenine amounts in DNA were about the same as the amount ofguanine and cystosine. This is now known as the third Chargaff rule and along

with two others, more about the DNA has been known because of the biochemistswork.

Scientific Contributions and Recognitions

Chargaff was able to publish several scientific papers which primarily dealt with studies concerning

nucleic acids like DNA. He used chromatographic techniques in his studies, and his interest in DNA

started after the identification of this molecule as the main basis of heredity. It was in 1944 when

Oswald Avery had made that discovery and this had prompted Chargaff to make studies of his own.

His studies which lead to the development of the famous Chargaffs Rules took long, and it was in

1950 when he was able to make the crucial elements which lead to the formation of his rules which

are as follows:

First, that the number of adenine or A residues are always equal to the number of thymine or T

residues;

Second, that the number of guanine or G residues are always equal to the number of cytosine or C

residues;

And third, that the number of purines or A and G combined and the number of pyrimidines or T and

C combined are always equal to each other (which is an obvious consequence of the first two rules).

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Chargaff had also determined that the same findings hold true even if the ratio of pyrimidines and

purines may differ from one kind of living organism to another. When combined with the findings of

Rosalind Franklin about the diffraction studies on DNA, it was also determined how base-paring

between A and T as well as G and C is what is behind the double -helix structure of the DNA and

that no other combinations of these residues are possible. He explained the same findings to Francis

Crick and James Watson who were then the ones who enlightened the world about the double-helix

DNA structure.

Chargaffs research had been the springboard of many biology and heredity studies. However, his

studies were not limited to DNA-related concerns. He also studied lipids, plant nucleotides, inositol

and amino acid metabolism, and about the enzymes responsible for blood coagulation. Despite not

being credited for the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA which won a Nobel Prize,

Chargaff had many other achievements such as the Pasteur Medal in 1949, Carl Neuberg Medal in

1958, Charles Leopold Mayer Prize in 1963, Heineken Prize in 1964, and the Gregor Mendel Medal

in 1973 among others.

Both he and his wife Vera Broido Chargaff died in New York. He lived alone for a few years in his

parkside apartment, and on the 20 thof June in 2002, he died in a New York hospital at the age of 96.

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Si Amado Vera Hernndez(13 Setyembre

190324 Marso 1970) ay isang makata at

manunulat sawikang Tagalog.Kilala rin siya

bilang "Manunulat ng mga Manggagawa",

sapagkat isa siyang pinuno ng mga Pilipinong

manggagawa at sa kaniyang mga pagpuna at

pagsusuri sa mga kawalan ng katarungang

naganap sa Pilipinas noong kaniyang

kapanahunan. Nakulong siya dahil sa

pakikipagugnayan niya sa mga kilusang

makakomunista. Siya ang punong tauhan sa

isang bukod-tanging kasong panghukuman natumagal ng 13 taon bago nagwakas.

Bilang Manunulat

Noong kaniyang kabinataan, nagsimula na siyang magsulat sa wikang Tagalog para sa

pahayagang Watawat(Flag). Nang lumaon ay nagsulat siya ng para sa mgaPagkakaisaat naging

patnugot ngMabuhay. Napukaw ng kaniyang mga sulatin ang pansin ng mga dalubhasa sa

wikang Tagalog at ilan sa kaniyang mga salaysayin at tula ay napabilang sa mga antolohiya,

katulad ngParolang Gintoni Clodualdo del Mundo at ngTalaang Bughawni Alejandro

Abadilla. Noong 1922, sa gulang na 19, naging kabahagi si Hernandez ng samahan pampanitikannaAklatang Bayanna kinabibilang ng mga kilalang manunulat sa Tagalog na sinaLope K.

Santos atJose Corazon de Jesus.

Sinalaysay ni Hernandez sa kanyang mga akda ang pakikipagsapalaran at pakikibaka ng mga

manggagawang Pilipino. Minsan siyang napiit dahil sa salang sedisyon, at habang nasa loob ng

kulungan, naisulat niya ang "Isang Dipang Langit", ang isa sa mga mahahalaga niyang tula.

Nakilala rin si Hernandez sa kanyang mga nobelang gaya ng "Ang Ibong Mandaragit", at "Luha

ng Buwaya". Ang ilan sa kanyang maikling kuwento ay natipon sa isang tomo na pinamagatang

"Langaw sa Isang Basong Tubig at Ibang Kuwento". Nagturo din siya sa Pamantasan ngPilipinas. Kakikitaan ng diwang makabayan ang marami niyang tula at nobela: lantad sa mga ito

ang makatarungang poot sa pagiging tila isang kolonya ng Estados Unidos ang kaniyang bansang

Pilipinas. Naipakulong siya niElpidio Quirino dahil sa bintang na pagiging mapanghimagsik.

http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tagaloghttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lope_K._Santoshttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lope_K._Santoshttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Corazon_de_Jesushttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirinohttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirinohttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Corazon_de_Jesushttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lope_K._Santoshttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lope_K._Santoshttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tagalog

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Si Lope K. Santosay isa sa mgadakilang manunulat sa wikang

Tagalog. Siya ay nobelista,

makata, abogado, kritiko, lider

obrero, at itinuturing na Ama ng

Pambansang Wika at Balarila.

Si Santos ay isinilang sa Pasig,

dating sakop ng Rizal, noong 25

Setyembre 1879. Namatay siSantos noong 1 Mayo 1963. Si

Santos ay supling nina Ladislao

Santos na tubong Pasig at

Victoria Canseco na tubong San Mateo, Rizal. Noong 10 Pebrero 1900, ikinasal si

L.K. Santos kay Simeona Salazar na nagbigay sa kaniya ng limang supling.

Mga Akda

Kabilang sa mga akda ni Santos angAng PangginggeraatBanaag at Sikatnapawang inilathalang muli ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Press para sa bagong

henerasyon ng mambabasa. Ang kaniyang mga tula, nobela, kuwento, sanaysay, atkritika ay lumabas din sa mga pahayagan at magasing pinamatnugutan niya, gaya

ngMuling Pagsilang,Ang Mithi,Lipang Kalabaw,atSampaguita.Naging

manunulat si L.K. Santos saRenacimiento Filipino na pumalit sa dating ElRenacimiento na wikang Espanyol ang ginagamit.

Ang kaniyangBalarila ng Wikang Pambansa,na kauna-unahang aklat hinggil sa

wikang Tagalog na sinulat ng isang manunulat na Tagalog, ay naging sanggunianng mga pag-aaral at pagpapaunlad ng wikang Filipino.

http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ang_Pangginggera&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ang_Pangginggera&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ang_Pangginggera&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Banaag_at_Sikathttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Banaag_at_Sikathttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Banaag_at_Sikathttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Muling_Pagsilang&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ang_Mithi&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Lipang_Kalabawhttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Sampaguitahttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Renacimiento_Filipino&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Balarila_ng_Wikang_Pambansahttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Balarila_ng_Wikang_Pambansahttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Balarila_ng_Wikang_Pambansahttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Balarila_ng_Wikang_Pambansahttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Renacimiento_Filipino&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Sampaguitahttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Lipang_Kalabawhttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ang_Mithi&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Muling_Pagsilang&action=edit&redlink=1http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Banaag_at_Sikathttp://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ang_Pangginggera&action=edit&redlink=1