Adana - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Adana

Metropolitan Municipality

Top left: Varda Viaduct, Top right: ukurova, Middle left: Takpr

(Adana), Middle right: Adana station, Botto m left: Dilberler Sekisi

in Adana, Bottom right: Sabanc Merkez Camii

Location of Adana

Coordinates: 370N 3519.28E

Country Turkey

Region Mediterranean

Province Adana

Founded 6000BC (8013 years ago)

Incorporated 1871 (141 years ago)

Districts Seyhan, Yreir, ukurova,Saram, Karaisal

Government

Type Mayor-council government Body Adana Metropolitan

Municipality

Mayor Zihni Aldrmaz (acting)

Area

Total 2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi)

Elevation 23 m (75 ft)

Population

(2012)[1]1,636,229}

Density 606.01/km2 (1,569.6/sq mi)

Time zone EET (UTC+2)

Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)

Postal code 01xxx

Area code(s) 0322

Licence plate 01

Website http://www.adana.bel.tr(http://www.adana.bel.tr/?dil=en)

AdanaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Adana (pronounced [ada.na]), is a city in southern Turkey and a major agricultural and commercial center.It is the fifth most populous city in Turkey. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, 30 km inland from theMediterranean Sea, in south-central Anatolia. It is the administrative seat of the Adana Province and has apopulation of 1.6 million, making it the most populated city of the region. Adana-Mersin metropolitanarea, with a population of over 3 million, stretches over 70 km from east to west and 25 km from north tosouth; encompassing the cities of Mersin, Tarsus and Adana.

Adana lies in the heart of ukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region that covers theprovinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. Home to approximately six million people,[2] theregion is mostly a large stretch of flat, fertile land regarded as one of the most agriculturally productive

areas of the world.[citation needed]

Contents

1 Etymology2 Geography

2.1 Climate3 History

3.1 Middle Ages3.2 Modern era3.3 Chronology

4 Governance4.1 Metropolitan Municipality4.2 Districts4.3 Neighborhoods

5 Economy5.1 Commerce5.2 Agriculture5.3 Manufacturing

6 Demographics7 Cityscape

7.1 Architecture7.2 Parks and gardens

8 Society and culture8.1 People8.2 Cuisine

9 Arts and entertainment9.1 Performing arts9.2 Museums and art galleries9.3 Festivals9.4 Nightlife9.5 Sports

10 Contemporary life10.1 Media10.2 Shopping

11 Education11.1 Universities

12 Healthcare13 Transportation

13.1 Intercity transport13.2 Local transport13.3 Cycling and walkability

14 International relations15 See also16 References17 Further reading18 External links

Etymology

According to numerous sources, the name Adana is derived from the Hittite URUAdaniya of Kizzuwatna,[3] while others assert that it is related to the legendary

character Danaus, or to the Danaoi, a mythological Greek tribe who came from Egypt[citation needed] and established themselves in the Greek city Argos.The

earlier Egyptian texts for a countryDanaja are inscriptions from Thutmosis II (1437 BC) and Amenophis III (1390-1352 BC).[4] After the collapse of theMycenean civilization (1200 BC) some refugeees from the Aegean area went to the coast of Cilicia. The inhabitantsDananayim orDanuna are identified as one

Coordinates: 370N 3519.28E

a - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w

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group of the sea-peoples who attacked Egypt on 1191 BC during the reign of Ramesses III.[5] Denyen are identified as inhabitants of the city Adana. It is alsopossible that the name is connected with the PIE da-nu (river)Da-na-vo (people living by the river), Scythian nomad people, water demons in Rigveda

(Danavas).[6]

In theIliadof Homer, the city is calledAdana. In Hellenistic times, it was known asAntiochia in Cilicia () orAntiochia ad Sarum(; "Antiochia on the Sarus"). The editors ofThe Helsinki Atlas tentatively identify Adana as Quw (as contained in cuneiform tablets),the Neo-Assyrian capital of Quw province. The name also appears as Coa, and may be the place referred to in the Bible, where King Solomon obtained horses.

(I Kings 10:28; II Chron. 1:16).[7] The Armenian name of the city isAtana or Adana.

According to an ancient Greco-Roman legend, the name has its origins in Adanus and Sarus, the two sons of Uranus, who came to a place near the Seyhan

(Sarus) River, where they built Adana.[8] An older legend relates the city's name to Adad (also known as Tesup or Ishkur), the Thunder God in the Akkadian,

Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian and Hittite mythologies, who was believed to live in the nearby forest, and whose name was given to the region.[citation needed]The Hittites' names and writings have been found in the area, evidencing this possibility. The theory goes that since the Thunder God brought so much rain andthis rain in turn brought such great abundance in this particular region, this god was loved and respected by its inhabitants and, in his honor, the region wascalled the "Uru Adaniyya"; in other words "the Region of Ada".

Adana's name has had many different versions over the centuries: Adanos, Ta Adana, Uru Adaniya, Erdene, Edene, Ezene, Batana, Atana, Azana, Addane.

Geography

Adana is located at the northeastern edge of the Mediterranean, where it serves as the gateway to the ukurova plain, which has historically been known in theWest as the Cilicia plain. This large stretch of flat, fertile land lies southeast of the Taurus Mountains.

From Adana, crossing the ukurova westwards, the road from Tarsus enters the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. The temperature decreases with every foot ofascent, as the road reaches an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m). It goes through the famous Cilician Gates, the rocky pass through which armies havecoursed since the dawn of history, and continues to the Anatolian plain.

The north of the city is surrounded by the Seyhan reservoir and HEP, which was completed in 1956. The dam was constructed for hydroelectric power (HEP)and to irrigate the lower ukurova plain. Two irrigation channels in the city flow to the plain, passing through the city center from east to west. There is anothercanal for irrigating the Yreir plain to the southeast of the city.

The 37th parallel north passes through the city.

Climate

Adana has a typical Mediterranean climate (Kppen: Csa). Winters are mild and wet and summers are hot and dry. The highest recorded temperature was on 8July 1978 with 44.0 C (111.2 F). The lowest recorded temperature was 8.1 C (17.4 F).

Climate data for Adana

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high C (F)

23.0

(73.4)

25.0

(77)

32.0

(89.6)

37.5

(99.5)

40.6

(105.1)

41.3

(106.3)

44.0

(111.2)

43.8

(110.8)

43.2

(109.8)

39.4

(102.9)

33.3

(91.9)

30.8

(87.4)

44

(111.2)

Average high C (F)15.1

(59.2)16.2

(61.2)19.6

(67.3)23.8

(74.8)28.2

(82.8)31.7

(89.1)33.7

(92.7)34.5

(94.1)33.1

(91.6)29.1

(84.4)22.4

(72.3)16.7

(62.1)25.34

(77.63)

Average low C (F)5.5

(41.9)6.1(43)

8.6(47.5)

12.3(54.1)

16.1(61)

20.2(68.4)

23.6(74.5)

23.8(74.8)

20.8(69.4)

16.3(61.3)

10.8(51.4)

7.1(44.8)

14.27(57.67)

Record low C (F)8.1

(17.4)

6.4

(20.5)

3.6

(25.5)

1.3

(29.7)

5.6

(42.1)

12.6

(54.7)

16.8

(62.2)

14.8

(58.6)

10.9

(51.6)

4.8

(40.6)

1.0

(30.2)

3.5

(25.7)

8.1

(17.4)

Precipitation mm (inches)108.7(4.28)

88.1(3.469)

66.9(2.634)

58.2(2.291)

46.2(1.819)

21.5(0.846)

11.9(0.469)

10.2(0.402)

15.6(0.614)

42.7(1.681)

81.0(3.189)

139.1(5.476)

690.1(27.17)

Avg. rainy days 10.1 10.4 10.0 9.4 6.6 2.9 1.0 0.7 2.6 5.6 7.2 10.8 77.3

% humidity 60 59 56 59 59 61 60 60 55 49 50 60 57.3

Mean monthly sunshine hours 145.7 145.6 179.8 207 282.1 315 328.6 316.2 264 223.2 171 139.5 2,717.7

Source #1: Devlet Meteoroloji Isleri Genel Mudurlugu[9]

Source #2: Climate and Temperature[10]

History

The history of the Tepeba tumulus in the middle of Adana dates to the Neolithic Period, 6000 B.C., and the time of the first human settlements. It is consideredto be the oldest city of the ukurova region. A place calledAdana is mentioned by name in a Sumerian epic, the Epic of Gilgamesh, but the geography of thiswork is too imprecise to identify its location.

According to the Hittite inscription of Kava, found in Hattusa (Boazkale), Kizzuwatna was the first kingdom that ruled Adana, under the protection of theHittites by 1335 BC. At that time, the name of the city was Uru Adaniyya, and the inhabitants were called Danuna. Beginning with the collapse of the HittiteEmpire, c. 1191-1189 BC, invasions from the west caused a number of small kingdoms to take control of the plain, as follows: Quw Assyrians, 9th century BC;Persians, 6th century BC; Alexander the Great in 333 BC; Seleucids; the pirates of Cilicia; Roman statesman Pompey the Great; and the Armenian Kingdom ofCilicia (Cilician Kingdom).

The history of Adana is intrinsically linked to the history of Tarsus; they often seem to be the same city, moving as the neighbouring Seyhan River changed its


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Adana Castle and Kavalal Mehmet Ali

Paa's troops entering the city from

Takpr.

position. Their respective names also changed over the course of the centuries. Adana was of relatively minor importance during the Roman's influential period,while nearby Tarsus was the metropolis of the area. During the e ra of Pompey, the city was used as a prison for the pirates of Cilicia. For several centuriesthereafter, it was a waystation on a Roman military road leading to the East. After the permanent split of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, the area became a partof the Byzantine Empire, and was probably developed during the t ime of Julian the Apostate. With the construction of large bridges, roads, governmentbuildings, irrigation and plantation, Adana and Cilicia became the most developed and important trade centers of the region. Ayas (today Yumurtalk), andKozan (formerly Sis) were the other major urban and administrative centers in the area, especially during the period of the Cilicians.

Middle Ages

In the mid-7th century, the city was captured by the Arabs. According to an Arab historian of that era,[11] the name of the city was derived from Ezene, theprophet Yazene's grandson.

The Byzantines recaptured Adana in 964. After the victory of Alp Arslan at the Batt le of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuq Turks overran much of the ByzantineEmpire. They had reached and captured Adana sometime before 1071 and continued to hold the place until Tancred, a leader of the First Crusade, captured thecity in 1097.

In 1132, it was captured by the forces of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, under its king, Leo I. It was taken by Byzantine forces in 1137, but the Armeniansregained it around 1170. In 1268, there was a terrible earthquake which destroyed much of the city. Adana was rebuilt and remained a part of the Kingdom ofCilician Armenia until 1359, when the city was ceded by Constantine III to the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in return for obtaining a peace treaty. The Mamluks'capture of the city allowed many Turkish families to settle in it. The Ramadanids family, one of the Oghuz families brought by the Mamluks, ruled Adana untilthe Ottomans captured the city. The Ramadanid family still remains as a prominent family to this day, as Onur family after the surname revolution.

Modern era

From the end of the Renaissance to the modern era (15171918), the Ottoman Empire ruled the area.

In the 1830s, in order to secure Egypt's independence from the Ottoman Empire, the army of Muhammad Ali Pasha,the vali of Ottoman Egypt and Sudan, invaded Syria on two occasions, and reached the Adana plain. The soldiers ofMuhammad Ali Pasha destroyed Adana Castle and the Walls, a major hit to city's history. The subsequent peacetreaty secured Egypt's independence, but (at the insistence of Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia) requiredthe evacuation of all Egyptian forces from Syria, and its return to Ottoman sovereignty. In the aftermath, Adana wasestablished as a province in its own right.

The Adana massacre occurred in the Ottoman Vilayet of Adana in April 1909. A religious-ethnic clash in the

province amid governmental upheaval resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district.[12]

Reports estimated that the massacres in the entire Vilayet of Adana resulted in about 25,000 deaths.[13] In 1915,

Ottoman troops rounded up all Armenians (approx. 20,000[14]) living in the city of Adana and marched them outinto the Syrian desert in the course of the Armenian Genocide, resulting in the complete eradication of the Armeniancommunities in and around the city.

After World War I, the Ottoman government surrendered control of the city to French troops, and the four battalions of the French Armenian Legion were sent

to occupy Adana and oversee the repat riation of Armenian refugees. The French forces were, however, spread too thinly in the region and, as they came underwithering attacks by Muslim elements both opposed and loyal to Mustafa Kemal Pasha, eventually reversed their policies in the region. The Armenian Legionwas gradually disbanded, the repatriation was halted, and the French ultimately abandoned all pretensions to Cilicia, which they had originally hoped to attach

to their mandate over Syria.[15] On October 20, 1921, the Treaty of Ankara was signed between France and the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Based on theterms of the agreement, France recognized the end of the Cilicia War, and French t roops together with the remaining Armenian volunteers withdrew from the

city on January 5, 1922.[16]

On 30 January 1943, British prime minister Winston Churchill secretly met with Turkish president smet nn inside a train wagon at the Yenice Station, 23kilometres outside of Adana (the so-called Adana Meeting or Adana Conference). Churchill wanted Turkey to join the Second World War on the side of theAllies; the details of which were later discussed at the Second Cairo Conference in December 1943, which was attended by nn, Churchill and Roosevelt.

The city was hit by a 6.2 magnitude earthquake (1998 Adana-Ceyhan earthquake) on June 27, 1998. The disaster killed 145 and left 1,500 people wounded and

many thousand homeless in the city. The total economic loss was estimated about US$ 1 billion.[17]

Chronology

Luvi Kingdom (1900 BC), Hittite Empire (1900-1200 BC), Assyrian Empire (713-663 BC), Persian Empire (550-333 BC), Hellenistic (333-323 BC), SeleucidEmpire (312-133 BC), Pirates of Cilicia (178-112 BC), Romans (112-95 and 55 BC - 395 AD), Armenian Kingdom under the reign of Tigranes the Great (95-55BC) Byzantines (395-638; 964-1071), Abbasids, Great Seljuq Empire, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (10781359), Mamluks, Ramadanid Principality, OttomanEmpire, Republic of Turkey.

Governance

The city of Adana is referred as the area that is within the borders of Adana Metropolitan Municipality. This area covers 30 km (18.64 mi) around the City Hall

excluding the areas out of the Province.[18] Four levels of government are involved in the administration of the city; national government, provincialadministration, metropolitan municipality and the district municipalities. Government of Turkey in Ankara holds most of the power; health, education, policeand many other city related services are administered by Ankara through an appointed Governor. National government is also the law-maker, adjudicator andauditor of all the other levels of government and the neighborhood administration. Semi-democratic provincial governing body, Adana Province SpecialAdministration, has minor powers, dealing mainly with construction and maintenance of primary schools, daycares and other state buildings and some level of


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Old City Hall

Metropolitan Hall

Districts of the city within

the province

ukurova district

social services.[19] Municipal governance is held in two-tier structure; Metropolitan Municipality forms the upperand the district municipalities form the lower tier. Metropolitan municipality takes care of construction and

maintenance of major roads and parks, operating local transit and fire services.[20] District municipalities areresponsible from neighborhood streets, parks, operating garbage collection and cemetery services. The districtmunicipalities are further divided into neighborhoods(mahalle), the smallest administrative units of the city.

Metropolitan Municipality

Adana Municipality was incorporated in 1871 though the city was continued tobe governed with the muhtesip system until 1877 by the first mayor GzlklSleyman Efendi. First modern municipal governance had begun with the second mayor Kirkor Bezdikyan and thesuccessor Sinyor Artin. The roads were widened and paved with cobblestone, drainage canals and t renches were opened,more importantly first municipal regulations were put in effect. After the foundation of the republic, major infrastructureprojects were completed and first planned neighborhoods were built north of the city. Turhan Cemal Beriker served as themayor and the governor for 12 years at this period. With the completion of Seyhan Dam in 1956, the city had seen explosivegrowth and seeing special interest from then prime minister Adnan Menderes who initiated large-scale infrastructureprojects like citywide underground sewer systems and rezoning of residential areas into roads and public spaces. From 1984to present, cityscape has seen revolutionary changes with the revitalization of Seyhan river and the construction of large

parks and boulevards.[21]

Metropolitan Municipality Law was introduced in 1989 and the municipal governance was split between metropolitanmunicipality and district municipalities. Adana Municipality then became the Metropolitan Municipality and two newdistrict municipalities were founded; Seyhan and Yreir. Karaisal was annexed to the city in 2006, ukurova and Saramdistricts were founded in 2008 by the partitioning of Seyhan and Yreir districts respectively. On February 3, 2012, KarataMunicipal Council accepted a motion to amalgamate the municipality with Adana, hence Karata will become the sixth

district of the city after the transition process is completed.[22]

Metropolitan municipality consists of three organs; Metropolitan Council, Mayor and the Encmen. Each district municipal council elects one-fifth of theirmembers to represent the district at the metropolitan council. Thus, metropolitan council consists of 35 councillors, 10 from Seyhan district, 8 from Yreir, 8

from ukurova, 6 from Saram, 2 from Karaisal and the metropolitan mayor who is elected directly by the voters.[23] Encmen, the executive committee,consists of 10 members, 5 being metropolitan councillors and the other 5 are the directors at the metropolitan hall who are appointed to the Encmen by the

metropolitan mayor.[24]

Ayta Durak is the mayor of Adana and the longest serving city mayor in Turkey currently at his fifth term. Following a verbal allegation made by a

metropolitan councillor against him, Durak was suspended from mayoral duties on March 28, 2010 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Ankara.[25] CouncillorZihni Aldrmaz is elected by the council to serve as the Acting Mayor until the investigations are completed.

Districts

The City of Adana consists of the municipal sections of the 5 metropolitan districts; Seyhan, Yreir, ukurova, Saram and Karaisal. Seyhan district is fullywithin the city limits whereas Yreir, ukurova, Saram and Karaisal districts have rural areas outside the city.

Seyhan district, located west of Seyhan River, is the cultural and business center of the city. D-400 state road (also called TurhanCemal Beriker Boulevard within the city limits) is like an economical border dividing the district into north and south. Seyhan'snorth of D-400, is economically the most developed part of the city. Along D-400, hotels, cultural centers, commercial and publicbuildings line up. Old town, located south of D-400, is the market place where traditional and modern shops serve the residents.South of the old town is a low-income residential area.

ukurova district, not to be confused with the ukurova region, is a modern residentialdistrict that lies north of the Seyhan district and south of the Seyhan Reservoir. Thedistrict was planned in mid-1980s to direct the urban sprawl to low-fertile 3,000 hectareland north of the city. Named as New Adana, the project consisted of 200,000 homesincluding villas along the lake shore and high-rise apartment buildings along the newly

opened wide boulevards of Turgut zal, Sleyman Demirel and Kenan Evren. [26]

Yreir district, located east of the river, consists mainly of low-income residential areas

and large scale industries. With the construction of new bridges on the river and theextension of metro line to the district, Yreir became increasingly important, Adana

Court of Justice re-locating to the district and 47.5 hectare health campus planned to be built at the Kazm Karabekir

neighborhood.[27] An extensive urban redevelopment plan is under effect in the district which will convert the

neighborhoods of Sinanpaa, Yavuzlar, Kprl and Kla into modern residential areas.[28]

District of Saram lies north and east of Yreir, consisting of former municipalities that are amalgamated to the City of Adana in 2008. Some of the largeinstitutions of the city are in Saram: ukurova University, ncirlik Air Base and the Organized Industrial Region.

Karaisal is a small district outside the urban area, lying north of the Seyhan Reservoir. The district is largely rural, includes large recreational areas along theSeyhan river and cottage country at the high lands to the north.

Neighborhoods


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Gzelyal

Alper Aknolu Congress Center

ATO facility at Dilberler Sekisi

Hilton Hotel

Neighborhoods (Mahalle) are administrative units within the district municipalities and are administered by themuhtar and the Neighborhood Seniors Council. Although elected by the neighborhood residents, muhtar is notgranted any powers, thus function as an administrator of the national government. Muhtar can voiceneighborhood issues to the district municipality and do have a seat at the Adana City Assembly, an umbrella

organization for the coordination of public institutions in the city.[29] Despite the fact that neighborhoodadministration can not provide social services nor have funding to increase the involvement of the residents inthe neighborhood issues, many residents still like to identify themselves strongly with their neighborhoodsespecially at the low-income areas.

There are a total of 254 neighborhoods in the city. Seyhan has 99 neighborhoods, 69 of them in the urban areaand 30 are the neighborhoods of the former municipalities and the former villages that are converted into

neighborhoods. Yreir has 99 neighborhoods, 38 in the urban area and 61 rural. There are 29 neighborhoods in Saram, 16 neighborhoods in ukurova and 11in Karaisal district. Population of a neighborhood can range from 150 to 63,000 depending on if the neighborhood is in the core urban area or in the rural

areas.[30] Some neighborhoods, especially in the ukurova district, are very large, almost at the size of a town, making residents access to muhtars difficult.

Tepeba, Kayalba, Kurukpr, Ulucami, Saryakup and Alidede are the historical neighborhoods of Adana. The planned neighborhoods of the republican era,Reatbey, Cemalpaa, Kurtulu and narl are the core of cultural life in the city. Gzelyal, Karsllar and Kurttepe are the scenic neighborhoods overlooking tothe Seyhan reservoir.

Economy

Adana is one of the first industrialized cities, as well as one of the economically developed cities of Turkey. A mid-size trading city until mid-1800s, the city hasseen attraction from European traders after the major cotton supplier, USA, turmoiled with Civil War. ukurova farmers exported agricultural products for thefirst time and thus started building capital. By the start of the 20th century, factories almost all processing cotton, began to operate in the region. Factories wereshut down and economy of the city had gone into deep silence in 1915, after the deportation of Armenians who ran most of the businesses in the city.Foundation of the republic, again accelerated the growth of industrialization by re-activation of closed plants and opening of state-owned new ones. With the

construction of Seyhan Dam and improvements in agricultural techniques, there was an explosive growth in agricultural production during 1950s. Large-scaleindustries were built along D-400 state road and Karata road. Service industry, especially banking, also developed during this period.[31] Rapid growth of theeconomy continued until mid-1980s and was accompanied with the rise of capitalistic greed which att racted movie makers to the region, filming incomeinequalities and the abuse of wealth.

Extensive neo-liberal policies by then Prime Minister Turgut zal to centralize the country's economy, caused almost all Adana-based companies to move theirheadquarters to Istanbul. The decline in cotton planting in the region, raised the raw material cost for the manufacturing, thus city has seen a wave of plant

closures starting from mid-1990s.[32] Identity crisis of the young professionals fleeing the city at the times of heightened illusions, further contributed to makeAdana the top city of Turkey in brain drain. Financial and human capital flight from Adana further increased since 2002 with the current na tional governingparty, AKP, due to neo-liberal centralization policies similar to zal's and in addition, hidden policy to not to invest major projects to a city that is not aligned

with AKP version of conservatism. In 2010, unemployment in the city reached a record high of %19.1.[33] After 20 years of stagnation, the economy of Adanais picking up recently with investments in the tourism and service industry, wholesale and retail sectors and the city is re-shaping as a regional center.

Adana was named among the 25European Regions of the Future for 2006/2007 by Foreign Direct Investmentmagazine. Chosen alongside Kocaeli for Turkey,Adana scored the highest points for cost effect iveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the

categories of human resources and quality of life.[34]

Commerce

A leading commercial center in southern Turkey, city hosts regional headquarters of many corporates and publicinstitutions. TYAP Exhibition and Congress Center hosts fairs, business conferences and currently it is the main

meeting point for businesses in ukurova.[35] Academic oriented 2000-seater Alper Aknolu Congress Center is

expected to open in 2012 at ukurova University campus.[36]

Adana Chamber of Commerce (ATO) was founded in 1894 to guideand regulate the cotton trade back then and it is one of the oldest of itskind in Turkey. Today the Chamber has more than 25,000 membercompanies, furthers the interests of businesses and advocates on behalf

of them.[37]Adana Commodity Exchange, founded in 1913, functions

mainly to organize the trade of agricultural produce and livestock in asecure and open manner. Exchange has currently 1350 members and it

is located across the Metropolitan Theatre Hall.[38]

Tourism industry is developing as many hotels are being built on thebanks of Seyhan River and in the city center. Designation of coastalareas of Ceyhan and Yumurtalk districts as Energy-specific IndustrialAreas has made Adana an attraction for hotel building. Current capacity

of 29 hotels hosting 4200 guests will double in two years; total number of hotel beds rising to 8400.[39] Current5-star hotels of the city, Hilton, Seyhan and Srmeli will be complemented by Sheraton and Trkmen hotels on theriver bank, Ramada and Divan hotels in the city center, Anemon hotel at the west end which are all currently under

construction.[40]

Agriculture


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TEMSA Diamond

Historical population

Year Pop. %

1885 69,266 1927 72,577 +4.8%

1955 100,367 +38.3%1980 574,515 +472.4%2000 1,130,710 +96.8%

2011 1,617,284 +43.0%

Adana is the marketing and distribution center for ukurova agricultural region, where cotton, wheat, corn, soybean, barley, grapes and citrus fruits are produced in great quantities. Farmers of Adana produce half of the corn and

soy bean in Turkey. 34% of Turkey's peanut and 29% of Turkey's orange is harvested in Adana.[41] Most of thefarming and agricultural-based companies of the region have their offices in Adana. Producer co-operatives playedsignificant role in the economy of the city. ukobirlik, Turkey's largest producer co-operative, has 36064 producermembers in 10 provinces and services from planting to marketing of cotton, peanut, soybean, sunflower and

canola.[42]

Adana Agriculture Fair is the region's largest fair attracting more than 100 thousand visitors from 20 nations. Thefair hosts agriculture, livestock, poultry and dairy businesses. Greenhouse and Gardening Fair also takes place at thesame time in part of the Agriculture Fair. Fair is organized on a 3.5 hectare area at TYAP Exhibition Center every

year in October.[43]

Manufacturing

Adana is an industrialized city where large-scale industry is based mostly on agriculture. Textile and leather are the major industry constituting 29% of Adana's

manufacturing,[44] plant oil and processed food manufacturing plants are also numerous. As of 2008, Adana has 11 companies in Turkey's top 500 industrial

firms.[45] The largest company of Adana, Temsa Global, in automotive manufacturing, has more than 2,500 employees and manufactures 4,000 buses annually.

Marsan-Adana is the largest margarine and plant oil factory in Turkey.[46] Advansa Sasa is Europe's largest polyester manufacturer employing 2,650.[47]

Organized Industrial Region of Adana has an area of 1,225 hectar and hosts almost 300 plants, mostly medium-scale.

Demographics

The population of the city of Adana as of December 31, 2012 is 1,636,229.[48] Yearly population growth rate is steadily decreasing from %2.52 in 2009to %1.17 in 2012. Women population in Adana is slightly higher than men standing at %50.22.

Adana is made up of the municipal populations of the five metropolitan districts; Seyhan, ukurova, Yreir, Saram and Karaisal. Municipal populations ofthe metropolitan districts of Adana since 2008 are:

District Metropolitan Population

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Seyhan 752,308 722,852 723,277 757,928 764,714

Yreir 411,299 415,047 417,693 421,692 416,302

ukurova 267,453 327,460 343,770 326,938 335,733

Saram 86,727 90,879 99,313 103,232 111,976

Karaisal 7,328 7,307 7,465 7,494 7,504

Total 1,525,115 1,563,545 1,591,518 1,617,284 1,636,229

Two-thirds of the residents of Adana live west of the Seyhan River where the city was first founded. Urban sprawl at the east of the river is limited due to thelarge institutions like ukurova University and Incirlik Air Base. Seyhan is the most diverse district, accommodating all the ethnic groups. ukurova district hasa good community of seniors from all over Turkey who prefer to enjoy their retirement in the warm climate of ukurova region.

Major ethnic groups in Adana are the Turks, Arabs and Kurds. First Turks moved to the city from Central Asia around 11th century. In the early 14th century,

several Trkmen tribes were settled after Mamluks took control of ukurova.[49] An Ottoman tax register from 1526 records 16 Turkish residential areas, but

only one Armenian and none that were Greek, Jewish, Kurds or Arabs.[50] During the 17th century more Armenians and Greeks settled in the city, according to

Evliya Celebi there was also an Arab population.[50]

Arabs, currently the oldest community of the city[citation needed], are concentrated in Karyaka precinct of Yreir. Newgenerations of Arabs do not speak Arabic as they are mostly assimilated into Turkish culture. Demography of the citychanged significantly in 1990's after the massive migration of Kurds, many of them being forced to leave their villages in

southeast at the peak of Turkey-PKK conflict.[51] Kurds mostly live in southern neighborhoods of the city.[52] Conos, atribe of Roma people of Romania, settled in Adana during Balkan Wars. Conos mainly live around Sinanpaa

neighborhood. Around eight-thousand Romani people live in Adana Province including Conos.[53] There's also asizeable community of migrants from Balkans and Caucasia who also sett led in Adana during Balkan Wars and before.

An estimated two-thousand families of Crypto-Armenians live in Adana, identifying themselves as Arabs, Kurds or

Alevis for the last one century.[54] There is also a good number of descendents of Armenian children who were given toMuslim families to be fostered in 1915, either by their Armenian parents or by the Ottoman officials. Armenians and Greeks were to constitute half of the

population of Adana before 1915.[55] Adana is home to a community of around two-thousand British and Americans serving to the Incirlik NATO Air Base;some of them residing at the base, many of them residing in the city. Before 2003, the community numbered up to 22,000, but declined after, when many troops

stationed to Iraq.[56]

Similar to other cities at the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts, secularism is strong in Adana. Among the people with faith, the majority of the residents adhereto Sunni Islam. The majority of Turks, most of the Kurds and some of the Arabs are Sunni Muslim. Adana is also a stronghold of Alevi community, many Alevismoving to the city from Kahramanmara after the incidents in 1978. Arabs of Adana are mostly Alawi which is often confused with Alevis. Alawi Arabs arelocally known as Nusayri or Fellah. Arabs that migrate to Adana from anlurfa Province are Sunni Muslims. There is a tiny community of Roman Catholics and


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Rowhouses of Tepeba

Takpr

Byk Saat

Ramazanolu Hall

Sabanc Merkez Camii

Ulu Cami

few Jewish families.

Cityscape

Architecture

The golden age for the architecture of Adana was the late 15th and the 16th century when Ramadanid principality chose Adana as their capital. City growrapidly during that period with many new neighborhoods had been built. Most of the historical landmarks of Adana are built during this period, thus Mamluk andSeljuqid architecture are dominant in Adana's architectural history. Takpr is the only remaining landmark from Roman-Byzantine era, and few publicbuildings were built during the Ottoman rule. Adana is home to modern Turkey's historic Armenian architecture, which can be found behind city's central

modern buildings.The first traces of sett lement in the quarter of Tepeba, can be traced to be the neolithic age. The quarter is next to theTakpr stone bridge, situated on a hill which gives its name Tepeba (Garden on the hill). The city administration haslaunched campaign to preserve the heritage of this area, particularly the Ottoman houses. Atatrk stayed in one of thesehouses on Seyhan Caddesi which now houses the Atatrk Museum.

Several bridges cross the Seyhan river within the city, the most notable

among them is the Takpr, a 4th-century Roman bridge.[57] Currently usedby pedestrians and cyclists, it was the oldest bridge in the world to be open tomotorized vehicles until 2007. Demirkpr is a railway bridge that was built

in 1912 in part of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway project. Reglatr bridge, at the southern section of the city, is a roadbridge as well as a regulator for the river water. There are also three footbridges, Seyhan and Mustafakemalpaaroad bridges, the bridge of the metro and the bridge of the motorway spanning the river.

Byk Saat (The Great Clock Tower), built by the local governor of Adana in 1882, is the

tallest clock tower in Turkey rising 32 m (104.99 ft) high. It was damaged during Frenchoccupation, but was rebuilt in 1935, and its image can be found in the city's coat of arms.Kazanclar ars (Bazaar of Kazancilar), founded around theByk Saat.

Ramazanolu Hall was built in 1495 during the reign of Halil Bey. A three-storey building,made of stone and brick, it is one of the oldest sample of a house in Turkey. This hall is theHarem section, where the Ramadanid family lived. Selamlk section, where the governmentoffices were, do not exist today.

ar Hamam (Turkish bath of the Bazaar) was built in 1529 by Ramazanolu Piri Pashaand it is the largest hamam in Adana. It is built with five domes and inside is covered withmarbles. During the time it was built, water was brought from Seyhan River by water

wheels and canals.[58]

Irmak Hamam (Turkish bath of the River), located next to Seyhan District Hall, was built

in 1494 by Ramazanolu Halil Bey on the ruins of an ancient Roman bath. Its water comes from the river. Other historicalhamams in the city are Mestenzade Bath and Yeni Bath.

Mosques

Sabanc Merkez Camii, though not being historical, is the most visited mosque inAdana, as it is one of the largest mosques in the Middle East. Built in loyalty toOttoman Architecture, the mosque was opened to service in 1998 to a capacityof 28,500 prayers. The mosque possesses six minarets, four of them havingheight of 99 meters. Dome has a diameter of 32 meters and it is 54 meters highfrom praying area. It is located on the west bank of Seyhan River at the corner

of Seyhan Bridge and can be seen from a wide area.[59]

Ulu Cami, a klliye built in 1541 during Ramadanid era, is the most interestingmedieval structure of Adana with its mosque, madrasah and trbe. The mosquehas black and white marble with decorative window surrounds and it is famous

for the 16th century Iznik tiling used in its inner space. The minaret is a unique sample with the Mamluk effects it bears andwith its orthogonal plan scheme.

Ya Camii was originally built as Church of St. James, then converted into a mosque by Ramazanolu Halil Bey in 1501.[60]

Later, his successor Piri Mehmet Paa added its minaret in 1525 and its madrasah in 1558. It is in the Seljuqid GrandMosque style and has an attractive gate made of yellow stone.

Yeni Camii (New Mosque) was built in 1724 by Abdlrezzak Antaki, and still known as Antaki Mosque by some. The

influence of Mamluk architecture is visible. It is built in rectangular order and has an interesting stonework on south walls.[61]

Alemdar Mescidi, eyh Zlfi Mescidi, Kzlda Ramazanolu Mosque, Hasan Aga Camii (16th Century wooden architecture constructed without nails) are someother mosques with historical value.

Churches


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Saint Paul Catholic Church

Dilberler Sekisi

Clock Tower at Merkez Park

obandede Park

In the 19th century, the city had four churches; 2 Armenian, 1 Greek and 1 Latin. Saint Paul Catholic Church (BebekliKilise) was built in 1870 and used as an Armenian Church until 1915. It is currently serving to the Roman Catholiccommunity of the city. It is located in the old town, close to 5 Ocak Square. On Abidinpaa Street, there used to stand a

larger Armenian Church.[62] During the republic period, the church was demolished and Central Bank (Merkez Bankas)regional headquarters was built instead. Latin Church was built in 1845 at Kurukpr area and converted into a museum in1924.

Parks and gardens

Adana has plenty of parks and gardens, mostly well maintained.[63] Owing to the warm climate, parks and gardens are openall year long without the need of winter maintenance.

Recreational pathways on both banks of Seyhan river cross the entire city from south end to Seyhan Reservoir. Pathwaythen connects to Adnan Menderes Boulevard which goes all the way along the southern shores of Seyhan Reservoir, and thewide sidewalks of the boulevard extend the pathway to the west end of the reservoir. Dilberler Sekisi is the most scenicpart of the pathway which is along the west bank, in between the old and the new dam. Recreational pathway along thenorth side of the Grand Canal goes from east end to west end of the city, crossing Seyhan river from old dam'spathway. Some sections of this pathway has not been completed yet. Once completed, within the city there will bealmost 30 km of continuous recreational pathway connecting several parks along.

Merkez Park (Central Park) is a 33-hectare urban park that is located onboth banks of Seyhan river, just north of Sabanc Mosque. It has aninteresting landscaping, carrying wide variety of trees and plants in anopen concept. With a 2,100-seater amphitheatre, a Chinese Garden, andtwo cafes, it is the main recreational area of the city. In the park, there isa Rowing Club which serves recreational rowers.

Sleyman Demirel Arboretum is a large botanical garden containingliving collections of woody plants intended partly for the scientific studyof ukurova University researchers. The arboretum is also used foreducational and recreational purposes by city residents. 512 species of

plants exists in the arboretum.[64]

Atatrk Park is a 4.7-hectare city park built during the first years of Republic. It is centrally located at thecommercial district. The park holds a statue of Atatrk and hosts Public Ceremonies.

obandede Park is a 16.5-hectare park at the west shore of Seyhan Reservoir. It is situated on a hill and has a nicescenery of Reservoir and around. The park hosts the tomb of oban Dede, a wiseman from Karsl Village.

Yaar Kemal Woods is a hiking area on the east bank of Seyhan river across Dilberler Sekisi. It is dedicated toukurova native writer Yaar Kemal. atalan Woods is a large recreational area in between atalan and SeyhanReservoirs, north of the city, in the Karaisal district.

Society and culture

People

People of Adana,Adanal, are well known with their bravery, honesty and generosity, but less known with their fluid intelligence that is not much bounded bystructures of thought or belief systems. In a clear state of mind, this type of intelligence opens immense creativity and productivity; without clarity swings person

from great production to great destruction.[65] Unique culture of Adana, which is not seen elsewhere in Turkey, is not easily understood and often underrated.Many Adanal have taken significant roles in the society that revolutionized the environment they are in. One prominent figure of fluid intelligence is FatihTerim, Turkey's all-time best football coach, who carried Galatasaray to the UEFA Cup title and led Turkish Football to an upgrade at the world stage.Unawareness of his intelligence, in spite, put him in violent behavior in many instances.

One of the major elements that define the society of Adana is the agriculture based living and it's extension, agriculture based industrial culture. However, thedevelopments in the industrial life, improvements in transportation, effects of communication and massive migrations affect the unique culture of Adana. At a

city where variety of cultures live, as the tissue fusion did not end, the mosaic culture can not turn to a new union of culture. Similar to other cities in Turkey, theculture in some sections in the city are very distant from each other.[66]

Cuisine

Cuisine of Adana influenced mainly from Yrk, Arabic and Armenian cuisine and the city kept to its traditions tightly. Spicy, sour and fatty dishes made ofmeat (usually lamb) and bulghur are common. Bulghur and flour are found at all the kitchens in ukurova. In almost every home, red pepper, spices, tahini,chopping block and pastry board can be found. The bulghur used in cooking is specific to Adana, made from dark colored hard wheat species. Bulghur that is

made of other species of wheat is not used in area, because of the missing flavor.[67]

Adana Kebab, called "Kebap" locally, is a kebab made from minced meat. Since it can be found at all kebab restaurants in Turkey and at most Turkishrestaurants around the world, Adana name still bears kebab to many people. Adana Kebab is the most popular dining choice in Adana, although foods fromother cultures are getting increasingly popular. Besides many kebab restaurants, there are also many kebab serving vendors on the older streets of Adana.


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Adana KebabA glass ofalgam

Adana Center for Arts and Culture

Emperor Hadrian, 2nd

century CE

Misis Mosaic Museum

Atatrk Museum

Adana Kebab is usually served with onion salad, green salad or withwell-chopped tomato salad. Rak and algam are usually accompaniedwith it as drinks. There are many varieties of salads typical to the city.Radish salad with tahini is popular and it is found only in the ukurovaregion. algam and pickle juice are the drinks of the winter and alama(licorice juice) is the choice of drink in summer.

Vegetable dishes are also popular in the city. Besides the tomato paste,pepper paste is used in almost every dish. The city is also famous for itsrdan a kind of home-made sausage stuffed with rice, and eaten withcumin;paa, boiled sheep's feet; bicibici (pronounced as bee-jee-

bee-jee) made from jellied starch, rose water and sugar, and served withcrushed ice, consumed especially in summer time. Furthermore, the cityhas a number of famous desserts, such asHalka Tatl, a round-shaped dessert, and Ta Kadayf, a bow-shaped dessert. Several types of fruit, including theapricot, are native to this area.

Arts and entertainment

Performing arts

ukurova State Symphony Orchestra performed its first concert in 1992 and since then, the orchestra is performingtwice a week from October to May at the Metropolitan Theater Hall. The orchestra consists of 39 musicians andconduct regular tours in Turkey and abroad.

Adana State Theater opened its stage in 1981 at the Sabanc Cultural Center. It performs regularly from October to

May.[68]Adana Town Theater was founded in 1880 to be the first theater in Adana by governor Ziya Paa. In

1926, the theater moved to the newly built Community Center. Town Theater currently performs weekly at theMetropolitan Theater Hall which also hosts Town Chorus and community theater, folklor and concert performances.Seyhan Town Theater and Seyhan Folkloric Dances stage weekly at the Theater Hall of Seyhan Cultural Center.

Amphitheaters in Adana host performances from April to November. Mimar Sinan Amphitheater, the largest inAdana, can accommodate 8,000 guests and hosts concerts and movies. It is located at the west bank of the Seyhan River. 2,100-seater Merkez ParkAmphitheater, 3,000-seater ukurova University Amphitheater and Doal Park Amphitheater in ukurova District also hosts theaters, concerts and cinemas.Recently, historical buildings are restored and converted into cultural centers. 515 year old Ramazanolu Hall and 130 year old former high school for girls (nowcalled the Adana Center for Arts and Culture) serve as cultural centers hosting art exhibitions and cultural events.

Museums and art galleries

Adana Archaeological Museum was opened in 1924 as one of the oldest ten museums inTurkey. It moved to its current location at the west corner of Seyhan Bridge in 1972.The museum exhibits archeological works from all over ukurova. Notable works are

the two Augustus statues from Hittites, Achilles Sarcophagus depicting Trojan War andstatues from Magarsus and Augusta ancient cities.

Adana Ethnography Museum was opened in 1983 after Archeological Museum movedto its new location. At the front and back yard there are epitaph and gravestones ofAdana's leading figures of 17th century. On the west yard, there are inscriptions ofTakpr, Misis Bridge, old City Hall and Bahripaa Fountain. Inside, there areclothings, jewellery and weaponry of Yrk villagemen.

Atatrk Museum exhibits War of Independence and first years of Republic at themansion, Atatrk stayed during his trips to Adana.

Misis Mosaic Museum, located on city's far east end at the west bank of Ceyhan river, exhibits mosaics that were onthe floor of a 4th-century temple in the ancient city of Misis. Mosaic depicts Noah and 23 birds and poultry that he

took to his ship during the flood. The museum also exhibits the works that were excavated from Misis Tumulus.[69]

Karacaolan Museum of Literature, Adana Museum of Cinema, Yeiloba Martyrs' Museum, Mehmet BaltacMuseum of Photography and Adana Urban Museum are the other noteworthy museums of the city, many of them

serving at the restored historical buildings.[70]State Fine Arts Gallery was opened in Sabanc Cultural Center in1982. It carries 59 plastic pieces of art. 75.Yl Art Gallery in Atatrk Park, Adana City Hall Art Gallery and ArtGallery in Seyhan Cultural Center are the other public art galleries.

Festivals

Altn Koza International Film Festival is one of the top film festivals in Turkey, taking place since 1969. During the Altn Koza of 2009, 212 international filmswere shown in 11 movie theatres across the city. Long Film Contest, International Student Film Contest and Mediterrenean Cultures Film Contest are heldduring the festival.

International Sabanc Theater Festival is held every year in April since 1999. At the festival in 2011, 461 artists from 17 ensembles (10 local and 7 international)performed plays that took stage at the Sabanc Cultural Center. The festival started with an astounding opening show staged on the Seyhan River and Takpr


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Art Exhibition at Takpr during the

Sabanc Theater Festival

by Italian ensemble Studio Festi. "Water Symphony" show was greeted by thousands of people with great enthusiasm.[71]

International ukurova Instrumental Music Festival is a 2-week long festival held annually in Adana, Antakyaand Gaziantep. In 2009, the festival took place for the 5th time with an opening concert from ukurova StateSymphony Orchestra. Baritone Marcin Bronikowski, pianist Vania Batchvarova, guitarist Peter Finger, cello Ozan

Tunca and pianist Zhrap Adgzelzade were some of the musicians performed at the festival.[72]

ukurova Art Days is a regional festival that takes place yearly since 2007. In 2012, the festival took place on2226 March in Adana, Mersin, Tarsus, Antakya, skenderun, Silifke, Anamur and Aleppo. There were 94 events

including concerts, poetry, exhibitions, talks and conferences.[73]

13 Kare Arts Festival began in 1999 as a festival of photography dedicated to 13 photographers of Adana who diedin an accident during an AFAD (Adana Photography Amateurs Association) trip. Festival then extended to otherarts. During the festival, exhibitions of nature, under-sea and architecture photography, puppet shows, shadowtheater and several concerts are held. Festival takes place every December.

Adana Literature Festival held every April at Adana Center for Arts & Culture. Around 100 writers, poets and critics attend the festival and performingseveral talks, panels and presentations.

Ramadan Fest is a month long festival that takes place during the month of Ramadan. During the festival, theater plays, sufi music concerts, folkloric dancesand children shows held at the festival area next to the Galleria Mall.

Nightlife

The city was well known with its vibrant nightlife and manypavyons during the decades from 1950s to 1980s. Although some were family entertainment places,pavyons mostly functioned as adult entertainment clubs, similar to hostess clubs of Japan, with live music, usually two-storey, a stage and a lounge with tables

lined up at the main floor and private rooms at the upper floor.[74]

The first pavyons opened in the city by 1942 with the arrival of English workers who workedon the Adana-Ulukla road that was funded by the British Government to convince Turkey to form a front at the World War II.[75] As ukurova cotton isvalued by early 1950s, the surplus took landowners to the pavyons which opened more and more along the Seyhan river. In 1960s, rapid industrializationbrought more men to pavyons not only from the city, but from a wide region including Istanbul and Ankara, thus Adana was named Pavyon Capital of Turkey.Many popular singers took stage at and owe their fame to the pavyons of Adana. Bargirls working at the pavyons were coming from allover Turkey, and manywere getting quickly rich with the money spread on them.

Pavyons led their way to Western-style pubs and night clubs by late 1980s with the socio-economic changes in Adana. The city with strong entertainmentculture has easily adopted to the new style, as many classy clubs opened since then. The traditional entertainment district is Sular, near Central Station, but thepubs and clubs nowadays are spread to the entire city. The big clubs like Life Legend, Uptown, Casara and Lava host world star singers at their elegantlocations, mostly along the river and the lake. There are still two active pavyons, Afrodit and Maksim, but adult entertainment is directed mostly to what islocally known as tele-bars. Tele-bars are licensed as regular pubs, but function as places where bargirls entertain customers and usually hook with them

afterwards. There are around 20 tele-bars mainly in the city center and around the old dam.[76]

The Adana Brothel, in the old town, was made up of houses lining up along a dead end street which was gated at the street entrance and was secured by a

policeman, gateman and a military person. The prostitutes were classified into three and each class had their own houses and customers. First class prostituteswere young and attractive, second class were middle-aged women and the third class were older and 'less attractive' ones. Each prostitute used to host a friend in

her off-days, even giving him money to get protected by him in return.[77] The brothel moved west of the Central Bus Station in 1980s.

LGBT life is mostly hidden in Adana, but more people and organizations are coming out recently. ukurova Homosexuals Initiative is an organization founded

in 2010 with participation from Adana, Mersin and Antakya to raise awareness for LGBT issues.[78] Hamams in the city center are the favorite meeting placesfor gays; some pubs, clubs and the city parks, especially the Atatrk Park at dark are also meeting spots. Many transgendered live prison lives at their familyhomes, some do leave home and become prostitutes and some move to Istanbul to join the big LGBT community, but still end up with prostitution since they can

not find any other choice.[79]

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Adana, basketball, volleyball and handball are also played widely in the professional and amateur level. Warm weather andwaters make the city a haven for sports like rowing, sailing, swimming and water polo. Being a farmer's town, horse racing and horse riding is also popular.Adana hosted some international tournaments. Bi-annual Men's European Wheelchair Basketball Championship took place in Adana on October 515, 2009. 12

countries competed at the event and Italy won the title after a final game against Turkey.[80] Adana is also a candidate for the 2013 World Junior WheelchairBasketball Championship.[81] 1967 Women's European Volleyball Championship was organized in Turkey and Adana was a host city together with stanbul,

Ankara and zmir. Group C games are played in Adana at the Menderes Sports Hall.[82]

Adanaspor and Adana Demirspor are the two popular clubs of Adana that appear in Turkish Professional Football League. Both clubs performed at the topdivision (now called Super Lig), from late 1960s to mid-1990s, but relegated to lower divisions since then. Adanaspor was the runner up at the top division in1980-81 season and competed there for 21 years. Adanaspor also performed at the UEFA Cup for three years. Adana Demirspor was the runner up at theTurkish Cup in 1977-1978 season and performed at the top division for 17 years. Both teams have almost equal number of passionate fans in every district ofthe city, creating an archrival atmosphere second to stanbul. Both teams share 5 Ocak Stadium as their venue. At women's football, Adana dman Yurduperforms at the First Football League, and plays their home games at the Genlik Stadium.

Bota SK is a major club in Women's Pro-Basketball, currently performing at the Turkish Women's Basketball League(TKBL) and at the EuroCup. Bota was

the runner up at the Ronchetti Cup in 2000-01 season[83] and played the Euro Cup Semi-Final in 2011-12.[84] The team has won the TKBL title in 2000-01 and200203 and the Turkish Cup title in 2001-02 and 2002-03. The venue of Bota is Menderes Sports Hall. Adanaspor, performing at the Second Division of the


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Adana Sailing Club

Optimum Outlet

Turkish Men's Basketball League, also play their home games at the Menderes Sports Hall. Wheelchair basketball clubs, Adana Engelliler and Mart Engellilerappear in the first division of the Turkish Wheelchair Basketball League, both playing their home games at the Serinevler Sports Hall.

ukobirlik SK, a long-time sports club of Adana, appears in Turkish Handball Super League, top flight of Turkish handball. The venue of the club is Ltfullah

Aksungur Sports Hall, which also hosts ukurova University SK, performing at the Turkish Women's Volleyball Second League. [85]

Water sports have been recreationally and competitively the traditional sports of Adana. Water polo team of AdanaDemirspor is a legend in the community, joining the Turkish Waterpolo League in 1942 after the first modern watersport venue of Turkey, Atatrk Swimming Complex, opened in Adana in 1936. The team has the record 22 years ofstraight championship title in Turkish Men's Waterpolo League, 17 years of it without losing a game and thus given

the name "Unbeatables". Demirspor had total of 29 championship titles.[86] Rowing became a popular sports in

Adana in the last 20 years. Rowing competitions are held all year long on Seyhan River and Seyhan Reservoir.Metropolitan Rowing Club and ukurova University SK compete at the national and international level. Sailing

competitions [87] are also held at Seyhan Reservoir all year long. Adana Sailing Club performs at sailingcompetitions at different categories. In swimming, Erdal Acet of Adana Demirspor is one of the prominent figures ofAdana, who broke the record of swimming Canal La Manche (English Channel) in 9 hours and 2 minutes in 1976.Recreationally, the lack of swimming pools made Seyhan River and the irrigation canals attractive for swimmerswho want to chill out from the hot and humid summers. Due to almost 100 people suffocating every year, theMetropolitan Municipality built and opened 41 and currently building 7 public swimming pools, mostly at the

low-income neighborhoods, over the last 15 years.[88]

Adana Half Marathon was inaugurated in 2011 on a national level with the participation of 223 athletes. In 2012, the marathon has gained IAAF International

Marathon status and hosted 610 athletes from 10 nations.[89] The marathon takes place on the first Sunday following January 5, the independence day of AdanaMaster Men, Master Women and Wheelchair competitions, as well as 4 km Public Run are held during the event. The racecourse follows the historical streets of

Adana and the streets along the Seyhan river.[90]

Adana is one of the cities of Turkey where Horse racing is highly popular. Yeiloba Hippodrome is traditionally one of the four race courses of Turkey, hostingHorse racing competitions from October to May. Adana Equestrian Club is the largest center of horse riding in Turkey, hosting national and internationalcompetitions.

Contemporary life

Media

Media in Adana runs by national and local agencies. ukurova Journalists Union is the umbrella organization for the local media in the region.

There are several newspapers published daily in Adana, most popular ones being the Yeni Adana, Ekspres, Toros, Blge and 5 Ocak papers. Yeni Adana is the

oldest living newspaper dating back to 1918.[91] The newspaper played a significant role in the independence movement after the First World War. Mostnewspapers of Adana, serve not only to the city, but to the ukurova region. Many national newspapers have their regional publishing centers in Adana.Hrriyet publishes a supplement paper,Hrriyet ukurova, the most popular regional newspaper that has circulation of 48,000. Sabah's regional supplement

paper, Gney, is also published in Adana.Kanal A is the longest serving TV broadcaster in Adana, ukurova TV, Akdeniz TV, Koza TV and Kent TV are the other major broadcasters. There are alsonumerous local radio channels and TRT's ukurova Radio listened in the city.

Shopping

Traditional shops, modern shops and malls create a mixture of shopping opportunities in Adana. akmak Street isthe traditional shopping street that is located in the old town. Several attempts by the city to designate it as apedestrian only street was unsuccessful because traffic flow could not be alternated to another street. There are alsoseveral historical bazaars around Byk Saat and Ya Camii. Covered markets around Saydam street, Kilis and Msrbazaars, were once a haven for shopping quality foreign goods.

Ziyapaa Boulevard is the street of elegance where pricey brands are located. The street runs from D-400 state roadto the Central Train Station and the shops are concentrated towards the north end. The streets around Ziyapaa andthe streets of northern Adana, zal, Demirel and Evren boulevards also host high-end shops.

There are four modern shopping malls in the city. Galleria was the first to be built in early 1990s, but did not getpopular due to administrative issues. M1 and Carrefour malls were built during late 1990s at the west end of the city.Recently opened Optimum Outlet is the first mall east of the river, it is also the closest to the city center. The mallhas a nice view of the river and the Merkez Park.

Education

Public, private and not-for profit foundation institutions conduct education in Adana. Primary and secondary education in the city is regulated by the provincialdirectorate of the national Ministry of Education which also administers the state schools.

There are 282 public and 12 private primary schools which pupils attend from grade 1 to 8. From grade 9 to 11, pupils go to one of the 85 public and 26 privatehigh schools. Notable high schools of the city that require examination to enter are the state owned Adana Fen, Adana Anadolu, and the private Gndodu and

Bilfen. There are 6 public and 6 private schools for pupils with special needs. 9 Community Training Centers support adult residents to improve their skills.[92]


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ukurova University lakeview

Adana Hospital

Ramazanolu Library was founded in 1923 with the union of two smaller libraries. Library moved to its current location in the Sabanc Cultural Center in 1976

and renamed as Adana Public Library.[93] The library also has a branch in the Karacaolan Museum of Literature. Seyhan, Yreir, Saram and Karaisal alsohave district public libraries administered by each district. Adana City Library is specific on publications about Adana and ukurova's history, culture and has

a good collection of photography and films about the city. City Library is located in the Adana Center for Arts and Culture.[94]

ukurova Book Fair took place for the fifth t ime in 2012, hosting 182,450 visitors from ukurova and neighboring regions. Fair became one of the majororganizations of the region within a short time; 205 publishers and volunteer organizations had stands, more than 50 cultural events were performed and 300authors were present to meet the readers. ukurova Education Fair was also organized at the same time at the Tyap Exhibition Center with the participation

of 45 education institutions.[95]

Although the city has large ethnic communities, national policy does not permit official education in ethnic languages which can only be instructed at institutions

that do not get any governmental support. Few of these institutions teach Arabic and Kurdish in Adana. The requirement for taking test for admission to highschools, universities and to a career at national public services led the opening of more than hundred cram schools (Turkish: dershane) in the city since 1984

which added extra schooling and financial burden to residents.[96]

Universities

There are two state universities in the city which one of them is currently being established. There is also afoundation university just outside the city. Universities are regulated by the Council of Higher Education(YK).

ukurova University is a state university located at the east shores of Seyhan Reservoir. In 2008, with 3faculties, it is placed among the top 500 universities of the world at a research conducted by Blackwell

Publishing, Quacquarelli Symonds and The Times.[97][98] The university was founded in 1973 with the unionof the colleges of Agriculture and Medicine. It has a beautiful campus overlooking to the reservoir with

many cultural, social and athletic facilities, currently holding 40,000 students.[99]

a University is a not-for-profit tuition-based university founded in 1997. The university is 20 km away from the city center a t approximately midway toTarsus. University holds around 2500 students, most of them commuting from Adana, Tarsus and Mersin.

Adana University for Science and Technology is a recently founded state university that is planned to have ten faculties, two institutions and a college. It will

accommodate 1,700 academic, 470 administrative staff, and it is expected to enroll students by 2012.[100]

Healthcare

Adana is a major health center to a wide region from Mediterrenean to Southeastern Anatolia. There are 4 university hospitals, 8state hospitals and 7 private hospitals in the city.

Hastaneler (Hospitals) area in the Seyhan district is home to hospitals that are lined up on both sides of the H.mer SabancStreet. Numune General Hospital, ukurova State Hospital, Hospital for Thoracic Diseases, Military Hospital and medicalcenters are the healthcare facilities of this area.

Balcal Hospital of the ukurova University is a research hospital that was founded in 1987 after the Faculty of Medicinemoved to the main campus. The hospital has a capacity of 1050 inpatients served at 47 service units, 58-bed intense-care unitand 17-bed emergency unit. It is the largest hospital in Southern and Southeastern Anatolia and one of the major hospitals of

Turkey.[101]

A new health campus is expected to open in Yreir by 2014, which will include 600-bed General Hospital, 200-bed Heart andStroke Hospital, 250-bed hospital for child birth, 100-bed Oncology Hospital, 150-bed Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Center,100-bed Psychiatry Hospital. The campus will have a capacity of 1400 inpatients in total and will be connected to Hastaneler

area of the Seyhan district through a bridge over the Seyhan river which will create a one big campus.[102]

Transportation

As being on the major route that is connecting Europe to Middle East, Adana has always been a transportation hub. At the 16th century, Adana was a port city

where ships could navigate on Seyhan River to the port just south of Takpr.

Intercity transport

Air transport, train and coach services are the forms of public transportation that connect Adana to outside. akirpaa Airport just west of the old town, CentralBus Terminal further to the west and the Central Train Station are the focal points of intercity transportation.

akirpaa International Airport was opened in 1937 and currently it is the sixth busiest airport in Turkey in domestic passenger traffic, and eighth busiest in total

traffic. In 2011, total passenger traffic is increased to 3.27 million.[103] There are international flights to major cities of Germany, to Jeddah, Riyadh and Nicosia

(TRNC), daily or weekly domestic flights to Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Antalya, Trabzon, Diyarbakr and Van [104] and seasonal flights to Bodrum and Dalaman.

Central Train Station was opened in 1886 to connect the city to Mersin Port, and moved to its current location in 1912 to accommodate the Berlin-Baghdadinter-continental line. Currently Turkish State Railways (TCDD) runs five long distance lines that connect Adana to Istanbul, Ankara, Kayseri, Elaz andAleppo. All these lines are served at Central Station, some are also served at the other railway stations of the city; ehitlik and akirpaa stations at the west,


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Demirkpr

Adana Railway Station

Map of the Adana Metro

Adana Metro crossing Seyhan River

Kiremithane, ncirlik and Yakapnar stations at the east. TCDD also runs three regional lines in ukurova. Adana-Mersin Railway Line runs like a commuter train serving almost every 20 minutes between Mersin, Tarsus and

Adana. With the new railbuses, train trip between Adana and Mersin takes 45 minutes.[105] Train service from

Adana to Osmaniye-Islahiye[106] and the train service from Iskenderun to Adana run once daily. Regional trains stopat all the stations of the city.

Numerous coach companies provide service to almost all the cities andtowns in Turkey. Although lost its popularity as private airlinesintroduced inexpensive flights to major cities, coaches are still the majorform of transportation to and from Adana. Adana has two intercitycoach terminals. Coach companies that serve transportation to cities

west of Adana, departs from Central Coach Terminal, whereas thebuses that serve to cities east of Adana depart from Yreir Coach

Terminal. There is shuttle service between two terminals. Regional bus services from Adana to other places inukurova are plentiful and carried by bus and minibus co-operatives. Seasonal Bus Services to high plains of Tekir,Brcek and Kzlda run in summer, due to high demand of Adana residents escaping the heat.

There is an extensive motorway network (O50-O59) in the region, connecting Adana to as far as Erdemli at the west, Nide at the north, anlurfa at the eastand Iskenderun at the south. Traffic runs smooth at anytime of the day, driving can take as short as 40 minutes to Mersin and 2 hours to Gaziantep.

Local transport

Local transport in Adana is provided by Adana Transit Corporation (adivision of the Metropolitan Municipality) and by dolmu and busco-operatives. Transit Corporation runs the metro and the municipalbuses.

Adana Metro is a rail rapid transit system that extends 14 km from

north-west end to the city center and then to Yreir.[107] The metroserves at 13 stations and can transport 21,600 passengers per hourone-way, a complete journey taking 21 minutes. The second line of themetro will run from Aknclar to ukurova University in the SaramDistrict. It will be 9.5 km long and will have 7 stations. The project iscontracted in January 2010 and the construction is expected to start after the funding is received from the Ministry

of Transportation.[108] Adana Metro will then extend to 23.5 km. serving at 20 stations.[109]

Adana Transit Corporation serves the city with 229 buses, 8 of them designed specifically for disabled users. Payments are collected by Kentkart Smartcardsystem. 6 Bus Co-operatives (known as Can buses) serve the city with 411 buses. Kentkart and cash are accepted at these buses. 18 Dolmu Co-operatives, withtotal of 1,086 minibuses, provide service even to secondary streets. The only form of payment is by cash.

Cycling and walkability

The city of Adana mostly sits on a flat land and the warm weather makes it convenient for all year cycling and walking. The square shape of the city, citycenter's location right at the center of the square and the river running straight north-south in the middle of the city create further advantage for cycling as ameans of transportation. Compact urban form due to dominance of high-rise buildings that are closely built, especially in Seyhan and ukurova districts, makecycling from any end of the city to the city center to be less than 40 minutes. Despite all the advantages, car-oriented urban planning since 1950s caused cyclingto take minor part in commuting to work or school. There are no bike lanes at the streets, but there are two bike paths, one along the Fuzuli street, the otheralong M.Kemalpaa boulevard, latter not used by cyclists at a ll. Bicycle for commuting currently is only used by residents at low-income neighborhoods since it

is the least expensive way to get to the city center or to other destinations within the city. Bicycle use for transportation is low all over Turkey,[17] but whencompared to cities like zmir, Konya and Eskiehir, Adana is less bicycle friendly.

Car-oriented urban planning became even more extreme since 1980s, pedestrians seeing part of the sidewalks of city's popular streets being converted intocar-parking spots. The hike in car ownership not only caused high traffic, but also led to drivers parking their cars on the sidewalks. The city currently has nocar-free squares or streets other than few narrow ones, though there are plans to convert both ends of Takpr to squares and widen the sidewalks in the oldtown where it is difficult to walk at the peddler-invaded narrow sidewalks. Far by the most pedestrian friendly street of the city is Turgut zal boulevard, KenanEvren and other major streets in ukurova district are also very convenient for walking.

International relations

Adana is twinned with:

Crdoba,[110] Spain

Beer Sheba, Israel[111]

Shymkent, Kazakhstan

Sapporo, JapanSkopje, Republic of Macedonia

Saint Petersburg, RussiaLivorno, ItalyUlan Bator, Mongolia

See also


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List of people from AdanaList of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

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