ad i da konverzija.pdf
Transcript of ad i da konverzija.pdf
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A/D I D/A KONVERZIJA
ANALOG-DIGITAL & DIGITAL-ANALOGCONVERSION
DIGITALNA ELEKTRONIKAElektronski fakultet - Niš
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analogno-digitalni
konvertorADC
digitalno-analognikonvertor
DAC
analog-to-digital converter
ADC
digital-to-analogconverter
DAC
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DIGITALNI SISTEM UPRAVLJANJA SA ANALOGNIM ULAZIMA/IZLAZIMA
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UZORKOVANJE
KVANTOVANJE
KODOVANJE
A/D
REGENERISANJE
DEKODOVANJED/A
Uianalog
Uoanalog
Veličina napona u digitalnom obliku
OBRADA U DIGITALNOM
DOMENU
Operacije pri A/D i D/A konverziji
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Uzorkovanje( Semplovanje )
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UZORKOVANJE( Ideal Sampling )
NYQUIST’S THEOREM: fs > 2f1
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UZORKOVANJE( Real Sampling )
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SAMPLE-AND-HOLD CIRCUIT
A2A1
Ch
AnalogInput
To ADCinput
Ts = 1/fs
KOLO ZA UZORKOVANJE I DRŽANJE
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KVANTOVANJE
Uamin
Uamax
~~
000000000100010
11111
ΔVΔV=Ups/(2n-1)
For an n - bit converter
1 LSB = ΔV
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Idealna prenosna funkcija DAC-a
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OFFSET ERROR - GREŠKA OFSETA
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UTICAJ OFSET GREŠKE NA OPSEG KONVERZIJE
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GAIN ERROR - GRŠKA POJAČANJA
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Offset, gain, and full-scale errors
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GREŠKA POJAČANJA REDUKUJE OPSEG KONVERZIJE
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Differential Nonlinearity (DNL) ErrorGreška diferencijalne nelinearnosti
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DNL error: no missing codes
DNL error: Code 10 is missing.DNL error: At AIN* the digital code can be one of three
possible values. When the input voltage is swept, Code 10 will be missing.
DNL error: no missing codes
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Absolute Accuracy(Total) Error
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Voltage-reference-drift requirements relate to ADC resolution
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GREŠKE A/D I D/A KONVERZIJE• Greška kvantovanja
• Greške nelinearnosti (greška ofseta i greška pojačanja)
• Greške dinamičke nelinearnosti
• Greške usled temperaturne nestabilnosti
• Greške usled nestabilnosti napona napajanja
• Greške usled starenja
• Greške usled šumova
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D/A KONVERTORI
• SA TEŽINSKOM OTPORNOM MREŽOM
• SA LESTVIČASTOM OTPORNOM MREŽOM
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D/A KONVERTOR SA TEŽINSKOM OTPORNOM MREŽOM
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Četvorobitni D/A konvertor sa lestvičastom otpornom mrežom
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D/A konvertor sa kratkim vremenom postavljanja
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A/D KONVERTORI
1. SA DIREKTNOM KONVERZIJOM• Podatak po podatak - simultani (flach)• Bit po bit - sa sukcesivnom aproksimacijom• Kvant po kvant - brojački
2. SA POSREDNOM KONVERZIJOM•V/F konvertori•V/T konvertori
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A/D konvertor sa paralelnim komparatorima
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A/D konvertor sa sukcesivnim aproksimacijama
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Promena napona DAK tokom A/D konverzije
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Logička šema A/D konvertora sa sukcesivnim aproksimacijama
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Jedna realizacija A/D konvertora sa sukcesivnim aproksimacijama
CLR
1C
LK9
1D3
1Q2
2D4
2Q5
3D6
3Q7
4D11
4Q10
5D13
5Q12
6D14
6Q15
U?MC74HC174
34U?B
HC05
56U?C
HC05
1 2
U?A
HC05
1312U?F
HC05
1110U?E
HC05
98U?D
HC05
R?RES2
GND GND
+5V
123
U?A
SN74
HC
0012
3U
?ASN
74H
C00
123
U?A
SN74
HC
001213
12U
?ASN
74H
C10
U?
KO
NV
ERZI
JA U
TO
KU
U?
KRAJ KONVERZIJE
1 2U?A
HC04
123
U?A
SN74
HC
0012
3U
?ASN
74H
C00
123
U?A
SN74
HC
001213
12U
?ASN
74H
C10
123
U?A
SN74
HC
0012
3U
?ASN
74H
C00
123
U?A
SN74
HC
001213
12U
?ASN
74H
C10
123
U?A
SN74
HC
0012
3U
?ASN
74H
C00
123
U?A
SN74
HC
001213
12U
?ASN
74H
C10
R?
R
R?
R
R?
R
R?
2R
R?2R
R?2R
R?2R
R?2R
R?
2R
R?
OPAMP
R?
R
R?
R
R?
R
R?
R
GND
R?2R
R?
OPAMP
Vx
91011
8
U?C
SN74HC10
12
1312
U?A
SN74HC10
12U?A
HC04
C?
CAPACITOR
R?RES2
R?RES2
R?
RES2
S?
SW SPDT
GND
+5V
GND+5V
C?
1nF
R?
RES2
GND
12 U?AHC04
R?
LD+5V
12 U?AHC04
R?
LD+5V
12 U?AHC04
R?
LD+5V
12 U?AHC04
R?
LD+5V
R?RES2
R?RES2
U?
START KONVERZIJE
R?RES2
+5V
R?
RES2
+5V
+5V
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Prateći A/D konvertor
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Vremenski dijagram pratećeg A/D konvertora
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Serijski A/D konvertor sa referentnim D/A konvertorom
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Vremenski dijagrami kod serijskog ADC-a
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A/D konvertor sa dvojnim nagibom
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Vremenski dijagrami A/D konvertora sa dvojnim nagibom
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Sigma - Delta A/D konvertor
R
R
P
+
_
R
R
+
_
C
+
_
DIGITALNI
D Q
Q FILTAR
Qn-1
Q1Q0 D
igita
lna
vred
nost
A
K
-Vr
+Vr
Takt
Va
Uul
Vi
Uul = t1 - t2t1+t2 Vr
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BIPOLAR OFFSET ERROR
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Calibrating bipolar offset error. (Note: The stair-step transferfunction has been replaced by a straight line, because this
graph shows all codes andthe step size is so small that the line appears to be linear.)
KALIBRACIJA GREŠKE OFSETA
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Integral Nonlinearity (INL) Error
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APERTURE ERROR