AD-A247 625 · 2011-05-14 · pl-tr-92-2054 ad-a247 625 proceedings of the 13th annual review...
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PL-TR-92-2054 AD-A247 625 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH ANNUAL REVIEW CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION MODELS, 5-6 JUNE 1990 Editors: F. X. Kneizys L. W. Abreu ELECTE MARI1 1 199 June 1990 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED PHILLIPS LABORATORY AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, MASSACHUSETTS 01731-5000 ,S 3 09 028 92-06101
Transcript of AD-A247 625 · 2011-05-14 · pl-tr-92-2054 ad-a247 625 proceedings of the 13th annual review...
PL-TR-92-2054
AD-A247 625
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH ANNUAL REVIEWCONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSIONMODELS, 5-6 JUNE 1990
Editors:F. X. KneizysL. W. Abreu ELECTE
MARI1 1 199
June 1990
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
PHILLIPS LABORATORYAIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMANDHANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, MASSACHUSETTS 01731-5000
,S 3 09 028 92-06101
"This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication"
WILLIAM A. BLUMBERG, ChiefSimulation BranchOptical Environment Division
ALAN D. BLACKBURN, Col, USAF, DirectorOptical Environment Division
This report has been reviewed by the ESD Public Affairs Office (PA) and is releasable to theNational Technical Information Service (NTIS).
Qualified requestors may obtain additional copies from the Defense Technical InformationCenter. All others should apply to the National Technical Information Service.
If your address has changed, or if you wish to be removed form the mailing list, or if the ad-dressee is no longer employed by your organization, please notify GL/TSI, Hanscom AFB,MA 01731-5000. This will assist us in maintaining a current mailing list.
Do not return copies of this report unless contractual obligations or notices on a specific docu-ment requires that it be returned.
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PL-TR-92-2054
16a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 1 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION(if applicable)
Geophysics Laboratory (AFSC) OP
6c. ADDRESS (Oity, State, and ZIPCode) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)
Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
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Proceedings of the 13th Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models.
12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Editors, F.X. Kneizys and L.W. Abreu
13a.TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 115. PAGE COUNTReprint FROM TO June 1990 I
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION
17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)
FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Atmospheric Transmittance; Aerosols; Atmospheric Propagation
20 06 Clouds; Radiative Transfer; Optical Turbulence; Molecular
04 01 Absorption; Ultraviolet; Visible; Infrared; Spectroscopy.
19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)
Contains the viewqraphs and other materials for the 31 papers presented at the Thirteenth
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models held at the GeophysicsLaborator-, (ASFC) , flanscom AFB, MA, 5-6 June 1990.
20 DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OUNCLASSIFIED/IJNLIMITEO C1 SAME AS RPT El DTIC USERS IJNCIM. .:IFT FD
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00 FORM 1473, R4 M.R 81 APR edition may be used until exhausted %F (IRITY Ct ASSIFI(ATION OF THIS PAGEAll other ed,t,ons ar, obslet, -" , ; i .i j - -
Contents
Introduction vi
Session on Atmospheric Propagation Models
"Status of the LOWTRAN and MODTRAN Models"L.W. Abreu, F.X Kneizys, G.P. Anderson, E.P. Shetfie, J.H. Chetwynd 1
"Modeling Solar and Infrared Radiation Fields for BTIIS WOE"J.R. Hummel 13
"PCTRAN 7 - An Implementation of the GL's LOWTRZAN 7 Model for the PersonalComputer"J. Schroeder 26
"Spectral Modeling of Off-axis Leakage Radiance Using the MODTRAN Code"N. Grossbard and D.R. Smith 34
"Cloud Opacity Retrievals Using LONWRAN and the Stamnes Scattering Model"B.L. Lindner and R.G. Isaacs 45
"Calculated Cloud Edge SWIR Radiance Gradients as Viewed by Satellite"L.L. Smith 54
"The Department of Energy Initiative on Atmospheric Radiation Measurements(AIRM): A Study of Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks"R.G. Ellingson, G.M. Stokes and A. Patrinos 62
The HITRAN Molecular Database in 1990"ILt. S. Shannon and L.S. Rothman 71
'line Coupling Calculations for Infrared Bands of Carbon Dioxide for FASCOD3"N1. Ifokc, FX Kneizys, J.11. Chetwvynd and S.A. Clough S
"VASCOW)3 An Update (with NITE Emphasis)"
(i.l. Anderson. FX Kneizys, E'T. Shiettle, J.11. Chetwyiid, L.W. Abreu,N1 I. ilokx, S.A. Clough and R.l). Worshami
Session on Linfe-By-Lirle ApplicationIS
"RAD: A Line-by-Line Non-LTE Radiative Excitation Model"R.H. Picard, R-D. Sharma, J.R. Winick, P.P. Wvintersteiner, A.J. Paboojian,R.A. Joseph and H. Nebel 99
"Non-LTE C02 Vibrational-Temperature Profiles for FASCOD3"P.P. Wintersteiner, AJ. Paboojian, J.R. Winick, R.H. Picard 112
"Non-LTE CO Infrared Emission in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere and ItsEffect on Remote Sensing"J.R. Winick, R-H. Picard and P.P. Wintersteiner 125
"Path Characterization Algorithms for FASCODE"R.G. Isaacs, S.A. Clough, R-D. Worsham, J.-L. Moncet, B.L. Lindner andL.D. Kaplan 137
"Temperature Retrievals with Simulated SCRIBE Radiances"J.-L. Moncet, S.A. Clough, R.D. Worsham, R.G. Isaacs and L.D. Kaplan 145
Session on Turbulence
"Valkdatior, of Random Phase Screens"
A.E. Naiman and T. Goidring 155
"Recent Advances in Modeling of Boundary Layer Refractivity Turbule nce"
'I.. 11cirmann, A. Kohnle 173
Session on Aerosols
'Viihiilty Data Filters for Eluroe
B.Srhjchtel and R.B. Hutsar 185
'Comparison of XSCALE 89 Vertical Structuire Abgoithru with 1Field MeaSffrcments'
N l.~ P. i-ge 1 1)
"SiaNon -UnIfoi-nilty of Acrosok at the ISi,.5(X) ft I £c]
t_ /\. Mathcews and P.L. Walker
"A Metlixl of Estimating Surface Meteorological Ra.nges from Satite V icXrosol
Optical !)cpihs"DY. L ongtiri, J.R. Hmmel andI FT. Shecttlc 2 19
Session on liV Modeling
"A Comparison of the UVTRAN and LOWTRAN7 Aerosol Models"S. O'Brien 226
"High Resolution Solar Spectrum Between 2000 and 3100 Angstroms"L.A. Hall and G.P. Anderson 237
"Predissociation Line Widths of the Schumann-Runge Absorption Bands of SomeIsotopes of Oxygen"W.H. Parkinson, J.R. Esmond, D.E. Freeman, K. Yoshino, A.S-C. Cheung,S.L. Chiu 245
"AURIC: Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code"R.L. Hugueinin, M.A. LeCompte and R.E. Huffman 252
"Measurement Needs for AURIC: Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code"R.E. Huffman 264
"Modeling of Ultraviolet and Visible Transmission with the UVTRAN Code"E. Patterson and J. Gillespie 272
Session on LIDAR
"SABLE: A South Atlantic Aerosol Backsctter Measurement Program"S.B. Alejandro, G.G. Koenig, J.M. Vaughn and P.H. Davies 280
"The RSRE Laser True Airspeed System (LATAS)"J.M. Vaughn 281
"Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Lidar Backscatter Profiles in the EquatorialSouth Atlantic"Lt. Col. G.G. Koenig, E.P. Shettle, S.B. Alejandro and J.M. Vaughn 282
"Comparisons Between SAGE 11 0.2 um Extinction and SABLE 10.6 um BackscatterMeasurements"E.P. Shettle, G.G. Koenig, S.B. Alejandro, J.M. Vaughn, and D.W. Brown 283
A,;oi~io' For 1
Appendix A J Cr
FN , I A' " _" IU9 TAil
Call for Papers i C,2,Cj I 284i J - c, -J ~ " ? ... . . . ..:
Agendta H-----"- - 286
[.ist of Attendees ' 293
Author Index , ,.301
Dc
INTRODUCTION
The Thirteenth DoD Tri-Service Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Modelswas held at the Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts on 5-6 June 1990. Tilepurpose of the meeting was to review progress in the modeling of radiation propagating throughthe earth's atmosphere, identify deficiencies in these models, and make recommendations forimprovements.
Approximately 100 scientists and engineers, representing DoD, other government agencies,industry, and the academic community were in attendance. The agenda consisted of thirty-onepapers with sessions on turbulence, atmospheric propagation models, aerosols, UV modeling,and LIDAR.
This proceedings volume summarizes the technical presentations at the conference. Themain part of the report consists of the abstracts and copies of the viewgraphs or slides and othermaterial as provided by the authors for the presentations. The Appendix includes the originalcll for papers and invitation to the meeting, a copy of the Agenda for the meeting, a list oftlhe attendees, and an author index.
A special thanks is extended to Ronald G. Isaacs, Betty Stenhouse and Atmospheric andEnvironmental Research, Inc.
Francis X. Kneizys
Leonard W. Abreu
STATUS OF THE LOWTRAN AND MODTRAN MODELS
L.W. Abreu, F.X. Kneizys, G.P. Anderson, E.P. Shettle*, and J.H. ChetwyndGeophysics Laboratory/OPE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
LOWTRAN 7 (1988, AFGL-TR-88-0177) calculates atmospheric transmittance and backgroundradiance for any given atmospheric path using spherical refractive geometry. The calculations are doneat low spectral resolution (20 cm 1 full width-half maximum). The effects of single solarAunar scatteringand multiply scattered thermal and solar radiation are included. Enhancements and modifications toLOWTRAN will be discussed.
MODTRAN (presently beta-test version) is a 2 parameter band model (P & T) code with moderatespectral resolution (2 cm-1 full width-half maximum). The MODTRAN band model parameters weredeveloped by utilizing the HITRAN data base. Full compatibility with LOWTRAN 7 is maintained andthe code can be degraded to between 2 and 50 wavenumber spectral resolution.
Now at Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Code 6520, Washington, D.C. 20375
STATUS OF THE LO~rYRAN1 AI1D NOUFRAN MODE3LS
L.W. Abreu, F-X-. Kneizys, G.P- Anderson,E.P- Shettle a-nd J.H. Chet-wynd
ANNUffAL REVIEW CONKEURI CE ON
ATMOSPERIC TRANSMISSION MODELS
5-6 June 1990
Geophysics Laboratory
Hanscomn Air Force Base
ATI-ICISPHEF IC PROF AGA TIf02 I§E9E
-* CU01H1,0H ELEKIJLOWTRAN (LCO'2,)
*FASICODE (HIGH)
-~CONN'ON~ ELEIEtNTS-TFANSrI!TTAl~l:E, RDIA'CE-GEONZTRY, THERNAL~ SCrATTEFJNS-VE-ALT ATHOSF"HFCIC PRDFILES
(HOLECULAF~) AEROSOLSc)-SP'ECTRAL F\NGE: 0 TO 5C0 000 CN'i-INTER~POLAT ION, S NNIN"G7 AN4D
FILTER FUNCTIONS
U.S. SbO. PROFILES (.2D)
120 *
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1LT 'TUDE gN GROLW,1D TO 6,C [::(LINITED BY LTE)
A FFL I C AT 1I S: B D IC KGR 0U ND IS I I U L 110 P, S+P'L U4 E S 7S 0L AF%' ( DI R E CT ISC ATT E R~
C 0 E NI I S: NiVJDEfRATE TINME CONS!JHPT IONUSES 'EXTERFlN' L DT~B'IN% 1 Ci-1 BIN
A ERDSOL VERTICAL 013rR'8UTION IN LO',/TRAN
UPPER FdLL-J .4 r :l -
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L IOERATE
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P11u ~~I HAN I : n .'tmosph -r ic Tran 5rni t tnc - And Rad iance Plodel 14i t;-
M Ioderate Spectral Resolution; 2 cn-
Appropriat.e For Tr.ans,-itnce OfPlume Rad~iation
Al~l LOWTRATh 7 Options Are R-2atnad
* Utilizes The L0WTRAN 7 Input Stream Plus
Two AdditLonal Parameters
Run Tim2e; Aro An CrdJr Of- 11irnjtudE?Slo,4er Than LOW RAN 7
1NCR5IP-,EcD S'ECIRAL- RESOLUTfIDM
NOLECIJLPJ TRANS N TrAiNCE ALGOR tTHPIS3 WERE NPLENEN YEWHICH PROUCEO 2 car I Full Width/H311f t13:urn1urnSPECTRAL RESOLUTION BY USING
* .cm BAND MUDEL- PARANETERSFRON 0 - 17900 cm-1
*THE CURTIS-GODSON APPRoXriMATIONFOR MULTIPLE LAYERS
*AiN EQUIVALENT WIDTH TRANSMIITTANCEFORMALISM, AiND
*AN INTERNAL TRIANGULAR SLIT FUNCTION
LM/I FLTITUOE STRNUFRG RHI PATH
,), j
CE C
(n
fLOIJRtIN7 (20 CN1)
LGOOTRRN 7 (2J CN I
__2],J
PHYSICS OF THE MODELk
* Absorption Due To Line- Within Each 1cm-I Bin
Is Calculated By Integrating Over A Voigt Line Shar
o The Curtis-Godson Approximation Is Used To Replace
Multilayered Paths By An Equivalent Homogenous One
o A Collisioned Broadened Or Lorentz Line Width
Parameter Is Defined At STP
EPANDED APPLICAB[LITY
1,1ODTRA11 IS BETTER SUITED THANl LOWrTRAl
FOR ATMOSPHERIC PATHS ABOVE 30 KI
- Band Model Parameters Are BothTemperature and Pressure Dependent
- Transmittance Is Mlodeled With AVoigt Llneshape
HOWEVER, MODTRAN STILL ASSUMESLOCAL THERMODYNAMI1C EQUILIBRIUM,1
H20 0 K V I- f N B
(~J -- S- SAIVC
CE)
FRECUENCY (CH t>)
FA.SCODTh3
RAjA 0.6N
0.2
0.2500 2600 27 00 2800 2900 3 0c()41AVEN4UNBER C.4-1
LOWPI1RAN 7 COMIPATIBILITY
o UTILIZING THE 1986 HITRAN DATA BASE
SEPARATE ABSORPTION CALCULATIONS WEREPERFORMED FOR THE TWELVE MOLECULARSPECIES IN LO rRAN 7:
H20 C02 03 N20 CO CH402 NO S02 ?J02 NH3 HU03
0 THE THERMAL AND SOLAR MULTIPLESCATTERING OPTION IS RETAINED
- The K-Distribution Method IsReplaced By I cm-1 Calculations
NF\IR At- 20 KiNI SUN 690" FRONi ZEIN[-H
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300)-3500 43 30J 1000000 .30033 .7S6'?7 .04340 8.55083E-3-'- 2.S0 5000000 .65032 .65345 .03132 7.07815JE-3
30 300 50000 .72L11 .68176 .03116 6.6273,E-330 260 5000 .88293 .87224 .01075 3.73268E-31 300 100 .89267 .37470 .00203 2.5784-E-315 260 500 .77240 .76725 .00515 4.81810E-30 300 .1 .79237 .78358 .00873 1.74617E-40 260 1 .37106 .36653 .00,53 2.50858E-4
3500-4000 45 300 30000 .74048 .66357 .0763? 3.61090E-345 260 50000 .73666 .67860 .05806 2.95129E-330 300 1000 .73107 .68537 .04569 2.t2370E-330 260 500 .78837 .75784 .03073 1.42861E-313 300 10 .74670 .72505 .02184 9.66237E-415 260 too .50990 .46?Sl .02033 1.06107E-40 300 .001 .86431 .3343 .00433 2.24.40E-40 260 .01 .51742 .50799 .00943 5.12A33E-4
F'- FIRCERT E3 FASC'i3LIZ 1':?OTRA;' L f'T&.?I
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MODELING SOLAR AND INFRARED RADIATION FIELDS FOR BTI/SWOE
J.R. HummelSPARTA, Inc., 24 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02173
The Balanced Technology Initiative (BTI) on Smart Weapons Operability Enhancement (SWOE) has
a goal to model the radiant field from complex natural backgrounds. In order to achieve this goal, onemust be able to model the thermal structure of the background. Two of the inputs to the energy budget
of the background are solar and infrared radiation.
A review of approaches to calculate the solar and infrared fields has been made. The goal of this studyhas been to provide recommendations to the SWOE modeling community on the appropriate techniquesto use for calculating the solar and infrared inputs to the background energy budgets.
MODELING SOLAR AND INFRARED RADIATIONFIELDS FOR BTI/SWOE
John R. Hummel
SPARTA, Inc.24 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02173
June 5, 1990
Presented to:
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission ModelsGeophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts
4 , BRIEFING OUTLINE
V #SPARTA IC.
* Background and Purpose of the Research
" Solar and Infrared Modeling Requirements of the BTI/SWOE Program
" Review of Representative Techniques
" Results
" Summary and Recommendations
] :.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEOF THE RESEARCH
# ARTA IC
" BACKGROUND
- A Goal of the Balanced Technology Initiative (BTI) on Smart WeaponsOperability Ehancement (SWOE) is to Model the Radiant Field FromComplex Natural Backgrounds.
- One Must be Able to Model the Thermal Structure of the Background.
- Two of the Inputs to the Energy Budget are Solar and InfraredRadiation.
" PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH
- Review Approaches to Calculate the Solar and Infrared Fields andProvide Recommendations to the BTI/SWOE Modeling Community onAppropriate Techniques.
RADIATION SCENE STRUCTURE
F(Ea ,Ta)IR DOWN
F(Ev ,Tv) 4-/4 F(Ec,TC) \ SOLAR IN
IROUT IR DOWN J
IT /H 0-' X
• ---WIND
A
A i:i
* SOLAR AND INFRARED MODELINGREQUIREMENTS FOR BTI/SWOE
SPARTAINC.
* FLUX INPUTS ARE REQUIRED TO:- Thermally Load Scenes Prior to Time of Scene Simulation
- Calculate Radiant Components Along Arbitrary Lines-of-Sight At Timeof Scene Simulation
* MODELS MUST:- Valid for Wide Range of Environmental Conditions
- Account for Cloud Reflections, Emissions, and Shadowing
- Allow Variable Atmospheric Composition (H20, Aerosols....)
- Include Multiple Reflections and Emissions from Scene Elements
* INPUTS MUST:- Simple Enough for the SWOE User to Understand
- Easily Obtainable (i.e., Surface Weather Observations)
SOLAR MODELS
._ ,,COMP,".RISON OF SOLAR TREATMENTS
'" #SPAFA INC.
* Techniques to be Compared:- Solar Treatment in the Terrain Surface Temperature Model (TSTM)
- ILUMA (EOSAEL 87)
- LOWTRAN 7
* Results will be Compared for Clear and Cloudy Sky Conditions
4 SOLAR TREATMENT IN TSTM"""R, IC. GENERAL BACKGROUND
" Based on Early Techniques Used by General Circulation Models
* Assumes Rayleigh Scattering Dominates Below 0.9 pm andH20 Absorption Dominates Above
" Does Not Account for Aerosol Effects
" Includes Adustments for Cloud Cover and Slope of Receiving Surface
" Cloud Adjustment Tied to Cloud Type
" Does not Separate Direct and Diffuse Components
. SOLAR TREATMENT IN ILUMA,,,,,TIC. GENERAL BACKGROUND
* Based on Shapiro Model (1982) for Calculating Solar Fluxes FromStandard Surface Meteorological Observations
" Input Parameters Tied to:
- Location
- Time of Day
- Type of Surface
- State of Surface (Wet, Dry, Frozen,...)
- State of Weather (Precip, Clouds, Presence of Obscurants....)
" Not Tied to Temperature or RH
" No Accounting for Aerosols
* Does Not Separate Direct and Diffuse Components
I Model Evaluated for Limited Locations and Seasons
_ COMPARISON OF•#SPT INC. SOLAR MODELING FEATURES
FEATURE TSTM ILUMA LOWTRAN 7
Wavelength Dependent No No Yes
Separate Direct and No No YesDiffuse TermsAdjustments for Yes Yes YesClouds (Empirical) (Implicit) (Explict)
Cloud Layering No Yes No
Calculates Directional No No YesRadiancesIncludes Weather Effects No Yes Yes
(Implicitly) (Explicitly)
4 RESULTS OF COMPARISONS
-" # PARTINC.SOLAR FLUXIES
CLEAR SKIES, 10 SEPT 1982
750
650
E4550
E
250 _ TSTIV
150---------LOWTRAN 7
800 1000 1200 1400 1600TIME (LsT)
RESULTS OF COMPARISONSSOLAR FLUXES
# SIPRTA NC. CLOUDY SKIES, 7 SEPT 1982
8Q 00F
70
200 --- LOWIRAN 7
800 1000 1200 1400 1600TIME (LSI)
RESULTS OF COMPARISONSIMPCTOF SOLAR FLUX DIFFERENCES
*,ARAINfAP CcLEAR SKIES, 10 SEPT 1982
Ld 3 5 -
5-30
w 1
~20
1-15 ____TSTM
< 10 --- ILUMA< -- ------- LOWTRAN 7
000 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400TIME (LsT)
INFRARED MODELS]
* -14ACOMAIO OF INFRARED TREATMENTS
Martin & Schmetz
I FEATURE TSTM Berdahl et al. LOWTRAN 7Clear Sky Emissivity Air Temp, RH Dew Point Temp Air Temp ModelTied To (ldso & Jackson) AtmosphereAdjustments for Yes Yes Yes YesClouds (Empirical) (Empirical) (Empirical) (Explicit)Cloud Layering No No No No
Calculates Directional No No No YesRadiancesWavelength Dependent No No No YesIncludes Weather Effects No No No Yes
(Explicitly)
4 RESULTS OF COMPARISONSIR FLUXES
SPARAICARTAINC.CLEAR SKIES, 10 SEPT 1982
4 0 0 .. ... .. ... ... . . ...... .
375 -
NE 3 5
3 25
D) 300
275 --- ----- SChmetz et al.--------Martin & Berdahl
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500TIME (LsT)
. RESULTS OF COMPARISONSIR FLUXES - CLOUDY SKIES
VSPARTA INC.
Cumulus Clouds
2 Midlatitude Summer (W/m 2) Midlatitude Winter
(Wm) (W/m )MidaiueWne500/400 400
3300
200 200
100 1000 .... /
LOWTRAN 7 E Martin & Berdahl
TSTM E Schmetz et al.
SUMMARY ANDCONCLUSIONS
4 SUMMARY OF MODELING REQUIREMENTSFOR BTI/SWOE
#,ARTA INC.
AREA REQUIREMENTEnergy Budget Calculations Direct & Diffuse Solar Terms
Account for Reflections Off Scene Elements
Account for Absorption & Scattering byAtmospheric Gases, Aerosols, & Clouds
Cloud Contributions Including Shadowing
Radiant Field Calculations Wavelength Dependence
Directional Scattering, Reflection, andEmission Along Arbitrarty Lines-of Sight
Environmental Valid for All SWOE Scenarios
Data Obtainable From Routine Surface WeatherObservations
-4- SUMMARY OF SOLAR MODELS STUDIED
#SPARTA INC.
MODELINGREQUIREMENT TSTM ILUMA LOWTRAN 7
ENERGY BUDGETSWavelength Dependent No No YesSeparate Direct and No No YesDiffuse TermsAdjustments for Clouds Yes Yes YesCloud Layering No Yes NoCloud Shadowing No No NoIncludes Aerosol Effects No No Yes
RADIANT FIELDSCalculates Directional No No YesRadiancesCalculates for Specific No No YesWavebands
ENVIRONMENTALValid for SWOE Locations ?? ?? ??
DATALJse s Conventional Yes Yes YesSurface Weather DataUses Radiosonde Data No No Yes
SSUMMARY OF INFRARED MODELS STUDIED
V SPARTA INC.
MODEUtNG Martin & SchmetzREQUIREMENT TSTM Berdahl et al. LOWTRAN 7
ENERGY BUDGETSWavelength Dependent No No No YesAdjustments for Yes Yes Yes YesCloudsCloud Layering No No No NoIncludes Weather Effects No No No Yes
RADIANT FIELDSCalculates Directional No No No YesRadiancesCalculates for Specific No No No YesWavebands
ENVIRONMENTALValid for SWOE ?? ?? ??Locations
DATAUses Conventional Yes Yes Yes YesSurface Weather DataUses Radiosonde Data No No No Yes
4CONCLUSIONS AND•#SPT INC. RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS" Solar and Infrared Models Sampled From the Research Community do
not Satisfy BTI/SWOE Requirements
RECOMMENDATIONS
" An Approach Similar to LOWTRAN 7 Should be Used to Provide Solarand IR Inputs to BTI/SWOE
" Modifications and Enhancements Required, but Within the Framework ofLOWTRAN Concept
" Validation Studies With Field Data Mandatory
')14
CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS
SPARTA INC.
CONCLUSIONS* Solar and Infrared Models Sampled From the Research Community do
not Satisfy BTI/SWOE Requirements
RECOMMENDATIONS
* An Approach Similar to LOWTRAN 7 Should be Used to Provide Solarand IR Inputs to BTI/SWOE
* Modifications and Enhancements Required, but Within the Framework of
LOWTRAN Concept
* Validation Studies With Field Data Mandatory
PCTRAN 7 - AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GL'sLOWTRAN 7 MODEL FOR THE PERSONAL COMPUTER
J. Schroeder
Ontar Corporation, 129 University Road, Brookline, MA 02146
PCTRAN 7 is an implementation of the Geophysics Laboratory's LOWTRAN 7 model, and as-sociated software, for the IBM, and compatible, family of personal computers. The package containssoftware for setting inputs, help capability for LOWTRAN parameters, viewing of output files, screengraphics and hard copy graphics. The software has been validated by the GL under a cooperative IR &Dagreement with Ontar.
This paper will describe PCTRAN 7, Version 2, and demonstrate the capabilities of the package.
PCTRAN 7 [c]: An Implementation of the GL's
LOWTRAN 7 Model for the Personal Computer
ANNUAL REVIEW CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION MODELS
Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA
5 June 1990
Paul V. Noah, and John Schroeder
Ontar Corporation
129 University Road
Brookline, MA 02146 - 4532
Tel: 617-739-6607 FAX: 617-277-2374Ahmikqrl, k m,,
Cooperative R & D Agreement
With Geophysics Laboratory - Hanscom AFB, MA
September 1988
PC Implementation of a Software Package - LOWTRAN 7 - PCTRAN 7 [c]
EEvmm lmamm
PCTRAN 7 [c] * Version 2
PC Version of the AFGL LOWTRAN 7 Atmospheric Radiance & Transmission Code
Complete Implementation of the LOWTRAN 7 Code - 7.37
Interactive User Input Software
Help Screens for All Input Variables
Screen and Hard Copy Graphics Output
Tabular Output In ASCII Format
Batch Processing Input Software
Plotting from Different LOWTRAN Calculations
•CERTIFIED for ACCURACY by the GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY
Hardware and Software Requirements
Personal Computer - XT, AT, 80386, 80486 (Compatible, Clone)
1.2 Mbyte Diskette Drive, Hard Disk
640 Kbytes of Memory
CGA, EGA, or VGA Graphics Board and Monitor - for Screen Plots
Printer - for Hard Copy
Numeric Co-processor Highly Recommended
WarmsPi ibandhIhBI Ubi
LITERATURE AVAILABLE
SOFTWARE DEMONSTRATION
Ontar Corporation
129 University Road
Brookline, MA 02146 - 4532
Tel: 61 7-739-6607 FAX: 617-277-2374 Bulletin Board: 617-277-6299
ihbh m 3Ffl Oh
ONTAR's LOWTRAN Program Suite - Version 7.2
a. LOWTRAN Input - LOWINb. Execute LOWTRANC. LOWTRAN Plotting - LOWPLTd. Printer Plotting - PRTPLTe. View LOWTRAN Output - VIEWOUTf. View FiLE7 - VIEWOUTg. View FILEB - VIEWOUTh. LOWFIL Input - LFILIN
i. Execute LOWFILJ. View LOWFIL Output -- VIEWOUT
k. Execute LOWSCAN1. LOWSCAN Plotting - LOWPLTM. View FILE9 - VIEWOUTn. Multiple LOWTRAN Plots - LOWMPIN & LOWPLT
0. Return to DOS
Input Function:
MhwIFI tonoM
PC-TRAN7 Batch Mode Manager.
ESC - Quit LOWIN (write LOWIN and LOWPLT.DAT)F2 - Edit current run.F3 - Edit next run.F4 - Edit previous run.F5 - Add new run (to end) and go to that runF6 - Delete current run.F7 - Go to run.
Database name MCASE3
Number of runs In this database 4 Current run 3
LOWTRAN7 Card 5
dhnhIrl& Mb
Initial Altitude (km) 1.500
Final Altitude/Tangent Height (km) 10.000
Initial Zenith Angle (degrees) .000
Path Length (kin) .000
Earth Center Angle (degrees) .000
Radius of Earth (km) [.000 - default] .000
Type of Path Short
Initial Frequency 2000.000 cm-1 Wavelength 4.000 m
Final Frequency 2500.000 cm-1 Wavelength 5.000 m
Frequency Increment (wavenumber) 5.000
Run # 2 of 4 LOWTRAN7 Cards 3 & 4
Whu il$fan mImatgilUSI
Plot Type Transmittance in mType of X Axis LinearType of Y Axis LinearNumber of Decimal Digits for Y Axis 2Length of X Axis (in Inches) 7.0000Beginning Wavenumber/Wavelength 4.0000 mEnding Wavenumber/Wavelength 5.0000 mX Axis Annotation Interval .2000 mX - Number of Minor Ticks / Division 5Length of Y Axis (in Inches) 6.0000Autoscale Y Axis NoMinimum Transmittance/Radiance .OOE+00Maximum Transmittance/Radiance 1.OOE+00Y Axis Annotation Interval 2.OOE-01Y - Number of Minor Ticks / Division 5Plot Grids (Graph Paper) Coarse Grid
Run # 2 of 4 LOWPLT Scaling Plot # 1AhIIlkeII| Eh
Multiple Run Plotting Inputs
Filename Run Plot Mode Title
CASE-A 1 Transmittance 1976 U S STANDARDCASE-A 2 Transmittance SUBARCTIC WINTERCASE-A 3 Radiance /w Scattering SUBARCTIC SUMMERCASE-A 4 Radiance MIDLATITUDE SUMMERCASE-B 1 Transmittance 1976 U S STANDARDCASE-B 2 Radiance TROPICAL MODELCASE-B 3 Radiance /w Scattering MIDLATITUDE SUMMERCASE-B 4 Transmittance SUBARCTIC SUMMERCASE-C 1 Transmittance 1976 U S STANDARDCASE-C 2 Radiance TROPICAL MODELCASE-C 3 Radiance /w Scattering New Model AtmosphereCASE-C 4 Transmittance Met Data (Hor Path)
LOWMPIN Select Runs
MWElI ILREL I* ihul U EIhI
3?UUC, dBU06 214000 20000 0
1. 1.G
CU C
uI C-)
C\J CD
cr cr:
D 0. 0 3.0 .0 .c .0
1.00 0.00
.0 040 -. 0.60 .0rPEEGh M~lfMIR
MUTFEROSIGElRTRE OP R
fi j ! Li
NIT 1 ci1
I I H If Pl
1. z
S vLL NCGTH (,' I C f INE I L I]
J. 9.9 99 9.65 9.5 9)! 9.31 9.2J 4 - - - ] -- --4 1 GO.0
j7U. '-.- --- _ _ - - 0.90
N- - - ..
/0.8
.1: cc
.,0.6 -
90 10 0 103 10-10 70 109
'ARV NUM ER M-l
MUTIL PLO TES zci 2./C -- 0.70Elk
SPECTRAL MODELING OF OFF-AXIS LEAKAGERADIANCE USING THE MODTRAN CODE
N. GrossbardBoston College, 885 Centre Street, Newton, MA 02159
D.R. SmithGeophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
MODTRAN has been used together with the Degges High Altitude Infrared Radiance Model forthe purpose of modeling the off-axis leakage spectra obtained from the HIRIS and SPIRE rockctbomeatmospheric experiments. Off-axis leakage spectra for numerous angular shells around the sensorFOV were calculated using nominal or pre-flight estimates of the telescope's off-axis rejection (OAR)performance. Each leakage contribution was weighted to obtain a best least squared fit to the actualflight data. The resulting weighting functions were then applied as correction factors to the initial
estimates of the off-axis rejection performance to obtain estimates of the inflight OAR performance ofthe telescope. The computed spectra are in good agreement with the flight data in each case and theresulting OAR performance curves, though considerably worse than initial estimates based on laboratorymeasurements, are reasonable for inflight conditions and in good agreement with other inflight estimatesof OAR performance.
Spectral Modelinig of Off-Axis Leakage Radiance Using the MODTRAN CodeN. Grossband (Boston College) and D.R. Smith (Geophysics Laboratory)
STRAYLIGHT
SUN/UOON ZZ=fl
PARTICULATES 0
ANDO4
CONTAMINATION
EARTH ALBEDO
EARTH
EUSSSJON
N .< ...: . -.
00
U3
tj ";"
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m- t
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-10
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AN% F FROM THE0 &AL AX S
TELESCOPE' POSITION
EARTH
1,E -07 ~'I
SPIRE TYPICAL OFFAXIS RESPONS[
VE- 12
4 A?, PAT( P Y 'FA '!I, F~NT:
n. fl
F I P-,
.'--' vibPH ERIC MODEL
.- EXTRAPOLATION
DEGGES
.-s12
-20
-11I
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-83
cc
-14
-II
-12
(' 18 945 -51504so5
r4AC (rEF .C
-7
-8
-9
-11
-12
-7
-7
SL
.25' 4. 00
ELEVATION ANGLE -3.50 DEGREESTANGENT HEIGHT 107.89 KM89/06/02. RUN NUMBER 259 TELESCOPE MODEL 9(HIRIS)
RESOLUTION (Q WAVENUMBERS)INTEGRATE FROM 2.500E-01 TIRU 90. DEGREES SMOOTH OVER 3 AVENUMBERSMINIMUM ALTIruoEs 0. KMrELESCOPE HEIGHTS 1.200E*02 KM
-~7
eTOTAL CALC.
LEAKAGE SPECTRUM
-9ciz0
-10w
uj -11
_j
-12 450 650 850 1050 1250
WAVENUMBER I.IC20
, -7
u-) -8 7-to
- l0I HI{
HIRISSPECTH,_
-12 I- - - - -- -450 650 850 I051 12:
WA',Eu r3ER I . /CM
RUNNING SUM OF 5 VALUES MOD AND MEAS SEP.1 30E-08
3.317E-09
-4.567E-09 -
w
c- .265E-C8-
n
-2.-6 4E-O8-00
-2.862--08450 650 850 1050 1250
WAVENUMBER I ./C1
ELEVATIC. ANGLE -10.00 DEGREESTANGENT HEIGHT 149.35 KM89/09/12. RUN NUMBER 344 TELESCOPE MCDEL IO(SPIRE)
LOW RESOLUTION (15 WAVENUMBERS)INTEGRATE FROM 2.500E-01 THRU 90. DEGREES SMOOTH OVER 15 WAVENUMBERSMINIMUM ALTITUOFc ). KMTELESCOPE HE!GHTV ?.500E02 KM
E
Q -9
ct -;0
U
-10
SPIRE OATA
' -12w
SPATIAL SCANS I -8S-13 TANGENT MEIGHT RANGE
135. TO 150. KM
CO-ADDED RADIANCE
-14 I I450 650 850 1050 1250
WAVENUMBER I./CM
WEIGHT-.22 INTEGRAL STARTING AT 2.500E-OI FORCE CONSTANT- 4OOOE-02WEIGHT-I.se INTEGRAL STARTING AT 2OOOE.O0 FORCE CONSTANT- 4OOOE-02WEIGHT-O.01 INTEGRAL STARTING AT 4-OOOE-O0 FORCE CONSTANT- 4.OOOE-02WEIGHT-O.18 INTEGRAL STARTING AT 8O00E-O0 FORCE CONSTANT- 4.OOOE-02
O1,20T0CrEL T T .20 01 FORCE CoNsrANT- 4 OOOE-01WEIGHT-O.95 INTEGRAL STARTING AT 1.SOOE01
14
Z J- c
E- 1z
-6 LABORATORY MEASUREM1ENTS
n- 2 3. 45. 50 60 7. 0. q-
OFFAXIS PINGLE
i 7 ERa IBLAAES -k
C 1 - ATLM EAA, IT RFL
0 'TT SL R.L AAFPT
'PARAMETRIZED' OFFAXIS RESPONSEOEGA = I.2H-OSOR : 7.60Ot1 7.60L 46.00
i.E-Op F z 2.0E02NPVLEN I .0E-03BROF - 2.35-0!N : 2.7
I.E-OS 3.0E-06M = 0.05: 1.0
u I.E-09
z
-l IE- iLtJ I.E-Il
I .E-12
I.E-13
0. 10. 20. 30. qO. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90.
,FFAXIS ANGLE
H 14
CLOUD OPACITY RETRIEVAL USING LOWTRANAND THE STAMNES SCATTERING MODEL
B.L. Lindncr and R.G. IsaacsAtmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139
The AFGL LOWTRAN atmospheric transmittance model and an efficient Mie theory algorithmhave been combined with the Stamnes discrete ordinate method multiple-scattering model, and used tosimulate multispectral sensor intensities for a variety of cloud properties, surface types, sun and sensorgeometries, and background atmospheres, from visible to infrared wavelengths. These intensities arestored in a lookup table, and a minimization procedure has been developed to most efficiently andaccurately match observed intensities with those in the lookup table, and hence retrieve cloud properties.The minimization procedure has been used to retrieve cloud optical depth from LANDSAT TM data.
N
N
CA
N
U CA-4 NH
N N,-~ CA
- 00N CA 0
N
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- CA0
4~44: H4-JO ~ N
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4: pCA NN -4 1~ N
N ~4 C) H 0 ~0 E-.
HN
~ 0 00 N CA
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A
CALCULATED CLOUD EDGE SWIR RADIANCE GRADIENTS AS VIEWED BY SATELLITE
L.L. SmthGrumman Corporate Research Center, Bethpage, NY 11714
As surveillance systems become more capable and more sophisticated, knowledge of the effects of
clouds as background clutter becomes an increasing stressing factor on performance. Cloud edge radiancegradients in the SWIR are calculated using the LOWTRAN 7 code for multiple satellite-cloud-sun viewing
geometries. As expected, the gradient, defined as the change in cloud radiance per degree in the detectorfocal plane, increases as the viewing position approaches the earth's limb. This is principally caused by
the foreshortening of the cloud boundary as the limb is approached with a small effect due to an increasein cloud brightness. The gradient peaks in both the forward scattering and backscattering directions arcdue to the phase angle effect of the scattering particles.
Calculated Cloud Edge SWIR RadianceGradients as Viewed by Satellite
Lewis L. Smith
Grumman Corporate Research Center
I ('I I FP C:LOUD 1 1:1K;! SWIR RADLJ.v\CF GRADIENVTSA V I I-- FD B Y S.A TELLI TE
C:je Lrj rn. ch, s:,cated. knowledge of
CC.. . . . . . .. . . . . .. rfs n !h~e SW.'R are calculate u ;ng h- 2.sur v~~.r'- 3metrnes As expcted.
S- . c d rac arce -P, ,,,ree in the iletemtr focal
........................ ~**d~rclh.s !', earth's lin t T ,s st" .-. ' n Ccu tcu200ry 3S the ii , .b
'- -iA c:.c n'.g"tness The gradfent-a-,." ?C '0 l he :)rase2
CILoti P1rojection onGle
and
Cloud Image Motion in Satellite Focal Plane
Detectors Cloud image
Simplified Cloud Edge Model
50(
Scattering Angle Definition
Cloud ZenithSatellite
* SWR radiances calculated using standard
cirrus cloud model from LOWTRAN7 w/multiple
scattering & daytime conditions
Cloud thickness varies in step size
- 111 km in longitude (east)- 111 km in latitude (south)
" Maritime aerosols
• Sub-satellite point on equator
Cloud Edge Gradient Model (Cont'd)
" Model atmospheres- 0-250 tropical- 25-550 midlatitude summer- 55-700 subarctic summer
* Cirrus cloud base altitude- 0-251 11 km- 25-55' 10 km- 55-700 7 km
" Cloud edge gradients calculated fromchanging radiance in satellite detector focal plane
" All gradients normalized to cloud at sub-satellite point
Cloud Gradients - South
110j Relative Scene- Longitlude. deg
-70 ,,
Cloud -55 1jGradient, -40
k11tfl1srdeg -20
0.1
-90 -50 -10 30 70
Relative Solar Longiludo, deq
Cloud Gradients - South
10. Relative SceneLongitude,cdog
--65-55
Cloud -35Gradient, 1 -..- 20kWikm2 /sr/deg
0.
-90 -50 -10 30 70Relative Solar Longitude, deg
Cloud Gradients - South10 Relative Scene
Latitude, deg 7
/55Cloud40G3radient, /60
0.1-90 -50 -1.0 30 70
Relative Solar L onplude, 'og
Cloud Gradients - East
100'_Relative SceneLongitude, deg
-7010-
Cloud-5Gradient, -- -40-kW/km2Isr/deg 4
01 0 --
-90 -50 -10 30 70Relative Solar Longitude, deg
Cloud Gradients -East
100Relative ScenejLongitude. deg
Cloud 10 ----- 5Gradient, -- - - - - --- -kW/kM 2/sr/deg -- - ---- - 35
0.0
-90 -50 -10 30 70
Relative Solar Longitude. deg
14)0
Cloud Gradients - East1 0 .. . ... . .. . .. ..
Relative SceneLaitude, deg
5540
Cloud 2 _ 0Gradient,.. .i > - 0
kW/km 2/sr/deg 7 70
60 N0.1-90 -50 10 30 70
Relative Solar Longitude, deg
Conclusions
* Cloud edge SWIR gradient increases as viewingposition approaches earth's limb - caused byforeshortening
Gradient increases as cloud altitude increases dueto decreased atmospheric absorption
Gradient peaks in both forward and backscattereddirections due to phase angle effect of scatteringparticles
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY INITIATIVE ON ATMOSPHERIC RADIATIONMEASUREMENTS (ARM): A STUDY OF RADIATIVE FORCING AND FEEDBACKS
R.G. EllingsonDepartment of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
G.M. StokesApplied Physics Center, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA 99352
A.PatrinosDivision of Atmospheric and Climate Research, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20545
As a key component of the strategy to address global climate, the Department of Energy has launchedthe Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) initiative. The objectives of the ARM Program are toprovide detailed measurements of radiative effects in the atmosphere, and to provide parameterizationsof these effects for use in atmospheric models. Particular emphasis will be on those effects associatedwith clouds and greenhouse gases. The effort will support the continued and rapid improvement ofGCM predictive capability. The presentation will summarize the science context, program requirements,measurement strategy, experimental approach, scientific management and site selection.
State of the Artin Radiation Models
ICRCCM has shown a wide range ofdisagreement among radiation models used inclimate studies
There are no calibrated techniques for predictingand calculating the radiative effects of clouds foreither homogeneous or broken conditions
Radiation and Climate -
Important Facts
Radiation is a quantity to which Earth'sclimate is VERY sensitive -
I % changes are important
Atmospheric RadiationMeasurement Program
A Study of Radiative Forcingand Feedbacks
General Goals of ARM:
Improve the Performance ofGeneral CirculationModelsof the Atmosphereas Tools for PredictingGlobal and Regional Change
Specific Goals of ARM
Improve the Treatment ofRadiative transfer in GCMs UnderClear Sky, General Overcast, andBroken Cloud Conditions
Improve the Parameterizationof the Properties and Formationof Clouds in GCMs
ARM Design StrategySicccssile ,Approxima tioni
Scientific IssuesExperiment DefinitionInstrument, Model, Site
Selection (Process))ata System Requirements
Experiment Definition
Key Organizing Concept
Model to be Tested (hypothesis)Input DataTest Data
Experimental Context
Hypothesis-Oriented Radiation
Science Experiment
Clouds and Radiation Testbed
Model Definition
Numerical (computational)representation of the
understanding ofa physical process
Design Process Goals
Rapid DeploymentLong-term Flexibility
Strong Coupling to Science
CART Data System:Design Activities
Data System Design:Objective
A data system that can providestreams of data (measurements andpredictions) of known quality that
can be compared to test the predictivepower of radiometric and other
models selected to be a part of theARM program
RepresentativeIntercomparison of Data
[ Science
Meteorological RadometricTea mand Related M-Measurements
Radiometric _Measurements
CART
CART Design Process
ModelsIssues Measurement Data
Radiation Experiment Sts I- System& Sites
Clouds Insjruments
Requirements Definition
* Formal top-down design sessions to includerepresentatives of Science Team andinstrument developers
* Design reviews and workshops withScience Team and interagency workinggroups
* Formal design review with outside panel
Summary of Design Process
* Design driven by scientific requirements
" Focus on providing streams ofmeasurements and predictions forintercomparison
" Creation of a process that supportsevolution of ARM scientific activities
p,
THE IJITRAN MOLECULAR DATABASE IN 1990
Lt. S. Shannon and L.S. RothmhanGeophysics Laboratory/OPI, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
The spectroscopic molecular database, HITRAN, is the DoD and international standard compilation ofabsorption parameters that enable the calculation of atmospheric spectral simulations from the microwavethrough the visible. HITRAN has been periodically improved and released; the current edition being 1986(Applied Optics, 26, 4058 (1987)). This present edition contains over a third of a million transitions forsome 28 species and their significant atmospheric isotopic variants. The new edition will have additionalspecies and will contain many more transitions. Furthermore, there will be appended new cross-sectionsfor heavy molecular species, with bands at several representative temperatures. This talk will summarizesome of the major updates and modifications that will be available on HITRAN 1990.
The HITRAN Molecular Database in 1990Lt Scott Shai anon & Laurence S. Rothman
GL/OP1Hanscom AFB, MA 0 1731-5000
OUTLINE
Q) Major Molecular Parameter Updates
* SELECT: Database Interface
* Conclusions
Major Molecular Parameter Updates
0 H20
0 C020 03
0 CH 4
0 CO, HNO3, HCI, HF, HI, HBr...
0 Cross-sections (CIONO 2, CFG's, N205...)
AU ~ ~ ~ , P&A.,4.3:r Jbsrvaor
51- m~~s recrd
EO c
Al r,%e( d t - e 1 -, ar
9 s --,esadapt
Water Vapor (H20)
Vrni n v,, # bands # lines
0 5904 7965 9 3112
0 8036 9482 9 1874
0 9603 11 481 9 2484
o 11 661 12 741 5 714
0 13238 22 657 41 (39,2) 4608
Carbon Dioxide (C02)
o New Line Positions: New fit of observed high resolution databy Hawkins & Rothman. New data includes very high vibrational 4.3-gm observations of Bailly et af. (Orsay) and the 15-1rm observationsof Esplin et af (GL)
@ New intensities: New intensity observations ot Dana et a.
(Paris) and Johns (NRC). Calculations by Wattson & Rothman forunobserved bands, include Herman-Wallis coefficients.
@ Revised Halfwidths: Re-evaluation of all halfwidth observa-tions.
Ozone (03)
o New data for v, and 2v2 - v2 from Pickett (JPL) et a[.
@ Umpteenth revamping of 10-jim region. This time includesmany new bands and hot bands.
@ Isotopic bands of 10-jim region from FCP & Rinslanid (NASALangley)
O Many new combination bands from Goldman (Denver)
Ozone (03)
I/i v, # bands # lines
0 557 900 2 12 085
@ 919 1271 18 42 500
@ 934 1178 4 13590
0 1319 2-3'22 193 44 926
I B I I I
Methane (CH4)
0 Major improvement by Brown (JPL)
@ Updated mono-deuterated methane bands by Brown.
Methane (CH 4)
Vmin vmax # bands # lines
o 0 6185 31 (21,6,4) 37207
@ 2902 3147 3 309
Other Molecular Species
O CO (carbon monoxide): Update, primarily for HITEMP (Tipping)
o NO (nitric oxide): Update of fundamental (Ballard)
O HNO 3 (nitric acid): addition of new bands(fundamentals and combinations, 410 to 1400 cm-1)(Goldman, Maki, Rinsland, Perrin, et aL)
O HCl, HF, HI, HBr (hydrogen halides):
Update, primarily for HITEMP (Tipping, et al.)
O H20 2 (hydrogen peroxide): v6 band, 138-1500 cm' (Hillman)
o C 2H2 (acetylene): v5 band, 1192-1470 cm-' (Rinsland)
o C2H6 (ethane). v9 and v7 bands, 0-833 and 2973-3000 cm-1(Blass; Goldman, Dang-Nhu, et al.)
* COF2, SF6...: new species on compilation (Goldman).
U pd-ae s_ e ne-raoly-ic!Ludeal ametersloflTHRANformat.
Cross-sections (Supplemental files)
CFC's now at six temperatures: 203, 213, 233, 253, 273, and 293K.N20 5 at 233, 253, 273, and 293K. CION0 2 at 213 and 296K.
Species Vmin Vmax # lines
CFC-12 (CCI2F2) 867 .937 67554CFC-13 (CCIF3 ) 765 805
i 1065 1140
1170 1235 72822CFC-14 (CF4) 125, 1290 14 160
CFC-22 (CHCIF2) 780 8.010so 11501290 13,35 70806
CFC-1 13 (C2CI3F3) 78o) 995
1005 /2-32 53 16
Cross-sections (continued)
Species vMin vmax # lines
CFC-114 (C2C12F4) 815 860
870 9601030 10671095 1285 146442
CFC-115 (C2ClF5) 955 1015
1110 1145
1167 1260 76056
N205 555 600
720 7651210 12751680 1765 2004
CION0 2 555 600" 720 765
SELECT OPTIONS
Input:
OD v, and v2 (Initial and final frequencies of selection)
® Molecule
@ Isotope
(D V, v" (upper and lower "global" quanta)
® S, (Intensity cutoff)
Output.
" Batch file for input
O Files for input to subsequent programs
(direct image; '82 format; user defined)
O Hard copy listing
(codes converted to spectroscopic and chemical notations;
80 or 132 columns printers)
/.-,
SUMMARY
-k Improvements notable for remote sensing, laser transmission,climate modeling, use of heavy species...
* New Edition of HITRAN to appear in fall 1990.
* Users on mailing list will be notified through newsletter.
* HITEMP due shortly after HITRAN.
* SELECT faster and more flexible.
HITRAN Database Distribution
Tape: 9 track, ASCII, 1600 BPI
Ciimatologica! Services SectionNational Climatic Data Center of NOAA
Federal Building
Asheville, NC 28801phone: (704) 259-0682
or
Dr. Laurence S. HofhmanAFOL/OPIH,'jn;com AFB, MA 01/731-5000J'h -7 t' (517) -577-2.5,315
LINE COUPLING CALCULATIONS FOR INFRAREDBANDS OF CARBON DIOXIDE FOR FASCOD3
M.L. Hoke, F.X. Kneizys, S.A. Clough, J.H. ChetwyndGeophysics Laboratory/OP, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
Second order perturbation theory line coupling parameters (y's and g's) have been calculated for thesix most important Q-branches of carbon dioxide in the fifteen micron spectral region; those at 618, 667(fundamental), 720, 741 and 791 cm-1 of the most abundant isotope 016-C12-016 and at 721 cm -1 ofthe less abundant isotope 016-C12-017. Line coupling parameters have also been calculated for theP and R branches of the 4.3 micron fundamental band. For each band the temperature dependence ofthe coefficients is accounted for by interpolation of a set of four pairs of coupling parameters (y,g) atthe temperatures 200, 250, 296 and 340 K. These line coupling parameters are part of the new version(version 3) of the GL high resolution line-by-line computer code FASCODE. Details of the calculations,including the appropriateness of perturbation theory and the accuracy of the temperature interpolationscheme, will be discussed.
Now at Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA
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FASCOD3: AN UPDATE (WITH NLTE EMPHASIS)
G.P. Anderson, F.X. Kneizys, E.P. Shettle*, J.H. Chetwynd, L.W. Abrcu, M.L. HokeGeophysics Laboratory/OP, Hanscom AFB, MA, 01731
S.A. Clough, R.D. WorshamAtmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139
FASCOD3, a linc-by-line atmospheric radiance-transmittance code, is currently scheduled for a late
summer release. As with FASCOD2, the program is applicable to spectral regions from the microwave tothe middle ultraviolet, employing standard spectroscopic parameters supplied from external line atlases.New FASCOD3 capabilities include multiple scattering of thermal radiation, CO 2 and 02 temperature-dependent line coupling, UV diffuse absorption (02 and 03), improved weighting functions, and enhanced,ion-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) calculations. NLTE input requirements include temperature
or population profiles for the specified excited vibrational states. Any auxiliary NLTE line positions,halfwidths, strengths and vibrational-rotational assignments must also be provided.
Now at NRL.
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RAD: A LINE-BY-LINE RADIATIVE EXCITATION MODEL, WITH APPLICATION TO CO2
P.P. Wintersi.-iner*, R.H. Picard#, R.D. Sharma#, H. Nebel#+,A.J. Paboojian, J.R. Winick # , and R.A. Joseph*
ARCON Corporation, 260 Bear Hill Road, Waltham, MA 02154#Geophysics Laboratory/OPE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
*Permanent address: Alfred University, Alfred, NY 14802
In the non-LTE region of the atmosphere, the local kinetic temperature is not sufficient to determinemolecular vibrational-level populations (or vibrational temperatures) as it is in the LTE atmosphere, andit is necessary to calculate these populations explicitly in order to determine the radiation fluxes. Thisrequires a calculation of the excitation and loss processes for the molecular vibrational levels, which, inturn, requires a radiative-transfer calculation to determine the upwelling/downwelling fluxes responsiblefor the radiative excitation process. We have developed the RAD line-by-line radiative-transfer code tocarry out this calculation in the atmosphere. This paper will first discuss the basic RAD algorithm andapproach. Then we will show the results of calculations carried out for CO 2 15 pm and 4.3 pm radiationunder nighttime, daytime, and auroral conditions. Finally, we will validate the model by comparing theRAD predictions to data from the SPIRE and FWI experiments.
RAD: A Line-by-Line Radiative Excitation Model
with Application to CO2
P.P. WINTERSTEINER(1), R.H. PICARD( 2), R..SARMA(2), H. NEBEL( 2),
A.j. PABOOJIAN('), J.R. WINICK( 2 ). & R. A. JOSEPHO')
(1) ARGON CORPORATION(2) GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY
Annual Review Conference PEETR .. PCRon Atmospheric Transmission Models PEETR .. PCRGeopyisLbrtr
LINE-BY-LINE RADIATIVE EXCITATION ALGORITHM(RAD) - FEATURES
- ASSUMPTIONS
o PLANE - PARALLEL GEOMETRYo NON-OVERLAPPING LINESo COMPLETE FREQUENCY REDISTRIBUTION
0 rot TKinl
- FULL L'>4E-BY-LINE CALCULATION
- FINE LAYERING
- ALTITUDE-DEPENDENT EMISSION/ABSORPTIONLINESHAPE (VOIGT)
-MODUJLAR STRUCTUE/.ri',0rAnVh~ AP#,qOAcV
LINE-BY-LINE RADIATIVE EXCITATION ALGORITHM(RAD) - APPLICATIONS
002 v2 (l5jim) NIGHTGLQW/DAYGLOW i7J BASICS -
THIS PAPER
002 v3 (4.3g~m) (NIGHTGLOW FASCOD3 APPLIC.SDAYGLOW WINTERSTEINERAURORAL EMISSIONS
CO (4.811Lm) (NIGHTGLOW WINICK
DAYGLOW
RAD: A LINE-BY-LINE RADIATIVE EXCITATION ALGORITHM
OUTLINE
- NON-LTE EFFECTS
- RAD MODEL & ALGORITHM
- APPLICATIONS/COM PAR ISONS WITH DATA
- -JL .. F F/'c.6rCoTq
.. A ,
)RMA g. 9 ofui-Ar,oA1
- - k- T _ _:-,_
4. KA
JTe~ Kj r K4 85
mt
A Aveiap4 or 6-~ L Ivvwp F~zqwtycyv A,,V4L-.
CJ 0 - SL4.,r A //,
RAD MODULAR STRUCTURE
ITERATIVE APPROACH--> SMALL EQUATION SET
- Method of Successive Substitution
- Provisional Vibrational TemnperaturesSRadiative Exciaion Raes
-> New Vibraional Temperatures
Major & Minor Lerations
Minor Ierations: Opacities CocsantTL ransfer Function
RADIAIVE empeaturs TRNSFE
~zoC-Tl~iv Vt o P~cs~&- '0~it?A-T10A1
co + cy3
-a t 2 OLSOML vT
-VZ A rl 0N AL YP. /V5F (zV- v)W-4> e/.v r O/I'LY
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002 BEND-STRETCH MANIFOLD
- 11,01
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01101
160
' 120 [01
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P
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
FRACTIONAL EXCITATION RATE
RADIATIVE TRANSFER FUNCTION - CO2 636 01101-00001
Ground boundary0.20 . . I I
Obe.r."Uon Point, 50km
, 70km- - 90kn* * 14-8km
0.15
OJAS0.10i Ii
0.05 Jul
2040 6 800Larw C.-' kM
., ..)
RADIATIVE TRANSFER FUNCTION - CO2 636 01101-0000140 kz bond"my
0bunrxUon Point50km
* -- 70km-am 90km* 6.14km
0.15 riI
0.00
020 40 so 100 mr kmO
I) I ~
C02 (Qj_1 VIBRATIONAL TEMPERATURES "
150 626 636 \, 628, 627
S ~ ,1
130I
E / ,
110
70
160 180 200 220 240 260VIBRATIONAL TERPERATURE (K)
SPIRE BAND RADIANCE, 1 3 -16 .5 m
0 00 SRiRE DATA
E 150 . - TOTAL RADIANCEo A-~626 FUNDAMENTAL01 101-00001
F-130 FNAETL
r 626 +636 HOT BAND05 02.201-01101-lo 626 DIFFEREN.CE BANDS
F- 90zC) 70z
50......10o9 10-8 10-7 10-6 105 0-
RADIANCE (watt/cm 2 _ster)
k,0 2 VIBRATIONAL ENERGY LE1VELS
vs T Vvv
C0 2 1/3(NIGHT TIME)
10Temp-
10 626 --
10 636 ..628 -
~130 627- /
90~~
70
50180 200 220 240 260 280 300
VIBRATIONAL TEMPERATURE (K)
(NIGHT TIME)170
(DAY TIME)
150 7-S*
66 ... II 1 " S A
hi!
-J4710
1- 9070
IO 200 220 240 260 280VIBRA71ON&~ TEMPEP4JipE~ (K)
DAYTIME CO 2 4.3 ,m SPIRE
1400
1200
t- 0
100SCAN 9 00
- 80 SCAN 10 0zSCA.N11 LILJ SCAN 12 ':
Z 60 RAD MODEL -c
4010- 10-8 10-7 1 C6 10-5
RADIANCE (W/cm 2 sr)
C02 V3(NIGHT IME)
170. . . . . . . . . . . .Temp-10 626 --
I1 636 ..
- ~ 628 - I '\
90Af
70
180 200 220 240 260 280 300M16A11W-' TEMPERATURE (K)
CO2 V3(NIGHT TIME)
170 . . . . . .Temp-
50626 -
636 ..
510
180 200 220 240 260 280 300VIBRATIONAL TEMPERATUJRE 'K)
1:102 % i "" st Fit
120~~~ ~ P d x i S.S. -
c 1iu0
100
2:?0 360
1.~.1',PEHPLATURE (K)
RAD - LINE-BY-LINE RADIATIVE EXCITATION ALGORITHM
CONCLUSIONS
- POWERFUL LINE-BY-LINE RADIATIVE EXCITATION MODEL
(RAD) DEVELOPED
- RAD APPLIED TO C02 4.31im & 15/im AIRGLOW PREDICTION
- MODEL PREDICTIONS AGREE WELL WITH SPIRE AND FWIDATA UNDER BOTH NIGHT AND DAY CONDITIONS
- NON-LTE EFFECTS ABOVE 60-70 KM (+r/-)
- RAD MODEL PROVIDES BENCHMARK TO TEST VALIDITY OFMODELS WITH MORE APPROXIMATIONS, (HAIRM, SHARC)
- NEXT TWO TALKS: APPLICATION TO FASCOD3APPLICATION TO 4.8pgm CO
.... ... ... ..... ...
NON-LTE CO 2 VIBRATIONAL TEMI'ERATURE PROFILES FOR FASCOD3P.P. Wintersteiner and A.J. Paboojian
ARCON Corp., 260 Bear Hill Road, Waltham, MA 02154
J.R. Winick and R.H. PicardGeophysics Laboratory/OPE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
Using line-by-line radiative transport, we have developed procedures for evaluating non-LTE popula-tions for all the infrared-emitting vibrational states of CO2 th'it are important for atmospheric studies. Wehave calculated these populations, c:kprcsscd as vibratiocial t:mpcraturcs, for the six FASCODE modelatmospheres for day and night conditions. We will outline the calculations, including the assumption andthe data required for input, and present sonic of the results (e.., vibrational temperatures, cooling rates,:xcitation/de-excitation rates). We will also discuss the qualitative differences arising from the differentfeatures of the model atmospheres.
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002 VIBRATIONAL ENERGY LEVELS
CO2 VIBRATIONAL TEMPERATURES(FASCODE ATMOSPHERE 6)
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VIBRATIONAL TEMPERATURE (K) 10/13/839
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SUMMARY
ALL ABOUT NON-L-E CO.- IN THE ATMOSPHERE(or)
WHERE IS NON-LTE BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANT'?
IMPROVED CO 2 VIBRATIONAL-TEMPERATURE LIBRARIES
o ALL IMPORTANT EMITTING STATESo UP-TO-DATE MODEL0 LINE-BY-LINE RADIATIVF [RANSPORTo CONSISTENT WI 1I11 FASCODE ATMOSPHERES
RESULTS
0 SUBS IANTIAL [DIil IEHCIIS 13ETWEEN MODEL AT'vlOSPI t-fo DIURNAl_ D-F}L!,I)LNOL" I)f_--F.ND[ NCf - ON ( .. [(.)Io ISOCI OI'IC oF-I-NI I:NL A
NON-LTE CO INFRARED EMISSION IN TtlE MESOSPHERE ANDLOWER THERMOSPHERE AND ITS EFFECT ON REMOTE SENSING
J.R. Winick, R.H. Picard
Geophysics Laboratory/OPE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
P.P. Wintersteiner, A.J. PaboojianArcon Corporation, 260 Bear Hill Road, Waltham, MA 02154
We will present a model of the non-LTE infrared emission from CO based upon the RAD computer
code. This model uses a line-by-line radiative transfer algorithm to calculate the radiative contribution tothe vibrational temperature. The CO emission departs from LTE at altitudes as low as 40 km at night and30 km during daytime. The nighttime CO vibrational temperature above 60 km is most strongly dependentupon the radiative excitation emanating from the upper stratosphere and weakly dependent upon the COdensity profile above 40 km. This introduces an additional seasonal and latitudinal dependence to thenighttime radiance beyond that caused by local variations in the CO density. The daytime vibrationaltemperature is dominated by direct absorption of solar radiation which has important structure imposedon it from solar CO absorption lines.
Non-LTE CO INFRARED EMISSION IN THEMESOSPHERE AND LOWER THERMOSPHERE
AND ITS EFFECT ON REMOTE SENSING
Jeremy R. Winick and R. H. PicardGeophysics Laboratory/OPEOptical and Infrared Technology DivisionHanscom AFB, MA 01731
P. P. Wintersteiner and A. J. PaboojianArcon Corporation260 Bear Hill RoadWaltham, MA 02154
Annual Revie f' " nference on Atmospheric Transmission ModelsGeophysicS L r oratory (AFSC)5 June lf,'"
CO Non-L TE Emission
OUTLINE
Review of GL CO Infrared Observations (FWI)
Use of line-by-line non-L TE model (RAD) for determination of COvibrational temperature
Important Processes Determining Nighttime non-LTE CO(v=1)
Sensitivity Study of vibrational temperature
Comparison of CO Vibrational Temperature to KineticTemperature
Important Processes Determining Daytime non-LTE CO(v=1)
Solar Excitation
Solar CO absorption line strucure in solar flux
Can one develop retrieval algorithms?
Complex for;ard problem
Conciusions
300 8FWl Data Scan 2, 89km
E
CL
01
205 20520 1525027 2022
k( =.7l-)x(20/l3
kY=2 027 21004.5r 125515 2022
CO(v=1) + MO20 <==> CO(=) + C02(N2 002 AE=213 cm1
k 4f =.6x0'exp(- 0 .T" 3)
CO(v=0) + N 2(V=1) <==> CO(V=1) + N 2(V=0) AE=188 cm-1
k 5f=6.9x0' 3exp(-125./T")
KINETIC MECHANISM FOR CO(V) NLTE EMISSION(Continued)
Radiative Processes:
CO(v=l) ==> CO(v=0) + hv Ai.o = 34 s-1
CO(v=0) + hv ==> CO(v=1) Jco
Calculation of Excitation coefficient in NLTEatmosphere done
by line-by-line Code RAD
In the mesosphare:V-T is negligible k,,[M] < 10- s 1 , kir [M] <<106 s'1
V-V with 02 (Reaction 5) is unimportant
k3 is dominant collisional term and depends upon N2
vibrational temperatureReactions 4 is unimportant since C02 is a minor species
Reactions with atomic oxygen only important at high
temperatures, but above 150 km density is too low
RADIATIVE TRANSPORT - KINETICS CALCULATION
Line-by-Line Plane-Parallel Atmosphere Code
Lineshape chang, with altitude: Voigt lineshape
Doppler broadening (temperature)
Lorentz broadening (pressure)
AFGL HITRAN Database using 79 12CI60 (1-0) lines
Vibrational temperature calculated by iterative method
Steady-state calculation of radiating state
Uses previous iteration radiation field
Combines collisional excitation and quenching
CO profile is unusual in that:
Mixing ratio increases above Tropopause
Latitudinal v ratior
SeasoW , wjri ntiorCollisional processes are insfltcicui
CO PROFILES100 "
90T
80 -
/
70
~601 [-idlt summer../
50 " .. Mid lot winter
- 0 -Subarctic summer
< 40 , - -- Subarctic winterSI
30 -Standard
20 -
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Mixing Ratio (ppmv)
CO(v) Production and Loss
110-
100_'_9 0 77ngh'za4 A
-'90 night sza=45 \
_ 80,,
70a) A60 o-o "Earihshine" A"
50 0-o Solar sza=45
< 40 Collisional Prod A\ LTEoA- " Collisional Loss
30 -\A 0 - Radiative Loss
20 -. \--------I-+-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Log 1 0 Reaction Frequency (s- mol- )
'Earthshine' Contribution to CO Excitation at 85 kmn1 20 :..j-----
-Standard: J=3.9e-5100- Hi Lat Summer: J=6.le-5
00-N-Hi Lat Winter: J=4.1le-5E O -0 Hi Lat Winter T and std CO_)
-o 60), t
40
40
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 x 10~Excitation Frequency (s-'km- 1)
CO(v) SENSITIVITY TO MODEL ATMOSPHERE
I Q-OStandard- ~A V-VSubarc Sum
800D 70fF-
S60 Tkin0A-Subarc Sum
50 -Standard 16-Subarc Win ' "v
160 180 200 220 240 260 280
TEMPERATURE (K)
SENSITIVIT) OF TV TO N2 (v) - CO(v) RATE120
100 TV~ Stdl-- TV SlowN 2 - Co
Lii c~60
40
20
0180 200 220 ...240 .... 26 0' .280
TEMPERATURE (K)
SENSITIVITY TO TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE
1 101 00' T1,11 TL. Tkin Sd
g0o. 54, - TibStdl
'801 - Tki n Cold Trop
~70 - Tvib Cold Trop
uj 6050
40
<~ 30.
20.
100 L .:I:::.:I::I::
180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
TEMPERATURE (K)
Ratio of Nite Derived Density to LTE value120 ...
-o-- t -i100 - -
E 80o
(D 60 -Std-- Subarc Summer-Subarc Winter
40 -- Std Sza=45
20
00.020 0.100 1.000 10.000
[CD] nte
[CO] Ite
CO(v=1) Solar Excitation Rate
120 //...-'"/ // /
100 SZA=98 SZA=/
80 ... ,',
(1) 7 5 SZ4
:360 7 1 '5
SZA95,
40
210 7 1 f0 10 1 0
Excitation Frequency (s - moV)
CO Vibrational Temperature- SZA Dependence
1004 Z=5 I
-x 80
~- 60
40 --
20180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
Temperature (K)
So'a- SPe-CtUx and CO Mesospheric pj 8 Line prI~e
0.9%
0.8
0.7
0.6
05
S 2O. ( ~ ~ 20,5S 9 2?i9 20169.I?1 6 2069.3 20604
CO(v=1) Solar Excitation Rate120
tic 'SeI*-Std. No solar lines CO 000~S
100 -- Std. solar lines-Subarctic winter
E8 solar lines-0
2 60 /,e
40
20 1-1.0X10- 4 2.0x 10- 4 3.0x 10-4 4.0x 10-4
Excitation Rate (mol -1 s-1)
CO (v=1) Standard and Subarctic: SZA=75120 .. . . .. . . .
100-T
801
_Tk Subticwne
-Tk Subarctic winter
20 ---414
180 200 220 240 260 280
Temperature (K)
CO Non-L TE Emission
Conclusions
Nighttime:
CO 4.8 p.m nighttime Emission is non-LTEabove 45 km
Collisions are inefficient populating CO(v) which leads to the dominanceof radiative processes above 50 km
CO has unusual profiles that make it a good test for radiative transfercodes
Latitudinal and seasonal variation in CO and T effect Tvib(z)
Large departures from LTE can lead to large errors in retrieved density ifnon-LTE model is not used
Limb radiance retrieval is especially difficult since the dependence uponthe lower state density is partially non-local
This non-local problem may not be too important except for midand high latitude winter situations where there is increasedCO in the lower mesosphere
CO Non-LTE Emission
Conclusions (continued)
Daytime:
CO 4.8 .m daytime Emission is non-LTE above 30 km
Production of CO(v=l) is dominated by direct solar excitation
CO solar absorption lines must be included in excitation calculation
Daytime enhanced N2(v=l) and C02(001) populations effect excitation
(only weakly, rate constant and SZA dependent) in 60-80 km region
Vibrational Temperature profile depends upon SZA especially for SZA>75
Mesospheric Emission is less sensitive to latitude and season (except forSZA dependence) than nighttime case.
Subarctic winter CO profile has less solar excitation due toslightly increased opacity at high SZA.
I "'
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the Air Force
Office of Scientific Research under task 2310G5.
PATH CHARACTERIZATION ALGORITHMS FOR FASCODE
R.G. Isaacs, S.A. Clough, R.D. Worsham, J.-L. Moncet, B.L. Lindncr, and L.D. KaplanAtmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139
We describe the results of a study undertaken at AER to identify and implement a state-of-the-artnonlinear retrieval approach to characterize line of sight variability of atmospheric thermal and constituentenvironments. This path characterization capability was designed to interface with the existing GeophysicsLaboratory (GL) line-by-line radiance/transmittance code, FASCODE.
oer
Path Characterization Algorithms for FASCODE
R. G. Isaacs, S. A. Clough, R. D. Worsham, J.-L.Moncet, B. L. Lindner, L. D. Kaplan
Atmospheric and Environmental Research Inc.
Cambridge, MA 02139
oeDPath Characterization
Quantitative assessment of the relationship between path opticalproperties and path thermodynamic properties:
" Path optical properties (data):- optical depth- transmitttance- emission (radiance, brightness temperature)
" Path thermodynamic properties (desired parameters):
-temperature- concentrations of absorbers and scatterers
- path boundary temperature and emissivity/reflectivity- pressure (surface, limb layer)
oerObjectives
. Identify and implement a state-of-the-art nonlinear retrievalapproach to characterize line-of-sight variability of atmospheric paththermal and constituent environments;
0 Interface with the existing Geophysics Laboratory (GL) line-by-lineradiance/transmittance code, FASCODE
0 Provide code and comprehensive documentation
oerPath Characterization Concept
Screening S:X:-algorithm canlF orward R
problem:FASCODE
Retrieval A.
algorithm I
Error
analysisj ei
Select Simulate Invert Diagnose
aerScreening Algorithm
• Suggest fruitful spectral regions for the retrieval of desired atmospheric
parameters;
" User selects temperature parameter or molecule of interest;
" Algorithm computes optical depth vs total optical depth for selectedwavenumber region;
" HITRAN data base, FSCATN atmospheres (T, p, u), 1cm
band model;
" Histogram capability to select wavenumber regions for bestdiscrimination from background atmosphere.
aerForward Problem (FASCODE)
" Provides simulated data set (radiance spectrum, channelizedbrightness temperature data, etc.) from initial guess;
" Provides required Jacobian of data sensitivity to variations in
desired parameters: d R i
dx .
" Covers microwave to UV spectral domain;
" Interfaces provide all required FASCODE data files in standardformat;
" Capability to control data spectral resolution;
• Computational liability potentially addressed via "rapid" algorithmsfor selected channel sets
oerRetrieval Algorithm Selection
" Literature review (Isaacs, 1988, SPIE, 928, 136) prompted choice ofPhysical Least Squares (PLS) approach;
" Extensive heritage (Rodgers, 1976, 1987; Eyre, 1989);
" Incorporates the physics of the radiative transfer process throughthe FASCODE forward problem;
" Climatology not required (helpful in practice, null space, 1st guess)
" Applied iteratively;
(DerRetrieval Algorithm Capabilities
. Choice of penalty function:- maximum likelihood (using error covariances of parameter and data)- ridge regression (minimum information);
. Choice of representation: radiance, brightness temperature;
* Option for eigenanalysis including retrieval via eigenvalues;
* Capability to include physical constraints e.g. superadiabaticity/supersaturation, etc. (not implemented);
Capability to add realistic measurement noise to simulations.
oerError Analysis
" Provides comprehensive error analysis based on Rodgers (1987);
" Estimate of the covariance of the retrieval errors including theeffects of:- measurement noise- uncertainties in the a priori information;
" Errors in forward problem not yet treated;
" Retrieval performance evaluated by comparing covariances of thestate parameters before and after the measurement process:- information content- FUV
aerTest Cases
" Microwave temperature and moisture sounding:
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU);
" Infrared temperature and constituent (ozone) sounding:
SCRIBE and HIS;
" Spectroscopic applications.
TROP CAL - CA
0.1 TROPICAL - C2
a
D 0a
100
-15.-10 -5 0. 5. 10. 1
ATEMPERATURE
SIMULTANEOUS RETRIEVALS
1 0.0 IT
- TROPICAL-US STD
- TROPICAL - C A
- TROPICAL - C2
GerPath Characterization Summary
• implementation of a state-of-the-art nonlinear retrieval approach tocharacterize line-of-sight variability of atmospheric path thermal andconstituent environments consistent with the FASCODE formalism;
" trc-hnical Issues related to non-linearities, Incorporation of physicalconstraints, forward problem;
• applications to other path parameters such as aerosol, cloud, andnon-LTE.
" Final Report: Isaacs et al, ;990 (GL-TR-90-0080)
TEMPERATURE RETRIEVALS WITH SIMULATED SCRIBE RADIANCES
J.-L. Moncet, S.A. Cluugh, R.D. Worsham, R.G. Isaacs and L.D. KaplanAtmospheric and Envizrnmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139
The FASCODE path characteri-zation algorithm has been applied to the retrieval of atmospherictcmpcrature using simulated radiances for a nadir view from 31.3 km corresponding to a typical SCRIBEfloat altitude. The spectral region studied was 720 to 775 cml with a resolution consistent with SCRIBE.The sensitivity of the retrievals !o measurement noise, first guess error, and to systematic error includingphotometric calibration and line parameter error will be discussed.
Temperature Retrievals withSimulated SCRIBE Radiances
J.-L. Moncet, S.A. Clough, R.D.Worsham, R.G. Isaacs and L.D. Kaplan
Introduction
Goal of the study:
Assess the perfoiinance of path characterization algorithm for temperature
retrievals based on SCRIBE data.
Study effects of:
" instrui-nental noise
• calibration errors
" uncertainties on line pairamctcrs
SCRI1BE Instrument
*Cryogenic Michelson interferomneter spectrometer
. Platfon-n: Balloon
0 Altitude: 32km
*Spectral range 600-1400 cm-1
*Resolution: 0.06cm-1
Ll 'ELNGI M ILRJME ER
Non-Linear Retrieval AlgorithmObtain best estimate of unknown state vector x" fron set of measuredradiances y",
where 5 (covariance S,) is the measurement error.
Newtonian Iteration:" Expand forward model about guessed vector x,--l
y - y-_ = tK(x - x,-,) +9(x - x,,-,). (2,
" Ignoring higher order terms in eq.(2), find x, such that
E (x,,) = (ym - Y)T W(Y m _ Ym) +(x" - Xo)T r(x, - Xo) (3)
is minimized (here, WV= SeSolution*:
=: , +H-1 [KTW(ym - yn_1 ) +r(xo- Xr-i)] (4)
withH - 1 = (KtTwK + r") - . (5
In Maximum Likelihood approach, F = b - , where S, is the covariance of the first guess.
Error Analysis (Rodgers, 1990)" Once convergence is reached, and provided that K does not change too
rapidly within the error bounds of the solution,
" - K t r( ' - -l) + . (6)
* Combining equations (6) and (4), the retrieval error is expressed as thesum of a "null-space" error and the error due to instrumental noise:
-" . .. .. - !& '- 'F-: ,- .... H1tT\\V (
The total error co',\,u-incc !St
withIa In. I t - ! ''
andii i': \V _~ '(t t-11
(?onditio-is of the Experimecnt
" Temperature retrieval in the C02 l5jtm-band (720 - 775 cm-1)
" Mlodel: FASCOD3
* Line tile: HITRAN 1988
Atmospheric Profiles:
" Retrieved parameters: 18 layer temperatures (from 0 to 30.31km) +surface temperature
* Temperature profile:
- Background: Tropical
- Simulated: Background + 2K
" Water vapor profile: U.S. Standard
ATMOSPHERIC PROFILES
0.01 ,-~ >~, r-~ -~rrf-r r-jr ~TROPICAL*U S. STANDARD
0
1)')7,
;, 0 1
cf
.t .. . .. .
to9
eK -
IE,
61.1
7 1 >..
- I
SCRIBE Temperature Retrievals (720-775cm- 1 ): Error Analysis
M ixiinum probability solution (c, 2.6 x I0-SW/cm2/ster/ciw- I)
- me....re.in..t measIurem~entI-- - nullpscs 2-u----- te-
total total-11 pac e a. n 1 pc
(a cr = 16 K (b -,,=
. 1 a r.J . ...
" - I" f '
SCRIBE Temperature Retrievals (720-775cI): Error Anals
iaxm'Lm probability solution ((7, =.0x 10-S\/c- 2/-ster/c-i
.. .. . ..--- "22
a, *~ c 2 is is. a, C '
• . i -p. 1: nui ,z t
* rA .'14i 4 A L 0
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L-L0 A3' -1
-5a e -0 0 2@ 10 t e a
'3 SOS
egs 77
a st
i .... ...... g- m 2,0x 10 - T
OX 4.OX10U
25.00
240
_ 15.60
II. @a
I~ .I . . f
-4 0 -0e a -20A -,.e6 0 18 0 200 300 40 0 50 0 b. 0
TEMPEHIATURE DIFFERENCES (K)
SummaryRetrieval most effective in lowest atmospheric layers (below 5km) and atthe surface. Above 5km the improvement depends on the quality of thea priori information (if short-range forecast is used, little improvementexpected in the 10-30ki layer).
* In an ideal situation (no model errors) expected accuracy is < 1 -2K inthe lowest 10kin, depending on level of instrumental noise.
* Retrieval is very sensitive to calibration errors. These tend to affect alllayers, incluing the surface.
* Current state of knowledge on line parameters seriously limits the qualityof the physical retrieval (near the surface, retrieved temperatures remainslittle affected by errors on line intensities).
VALIDATION OF RANDOM PHASE SCREENS
A.E. Naiman and T. Goldring
W.J. Schafer Assoc., Inc., Arlington, VA 22209
A simple scheme for validating realizations of atmospheric turbulence phase screens is presented andcritiqued. The statistics of interest are the first few Zemike modes. For screen generators based of thc FastFourier Transform, computed and theoretical variances ([I]) are compared, and the discrepancy betweenthem is analyzed. A method for quantifying the accuracy of Zcmike mode variances, given grid size andresolution, is discussed. Finally, numerical results are presented for a specific turbulence spectrum.
Reference:
I 11 R.I. Sasiela, A Unique Approach to Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Turbulence and the Evalu-
ation of Multiparameter Integrals, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, TechnicalReport 807, 1 July 1988.
Validation ofRandom Phase Screens
Annual Review Conference on
Atmospheric Transmission Models
5-6 June 1990
by A. E. Naiman and T. Goldring
W. J. Schafer Associates
Arlington, VA 22209
ATM Confer.emcep
1
Outline
Introduction
T Theoretial and 1:st'inated Zernike Modes
" Error Estiniatimi and Effective Zernike modes
" Numerical Example
" Error Analysis - Theorry
" Sinirmniarv
A I MI 4 ,u~r'
F
U
A Simple Validatil Scheme
" Create ensemble of phase screens
* Extract desired Zernike modes directly from phases
• Estimate variances
" Compare with values expected from theory
Estimated and theoretical Zernike mode variances
can be compared directly --- with inherent limitations,
ATM Conf,,
Validation -- Definition
.\n)tlher ali~lation crite:ion:S( 'I )par ig wit It st rlct ure fun ctio i
Zernike in ,des represent classical optical aberrationls, e.g. tilt, focus
Sst if I phAtive screen get teratf r realizes the Zerniike nmoles properly
A I %I
ff&AYJM -Ptrlose of Presentation
" Discuss inherent lim-itations of simple validation scheme
" These arise due to discretization =>*Discrepancies between numerical and theoretical results
" An,-yze these errors
*Show method for quantifying them
ATM Conferen
M Outline
*Intro(lilctioni
STheoretical and Estinated Zermiike -Modes
*Error Estimation and Effective Zernike inodes
*Ntinmerical Example
*14'rror Anaiilysis Theo(ry
*Summiiary
Zeriike Lxpainsioiis
Zernike expansion of a continuous 2-D function 0 [Noll]:
(,0 j 7,j(,0
R? aperture radius, p E f0, 1], and the coefficients are given by:
aj- Jp dpdOWVV(p) O(Rp, 0) Zj(p,0) ,
W~r) r is the radially symmetric step function10, r > 1,
Any continuous 2-D phase realization,
can be expanded in ternis of Zernikc polynomials
ATM Conf.r.,
,!U~UVariances of Theoretical Zernike Coefficients
Zernike coefhic~erit phiase !aarice [Sasielal:
I" is the tlurluletice spectrum, F,(9) is the filter futiction:
2 cos2 (rn'p) (X-Conl~pon1ent),
F/C)7(n 0 2 Sin12 ( m'po) (y-comporlent),2 jn'E 0)
I) (IhidrI(Ier of the aJpertlire,
it / ernike cti ipmnn nices (anigular frequency and ra1i.il dlegree
F Itt: ~~~~~~~~~~~ - IZrik )) 1)11IdJ1 NI
Effective vs. Toica VariancesDefinition
u,,f(aj) 'L- variance of Zernike coefficients of phase screens*i.e., not of realizations of the continuous randomn surface, which existonly in theory
* ai,(aj) standard statistical estimate from a finite sample of
phase screens, :>
* ut(aj) - or~ff(aj), as sample size increases
" However, crdf(aj) 74 ao(aj) for a fixed computational grid
F Por FFT-based methods, we quantify this error
ATM Conaffene
Outline
" llltrodluctiol
" [HI1(orctica1 ad Est im~atedi Zernike Modes
Error Lstiiiiatiun and1 Effective Zernike inodes
*Niiirical Examiple
E Lrror A\iallvsisi 'I'i
*Sumiiuarv
ATMC
FFT Phase Screen Gnei'ator
F For grid length L, with N points in each direction, our phase realization is
given by an inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT):N-I
S(x, y) = YY b,,,,,e- L°(n-+"-ry)n, in = -N
a continuous, doubly-periodic function of x and y.
" The inverse FFT efficiently computes the DFT on the grid
{(Xz,yk) j,k 0,...,N - 1} where:
j LxJ -_ YJ - N"
ATM Conference
p 1l
FFT Phase Screen Generator Continued
hlie [ourier coefficients b,,,,,:
Ranidor zero-mean Gaussian complex numbers
)ccr in conjugate pairs ->
, o(x.y) is rea
I lave van arice (f:
- b T I t. ,n
p %2
U
FFT Generiu or Choice of w0
* wO determines periodicity anid frequency content
" Choose w0 - 1, so that:
* the period is 2L
* Extracting any contiguous N x N submatrix of {1(Xj, yk)} =>
* Pairwise covariances will be correct for separation distances < L
* The continuous random surface O(z, y) is sampled at precisely the
Nyquist frequency corresponding to the band limiting assumption
W (g) = 0, 191 > Nwo.
This is implicit in the discretization procedure.
Trese realizations O(x, y) are distinct from the theoretically given ensemble00
O(x, y) = b(R) e-"(:'Y)d, whose members are not periodic. IATI Conferen e
p 13
UEffective Zernike Coefficients
We have, in general, the Zernike coefficients:
aj --- /j Pip dO W(,p) g(RP, 0) Z,(p, 0),
and for the FFT method, the phase screen:N
- u(nr +my )
or cqivahentlv' ,o(M ::v ,e ' ..
where r! (.r , y) and i',, (,C, rr,) Substituting:
<b:~~~~J d7:: tt,,, iL' (P) z)(j,0) c' ..
I' i ,; I i the ",i irler ranfirsfrim f the Zeruilk. t)(l1y OHial,
,,vq,[r t he, ti) 11, (,milmi e d a iak t, i ;t1 N.0,,,l1 as t1he fiAtcr fl Ntimn.
l ~A I M C,,nf",
;, 14
Theoretical vs. Effective Variances Computation
Taking the variance:N-1 2
a2ff(a,) Y-a
N-111, TTf --Z> U2 bimJ/(K
nlrn-N
* Conclude: Effective variance is a standard numerical approximator to
theoretical variance, i.e.:
0"0(aj) ldRW0()j(),N - 1
E E w2WO(Wnn) Fj(Wim) -ffn m=-N
O[f(aj) is "rectangle rule" approximation to o(a,)
ATM Cona encep 15
Theoretical vs. EffectiveVariances Continued
In one dimension:
2., -10 0 - . .
Note the erro r (ependenclies:
-rectangle" error I as ) j (L )* tail error as
If ' is not included in T2 (b,,,),
thfenIi 'TIF(J(I) U cx . as L, N *
I M,
Example: Tilt Variances
* In general, twc-axls tilt variance:
T2 - 4 )2la.2(a 2) + ,2 (a3 )] ,
k))2 - due to averaging the tilt phase variances over the aperture
* Theoretical and effective tilt variances:
=1 ft~~ () J2B]D~ 2T02=/ dR WO(9) (k- .. _or2
and T
[\kD/ '
ATM Coeremcep 17
Out line
* Introdction
* The()retical 81111 E.stimated Zernike Nlodes
" Error Estimatin)n and Effective Zernike modes> N iiirical L!xatIIII)h,
* IFrrnr Analvsis I il,, )rv
" SiiriiiarY
AIM Lo,p 18
M OMTurbulence Spectrumi
2Dvon- Kiirrn~.n phase spectrum [Tatarski]:
2 0.033 CnW O( ) z-2 r k2
2z + r 9
where:
k = 2 the spatial wavenumber,
Az =thle slab length,
CT2=thle structure constant,
KO =27rand
Lo=tile outer scale of turbulence.
ATM Conference
p 19
Turbulence Spectrum -Continued
If C72 is a function of zthen let:
V4)r1-larnmAfl spect rull is wi(IelY used
andi~ r(e(li(w( t, IxorrnwI)Fr'v >)otruirI %vilueu V,.x
A I M nI,
Tilt VariIIces -"Comtparisons
* Sasiela derives a series approximation to T2; for the von-Kirmin spectrum:
'2; = 2 + 2 + , ,.. . + ". 7 1.42 + 4.01 +-.
* i~r is computed directly:
IV-116 i(KnmD 2
21
zy" -" + ) - 2--)[Dtn,m =- -IL' m
* Some examples,..
ATM Conffence
p 21
('Comparison of Theoretical and
Effective Tilt Variances
- 2095
L2 D" N..-.
I 12
[-1 . .
!*e r t,,1 P . I4 , .* Al .
7 0
, !
AT M ( 'nfrco
t: 2
Error Betweenl Theoretical and
Effective Tilt Variances
(-14 I
3(-14
2 -5E-14
I,
' \
2(-14
.- 15"
E-14L -79
-14 \ . \
13
. \ \
.. . ..5 ' \ \
L-2 C-15 \0 ... . -.. .
NN0 50 100 150 200 250 300
ATM Conference
p 23
Outline
SInt roducti n
" Theoretical and Estimated Zernike Modes
• Lrror Estimnationi and Effective Zernike modes
• Nimerical Example
> Lrror Anialysis- Theory
ATM C, n1ren
p 24
UError Analysis for 2-D Rectangle Rule
For U (,, n,), let:I
~Q
-- ------ ------- , --- ---- -----
i~,, r..) [OR F(K
P.., = ng (- o :< K, <(n + -- W,11 - )°o<- (m + - °
1): -o N+ r0< , _ N - -- ,:_ U P".
Ex pand g(r , r,,) in a Taylor Series about the center point (nwo,mwo) of
P,, and integrate term by term; valid for n, m not both zero
ATM Conferencep 25
Integrand for Small Values of r,
0
4)4
k
8 42
0 l 4 1
p.2
Smiall Oscillations in hitegrand
3 13 23334
ATNI Confcience
p 27
Expansion of Theoretical Variance
O (ne call Show:
nl,fzz- "in =
Iw g,,L;(? Tn o + 21Vj7W),TI(
' ,e Btlt q anid Vq are fuictionls 'of Kc Ht alonle
A IM
U
Resultant Error Term
Ngw, (0, o)= F'(o) = 0,
ceff O(ai) Z> g(nwo, mwo)= -N
n +r 2 / o
* Therefore, neglecting 6t and higher order terms:
c'o(a3 ) _ 0,2f(aj) g jJ , gdr., + J g d, d,, +PO,O QWO4 N- 1-- E N Vg(nwo, mwo)
24 Ilim = -Nn."+ rn2 76 o
* q is circularly symmetric =:
Double integrals can be approximated by single integrals in-- +
ATM Coa'erence
p 29
Relative Niagnitude of Error Terms
2
:7-14 4-
S 4-14 7
ATM C-f-.r,r -
I 3
U
~Out line
" Introduction
• Theoretical and Estimated Zernike Modes
" Error Estimation and Effective Zernike modes
" Numerical Example
" Error Analysis - Theory
Surmnary
ATM Conference
p 31
Summary
* Method for validating phase generators:
Compute Zernike modes from physical phase values
('ompare with continuous and discrete theories
* Discrepancy betkeen two theories is intrinsic to computational necessity of
using a discrot, grlit
• 1{e-.nitl c{)1lrplted fr, f)l actu-ail phase screen, at best match up with discretethe, rv
[ , ri lm renrc
r 1'
Summniary Continuied
*Method for quantifying accuracy of Zernike mode variances, given grid size
and resolution
*Numerical results for the case of:
* FFT phase screen generator
* von-1{Armin spectrum
* Tilt variance
ATM Cunfr.--
p 3.
RECENT ADVANCES IN MODELING OFBOUNDARY LAYER REFRACTIviTY TURBULENCE
V. Thiermann and A. KohnlcFGAN-Forschungsinstitut fur Optik
Schloss Krcssback, D-7400 Tubingen, F.R. Germany
Monin-Oboukhov similarity is an elegant tool for estimating structure parameters and inner scalesof turbulent refractive index fluctuations in the boundary layer. Our recent experiments support slightlydifferent scaling expressions than commonly used. These modified expressions are in better agreementwith theoretical considerations and lead to up to 30% larger structure parameters and up to 15% largerinner scales.
The program SPIR!T is prcsc'red. It computes structure parameters and inner scales in the lowcrboundary layer over land from easy-to-esti ate input parameters. A listing of the required input quantiliesand an example of model results in comparison with measurements are given.
I (i:N F AlDVAN(CES IN NIOL)LIJN( OF~
BIOUNDIARY L AY ER I:ACVTYURIJLN:
Vrolker Thierinann and Anton Kohinle
Forschungsinstitut f~zr Optik (EGAN-EfO)
Schloss Kressbach
D)-7400 Tiibingen
FeralUI Republic of Germany
Parsaicters describirir the spaitial sp~ectrum of refractive index
Ill thle optically relevanlt ran1ge.:
Crri ranwamlitude In thle inertial su bra nge (mm1T's toin)
- important for all turbulence sensitive EQ-systems
eohigh spatil wavenumber cut-off of inertial subrange (mum's)
iimrtant f(r connn11unr1 cat ]n vtm if
-- :~;xv~i~ rtjI i hort (l'n!e fa
- pr~M1 uon At h IS longF an11uhulnc is Stron',
lil ite:' lr 'ti
, 2 a6r q q -q Cq aT CIF
over land
"o il l
T r /3
VI Oboul-hov-Corrsin-constant
(.- d Hsiplation rate of temperature variance
6 dissipation rate of kinetic energy of turbulence
S1 " "--
:' pi~z/tjc \V;C(P;it.,v of air
,SC-A 1,.1NG "- A (,. ',, , , "-- (I',,, L_-I ( , _ (-[
,. - ,/-(uw) friction v-lociv (tu L.ulJn :lo:it\ :'calc)
T. = -(T~w')/(u'w'} turbulent temperature scale
height
k von Kirmin constant (0.4)
k T.siability parameter
I U.*
( ( fil lisl-less
dimensionless T
id (I dimensionless wind shear
I .
'll i,- dliifneIlsoiiles; lai:se rate
i. ,..
ii 1[ i , I III1\ ,i,i !''Ii.,
eU..43/4/3/ 4 (k z)1/4 d 7. (C/r i sion less eo
T T.2CT 4~ 1~ 4)e dimensionless C T2
eT T
Behaior "i1 t -0
313
I CIIIr ) -I-
00c: (PC~ ( 4 e 0 '(I)e n5C)
/(
(1 ( 3 + for < 0
1 4- 4 + 1 o
4 61 (1 - 7 + 75 2-y/3 for < 0
1 C '4~( + 7' + 20 2)1/3 fo r > 0
0. 86)
'pifl tr10( 2 --
100
101
-o-2-4 -2 2 4
r -z/L
0o - - 0 - - -
00n q .o .i ,w , -4 - - ; . .to? 1o0
0
0F- 10 0
f0
.... .. i .. . . .. .,t . ... . . .
... .. . .. . SPIR iT-3. 5
2.0
.C 2 .0 t4 - -
1.5 /
,_ _. / 0 4" -
0 1. 00 0
0.5 4
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.
S= z/L
- --. .. ...... .-. ...S PI RIT
El
4 +
+ *c*-
3 +U -
() ." -n vr, -n I ( ,
( - I.
ic pi ograin
computes
Structure Parameters and Inner scales of Refractive Index Tuir bu~cnICe
for optical frequencies in the lower boundary layer over land.
Structure of SPIRIT:
1. Asistance for estmating input parameters (optional)
2. 1 'a:metchmiain of turbulent fl uxes of hea t, moistureni ome nturm
3. *.\ppicatjun of Monin-OIboukhov-Sinuilarity
.1. l<~tr;tiieaueand humidity to re fralctivity
da(te, timie
- cographical position-height above sea level-Icoud cover-Wind velocity at a certain height
- coverage of ground by obstacles and vegetation- height of obstacles and vegetation- humidity of the ground (humid, moderately humid, dry, very dry)- brightness of the ground (4 options)- ;ir temperature- (rclativ humidity)
direct entering:
- solar irradiance (day')- strong wind heat flux (night)- surface roughness length- winld velocity at a certain heighlt- ground humidity paramieter (0...l1)- ground albe-do- air temperature- temnperature deriv.mve of refractivity- humnidity derivative of refractivity
NIODEL OUTPUT
i'r i~c f:
1 v i n in i~i't (1cpcils oil ofltcnd :200 :
10 0
102
-2
0-4
012 0 1202 12 0
10 021
101
5 ,plrmtr(Sc CIIC . CCCIlT 8 S'?picimber
77 -o
10
VISIBILITY DATA FILTERS FOR EUROPE
B.A. Schichtel and R.B. IlusarCenter for Air Pollution Impact and Trend Analysis, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
The purpose of the report is to present the methodology for filtering the European meteorologicalvisibility data from undesirable and erroneous data. Seven data filtcrs were devised and imposed onthe European synoptic visibility data set. The data set consisted of fourteen years of meteorologicaldata (1973-1986) for about 16(X) stations in Europe. The European data set was extracted from theDATSAV global weather database maintained by the U.S. Air Force, ETAC, Scott Air Force Base. hlcraw meteorological data set consisted of over 1000 magnetic tapes containing about 30 gigabytes of data.The first step in :he data processing involved compacting the data set into a binary form, which reducedthe data size to 3 gigabytes. Next, from the daily visibility data, the quarterly cumulative distributionfunctions for extinction coefficient B,, t and visibility were computed. Most of the subsequent data filteringwa, perfonied using the distribution functions and the Voyager data exploration software. The resultingdatabase is suitable for input to radiative transmission and transfer models, global climate models. airpollution studies, as well as to global biogeochemical explorations.
000 00 0 0 0 000 0 00 00 0 0 0o00 0 0 0 0 0
000
00 0 0 0 0 000 0 0000 O
0 0 O0 O0 00
o 0 o 0 .- 00 0 01)0
0 0 0, 0 0 0
0 0.00 o
0 ° 0
CDC
0 00
0 0 00
0000 0 4
0 0
00 0 0
0 00
00 0
0 U
0000000
M
00C:
oW~
"- 0 =.Z
LE<D
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tI) J
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(Z)
GL 0LLjI ~ ~d
S _
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iU
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010
o
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4) 4
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VII
L- -0-- -.
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I I- I I I l I Il
LUC
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UOf
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LL T
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1 (N -7
.~~ ~~~ . ....
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a'; 1.0' I
--l 9-0I L 0L -
Ix 3Af(]
0 00
00
IW-F dc 0
LL0
L
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U4U
47
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ej~ m
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= C 0 T3 U~E 0
2 .2U~~ '. U C3
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COMPARISON OF XSCALE 89 VERTICAL STRUCTUREALGORITHM WITH FIELD MEASUREMENTS
R.P. FicgelU.S. Army Laboratory Command, Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory,
White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002
The visible extinction versus altitude data from the Meppen 1980 and Cardington 1984 balloonflight field tests are compared to the recent modifications in the below cloud (Case 2) vertical profile ofXSCALE 89. The visibility and humidity data from the Sprakensehl 1983-1985 tower measurements arealso compared to the low visibility (Case 1), below cloud (Case 2), and radiation fog (Case 3) modelprofiles of XSCALE 89. While certain days are not well modeled, we find good agreement overall.
m C, bO
2~ )OI)
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t< wt$~~>E--~
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-
C) CC C lz 0
C. r () C.
C Cx
Ci~ - .)1-
C) C)C) C
0 0 ~ >
C tic
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-C Z C,
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C.) C.)CC)~~ CC C ) X
x-*0
Cdd
Cb
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0 0
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ii S ~:C-
ni ~ C.
0 C-00
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U C- -
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~ 0~~Cc~ C- C-Il
C-U C
- C-~Z C- - - C.-
-~
_ j - ___ __
2
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. . . . .
~~1
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C-~ C UU -e
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SPATIAL NON-UNIFORMITY OF AEROSOLS AT THE 15,500 ft LEVEL
L.A. MathewsNaval Weapons Center, Code 3892, China Lake, CA 93555
P.L. WalkerPhysics Depaianent, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943
Longjump Ill meteorology was reported on previously*. This work presents the results of a moredetailed analysis of the aerosol data. That data was obtained from aircraft at 15,500 feet over a 100 milecourse between mountain peaks. Samples were taken at three minute intervals. In general more haze wasassociated with the mountain peaks than for the region between them. Extinction fluctuated at shorterintervals (10 miles) along the flight path possibly due to the uplifting action of convection cells, butsuperimposed on this is noise caused by the short sampling intervals. Visibility was highly nonuniformbeing dominated by molecular scattering punctuated by regions of lower visibility.
*Characterization of the Atmosphere for Longjump Ill, Mathews and Walker, IRIS, Ames ResearchCenter, 16 March 1989.
2? -
SPATIAL NON-UNIFORMITY OF AEROSOLS
AT THE 15,500 FOOT LEVEL
by
L.A. MathewsResearch DepartmentNaval Weapons Center
China Lake, Calif. 93555
and
P.L. WalkerPhysics Department
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, Calif, 93943
PROJECT LONG .JUMP III
FIELD TEST OF VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL
INFRARED INSTRUMENTATION
CONTROLLED AIRCRAFT TARGETS
0 SPECIFIC FLIGHT PROFILES
# 11,500 'O 15,500 FT
BARCROFT LABORATORY (ELEV. 12,470 FT)
" ABOVE MAJOR PORTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATES
* PROVIDES A HIORIZONTAL, CLEAR LINE OF SIGIT FOROVER 100 MIILES
Barcroft L 37'38'02.993 N3735'02 15 N I 1 815l16.974-W
1' 220 itt~o M~~Borcroft-T.Iescop 8 0Nuia ie
01.140 NastrN
R-1048 ft M
\ A
Te250 TelecopePea
I I I' 79 0
iACK( ' R0UJNI)
[,()N(; JUMP I
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
* NEPHELONrETER - VISIBILITY
* IMMEDIATE BARCROFT AREA
LONG JUMP II
* METEOROLOGICAL DATA
" NEPHELOMETER - VISIBILITY
" AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION
" IMMEDIATE BARCROFT AREA
" MAY NOT REPRESENT LINE OF SIGHT" OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS" DIFFERENCES IN AIR PARCELS
LONG JUMP III
* AN INSTRUMENTATED AIRCRAFT WAS USED TOSAMPLE ALONG OR NEAR THE FLIGHT PATH
MEASUREMENTS
AT BARCROFT LABORATORY, THE FOLLOWINGPARAMETERS WERE MEASURED
* AEROSOL PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION* PARTICLE SCATFERING COEFFICIENT (NEPHELOMETER)* RELATIVE HUMIDITY (WET AND DRY BULB TEMPERATURES)* AIR TEMPERATURE VERSUS SOIL SURFACE TEMPERATURE° INSOLATION* WIND SPEED AND DIRFCTION
OVER BARCROFT AND ALONG THE FLIGHT PATH, THlEFOILOWING PARAMETERS WERE MEASURED:
* AEROSOl. PARTICI- SIZE DISTRIBUTION* AEROSOL CI ILMICAL COMPOSITION* AIR TENIPERATUREt AND DEW POINT* CARBON DIOXIDE (:ONTENT
CAL.
CALCULATION OFS'-COEFFICIENTS FORWAVELENGTHS
MIE CODE FROMN7"
0INPUT* RELATIVE9* PARTTCI! '.
"REFRACTV~B '.,
SEM hinap- 0 0.4 pin.
K,k
, cj,-
~~11 -kO-u.-,
-. 7 'u?' 9m aluminaAim ulfate
1~
II>1>4
-4In~gv3~
1.IAfr
* - - '-I
i
Sp
it V. ,-: '1
, .~- I
I-
$4
"I "~J~"
-I.-- --
-A>4
F
'A'ittA-
- f-'*. 'I-'.'ft
It.
taxlill.i Ot1 for M et Flight 5 ,t 1627 to 1 154 '1)1 1)1l I q Aupgo"
0102
o S:lw ,
-0- 3.5
- 106
-104-94-84-74-.644-44-34-24-14 .4 6 16 26 36 46 56 66 76 86 96
Outbound Ditance (nm) from White Mountain Return
F xtuictio for Met Flight 6 at 08 13 to 0947 i>1 )T 0 19 August
10-2
0-354- I(S6
-104-94-84-74-64-54-44-34-24-14 -4 6 16 26 36 46 56 66 76 86 96
Outbound Distaiice (nm) flora White Mounlain Retum
-.7 1
(0 -11-LtiI!5111-Possible causes of Ihil ui ,ti, ill !
1. Noise. APIS33 inlegr~tion ii. . , -. m ai. mlthat of the EAA was i mi,:., i pt .iit , : . . is a! iuo
6 min.
2. Terrain contour 1):,'. .. I ..-. ! I i
vicinity of 7000 ft peaks aloni U] git lig-i . &-n, tedelsewhere.
3. Convection cells. Cells can i, 1. Ion W
over the desert, duringinI!Pi " :
10"I -- -----. .
- 1 05S - .
-0-; 106
- Motular S'ai'nmg 'V
-104 -94 -84 -74 -64 -54 -41 U -2,1 1 .
Outbound I.nee .io ' ., o! - ' - -, I
Accumulation Modec Aerosol Concentration fromt FAA Flight 15 at 1 118 to 1239 PD] on 25 August
Nw 15,500 ft 14,coo ft
-104 -94 -44-74 -64 -54 44 -34 -24 -144 6 16 26 36 46 56 66 16 96 96
Outboundi Distance (nni) from White Mountain Return
Fluctuation Widths
Week 1. The average fluctuation width wvas 26.6 nin, which wvas
dletermined from the extinction minima. The fluctuationwvidths were dieterminedi [ronm the APS33 dlata.
Week 2. The average fluctuation width wvas 19.4 nin determinedfrom the particle concentration minima of the higher resohlutio)nEAA dlata.
Accumulation Mode Particie Conceratration vs Altitude for Flight 15.
160y -- i65318-0.0044x R=0.94
15
14 t ta o c
13
12 M
~10N
9
7
6100 1000 10000
Particles/cc
A METHOD OF ESTIMATING SURFACE METEOROLOGICALRANGES FROM SATELLITE AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTHS
D.R. Longtin', E.P. Shettlc 2. , and J.R. Hummel'
('SPARTA, Inc., 24 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02173, GeophysicsLaboratory/OPA, Bedford, MA 01731)
Measurements of aerosol optical depth from NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers(AVHRR) aboard polar-orbiting satellites have been used to estimate the surface meteorological rangeover oceans. To do this, a lookup table of optical depth versus meteorological range has been developedwhich is based on the aerosol extinction profiles in LOWTRAN 7. To better simulate conditions over
oceans, the boundary layer height has been lowered to 0.5 km and an extinction profile correspondingto a 150 km meteorological range has been added.
The lookup table has been applied to AVHRR aerosol optical depths near selected island locationswhere, in turn, the inferred meteorological ranges were validated against surface observations. Results
show reasonable success in locating regions where meteorological ranges exceed 30 ki, but more preciseclassification may not be possible due to uncertainties in both the measurements and observations.Unfortunately, the algorithm does not fare as well when the observed meteorological ranges are lessthan 30 km.
Now at NRL.
A METHOD OF ESTIMATING SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL RANGES
FROM SATELLITE AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTHS
Presented at
The Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models
June 6, 1990
David R. Longtin', Eric P. Shettle2 and John R. Hummel1
ISPARTA, !,c.24 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 021732Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6520
Washington, D.C. 20375
Contract F 19628-88-C-0038
*PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
" Determine Whether Measuremerts of Aorosol Optical Depth From Polar-Orbiting Satellites Can Be Used to Z, ;v-u S-,dace Meteorological RangesOver Oceans
• These Are Preliminary Resuls
_ ,,,,, METHODOLOGY
* Obtain Experimental Global Sets of Aerosol Optical Depth Over Oceans FromNOAA/NESDIS
e Deveiop a Lookup Table of Surface Meteorological Range Versus AerosolOptical Depth
* Extract Aerosol Optical Depths Near Islands and Convert Them to SurfaceMeteorological Ranges
o Validate Inferred Surface Meteorological Ranges with Observed Values
4 DESCRIPTION OFU. AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTHST H
Based on Radiance Measurements From the Advanced Very High ResolutionRadiometer (AVHRR) Aboard NOAA Sun-Synchronous Polar-OrbitingSatellites
Retrieval Algorithm Relates Aerosol Optical Depth to the Upwelling Radiationin Channel 1 (0.58/tm-0.68tLm)
Measurements Are Taken When NOAA Satellites Cross the Equator (About13:30 Local Time)
Reported Aerosol Optical Depths Are Scaled to 0.50 1 rn
4 . ASSUMED AEROSOL PROFILES FOR FIXEDSURFACE METEOROLOGICAL RANGESN
W SAWA Or-.
V - r C-- -,/ru'
--,,rc.,/-'2" r' Cume
~3j
0. 5 \ 23 10 ..r. a a s 1 4 - 2 a,.
Aerosol Extinction at 0.5-5 Aum (1/km)
Note: Profiles Based on Modified Shettke and Fenn (1976)
Note: Profiles Are For Surace Meteorological Fnges of 150, 50, 23, 10 and 5 km
Note: Surface Meteorological Range Equas 3912/Total Extinction at 0.55,Lm
SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL RANGE
E\
F-11 Conditions
.5) 1
0100 lo."::
~c0. }Q , ; r' : 11 ( >0 r ')
Aerosol Opt,:-cil Depth at 0.50 1 r
Note: Dashed Lnw Fthisv i -
Measurement .i :>,
VALIDATION SCHEME
* Compute Daily Averages of Aerosol Optical Depth Near Island Locations
- Use All Available Data Within 5 Degrees of Each Island
o Omit Those Daily Averages Having Excessive Variability
e Convert Average Optical Depths to Inferred Meteorological Ranges UsingLookup Table
* Obtain Observed Meteorological Ranges For Days When Inferred Values Are
Available
- Based on Observations of Surface Visibility Provided by USAFETAC
* Determine the Number of Times When the Inferred and ObservedMeteorological Ranges Are in Agreement
4ISLAND LOCATIONS USED FOR
*U*RTAVALIDATION STUDIES
cantania, Sicily
Honol_ lu, HI Marshall IslandsI ,---Jama i ca - ,"i /
San Juan. PR j
Tahiti 6,
Ascension Island
4HISTOGRAMS OF INFERRED AND OBSERVED
SARTA INC - A G
ij I16126
0
0 10-
1 10 0-20 20-30 '20 10- 03 ~ 30
Inferred Meteorological Range (kin) Interred MeteorologiCal1 Range (kin)
Inferred
0 '10 10-2 0 20-30 '30bS 10 71e 1020 4 12 9 17r 4 2v 20 30 2 540
e '30 0 615 1471d
FACTORS LIMITING VALIDATION FOR* METEOROLOGICAL RANGES > 30 KMSPNITA INC,
*Island Locations Often flack Rieference Points for Very Clear Conditions
*Maximum Roported Meervs~ ac Stattion Dependent
- Marshall Islands: 31 ktn- Honolulu, Hi: 52 km- Cantania, Slav: ,39- Jamaica: 39 kmi- San Juan, [P: 46 km~- Tahiti: 52 kmi- Ascension Island: " f r<
*For Very Clear Co-nd'tron;, Cv'i pt - -- pths Are Similar In Magnitudeto the Uncertainty in th V~H"?.*'u-) pti> D13pth2 (. 0.05
* CONCLUSIONS
SP*RTA WiC
* Reasonable Success in Locating Regions Where Meteorological RangesExceed 30 km
- More Precise Classification May Not Be Possible Due To Uncertainties inBoth the Measurements and Observations
Limited Success in Locating Regions of Low Meteorological Range
- High Meteorological Ranges Are Often Inferred When the Observed Valueis Below 20 km, Possibly Due To Inhomogeneties in Aerosol Loading
- Improved Results Could Be Expected If It Were Possible to Define the Topof the Boundary Layer More Accurately
A COMPARISON OF THE UVTRAN AND LOWTRAN 7 AEROSOL MODELS
S. O'BrienLas Cruces Scientific Consulting, Las Cruces, NM 88001
A comparison between aerosol model results used by the AFGL LOWRAN 7 and ASL UVTRANmodels is examined for a variety of surface visibilities. Recent semiempirical results from particle sizingproblems operated near the surface at the White Sands Missile Range are also compared with the modelresults.
A Comparison of the UVTRAN and LOWTRAN 7Aerosol Models
Sean G. O'BrienLas Cruces Scientific Consulting
6 June 1990
Summary of Presentation
* Description of UVTRAN aerosol model
" Description of LOWTRAN 7 aerosol models
" Review of past UVTRAN - LOWTRAN aerosol comparisons
* Comparison of UVTRAN and LOWTRAN 7 for sea level aerosols
* Comparison of UVTRAN and LOWTRAN 7 for elevated desertaerosols
* Comparison of model results with measurements made in anelevated desert region
* Conclusions
UVTRAN Aerosol Model
*References: E.M. Patterson, 'Ultra-Violet AtmosphericPropagation Model,, Final Report on Project
DAALO3-86-D-001 Delivery Order 0578 (1988)
E.M. Patterson and J.B. Gillespie, AppI. Opt. 28,
p. 245 (1989)
" Aerosol model spans 185 to 700 nm wavelength region
" Aerosol extinction is dominant in the 300 to 700 nm region
UVTRAN Aerosol Model
" Rayleigh molecular scattering k is given byMcatool
1 0.987 Nk - . .
toa 9.26 x - (1.07 x 100/ %2) NM01 0
* Aerosol extinction k is then given byextaer
F3 .912 0F5Okex t . .... . k (550 nm) L . .
aer sca
where q - 0.585 V 1/ 3
LOWTRAN 7 Aerosol Models
"References: F.X Kneizys, et al., LOWTRAN 6 technicalreport, AFGL-TR-83-0187 (1983)
F.X Kneizys, et al., 'User's Guide toLOWTRAN 7,- AFGL-TR-88-0177 (1988)
D.R. Longtin, E.P. Shettle, J.R. Hummel, andJ.D. Pryce, 'A Wind Dependent Desert AerosolModel: Radiative Properties,* AFGL-TR-88-01 12
" Models considered here:
Sea Level -Elevated Desert
Urban, 70% RH Rural, 0% RHMaritime, 70% RH Desert, WS-O rn/sRural, 70% RH
A Review of UIVTRAN - LOWTRAN 6Aerosol Comparisons
* From Patterson and Gillespie, 1989
*Conditions: AFGL Rural aerosol model, 70% RHP - 10 13 mb, T -288 OKV - 23km
550
*Results: Wavelength k et(kin)(nm)et
- --- UVTRAN LOWTRAN6
300 0.434 0.276
550 0.158 0.158
700 0.106 0.118
UVTRAN - LOWTRAN 6 Comparison(continued)
* Reference: W.A. Baum and L. Dunkelman, 'HorizontalAttenuation of Ultraviolet Light by the LowerAtmosphere," JOSA 4, 166 (1955)
* Results shown here are from Patterson and Gillespie, 1989-1
V k %(km ) at 350 nm
(kin) UVTRAN LOWTRAN 6 B-D
100 0.092 0.042 0.097
40 0.212 0.134 0.198
20 0.376 0.288 0.366
10 0.691 0.594 0.702
5 1.21 1.20 1.38
Comparison of UVTRAN with LOWTRAN 7Sea Level Aerosols
e Conditions: P - 1013 mb, T - 288 0K, RH - 70%
* Results for 300 nm:-1
V k (km)650 ext
(km) Urban Maritime Rural UVTRAN
5 1.27 0.966 1.34 1.41
10 0.625 0.475 0.660 0.814
23 0.261 0.198 0.275 0.433
50 0.109 0.0829 0.115 0.244
Comparison of UVTRAN with LOWTRAN 7Sea Level Aerosols
Results for 700 nm:
V k (km-)550 ext
(kin) Urban Maritime Rural UVTRAN
5 0.594 0.702 0.676 0.605
10 0.292 0.346 0.283 0.280
23 0.122 0.144 0.118 0.106
50 0.0510 0.0602 0.0494 0.0393
Comparison of UVTRAN with LOWTRAN 7Elevated Desert Aerosols
*Conditions: P - 880 mb, T - 303 'K, RH - 0%
*Results for 300 nm:
V k (km_'65 ext
(kim) -Rural-- Desert _UVTRAN_
50 0.120 0.122 0.254
100 0.0517 0.0527 0.154
150 0.0290 0.0295 0.109
Comparison of UVTRAN with LOWTRAN 7Elevated Desert Aerosols
" Results for 700 nm:V k (km 1 )
550 ext
(km__ Rural Desert UVTRAN
50 0.0514 0.0493 0.0409
100 0.0221 0.0212 0.0154
150 0.0124 0.0119 0.00785
Comparison of Model Results withElevated Desert Measurements
" References: J. Boatman, D. Wellman, and B. Bodhaine ofNOAA/WPL, D. Garvey of ASL, privatecommunications, 1989
S. O'Brlen and D. Longtin, OMI-371, 1989
* Measurements examined here are of two kinds:
- Aircraft three color nephelometer that providedaerosol scattering at 450, 550, and 700 nm
- Surface Knollenberg particle sizing probes (LAS-Xtype) that provided size distribution inputs forMie computations
ALIVE '89
600 -
650-
800 -
9 00 ---T-------- - --- -- ~ -
I O0DOC0* .001o OOO-6 1.000011 0510000-o
Neol ejometer scat ter45r) ~ - 550 nm 7- ? nm - - Qr 1 , 0 ,
ALIVE '839
450 680210 fit. I?
50
30Q~ - 10
c- J'53t- C tC
55 60....b
, X Airc;l [)(Jt(, ?Z Jgnu 1 j
10-"
10-1
10-'
I0,
10'
. 10-11- 0 0
Rudius (Jim)
Example Of least-squares bimodal lognorialIcurve fit with automdtic edit
Sasonal Sit e Distribution Parameters Usel inBoundar-y Layer ?7ie Calculations
SCZS-e
DCst ributlCo;Ppaxametrr Ki.njmum Y. -a M >
Accumulation mode:
F0.01 0.07 C C7c 0.7850.1 44
Coarscpe:
Ij0.452 2.176 . 2F0. 30 070 C. 30
Q CYQF1 C,. 14 6C I CAo
"a 7c 0
10.7
10 C.I" I0' 10
1 T V
- - ur t oe LA'3
~ IJAA !,< F It 1
-41
C-)1
0.1
Wovelength (micromneters)
-- Surf a, L'S--X11CA LWeph Fit1
PIMOM hieph F-it 2-- AFCOL Purol
i1 T
0 .-. ---- -1 --- -1- r
Surface LAS--X-pOA! Neph Fit 1
>H OAA Neph Fit 2.... AFOL Desert
I
_
oCL)
Q)
o'p 0.01
•-- - -- - - - - - - - ---- r0.1
Wavelength (micrometers)
Conclusions
" For sea level aerosols, visibilities greater than 10 km,and short wavelengths (( 550 nm), UVTRAN predicts a higheraerosol extinction than LOWTRAN 7: limited experimentaldata tend to support UVTRAN in such conditions
* For sea level aerosols, the two models agree reasonablywell when either the visibility is low or the wavelengthis long
" For elevated desert aerosols, the two models are inagreement only when both the visibility is relatively low( 23 km) and the wavelength is above 550 nm
* Under the high visibility conditions of elevated deserts,the UVTRAN model predicts significantly stronger spectraldependence of aerosol extinction than does LOWTRAN 7;limited experimental data indicate that the LOWTRAN 7desert aerosol model is more accurate in such conditions
7 i,
HIGH RESOLUTION SOLAR SPECTRUM BETWEEN 2000 AND 3100 ANGSTROMSL.A. Hall and G.P. Anderson
Geophysics Laboratory/LIM/OPE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
Solar spectra in the wavelength range 2000-3100 Angstroms, measured at 40 km in the stratosphere,have been extrapolated to zero optical depth to provide a reference spectrum in 0.1 Angstrom resolution.The wavelength scale has been carefully compared to wavelength standards and a cyclic instrumentaleffect removed, resulting in a wavelength accuracy to within .04 Angstroms. The absolute intensitieshave been normalized to a previously released spectrum in 1.0 Angstrom resolution.
HIGH RESOLUTION SOLAR SPECTRUM BETWEEN 2000
AND 3100 ANGSTROMS
L. A. HALL AND G. P. ANDERSON
GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY
Balloon Measurements of Stratospheric Ultraviolet
0 Five Flights: 21 April, 197719 April, 197827 April, 198022 April, 198120 April, 1983
o Results: Absolute irradiance in 2000-3100 A rangeat balloon altitudes
Variation of UV irradiance in 11-yr cycleIn situ measurement of Herzberg continuum
cross sectionMeasurement of 02 transmission in the
stratospherePhotodissociation rate coefficients of 02
in the stratosphereExtrapol.tion of absolute irradiance to
zero optical depth
238
m 8&- Pz. 5#r ? y r
/0 F,4& A -r
1o-/ 77,~5. 71W') ?-g
_ 11, 0-:e 33 rm-
E XO- 2D 7
rx~~p~190 C 64i0pA/6 (oue~ajo
Pi
7%~ (~r~Pr
25 10
I I XI' 1liAJ3
x
LL
03020 3030 3040 3050 3060
WAVELENGTH - ANGSTROMS
to,.
ZO( 2D)1 Y 13029J
WAEEGH- NSRM
21.
/2'-f 3o7 -C A
1.0T.- -- - - -
00.8
0.0860.6
0.4 2:
0.4-06
0.0.
o.2
2: 0. 0 0 2 .4 0 26 C 2 .0 0
WAVELENGTH (MICRON)
In i !e, ctra I rfe)I n 1vherc ozone Ir te do-2nant absorber:
I To exp -(,-, N)
whe re I Irra8.iance at a point where slant colum~n dens;Itv is 1;
lo Incl(.ont irradlance
'h~p onl cruss sect I en of ozo~ne
Pkr twiu ~ c~t, at ,Ifffer nt oen! perhapts dfffercnt o
In (I,/ Y-) - In ( 1,1/11)2) - (";1 - :)
zcCf ' a9erbolda,-)
7D lernw oo 5
O te %ah-dL,~c
3 3/
0: ( 2%6'
Er"] z 0//ci %r/
2'%fiuto 40 ro'
roc e-i d.
T I I I I - T - T - - - -T - - - - -
1.4
0 20A averages
C" - Fitted curve
S 1.2
C-0 0.
00
0.8I I I
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
WAVELENGTH (Angstroms)
5- 10" v
2 x10" ~ Ii
I I
10
1983i
2125 2130 2135 2140
WAVELENGTH (Angstrcms)
5x 101
C04 2x 1012
Ujn 1 X1012
cr 5x10'1
2600 2610 2620 2630 2640 2650 2660 2670
WAVELENGTH (Angstroms)
A; GL
4E12 -
K12-
c ,2
1 EIJ
PFE I
ia1 j
PREDISSOCIATION LINE WIDTHS OF THE SCHUMANN-RUNGEABSORPTION BANDS OF SOME ISOTOPES OF OXYGEN
W.H. Parkinson', A.S.-C. Cheung2 , S.L. Chiu 2 , J.R. Esmond', D.E. Freeman and K. Yoshino''Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138,
2Chemistry Department, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Predissociation line widths of the (3,0) - (11,0) Schumann-Runge bands of 1802 and 16010 in thewavelength region 189-196 rim have been obtained from the published measurements of the absoluteabsorption cross sections of Yoshino et al. [Planet. Space Sci., 36, 1201 (1988); 37, 419 (1989)] andspectroscopic constants of these molecules of Cheung [J. Mol. Spectrosc., 131, 96 (1988); 134, 362(1989)]. The line widths are determined as parameters in the non-linear least squares fitting of calculatedto measured cross sections. Predissociation maxima are found at upper vibrational levels with v'= 4, 7 and10 for '802 and 160180. Our predissociation line widths are mostly greater than previous experimentalvalues for both isotopic molecules. This work is supported by NASA grant NAG 5-484 to SmithsonianAstrophysical Observatory.
Predifsoclation Line Widths of the Schumnann-Runge Absorption Blands
of Some ISotopes of oxygen
W It. Parkinson', A S-C, Cheung', S L. Chiu', J1 It Esmiond', DE. Freeman' and
K. Yoshino'
'llarvazrd-Smithsooian Center for Astrophysics. Cambridge. MA 02138
'Chemistry Department, University of Ilong Kong, Hong Kong
Predisaocjation line widths of the (3,0)-(11,0) Schumanno-Runge bands of "02 and
"0"0 in the wavelength region 180-196 nm have been obtained from the published
measurements of the absolute absorption cross aections of Yoshino at al. [Planet Space Sci
36, 1201 (1988), 37, 419 (1989)] and spectroscopic constants of these molecules of
Cheung IT. Mol. Spectroac 131, 96 (1988); !34, 362 (1989)1 The line widths are
determined as parameters in the non-linear least squares fitting of calculated to measured
cross sections. Predissociation maxima are founid at upper vibrational levels wvith Y'= 4, 7
and 10 for "0 and O0"0. Our predissociation line widths are mostly greater than
previous experimental values for both Isotopic molecules. This wcork is supported by
NASA grant NAG 5-484 to Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
Predissociation Line Widths of the Schumann-Runge Absorption Bands
of Some Isotopes Of Oxygen
W.H. Parkinson, A.S-C. Cheung,*, S.S-L. Chiu,*, J.R. Esmond,
D.E. Freeman and K. Yoshinoy
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
*Chemistry Department, University Of Hong Kong, Hlong Kong
Supported by the NASA Upper Atmosph# ric Researcli Program
The Sciurnan i-Runge ah:,orptioii bands of 1U, and their extC!IlilVt
prelih.s-ociation are of considerable atmospheric s ignificanice in connection wvith tile
transission of solar radiation and tile p~rodulctioni of 0(3p~) atoms. The cros,-s sectionsof thle S-R bands consists of hundreds of broadened and often overlapping rovibronic
linesi, and the predissociation of 1602 is thle wain source of odd oxygen InI thle
atmosphere above 60 km. Thle cross sections are also temperature dependent and can
only be obtained from parameters including predissociation line widthis at allytemperature. TI'he 1 )redissociation line widths and, in particular, their variation with
the upper level vibrational quantum number V, are also of importance in tileelucidation of the curve-crossing mechanism responsible for the predissociation. Thle
analogous predissociation line widthis of the Schumann-Runge bands of 1802 and 16018 0
would ( provide valuable supplemientary information on the mechanism of
prediss.,ociatioii because thle predissociating vibronic energy levels, but not thle associated
bouLnd anid repulsive potential energy curves, are isotope-dependent. In addition,1"01'() constitutes about 0.4%- of atmospheric 02 and is a source, via predissociation, of
l~)In the stratosphere.
THE PREDISSOCIATION OF B 'E STATE OF 2*
lv lprvdi&54ociatioli is- causedl by four repulsive states, namiely, 'If~ ' fl,, and
which cross the upper 11 3VIU state of thle Sdiumiann-Runge system inits boundrc~tion. Thie theoretical Investigations of Julienine and Krauss (1975) and Juliennie(1976) have shown that both the level shifts andl line widths canl be attributed to
ert urhat ionis dominatedl by thle 'l l, state, with other states playing mlinor roles in tileprtc Ii- ciat iiii. Nevertheless, arccurate hpredlio(:iation line width nexisureineilts forthci varp8i, vibrat iomial levels- are reqiired to provide a uieaninugful coniparison o
tif. remit >ects of Ii1if wi Itlis calculated fromn thevoretical parameters.
JULIENNE AND KRAUSS
22.5 3 3 5415000 -
3n..
1000 z;-
Im 0-
-5000-
1.0 1.5 2.0
PARAMETERIZATION OF THE SCHUMANN-RUNGE BANDS (Absorption Cross Section)
1. Boltzman Population
2. Honl London Factor
3. Band Oscillator Strengths
160 2; Planet. Space Sci. 35, 1067-1075 (1987).
IS02; Planet. Space Sc. 36, 1201-1210 (1988).
t6080; Planet. Space Sci 37, 419-426 (1989).
4. Line Center Positions
L60,; J Mol Spec trosc I 19 1 10 (1986)
1o)2, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 131, 96-112 (1988)
t'0180; J .ol. Spectrosc. 1341, 362-:189 (1989).
5. Predissociation Line Widths
Fo,)2 .j Che*m Phy v " .2 12 - I t I' '
() 0 ; p'reseI t %.irk
"'0"0 1 Present work
1802 9,0
_ 4 - -- .-----. ..------- - - --
' R5 R3
P3
-
z R I
54295 54425WAVENUML3
44R
Cr ,r1,tL)rE , ' lIar the band heaJ .f the (, 0)
. r .4 , a t 79 K T h e ti ,p , ,o s t c ,rv e Is
i r t- s I: t the I -r r fin, structur- c t- ornent (Lorerirz arn} cuze
6o80 9.0
P6jR 8
P8 R82;" 8i
R 10RK "- ,+
TABLE 1. Predissociation line widths (cin-, FWHM) of the Schumann-Rungebands of 15O2, 1802 and 10180
vI 160 2 180, !G01s0
1 0.93±0.182 0.72±0.043 1.78 ±0.11 1.53;:*0.15 1.62±0.20
4 3.87 ±0.27 3.23:0.11 3.69 ±0.185 2.13 ±0.07 3.12 ±0.08 2.68±0.136 1.79±0.21 1.05:0.03 1.32±0.107 2.01 ±0.10 2.77:0.11 2.47:± 0.208 1.92 ±0.12 1.32*:0.18 1.62 ±0.209 1.01 ± 0.16 1.18:0.07 1.00 ±0.07
10 1.09±0.08 1.71:t0.07 1.67 ±0.1011 1.48 ±0.18 0.84:0.05 1.34 ±0.18
12 0.88±0.14
Variation of predissociat Ir I in- .idth -.1 t .tra'! -,n. a,
rionber in the B 'EJ state of 'j2
I hlci cI::i- pres n a..:
.alues, oppn circles Le-| -t @I so l li, Iuienn
1802
44
1I 1* if
0 4. t; 0 1 0 12,
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PAUL S. JULIENNE
4 '4A ACKEPOAM AND SIAUMI
33
1 2 T
/ v0 is 4 6 10 15
v 4It I I I I l
AURIC: ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE INTEGRATED CODE
R.L. Huguenin. M.A. ICompteAerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821
R.E. HuffmanGeophysics Laboratory/LIM, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
AURIC is a planned computer simulation model to synthesize background radiance and -lutteras viewed by ultraviolet sensors. Radiometrically "accurate" radiance and clutter predictions will beemphasized through inclusion of all relevant phenomenology. Radiances will be fully traceable tounderlying phenomenology using parametric first principles radiance models. Included will be the
cvpability to compare AURIC predictions with measured data. Phenomenological models and simulationalgorithms will be modularized to accommodate upgrades and substitutions. A relational data basemanagement system will serve as the shell for integration and control of the modules, as well as providethe foundation for a high level user interface that providc- ease of use for scientists and system engineers.
A EROD YNE RESEARCH, Inc.SYSTEMS ___ __ __
AURIC: ATMOSPHIERIC ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE INTEGRATEDCODE
R.L. HUGUENIN, -M.A. LeCOMPTE, AND *R.E. HUFFMAN
'AERODYNE RESEARCH, INC.45 MANNING ROAD
BILLERICA, MA 01821
IONOSPHEflIC MODELING AND REMOTE SENSING BRANCHIONOSPHERIC RESEARCH DIVISION
AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORYHANSCOM AFB, MA 01731
SYSTEMS__ _ _ __ _
PROBLEM BEING ADDRESSED
* MEASUREMENTS LIMITED
TEMPORAL COVERAGE
SPATIAL COVERAGE
SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS
" MEASUREMENTS OF ALL BACKGROUND CONDITIONS UNREALISTIC
" RADIANCE MODELING CAPABILITY NEEDED
INTERPOLATE AND EXIRAPOL ATE 1.1LASURED RADIANCES TOOTHER CONDITIONS
SYNTHESIZE RADIANCES FOR SCENARIOS SENSORS FOR WHICHNO DATA EXIST
ANALYZE AND TEST CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF SOURCESOF ULTRAVIOLET BACKGROUND RADIANCE AND CLUTTER
PROVIDF INTFGHATEfl SYNrTHETIC SCENES, WHERE RADIANCE II4TERACIIOt4SARE rOTALL Y CONSISTENT AND RADIOMETRICALLY ACCURATE
S TEMS
~AURIC
40
0 0
C 4tb o . o .-(c 0 -
'~4)v 0 *1 0
E
m 0
UV FIELD w UV SENSORMEASUREMENTS SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
UV LABORATORYAND SIMULATIONMEASUREMENTS
M90-039eG H
SYSTEMS
AURIC PROGRAM OBJECTIVE
DEVELOP AND PROVIDE TO AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORYA COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL TO SYNTHESIZE BACKGROUNDRADIANCE AND CLUTTER AS VIEWED BY USER SPECIFIED ULTRA-VIOLET SENSORS
I~l
SYSTEMS____ -i37t7 7ii7 m.
AURIC REQUIREMENTS (CONT"D)
* HIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
- NEED TO ACCOMMODATE FUNDING LEVEL/SCHEDULEUNCERTAINTIES
- COMPLETE "ACCURATE" MODEL FOR RESTRICTED SETS OFMEASUREMENT SCENARIOS
- ADD MEASUREMENT SCENARIO VERSATILITY ACCORDING TOFUNDING AVAILABILITY
* ACCESSIBLE DESK-TOP CAPABILITY
- ANALOGOUS TO PC LOWTRAN, PC SPIRITS- EASE OF USE FOR SCIENTISTS, SYSTEMS ENGINEERS
* FULLY SUPPORTED, DOCUMENTED
* RESPONSIVE BUT CONTROLLED UPDATE RELEASES/VERSIONS
- ENCOURAGE USER CONTRIBUTIONS- CONTROLLED RELEASES TO PERMIT UNIFORM COMPARISONS- PERIODIC USER MEETINGS
SYSTEMS
AURIC REQUIREMENTS
" RADIOMETRICALLY "ACCURATE" RADIANCE AND CLUTTER PREDICTIONS
ALL RELEVANT PHENOMENOLOGY NEEDED FOR USER-SPECIFIEDSCENARIOSENTRANCE-APERTURE SPECTRAL RADIANCES NEED TO EXCEEDSENSOR SPECIFICATIONSCAPABILITY NEEDED TO SPECIFY SENSOR MODEL AND APPLY TORADIANCE PREDICTIONINCLUSION OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENT CONTAMINANTS DESIRED
" RADIANCE FULLY ItHACEABLE TO UNDERLYING PHENOMENOLOGY
REQUIRES FULLY PARAMETRIC FIRST-PRINCIPLES RADIANCEMODELS
AB INITIO CALCULATIONSPARAMETRIC PERTURBATION
* CAPABILITY TO COMPARE AURIC PREDICTIONS TO MEASURED DATA
REQUIRES CAPABIL II ' TO DISPLAY BOTH DATA SETSREQUIRES CAPABILITY TO COMBINE BOTH DATA SETSVAtIDATION'CA. IBFATION MODEl. REFINEMENT CAPABILITYDESIRED
_l_ fill
SYSTEMS ---
AURIC: ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE INTEGRATED CODE
PHENOMENOLOGICAL SIMULATIONMODELS ALGORITHMS
PHYSICAL PARAMETERPROPERTIE SPECIFICATION
MODULE MODULE
SPARAMEERS
.RADIANCESYTEI
TL DESCRIPTION /
i1111!11!11 MODULE
SPECTRAL RADIANCEOUTPUT DATA
Mg0-039eo/BH
SYSTEMS
AURIC SYSTEM DESIGN/DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
* SEPARABLE MODULAR DESIGN
- PHENOMENOLOGY UPDATE/SUBSTITUTION ACCOMMODATION
- HIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT ACCOMMODATION
- EXPANDABILITY
- SHARED DEVELOPMENT EFFICIENCY
* SIMULATION MODELING
- COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENT
- RADIOMETRIC ACCURACY NOT MEASURABLY COMPROMISED
- PHENOMENOLOGICAL TRACEABILITY NOT MEASURABLYCOMPROMISED
* RULE-BASED SCENE SPECIFICATION AND MODELING
-ACCOMMODATES COMPLEX PHENOMENOLOGY CONSISTENCYREQUIREMENTS
-PERMITS HIGH LEVEL SCENE SPECIFICATION WITH OPTIONALI OWER LEVEL ACCESS
SYSTEMS ___-___--;-_-__
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MODULE TABLE ENTRIES
* RELEVANT CROSS-SECTIONS WITH SPECTRAL DEPENDENCEFOR EACH ATMOSPHERIC SPECIES
PHOTOABSORPTION
PHOTODISSOCIATION
PHOTOIONIZATION
ELECTRON IMPACT
ION IMPACT
NEUTRAL IMPACT
METEORITIC IMPACT
COSMIC RAY (SOLAR, GALACTIC) IMPACT
" BRANChNG RATIOS FOR RELEVANT ATMOSPHERIC SPECIES
* OTHER
SYSTEMS --
AURIC CODE MODULES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MODULE
- SETS OF LOOK-UP TABLES FOR RELEVANTPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- LOOK-UP INTERPOLATORS
-SELECTION RULES RESIDE IN PARAMETERSPECIFICAl ION CODE
SYSTEMS ....
RADIANCE MODULE (CONTINUED)
RADIANCE LOOK-UP TABLES
* COMPUTATIONALLY MOST EFFICIENT RADIANCE SOURCE
* PREDETERMINED SPECTRAL RADIANCES VS.KEY PHYSICALPARAMETERS
- COMPUTATIONALLY INTENSIVE CALCULATIONS SHIFTEDTO OFF - LINE SYSTEM
- MEASURED/CALIBRATED SPECTRAL RADIANCE DATA FORKNOWN CONDITIONS
- CALIBRATED TO COMMON RADIANCE UNITS
- REVISIONS/UPDATES PROVIDED AS CONTROLLED RELEASES
" PARAMETRIC INTERPOLATION EXPRESSIONS
PARAMETRICALLY SEPARABLE APPROXIMATION FORMULAS
* SELECTION RULES/CONTROLLER IN PARAMETERSPECIFICATION CODE
SYSTEMS
AURIC CODE MODULES
RADIANCE MODULE
- RADIANCE LOOK-UP TABLES GENERATED BY OFF - LINE CODE
- RADIANCE CALCULATION CODES
- RADIANCE PERTURBATION CODES
- SELECTION RULES/CONTROLLER IN PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION CODE
_ • |f
SYSTEMS ......__ __--
3D SPATIAL SYNTHESIS MODULE
" ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF MEAN VALUE FOR EACHRELEVANT PHYSICAL PROPERTY
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, ALTITUDE POINT SPECIFICATION
CONTINUOUS RATHER THAN ARTIFICIALLY LAYERED
SPATIAL RESOLUTION FINER THAN SENSOR IFOV
" SPAT!AL CLUTTER
SPATIALLY DISCREET PHENOMENA MODELED WITHBOUNDED TEXTURE MODEL
SPATIALLY NON-DISCREET PHENOMENA PERTURBEDFRACTALLY
EMPIRICALLY/THEORETICALLY DERIVED FRACTALTEXTURE DIMENSION
* LINE-OF-SIGHT INTERSECTION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
VOXEL/SCENE ELEMENT ANALYTICAL INTERSECTION MODEL
RAY TRACE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SAMPLING ALGORITHM
1/4 - VOXEL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AVERAGING ALGORITHM
SYSTEMS ._
RADIANCE MODULE (CONTINUED)
" RADIANCE CALCULATION CODES
DIRECT CALCULATION FOR COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENTCODES
" RADIANCE PERTURBATION CODES
- PARAMETRIC RADIANCE EXPRESSIONS FOR EACHRELEVANT PHENOMENON
- CLUTTER RADIANCES FROM PHYSICAL PROPERTYTEXTURES
- COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT
SLANT PATH MANIPULATIONIMAGE PIXEL INTERPOLATION (FUTURE)
SYSTEMS °
PARAMETER SPECIFICATION MODULE
" USER INTERFACE TO OVERALL MODULE
HIGH LEVEL SCIENTIFIC/ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS
OPTIONAL LOWER LEVEL SPECIFICATIONS
CONSTRAINED USER INPUTS - PHYSICAL CONSISTENCY
TRANSFORMATION OF USER INPUTS TO CODE INPUTS
" SYSTEM CONTROLLER
3D SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION MODELS/RULES
RADIANCE MODELS/CALCULATION RULES
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELATIONSHIPS
MODULE DRIVER/SEQUENCE RULES
* RELATIONAL DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SHELL
SYSTEMS
RADIANCE SIMULATION MODULE
RADIANCE ASSIGNMENT TO LINE-OF-SIGHT PATH
SEGMENTED PATH (VOXEL) RADIANCECALCULATIONS
LINE-OF-SIGrIT PATH RADIANCE PROPAGATION
TWO RADtANCE FORMATS
SPECTRAL RADIANCE AT SENSOR ENTRANCEAPERTURE
SPECTRAL RADIANCE CONVOLVED WITHSENSOR MULTISPECTRAL TRANSFER FUNCTION
SYSTEMS ______
PARAMETER SPECIFICATION MODULE
3D SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION MODEL SOURCES
MSIS THERMOSPHERE MODEL
INTERNATIONAL IONOSPHERE MODEL
US STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
OTHER
SYSTEMS
PARAMETER SPECIFICATION MODULE (CONT'D)
* 3D SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION MODELS
NUMBER DENSITY DISTRIBUTION MODELS FOR RELEVANT ATMOSPHERIC
SPECIES (NEUTRAL, CHARGED)
NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION MODEL
ION TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION MODELS
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRUM MODEL
EXOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE MODEL
SOLAR CYCLE, SOLAR ACTIVITY MODELS
CORPUSCULAR RADIATION MODELS
MAGNETIC FIELD MODEL
SYS (EMS --
OUTPUT AND DISPLAY
" PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS
INTERACTIVE MENU, PROMPTS, FLAG,OUTPUT SUMMARY
* SPECTRAL RADIANCE PLOT
WITHOUT SENSOR FUNCTION APPLIEDWITH SENSOR FUNCTION APPLIEDSELECTABLE RADIANCE UNITS, INCLUDING SENSORUNITS (COUNTS, DATA NUMBER)
SELECTABLE WAVELENGTH/WAVENUMBER UNITSNORMALIZED, SCALED, RATIO, DIFFERENCE OPTIONSSPECTRUM SEQUENCE, OVERLAY OPTIONS
" CLUTTER METRICS, POWER SPECTRAL DENSITIES
* RASTER IMAGE DISPLAY (FUTURE)
" IMAGE MANIPULATION/STATISTICS/TRANSFORMS (FUTURE)
SYSTEMS
PARAMETER SPECIFICATION MODULE
RADIANCE MODELS'CALCULATION RULES
" SEASONAL CYCLE MODEL
" DIURNAL CYCLE MODEL
" PATH ATTENUATION MODELS FOR EACH RELEVANT SPECIES
ABSORPTION
SCATTERING
" PATH EMISSION MODELS FOR EACH RELEVANT SPECIES
" PATH SCATTERED RADIANCE MODELS
SINGLE/MULTIPLE SCATTERING
RESONANCE SCATTERING
" OUTPUT RADIANCE INTERPOLATOR
1000 - 4000 A (100.000 - 25000 CM ) INITIAL RANGE
5CM ! (0.05 - 0 80A) INITIAL SPECTRAL RESOLUTION
kJ
SYSTEMS .... _,
AURIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE
1-D (LINE-OF-SIGHT) 2-D (IMAGERY)
MID-LATITUDE NADIR
PHASE I PHASE ii
MID-LATITUDE LIMB
DISTURBED/AURORAL PHASE III PHASE V
HIGH SPECTRAL PHASE IV PHASE VIRESOLUTION
SYSTEMS
AURIC CODE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT
* EVEREX PC (80386) /MICROVAX II* OFF - THE - SHELF RDBMS (DEVELOPMENT)
ORACLE RDBMS
UNIX WITH X - WINDOWS/MOTIF
FORTRAN COMPILER
0 PORTABILITY
MEASUREMENT NEEDS FOR AURIC: ATMOSPHERICULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE INTEGRATED CODE
R.E HuffmanGeophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
The development of the XURIC model for ultraviolet radiance and transmission will require the
availability of a wide variety of both laboratory and field measurements. These measurements orphenomenology needs are available for many of the areas of interest, but a number of space measurements
have not been conducted over a sufficient period of time (solar cycles) and with well-calibrated sensors.The current and near-future availability of airglow, auroral, and scattering space measurements of use
for the validation and improvement of the AURIC model will be discussed. Improved measurementsof solar radiation, atmospheric density and composition, and celestial sources will all contribute to animproved model. Laboratory measurements of the photon cross sections for the Schumann-Runge bandsof oxygen that have recently become available are an example of the measurements needed for the modelat wavelengths shorter than the current limit of LOWTRAN 7 of 200 nm.
MEASUREMENT NEEDS FOR AURIC:ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE INTEGRATED CODE
ANNUAL REVIEW CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
5-6 JUNE 1990GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY
ROBERT E. HUFFMANGEOPHYSICS LABORATORY
(617) 377-3311
MEASUREMENT NEEDS FOR AURIC:ATHOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE INTEGRATED CODE
OUTLINE
* ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
* COMPARISONS WITH LOWTRAN 7
* AURIC OVERVIEW
* MEASUREMENTS NEEDS
ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH REGIONS
MICROMETER 01 02 0.3 04
NANOMETER OO 200 300 400
ANGSTROM 1000 2000 3000 4000
LIMIT OF LIMIT OF LIMIT OF INVISIBLE
WINDOW MATERIALS OXYGEN SOLAR FLUX TO HUMAN
(Li F LIMIT) TRANSMISSION ATGROUND EYE
(OZONE)
EXTREME UV I FAR UV MID UV NEAR UV
I I
VACUUM UV {VUV) - ULTRAVIOLET
ULTRAVIOLET
200-
- 02 N2, 0
150- /F REGION
x/ 02 --- ___
c -
F REGION0 100
D REGION
50 - Lya 03
0 C00 1200 1800 2400 .3000 4000 6000
WM''ELENGTH, ir A"ngsfr, rns
...... ..... ....
2
- --- 100
HATMGPRC RADIANCE] 10
NAI0ERT ETR
4N
0
INIC)4T WLATITUOE ILJ JL 2tP0
-2A~
OGT f~ f " 2~Od HEO7 E~
5 0 or or N o0
0 S3-4 NADI DYLO
30 -fr0 1 l 0 T
3 0TI - 7- h
(':.r 0
-T
1 00C 1 2100 1 4 ou 1 5 00 1 G 00 1 700
IV VELENGTII (A)
7SiI
T I
6 I 4T ' / ,> L O ,4 (M IJ) L 1 T71 W f -.
3-1 NO y (v'= O)I I I I 15 1 -
v= 0 I 2 3 4
4
NO 8 (v' O)- 3 I I I I Iv"=0 I 2 3 4 5 6S 2 .
0 C) / 1 b Z 147j0I !I~2K~ ~ ~~
1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
WAVELENGTH (A)
INTENSITY (KILORAYLEIGHS)5 I0 I5 0 5 I 0 I 5 2 0
0 ! H ORIZON ULTRVI0LE1 PR OGRAM
H-IP DATA (1982)MIOLATITUDE ULTDAVIQLU
HORIZON PROFILES
-250
-J
200
356 A 1V 80 0 N N (LBfl)
I L ...
// / /
/
C rf) 2(.0 , , U20 ; :
AVG COU jI (I PT AVG
( ,'.
-1 EY LOW4TRAN 7 ATMOSPHERIC RADIANCE
MULTIPLE SCA T [RING, NADIR VIEW
lEG
L 3ES
4-0U
-3E4
ml 1E4 BV~
- 3E3
1E3 -
2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000L!2veength A ngstroms
Vanir- h Pcd I OflOC SZR) 2?4 deg
S3- ct
rr
f 1) C r' 4"
LOWTRAN? (sol id nI e) and S3-4 data (das.hAed I in), SZA 94 dcg
-- -T I _ 1 - T __ 2 T- - . . .. - --
11 3
~300- E3 V.- --4U)
C
vi 100: : ". ..
CD
0
C 1 0
uc 3
I II I I I I
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
Wovelength - Angstroms
'Ve
f.!-
- __
-Ir .,. . _( r r r
-- I
Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code (AURIC)
AURIC
,, , I ,: 0
E0 kP 9<10 (0 -
o" 0
ell C 0W) CE
.~xUV FIELD UVSENSOR
MEASUREMENTS SYSTEMS ANALYSISUVLABORATORY
AND SIMULATIONMEASUREMENTS
MEASUREMENT NEEDS FOR AURIC:ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE INTEGRATED LODE
MEASUREMENTS NEEDS
* ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY, COMPOSITION, TEMPERATURE, ETC.
• CROSS-SECTIONS FOR ABSORPTION, IONIZATION, ETC.
• REACTION RATES FOR AIRGLOWS
• SOLAR FLUX AND VARIABILITY (THROUGH EUV)
• TRANSPORT, SCATTERING, FLUORESCENCE
* DAY/NIGHT; SOLAR CYCLE; GEOPHYSICAL VARIABILITY
• AURORAL REGIONS, PARTICLE EXCITIATION PROCESSES
* FIELD, LABORATORY, ASSOCIATED MODELS
LIMB, NADIR, TEMPORAL VARIABILITY
'/1
MODELING OF ULTRAVIOLET & VISIBLE TRANSMISSION WITH THE UVTRAN CODE
E. PattersonSchool of Geophysical Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
1. GillespieU.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, WSMR, NM 88002
We have developed a model, UVTRAN, which allows the calculation of transmittance of visible andultraviolet wavelengths as well as the calculation of lidar returns from backscattering or fluorescing targets.The transmission model is designed for relatively short ranges in the lower troposphere and incorporatesgaseous scattering and absorption as well as aerosol attenuation. Of special note is the treatment ofaerosol attenuation. The aerosol attenuation is parameterized with a wavelength dependence that dependsoi the visual range. The usefulness of this parameterization relative to the more usual paraneterization interms of aerosol microphysical properties whose wavelength dependence is independent of concentrationwill be discussed. A set of measurements is in progress that is designed to verify the transmittancemodels will also be discussed.
MODELING OF ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLETRANSMISSION USING TIlE UVTRAN CODE
by
E. M. PattersonSchool of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and GTRI/EML
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia 30332
and
J. B. GillespieU. S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory
White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002
WIlY UMVTRAN
Simple, user friendly model for transmission.
Includes major molecular absorbers.
Direct parameterization for wavelength dependence.
Modular, suitable for inclusion in lidar simulations forboth DIAL. and fluorescence measurenents.
TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS TO MODEL VERIFICATION
There is a relatively small data base for lower troposphericUV transmission along horizontal paths.
Additional measurements under a variety of conditions areneeded for model assessment and verification.
ASL has a program for model verification:
Urban measurements in the eastern U.S.
Co-operative measurements in desert areas of Middle East.
Table U. COinwo. Oi 04 Ob4.e.vd M4 Ck.lIlaed AIenu.-.uouC~tCOeM¢~ S at 300 -i 1W 011191-Ml VIGslblfles
Vigual18l, ge 1'l IHA t. I I I'llsH N I 1M ) C"11),
Ikrml [ I kin i km n)
100 0 l 047 021340 () 201 0 034020 ) 476 0 320 0 5S.311) 0) 9 J66209785 1 41 1 34 108
Tab'@ 1,1 Co0o6r11on of Observed * d COWcolated Altenustlon
Co.ffd IIs o . )SO r o. 0'flo nt VIsIblitll
.o-'. C.,,
Ii+ 4n (k'r' I 0 1)l~s { , , tlU42 9
4 C, 2)2 K 134 0 19),2 :2 M 03W,
I,, 11 Cal "94 07,21t, 20 m
()MPARISOI)NS (OF ) ()I)FI, 1 IKI'I)I(IH()NS l"()l I V rIANS,\,I'IlAN('IFl(M)It l 14ll. IA)WI HAN. ANI) 'II I- IK.MI'I14I4.l(\. I'AR\AI.'IiIIZATI()N)F BAIJl ANI) I)IINKIIA N AM SI I()WN IN Till,'IAlI:s.
SI(NIFI('ANI I)IFIFIIIN(CI. IN 'IRANSNIISSION ARIE SEIKN -I)I II'IFFI4I:N('IKS WIII( II WIL BI. AI)I)IESSlI.I) VII 1 1114114 ANSNIISSION \W()IK.
i+ /*!
o
o Ij-
i. 1
I00 200 300 100 000 600 700
Wavelegoh (urn)
AiT'ENUATION CALCULATIONS FOR STANDARI) CONDITIONS AT SEALEVEL FoR AN ASSUMED VISIBILITY OF 10 KM USING TIEIUVTRAN MOI)EL. TIIE TOTAL ATIENUATION COEFFICIENT IS(;IVEN BY TIE SOLID LINE, TIE AEROSOL ArENUATION BYI'II E I)OTI'ED LINE, TIIE M(OLECULAR SCATTERING ATTENUATIONBY TIE DASHED AND Do'IrEI) LINE, TIIE OZONE AND OXYGENA'ITENUATIONS BY TIIE IONG AND SIIO)RT I)ASIIHE) LINES,RE'SPECTIVELY.
OBJECTIVES OF WORK
NVIRIF, PI.RI'()RNAN 'II ()F I \V.\lSIILI.I. IIIK'R \%IIEEI.1 I. .M I S( ) NI .'IR
NII-\ HL A I 10 (.\I oI'IlL.1RI(' I H \N sNII 11AIN .VI I\ ANI) \'ISIDI.1I,\\\\ Ii IN;I IIN l'Nl)IAl \ \ARIIJY OF .\\IN(YSPIII.RI(' (ONI)IIIONS
\I.RII N \1l)11.S \lJI '\I? \\lII I RIZ.\I ION 1 Al \I IOSI'IIIRI( I\I R \N NI I' \Nf I
TRANSMISSOMETER PATH GEOMETRY
/ "
ANCILLARY MEASUREMENTS NEEDED FOR MODEL VERIFICATION
Visual Range
Ozone
Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature
Aerosol Size-Number Characterization
SOVIWARE REQUIREMENTS
CONTROL FILTER WHiEEL POSITIONING
DATA ACQUISITION
INITIAL DATA PROCESSINGCALCUALTION OF MEANS AND STD DEVIATIONSEVALUATION OF DATA
TRANSMISSION CALCULATIONS
FILTER WAVELENGTHlS
PO(SITIO)N CENTER WAVEILENITli (NMI)
0 BIR()AI) BAND Nl ITRAI, I)ENSITY"1 200
2 220
3 2404 26)
2806 3207 36018 -1009 440
II) 550I I BILIOCKEID
EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
CALIBRATION NEEDSEFFECTS OF UNEQUAL PATI LENGTHSBEAM DIVERGENCEAMOUNT OF BEAM SEEN BY RECEIVER
ALIGNMENT STABILITY
SOURCE STABILITY
ATMOSPiiERIC REFRACTION AND TURBULENCE
CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES
SIGNAL IS MEASURED FOR TWO PATH LENGTHS UNDER lllGIIVISIBILITY CONDITIONS
LONG WAVEI.ENGTII DATA AT 1VO DISTANCES IS USEI) TOESTIMATE A GEOMIETRICA. CORRECTION FACTOR
SINIULTANEOUSIY NIEASUREI) SCAli'ERING CAN BE USE) TOCORRECT I.ON(; WAVELEN(;I'I DATA
7"J
c3 uv*Iic"rl
0,:7' 7 4 V'
.70-
SUMMARY
AUTOMATED) UV TRANSMISSOMETFER SYSTEM HAS BEEN USEDFOR INITIAL. MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHIIERIC TRANSITTVANCEBEIIV~EEN 20$) AND) 550 NM.
FULLYI CALIBRATED MEASUREMENTS hIAVE NOT YETr BEEN MAD)E,BUlT INITIAL. IAT., INDICATE THAT SYSTEM WILL. BE SENSITIVEH') VARIATIONS IN OZONE, ATMtOSIIERIC I)ENSITYl, AND) AEROSOL.(II.\RA(TERISTICS.
SYSTEM IS SITII.MWE IIR DESIRED NIODEI. VERIFICATIONS.
SABLE: A SOUTH ALANTIC AEROSOL BACKSCATTER MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS.B. Alejandro, G.G. Koenig
Geophysics Laboratory/OPA, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
J.M. Vaughn, P.H. DaviesRoyal Signal & Radar Establishment, St. Andrews Road,
Great Malvem, Worcs., WRI43PS, United Kingdom
The plans for an atmospheric aerosol field measurement experiment are described. The SouthAtlantic Backscatter Lidar Experiment (SABLE) is an important step in determining the feasibility ofobtaining space-based lidar measurements for the determination of atmospheric winds, and the spatialand temporal variation of aerosol backscatter. Two field campaigns operating from Ascension Island (aBritish colony of St. Helena) have been completed. The first field campaign obtained lidar backscattermeasurements utilizing an airborne platform during a 3-week period from mid-October through mid-November 1988. The second SABLE program was expanded to include measurements utilizing airborneparticle-measurement probes, ground-based lidars, radiosondes, and supporting meteorological equipment.This program was conducted during a 4-week period from mid-June through mid-July 1989. Thisis the first time that such a comprehensive aerosol-measurement program has been undertaken in theSouthern Hemisphere. SABLE-type measurements are not only pertinent to the development of space-based sensors, but also have direct utility in the study of aerosols and their effect on climate.
THE RSRE LASER TRUE AIRSPEED SYSTEM (LATAS)
J.M. VaughnRoyal Signal & Radar Establishment,
St. Andrews Road, Great Malvern, Worcs., WR143PS, United Kingdom
L.A'IAS is a compact robust airtX)me lidar incorporating a 10.6 A111 Cw CO2 waveguide laser of3-4 Watt output and currently installed in a Canberra B-57 aircraft. Doppler shifted radiation scatteredfrom atmospheric aerosols is detected by coherent heterodyne techniques. Signal processing is cacriedout in a surface accoustic wave spectrum analyser, A/D converter and fast integrator. Integratedspectra and aircraft parameters are recorded on a high density MODAS tape recording unit. Detailedabsolute calibration studies have been carried out, together with extensive algorithm development fordata extraction. In a typical flight to -15kmi altitude up to -104 individual measurements of atmosphericback.;cattcr may be made. Backscatter sensitivity extends to a value of -8 x 10- 12m- sr 1 as currentlyoperated. Features of the design, calibration and performance will be discussed.
MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL AND CLOUD LIDARBACKSCATTER PROFILES IN THE EQUATORIAL SOUTH ATLANTIC
Lt. Col. G.G. Koenig, E.P. Shettle* and S.B. AlejandroGeophysics Laboratory/OPA, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
J. M. VaughnRoyal Signal & Radar Establishment,
St. Andrews Road, Great Malvern, Worcs., WRI43PS, United KingdomAerosol, cloud, and clean air lidar backscatter information obtained using a continuous wave coherent
10.6 micrometer CO2 laser system flown on a B-57 Canberra aircraft will be prescted. These data werecollected during the South Atlantic Backscatter Lidar Experiment (SABLE) in the fall of 1988. SABLEis a cooperative aerosol lidar backscatter measurement program between the Royal Signals and RadarEstablishment (RSRE) of the United Kingdom, and the Geophysics Laboratory (AFSC) of the UnitedStates. The program was organized to address a mutual interest in establishing a database of atmosphericaerosol backscatter coefficients in and around a remote (Ascension) island location in the SouthernHemisphere. Of special interest are the lidar signal levels associated with high altitude visible and sub-visible cirrus. Visible and sub-visible cirrus and marine stratocumulus lidar backscatter coefficients willbe presented. The observed stratocumulus lidar backcatter coefficients will be compared with modelcomputed backscatter coefficient information. Finally, the backscatter coefficients associated with adocumented case of sub-visible cirrus will be described. This is the first time that such a comprehensiveaerosol measurement program has been undertaken in a remote location in the Southern Hemisphere.
"Now at NRL.
COMPARISONS BETWEEN SAGE It 1.02 um EXTINCTIONAND SABLE 10.6 pm BACKSCATTER MEASUREMENTS
E.P. Shcttle*, G.G. Koenig, and S.B. AlejandroGL/OPA, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731
J. M. Vaughn and D.W. BrownRoyal Signal & Radar Establishment, St. Andrews Road,
Great Malvem, Worcs., WR143PS, United Kingdom
The South Atlantic Backscatter Lidar Experiment (SABLE) was designed to provide a database ofatmospheric aerosol backscatter coefficients in remote sensing of the South Atlantic. Such data would beutili ed in evaluating the feasibility of using space-based lidar systems to obtain global measurements of
aerosols and winds. Several of the SABLE flights were planned to give temporal and spatial coincidencewith SAGE 1I (Stratospheric Aerosol & Gas Experiment) measurements of aerosol extinction. SAGE,which is a satellite based instrument, derives the aerosol extinction profiles from measurements of solar
irradiances through the atmosphere during sunrise and sunset. Comparisons of the two measurementsprovide a partial validation of the SABLE measurements and a validation of the use of aerosol modelsto relate the SAGE 1.02 pm extinction to the 10.6 pm backscattcr measurements. These aerosol modelscan then be employed with the full SAGE aerosol database to extend the spatial and temporal coverageof the SABLE measurements.
Now at NRL.
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCEGEOPHYSICS LABORATORY (AFSC)
HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, MASSACHUSETTS 01731-5000
REPLY TO
AT OF: OP (F.X. Kneizys, 617-377-3654/E.P. Shettle, 617-377-3665)
SUSJCT: Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models
To: DISTRIBUTION 5 February 1990
1. The extended DoD Plan for Atmospheric Transmission Research and Developmenttasks the Air Force to conduct an annual review conference to provide for tri-servicediscussion of model deficiencies and recommend corrective action.
2. The 13th Annual Review Conference will be held at GL, Hanscom Air Force Base,Bedford, Massachusetts, during the first week in June (5-7 June 1990). The objectives ofthe meeting are to review the current status of the transmittance/radiance models andthe need and plans for future developments. Areas of interest include molecular andaerosols effects on atmospheric propagation, propagation measurements using lidar, andturbulence measurements and modeling. We are interested in learning aboutcomparisons between models and experimental data and in hearing yourrecommendations regarding how we can overcome any identified deficiencies.
3. This letter is intended to solicit contributions to this conference. If you would like topresent a paper, please provide an unclassified abstract which should be double-spacedand no more than 12 lines. Please send abstracts to G.P. Anderson, GL/OPE (AFSC).Hanscom AFB. MA 01731-5000 by 13 April 1990. (Telephone 617-377-2335).
4. Note all sessions will be open, and it is anticipated that foreign nationals will bepermitted to attend this year. Allow sufficient time to obtain the necessary clearancesfor your papers.
5. If you plan to participate in the conference, but not make a presentation, pleasenotify us in writing, by 20 April 1990 (non-US citizens should allow at least 6 weeks forvisit approval). Seating accommodations are limited. Send your letter to LW. Abreu,GL/OPE (AFSC), Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000, (Telephone 617-377-2337). If youhave any questions contact us at the numbers listed. AUTOVON prefix for HanscomAFB is 478.
FRANCIS X. KNEIZYS ERIC P. SIET'I-'IAtmospheric Effects Branch Atmospheric Optics BranchOptical/Infrared Technology Div. Optical/Infrared Technology Div.
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCEGEOPHYSICS LABORATORY (AFSC)
HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, MASSACHUSETTS 01731-5000
REP.oOP/F. Kneizys/617-377-3654/E. Shettle/617-377-3665 1 May 90ATTN O
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Models(5-6 June 90) (AFGL/OP Ltr, 5 Feb 90, same subject)
DISTRIBUTIONTO
1. On the basis of responses to our February 5th letter announcingthe Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models, wehave constructed the enclosed tentative agenda for a two-day meetingon 5-6 June 1990. In general, we have reduced some initial time re-quests slightly to allow for adequate discussion. Speakers shouldplan on a maximum presentation time of 15 minutes. Vugraphs arepreferable as visual aids in the talks. The meeting will be un-classified.
2. We ask that all conference speakers provide us with hard copiesof viewgraphs used in your presentation at the meeting. You can ei-ther mail them to F.X. Kneizys GL/OPE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, orbring a copy to the meeting.
3. We will meet on 5-6 June (starting at 0845 on the 5th and 0830on the 6th in the GL Science Center, Bldg 1106, Hanscom AFB. (Seeattached map). Please plan to arrive by 0830 on the fifth to allowtime for registration on the first day.
4. We do not intend to make motel reservations for anyparticipants, but we have enclosed a list of motels which are rea-sonably close to Hanscom AFB (although you will need a car fortransportation). On-base government quarters are limited, so if yourequire VOQ accommodations, please make your reservations early bycalling 617-377-2112. The AUTOVON prefix for Hanscom AFB is 478.
IS X. KNEIZYS ERIC P. SHETTLEAtmospheric Effects Branch Atmospheric Optics BranchOptical/Infrared Technology Div. Optical/Infrared Technology Div.
3 Atchs1. Agenda2. Map3. List of Motels
Appctdix.
ANNUAL REVIEW CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION MODELS
5-6 June 1990
Geophysics Laboratory (AFSC)Hanscom Air Force Base
GL Science Center, Building 1106
PROGRAM
Tuesday, 5 June 1990(0845 - 1200)
WELCOME - Col. Robert J. Hovde (GL)
KEYNOTE - Col. T.S. Cress, USAF(OUSDA)
SESSION 1 - ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION MODELS',Co-Chair Persons: R. Picard (GL), C.M. Randall (Aerospace), R.G. Isaacs (AER))
"Status of the LOWTRAN and MODTRAN Models"L.W. Abreu, F.X. Kneizys, G.P. Anderson, E.P. Shettle, J.H. Chetwynd (Geophysics Laboratory)
"Modeling Solar and Infrared Radiation Fields for BTI/SWOE"J.R. Hummel (SPARTA, Inc.)
COFFEE BREAK (1020 - 1040)
"PCTRAN 7 - An Implementation of the GL's LOWTRAN 7 Modelfor the Personal Computer"J. Schroeder (ONTAR Corporation)
"Spectral Modeling of Off-axis Leakage Radiance Using the MODTRAN Code"N. Grossbard (Boston College), U.R. Smith (Geophysics Laboratory)
"Cloud Opacity Retrievals Using LOWTRAN and the Stamnes Scattering Model"B.L. Lindner, R.G. Isaacs (Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.)
"Calculated Cloud Edge SWIR Radiance Gradients as Viewed by Satellite"L.L. Smith (Grumman Corporate Research Center)
LUNCH (1200 - 1330)
Appendix
Tuesday, 5 June 1990
(1330 - 1700)
(1330 - 1450)
SESSION 2a - ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION MODELS (CONTINUED)(Co-Chair Persons: R. Picard (GL), C.M. Randall (Aerospace), R.G. Isaacs (AER))
"The Department of Energy Initiative on Atmospheric Radiation Measurements(ARM): A Study of Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks"
R.G. Ellingson (University of Maryland), G.M. Stokes (Pacific Northwest Laboratories), A. Patrinos
(US Department of Energy)
"The HITRAN Molecular Database in 1990"
Lt. S. Shannon, L.S. Rothman (Geophysics Laboratory)
"Line Coupling Calculations for Infrared Bands of Carbon Dioxide for FASCOD3"
M.L. Hoke, F.X. Kneizys, J.H. Chctwynd (Geophysics Laboratory); S.A. Clough (Atmospheric and
Environmental Research, Inc.)
"FASCOD3: An Update (with NLTE Emphasis)"
G.P. Anderson, F.X. Kneizys, E.P. Shetde, J.I1. Chetwynd, L.W. Abrcu, M.L. loke (Geophysics
Laboratory); S.A. Clough, R.D. Worsham (Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.)
COFFEE BREAK (1450 - 1510)
Appendi\
Tuesday, 5 June 1990(1330 - 1700)
(1510 - 1700)
SESSION 2b - LINE-BY-LINE APPLICATIONS(Co-Chair Persons: R. Picard (GL), C.M. Randall (Aerospace), R.G. Isaacs (AER))
"RAD: A Uine-by-Line Non-LTE Radiative Excitation Model"R.H. Picard, R-D. Sharma, J.R_ Winick (Geophysics Laboratory); P.P. Wintersteiner, A.J Paboojian, R.A.
Joseph (ARCON Corp); H. Nebel (Alfred University)
"Non-LTE CO2 Vibrational-Temperature Profiles for FASCOD3"P.P. Wintersteiner, A.J. Paboojian (ARCON Corporation); J.R. Winick, R.H. Picard, (Geophysics Lab-
oratory)
"Non-LTE CO Infrared Emission in the Mesosphere and LowerThermosphere and Its Effect on Remote Sensing"J.R. Winick, R.H. Picard (Geophysics Laboratory); P.P. Wintersteiner (ARCON Corp.)
"Path Characterization Algorithms for FASCODE"R.G. Isaacs, S.A. Clough, R.D. Worsham, J.-L. Moncct. B.L. Lindner, L.D. Kaplan (Atmospheric and
Environmental Research, Inc.)
"Temperature Retrievals with Simulated SCRIBE Radiances"i.-L. Monect, S.A. Clough, R.D. Worshani, R.G. Isaacs. L.D. Kaplan (Atmospheric and EnvironmentalResearch, Inc.)
SOCIAL HOUR - (1730 - 1900) Officer's Club
Appendix
Wednesday, 6 June 1990(0830 - 1200)
SESSION 3a - TURBULENCE(Chairperson: J.H. Brown (GL))
''Validation of Random Phase Screens"~A.E. Naimnan, T. Goidring (WI. Schafer Associates, Inc.)
"Recent Advances in Modeling of Boundary Layer Refractivity Turbulence"V. Thcirmann, A. Kohnic (FGAN-Forschungsinstitut fur Optik)
SESSION 3b - AEROSOLS(Co-Chair Persons: E.P. Shettle (NRL), R.B. Husar (Wash. U.))
"Visibility Data Filters for Europe"B.A. Schichtel. R.B. Ilusar (Washington University)
COFFEE BREAK (0950 - 1010)
Appendix
Wednesday, 6 June 1990(0830 - 1200)
(1010 - 1200)
SESSION 3b - AEROSOLS (Continued)(Co-Chair Persons: E.P. Shettle (NRL), R.B. Husar (Wash. U.))
"Comparison of XSCALE 89 Vertical Structure Algorithm with Field Measurements"
R.P. Fiegel (U.S. Army Atmospvheric Sciences Laboratory)
"Spatial Non-Uniformity of Aerosols at the 15,500 ft Level"
L.A. Mathews (Naval Weapons Center), P.L. Walker (Naval Postgraduate School)
"A Method of Estimating Surface Meteorological Ranges fromSatellite Aerosol Optical Depths'"
D.R. Longtin, J.R. Hummel (SPARTA, Inc.); E.P. Shettle (Geophysics Laboratory)
SESSION 4a - UV MODELING(Co-Chair Persons: R.E. Huffman (GL), J.B. Gillespie (ASL))
"A Comparison of the UVTRAN and LOWTRAN7 Aerosol Models"
S. O'Brien (Las Cruces Scientific Consulting)
"High Resolution Solar Spectrum Between 2000 and 3100 Angstroms"
L.A. Hlall, G.P. Andcrson (Geophysics Latoratory)
LUNCH (1200 - 1330)
Appenidix
Wednesday, 6 June 1990
(1330 - 1700)
(1330 - 1510)
SESSION 4a - UV MODELING (Continued)(Co-Chairpersons: R.E. Huffman (GL), J.B. Gillespie, (ASL))
"Predissociation Line Widths of the Schumann-Runge AbsorptionBands of Some Isotopes of Oxygen"
W.H. Parkinson, J.R. Esmond, D.E. Freeman, K. Yoshino (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics);A.S-C. C(heung, S.L. Chiu (University of Hong Kong)
"AURIC: Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code"R.L. Huguenin, M.A. LeCompte (Aerodyne Research, Inc.); R.E. Huffman (Geophysics Laboratory)
"Measurement Needs for AURIC: Atmospheric UltravioletRadiance Integrated Code"
R.E. luffman (Geophysics Laboratory)
"Modeling of Ultraviolet and Visible Transmission with the UVTRAN Code"E. Pattcrson (Georgia Institute of Technology), J. Gillespie (U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory)
COFFEE BREAK (1510 - 1530)
Appendix
Wednesday, 6 June 1990
(1330 - 1700)
(1530 - 1700)
SESSION 4b - LIDAR(Co-Chairpersons: Lt. Col. G.G. Koenig, S.B. Alejandro (GL))
"SABLE: A South Atlantic Aerosol Backscatter Measurement Program"
S.B. Alejandro, G.G. Koenig (Geophysics Laboratory); J.M. Vaughn, P.H. Davies (Royal Signals andRadar Establishment)
"The RSRE Laser True Airspeed System (LATAS)"
J.M. Vaughn (Royal Signals and Radar Establishment)
"Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Lidar Backscatter ProfilesIn the Equatorial South Atlantic"
Lt. Col. G.G. Koenig, E.P. Shettle, S.B. Alejandro (Geophysics Laboratory); J.M. Vaughn (RoyalSignals and Radar Establishment)
"Comparisons Between SAGE 11 1.02 Lm Extinction and SABLE10.6 1zm Backscatter Measurements"
E.P. Shclflc, G.G. Koenig, S.B. Alcjandro (Geophysics ialxratory); J.M. Vaughn, D.W. Brown (RoyalSignals and Radar Establishmcnt)
'?( ?
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models5-6 June 1990
Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number
Mr. Leonard Abieu GL/OPE 617-377-2337Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. Steven B. Alejandro GL/OPA 617-377-4774Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Ms. Gail Anderson GL/OPE 617-377-2335Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Mr. Dave Anderson GL/LIUHanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Mr. Terry E. Battalino Geophysics Division (Code 3253) 805-898-8115Pacific Missile Test CenterPoint Mugo, CA 93042-5000
Dr. Donald E. Bedo GL/OPA 617-377-3667Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Cynthia Beeler Visidyne, Inc. 617-273-2820South Bedford StreetBurlington, MA 01803
Dr. Alexander Berk Spectral Sciences, Inc. 617-273-4770111 S. Bedford StreetBurlington, MA 01803
Dr. Larry Bernstein Spectral Sciences, Inc. 617-273-4770
111 S. Bedford StreetBurlington, MA 01803
Col. A. Blackburn GL/OPlanscom AFB, MA 01731-5(X0
Mr. James I1. Brown GL/OPA 617-377-4-112lanscom AFB, MA 01731-5(XX)
29 ;
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models5-6 June 1990Atteadance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number
Mark W.P. Cann Centre for Research in Experimental Space 416-736-2100Science ext 33508York University4700 Keele StreetDownsview, Ontario M3J 1P3Canada
Dr. Ken Champion GL/LY 617-377-3033Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
,Vid T. Chang AER, Inc. 617-547-6207840 Memorial DriveCambridge, MA 02139
Pierre Chervier Oerlikon Aerospace 514-358-2000225 Blvd. Seminaire SouthSt. Jean, Quebec
J3B 8E9 CANADA
Dr. Michael G. Chieftez SPARTA, Inc. 617-863-106021 Worthen RoadLexington, MA 02173
Mr. James H. Chetwynd GL/OPE 617-377-2613Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Maureen Cianciolo TASC 617-942-200055 Walkers Brook DriveReading, MA 01867
Mr. Shepard A. Clough AER, Inc. 617-547-6207840 Memorial DriveCambridge, MA 02139
Dr. William M. Comette Photon Research Associates, Inc. 619-455-97419393 Town Center DriveSan Diego, CA 92121
Col. Ted Cress OIJSDA (R&ATIE&LS) AV225-9604The Pencagon/Room 31)1219Washington, DC 20301
294+
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models5-6 June 1990
Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Numb er
Dr. Gilbert Davidson PhotoMetrics, Inc. 617-938-03004 Arrow DriveWoburn, MA 01801
Dr. Martine de Maziere Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique 32-8-37303633 Avenue CirculaireBruxelles B- 11800Belgium
Mr. Anthony Dentamaro GL/LIU 617-377-3484Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. Edmond Dewan GL/OPE 617-377-4401Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. Robert G. Ellingson Department of Meteorology 301-454-5088University of Maryl',idCollege Park, MD 20742
Mr. Vincent Falcone GL/LYS 617-377-4029Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Robert Farley GL/LIS 617-377-3090Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Mr. R. Fiegel Atmospheric Sciences Lab.White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002-5501
Marvin Vaun Frandsen SVERDRUP/TEAS Grp. 904-678-2001PO Box P135Eglin AFB, FL 32542
Dr. Daryl E. Freeman Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 617-495-278360 Garden StreetCambridge, MA 02138
Ms. Joan-Marie Freni STI Systems Corporation 617-862-0405109 Massachusetts AvenueLcxington, MA 02173
'\1r. William 0. Gallery AER, Inc. 617-547-62078.10 Memorial I)rivcCambridge, MA 02139
') q !
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models
5-6 June 1990Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number
H. Gardiner GL/OPE 617-377-2672
Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. James B. Gillespie U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Lab.. 508-678-6609
Attn: SLCAS-AR-P (Dr. James Gillespie)White Sands Missile Range, NM 880032-5501
Steven Adler Golden Spectral Sciences, Inc. 617-273-4770
111 S. Bedford StreetBurlington, MA 01803
T. Goldring W.J. Schafer Associates
Arlington, VA 22209
Dr. R. Earl Good GL/OPHanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Mr. Donald Grantham GL/LYA 617-377-2982Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. M. Griffin GL/LYS 617-377-2961Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Neil Grosbard Boston College 617-377-3752
885 Centre StreetNewton, MA 02159
Dr. L.A. Hall GL/LIU 617-377-3322Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Ms. Larrene Harada W.J. Schafer Associates, Inc. 703-558-79Y)1901 North Fort Meyer Drive, Suite 800Arlington, VA 22209
Kenneth R. Hardy Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc. 415-424-2825
Org 9/01 B/2013251 Hanover StreetPalo Alto, CA 94304
l)r. Richard Hendl GL/CAHanscom AFI1, MA 01731-50(X)
'9r)
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models
5-6 June 1990Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number
Glen J. Higgins ST Systems Corporation 617-862-0405109 Massachusetts AvenueLexington, MA 02173
Dr. Mike Hoke GL/OPI 377-3614Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Ann S. Hollis SSD Meteorology 213-643-0304Department 50, 2nd Weather SquadronLos Angeles AFB, PO Box 92960Los Angeles, CA 90009
Col. Robert J. Hovde GL/CCHtanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Mr. Robert E. Huffman GL/LIU 617-377-3311Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
R.L. Huguenin Aerodyne Research, Inc. 508-663-950045 Manning RoadBillerica, MA 01821
Dr. John R. Hummel SPARTA, Inc. 617-863-106021 Worthen RoadLexington, MA 02173
Charles Humphrey Visidyne, Inc. 617-273-2820South Bedford StreetBurlington, MA 01803
Dr. Rudolf B. Ilusar CAPITAWashington UniversityCampus Box 1124
St. Louis, MO 63130Dr. Kcith Ilutchinsoi lASC 617-942-2000
55 Walkers Brook Drive
Reading, MA 01867
Or. Ronall 6. Isaacs AFR, inc. 617-547 62078,10 Memorial l)rivc(Carnbridc, MA 02139
:(/
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models5-6 June 1990Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number
Frank W. Jenks ASD/WE AV 785-2207WPAFB, OH 45433-6503
Dr. Douglas W. Johnson AER, Inc. 617-547-6207840 Memorial DriveCambridge, MA 02139
Mr. Robert A. Joseph ARCON Corporation 617-890-3330
260 Bear Hill RoadWaltham, MA 02154
Mr. Frank T. Kantrowitz Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory 505-678-4313White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002
Dr. Lewis D. Kaplan AER, Inc. 617-547-6207840 Memorial DriveCambridge, MA 02139
Stefan Kinne NASA Ames Research Center 515-604-5505Mail Stop 245-4Moffett Field, CA 94035
Mr. Francis X. Kneizys GL/OPE 617-377-Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Lt. Col. George Koenig GL/OPAHanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
David Lees SPARTA, Inc. 617-863-106021 Worthen RoadLexington, MA 02173
Dr. Bernhard L. Lindner AER, Inc. 617-547-6207840 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02139
Mr. David R. Longtin OptiMetrics, Inc. 617-863-106050 Matl RoadBurlington, MA 01803
Sarm Makhlouf (I ,/OPF 617-377-3766lanscom AF13, MA 01731-5000
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models5-6 June 1990Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number-J
John E. Malowicki RADC/OCSP 315-330-3055Griffis AFB, MA 13441-5700
Mr. Joseph Manning 107 W. Henry Street 313-429-2043Salina, MI 48176
Mr. Larry A. Mathews Research Department, Code 3895 619-939-3368Naval Weapons Center
China Lake, CA 93555
Dr. Robert A. McClatchey GL/LYHanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Susan M. McKenzie Mission Research Corporation 603-891-00701 Tara Boulevard, Suite 302Nashua, NH 03062
Jean-Luc Moncet AER, Inc. 617-547-6207840 Memorial DriveCambridge, MA 02139
Aaron E. Naiman W.J. Schafer Associates 703-558-7900Arlington, VA 22209
Paul Noah Ontar Corporation 617-739-6607129 University RoadBrookline, MA 02146
Meg Noah Ontar Corporation 617-739-6607129 University RoadBrookline, MA 02146
Dr. Scan G. O'Brien 3373 Solar Ridge Street 505-:5-R-0285Las Cruces, NM 88001
Dr. Robert O'Neil Gl,/OPE 617-377-3688lanscom AFB, MA 01731 -5(X)0
Armand J.Paboojian ARCON Corp. 617-890 3330260 Bear Hill RoadWaltham, MA 02154
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric lYansmission Models
5-6 June 1990Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number
Dr. W.H. Parkinson Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 617-377-486560 Garden StreetCambridge, MA 02138
Dr. Duane Paulsen GL/OPB 617-377-3618Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Mr. Paul W. Pellegrini RADC/ESE 617-377-3699Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. William A. Peterson U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Lab 505-678-1465Attn: SLCAS-AS-D (Dr. William Peterson)White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002-5501
Ms. Angela Phillips E-O & Data Systems Group 213-616-0124Hughes Aircraft Company
PO Box 902El Segundo, CA 90245
Dr. Richard H. Picard GL/OPE 617-377-2222Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. Alan B. Plaut MIT/Lincoln Laboratory 617-981-5500MS N259244 Wood StreetLexington, MA 02173-0073
A. Pritt Aerospace Corporation 213-336-6701PO iox 92957IA)s Angeles, CA 9(XX)-2957
Mr. Charles M. Randall Chemical Physics Department 213-336-5977Aerospace CorporationPO B3ox 92957LA)s Angeles, CA 9(X)9-2057
Dr. Anthony Ratkowski (L/OP3 617-377- 3630Ilan'scom A[B, MA 01731-5000
l)r. David C. Robertson Spectral Sciences, Inc. 617-273-477(0I l l S. Bedford StreetBurlington, MA 01803
100
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models5-6 June 1990Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number
Mr. Ron Rodney WRDC/WEA 513-225-1978WPAFB, OH 45433-6543
Dr. Laurence S. Rothman GL/OPI 617-377-lanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Crystal Schaff GL/LYA 617-377-2963Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. John Schroeder Ontar Corporation 616-739-6607129 University RoadBrookline, MA 02146
Dr. Bertram D. Schurin MS E-55-MS/G-223 213-544-4494Hughes Aircraft CompanyPO Box 902El Segundo, CA 90245
Dr. John E. A. Selby Research Department, MS A08-35Grumman Aerospace CorporationSouth Oyster Bay RoadBethpage, NY 11714
Lt. Scott D. Shannon GL/OPI 617-377-3694lanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Mr. Eric P. Shettle Code 6522 202-404-8152Optical Sciences DivisionNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, DC 20375-5000
Mr. Richard C. Shirkey Atmospheric Sciences LaboratoryDELAS-EO-SWhite Sands Missile Range, NM 88(X)2
IDonald R.Smith GL/OPB 617-377-3203lanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Dr. L.cwis I.. Smith Mail Stop AOl-26 516-575-2196Grumman Corx)rate Research CenterBethpage, NY 11714-3580
0)l
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric fTransmission Models5-6 June 1990Attendance List
Naine Affiliation Phone Number
Donald M. Stebbins RADC/OCSP 315-330-3056Griffis AFB, NY 13441-5700
Robert Sundberg Spectral Sciences, Inc. 617-273-4770111 S. Bedford StreetBurlington, MA 01803
Mr. Frank Suprin GL/OPA 617-377-3664Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Capt. Andrew Terzakis WL/WE 508-844-0451Kirtland AFB, NM 87117-608
Volker Thiermann Forschungsinstitut fur Optik 707-709161FGANSchloss KressbackD-7400 Tubinger 1Federal Republic of Germany
Peter B. Ulrich W.J. Schafer Associates 703-558-7900Arlington, VA 22209
Dr. George A. Vanasse GL/OPIHanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
J. Michael Vaughn Royal Signals & Radar Establishment 0684-895759Malvern, WORCS, WR143PS
United Kingdom
D~r. Fred Volz GL,/OPIHlanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Ron Wachtmann ST Systems Corporation 617-862-040519 Massachusetts AvenueLexington, MA 02173
lDr. Richard Wattson Visidyrie, Inc. 617-273-282010 Corporate PlaceBurlington, MA 01803
Appendix
Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models5-6 June 1990
Attendance List
Name Affiliation Phone Number
Sandi Weaver WRDC/WEA 513-225-1978WPAFB, OH 45433-6543
Steven P. Weaver FTD/WE 513-257-6525WPAFB, OH 45433-6503
Alan Wetmore US Army Atmos. Sci. Lab. 505-678-5563Attn: SLCAS-AE-T (Alan Wetmore)White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002-25501
Dr. Jeremy R. Winick GL/OPE 617-377-3619Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-5000
Mr. Peter P. Wintersteiner ARCON Corporation 617-890-3330260 Bear Hill RoadWaltham, MA 02154
Mr. R.D. Worsham AER, Inc. 617-547-6207840 Memorial DriveCambridge, MA 02139
Dr. A.S. Zachor Atmospheric Radiation Consultants 508-263-193159 High StreetActon, MA 01720
)I
AppendixAUTHOR INDEX
Abreu, Leonard W. 1, 88 Lindner, Bernhard L. 45, 137Alejandro, Steven B. 280, 282, 283 Longtin, David R. 219Anderson, Gail P. 1, 88, 237 Mathews, Larry A. 3Brown, D.W. 283 Moncet, Jean-Luc 137, 145Chetwynd, James H. 1, 80, 88 Naiman, Aaron E. 155Cheung, A.S-C. 245 Nebel, Henry 99Chiu, S.L. 245 O'Brien, Sean G. 226Clough, Shepard A. 80, 88, 137, 145 Paboojian, Armand J. 99, 112Davies, P.H. 280 Parkinson, W.H. 245Ellingson, Robert G. 62 Patrinos, Ad 62Es nnd, J.R. 245 Patterson, E.M. 272Fi' gel, R.P. 193 Picard, Richard H. 99, 112, 125Freema, Daryl E. 245 Rothman, Laurence S. 71Gillespie, James B. 272 Schichtel, Bret A. 185Goldring, T. 155 Schroeder, John 26Grossbard, Neil 34 Shannon, Scott 71Hall, L.A. 237 Sharma, R.D. 99Hoke, Michael L. 80, 88 Shettle, Eric P. 1, 88, 219, 282, 283Huffman, Robert E. 252, 264 Smith, Donald R. 34Hugueinin, R.L. 252 Smith, Lewis L. 54Hummel, John R. 13, 219 Stokes, Gerald M. 62Husar, Rudolf B. 185 Theirmann, Volker 173Isaacs, Ronald G. 45, 137, 145 Vaughn, J. Michael 280, 281,282, 283Joseph, Robert A. 99 Walker, Philip L. 208Kaplan, Lewis D. 137, 145 Wimick, Jeremy R. 99, 112, 125Kneizys, Francis X. 1, 80,88 Wintersteiner, Peter P. 99, 112, 125Koenig, George G. 280, 282, 283 Worsham, Robert D. 88, 137, 145Kohrile, A. 173 Yoshino, K. 245LrCompte, Malcolm A. 252
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