AD-A120 506 EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC NOTES VOLUME 36 NUMBER 7(U) OFFICE i/iOF NAVAL RESEARCH LONDON (ENGLAND) D R BARR ET AL.31 JUL 82 ESN-36-7

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~MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTNATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDROS-1-19A 3-A

MICROCOPY ~~ ~ MIROOP RESOLUTION4 TEST CCHARCOOPTEOLT~W S C~NAIIOAL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ MA04 BUREEAU OF STNORC-1NDANAIOAL BUEA f WimC1g

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O OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHLONDON

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EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC NOTES

ESN 36-7

JULY 31, 1982

I or 4

~ DTIC* ELEC liio OCT 19 OR8

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Distributed by the*~xx ~Office of Naval Research Branch Office.

London~ Tisdocument is issued primarily for the information of U.S.

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EUROEANSCINTIFC NTESJulyEUROEANSCIETIFC NOES6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

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Donald R. Barr and Don J. Peters, editors

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A sThis is a monthly publication presenting briqf article.-.cfteiing recentdevelopments in European Scientific Research. It lie hoped that these articles(which do not constitute part of the Scientific Literature) siy prove of valuto American scientists by calling attentiLon to urrent de4 elopments and tinstitutions and individuals engaged *in these scie~tific efforts.

The articles are written primarily by membei~'ibf 'the staff of ONRL anoccasionally articles are prepared by, or in cooperation with members of th

onFORM~I- JA ~.7 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UCASFE

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scientific staffs of the United States Air Force European Office of Aerospace,Research and Development and the United S *tates Army Research and Standardiza-tion Group. Articles are algio'dohitiatid by visiting Stateside scientists.

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.LOPU&N SCINT94 NOTESCH111100 9NAL RESEARCH

edited by Donald R. Barr and Don J. Peters

31 July 13U2 Voume 36, No. 7

EH IORAL A Human Body Vibration DisplaySCIENCESA new Danish instrument

senes the previling vibrationstate In the environment anddisplays the human factorsImplications of that environ-ment. N. A. Bond, Jr. 145

Visibility Problems In Jet AircraftWindow posts and empty-fieldmyopia -a dratcally Influ-ence detection of other air-craft. N. A. Bond, Jr. 147

JCIIEA TRY European Chemical Conference on MoltenSalts

The discussions relating tomolten salts treated suchaspects as transport, electro-chemistry, structure, reac-tions , computer simulationsmetal-molten salt solutions,thermdnais and applica-tions. K. H. Stern 149

ENVIRONMENTA Coastal Problems and the MediterraneanIMMNC S SeaThe problems of flooding,

subsidence, erosion, sedimen-tation, and pollution arediscussed, with mention ofsome of the causes and someatteurts at control. H.J. Walker 151

International Conference on Acoustics,SCIENCESSpeech, and Signal Processing

Signal proessing for Inte-"7 grated services digital net-

works, lierarhicel processing,of structural information inartificial intelligence. andhuman-machine interaction anddigital signal processing aretouched upon. Session head-ings are also lieted, andcommercial equipment andmanufaicturers are identified. G. L. Wilson 154

ESN 36-7 (1911)

Optical Commun Ication Research InScmno~navlafl Univorsktles;

The high number at telephones.r capita and geographicaleaute that Pose special

problems to Communication havestimulated high-quality opti-Cal-fiber research in San- G a 5dinavian univeritie. GW a

IAL Some Material Research In Switzerland______as __ An overview Is given Of Our-

tent materil research at fiveSwisa reearch centers in-cluding the Federal Institute OfTechnology at Zurich andLausanne. the University ofNeuchtel, Battens - Geneva,P.A lrd15and Brown Doverl and Co. Ltd. PA lrl 5

MATHE ATICS The Fourth Formator SymposiumMathematical inethoda forsobvingy sytes of equationsrelated to control problems.develomt of mathematicalmiodels tor various phyalcalsystem, and specific ap-

piotasto operating system D .Br Swe temin topics of interest.D..ar16

The International Meeating on Analysisof Sample Survey Data and on SequentialAnalysis

Joint and panale sesiona Onaemple inurvey data end ansquevntia analysis were heldduring this week-long meeting. D. x. Barr 161

The European Spaue Agency and the* 5gIEKP. Popoe Kepler Miesion,

Among the poelbl new Btau"under onsideration by theEuropean spac Agency is the RL aVUM eKeper mIeinA to Mare. L Cevlas 16

Europen X-ray AstronomyThe Burpen 8m Agencywill launch itst 06atellitededicated to Xt-ray astronomy(2XOSAT) late this Year, andthe FRO ta planning a mieion

4 (ROSA?) carrying a pair oftelesoopee operating in the MoftX-ray range. These and otherEjuropean missions providEuropean scientists withopportunities not available tous scientists.H.ury16

ESN 36-7 (1902)

R-Ow. a NOTES News16

ONR Cosponsored Conferences 172

ONRL Visiting Scientist Program 1 72A

ONELESP NTSON RI Report Abstracts 172A

: , -. , - ,* : . . .. .,: . - .. ' . ,- . . , .: ... .: .; . . , . . . S .\ .- -- . . - . . _ - - . . . -. . . . -. , . . - .

ESH 36-7 (1982)

European Scientific Notes is a Class I Periodical prepared anddistributed by the Office of Naval Research London Inaccordance with NAVEXOS-P-35. Prepared and submitted by thescientific and technical staff.

P.A. Richards LB yeChief Scientist Captain, USN

Commanding Officer

Dr. R. W. Armstrong Material SciencesDr. D.R. Barr Operations ResearchDr. N.A. Bond, Jr. PsychologyLCDR R.W. Booker Environmental Systems

and Military OceanographyDr. Robert L. Carovillano Space PhysicsDr. P.A. Clarkin Material SciencesDr. R.L. Derr Liaison TechnologistDr. David Mosher Plasma PhysicsLCDR M.D. Schroeder Undersea SystemsDr. Vivian T. Stannett Polymer ChemistryCDR J.A. Strada Aerospace SystemsCDR M.G. Surdyk Command, Control and

CommunicationsDr. Max N. Yoder Electronics

,

* o ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .. . ... . .. . . . . . . .

ESN 36-7 (1982)

A HUMAN BODY VIBRATION DISPLAY

The human body is a mechanical systemthat responds to mechanical forces, so theoreti- -- 1cally it should be possible to describe thesystem's . responses and "resonances" to vi-

- bration and also to discover when vibratoryJ stimuli can be expected to disturb output

behavior. In practice, however, the greatcomplexity of the whole system and of its manysubsystems makes -this descriptive task extra-ordinarily difficult. Nevertheless, G. Rasmus-sen (BrOel and Kgaer, Naerum, Denmark) hasrecently assembled much of the data abouthuman response to vibration, and he has pro-posed a design for a portable "vibration-meter" _=00a"Instrument that would incorporate the data.The instrument receives vibratory signals,processes them by means of algorithms andstored "limit" data, and displays the likelyhuman Impact of a given exposure situation.This type of device ney have significant valuefor studying man-machine interactions. Thereare still military and Industrial environments,for example, in which men cannot remain longwithout suffering performance degradation or Fig. 1. Simplified mechanical system repre-physical Illness; at least some of the negative senting the human body standing on aeffects observed are attributable to vibration. vertically vibrating platform.

Figure 1 is Rasmussen's model of a humanstanding on a vertically moving base. Theparameters listed reflect many experimental and

. practical measurements. Though summary Worepresentations like the one shown are neces-

.- srily crude and would riot fit any one prson ,U2m-;;', nmit,1~l~

perfectly, it appears that there are several . 1 ....Important resonance peaks: thoracic resonance , -3at 3 to 6 Hz, lower arm resonance at 16 to30 Hz, and handgrip, intraocular structures,and skull resonating at higher frequencies. Hz,

For frequencies from I to about 80 Hz, 1 . 0 2discomfort and exposure-limit curves have been , -determined and published, and these are oftenrecommended as environmental standards for It - - - - .certain time periods. As one example, a "stan- --dard human" would be expected to experience 1,, 47 -discomfort if exposed to a slow (5 to 6 Hz) andheavy (3m/s 2) vertical vibration for 1 mhrte, I.

and, according to the curve In Figure 2, suchdiscomfort would be equivalent to a 16-minute o s ,A W t . S ,, . W -exposure at an acceleration of only a little morethan 2m/s'." Exposure limits or allowed toler-ances are roughly- twice the discomfort accel- Fig. 2. Vertical vibration exposure criteriaerations, so it is common design, practice to curves defining equal fatigue-keep the effective vibration below the discom decreased proficiency boundaries.fort levels; this Is especially true if criticalmotor or cognitive behaviors are demanded of Rasmussen, there are three critical para-the exposed, human subject. meters: duration of pulse-rise time, maximum

The tolerance-curve approach has been peak-to-peak displacement of the pulse, and theapplied to estimating the human effects of frequency of the pulse. Such limit curves arepulses such as those from pile drivers, drop only guidelines, but they are believed to beforges, heavy conveyors, and the rumble of appropriate for healthy persons who are alreadytrains over flexible platforms. According to adjusted to reasonable job stresses. (TheFigure 3 on the following page, complied by author visited a nearby London construction

1 45

ESN 36-7 (1982)

site as this article was being written and ob- guideline numbers will appear in damage claimsserved that extremely unpleasant levels seemed and lawsuits. Manufacturers are concerned andto be reached there. Occasionally, two pile are testing tools and handles that damp outdrivers were operating simultaneously, and if much of the vibration but still permit firmthe main pulses were nearly superimposed, the control and good feedback. "Remoting" of thesubjective discomfort and aversion were pro- man from the tool, along with partial robot-nounced. There was also a cognitive element; ization, has already been accomplished in somewhen both pile drivers were operating in a industrial settings.not-quite-regular rhythm, nearby observerscould feel the frequencies converge on a simul-taneous hit; the prediction of the hit, and 1T0

considerble mental processing.)

140

- , ~um130-

0 ,. -. -----. ."" i "4, --.. . ,.-"O IS 2 40 63 lO IGO 250 40 0 L Oc

-- W S 1b*frgS'V of owS actow-in l a'. Fig. 4. Exposure guidelines for vibration

transmitted to the hand.There are many ways to measure vibration

.".-- signals; all have advantages and drawbacks,and apparently no agreement has yet beenreached among countries and laboratories on anorm. Among the possibilities are positivepeak, negative peak, maximum peak, average

q- . . rectified peak, and dose (acceleration integrated.. kover time). BrGel and Kjaer recommends the

use of rms acceleration (mls 2 ) over a 1/3octave frequency band, or over a I-octave band

Fig. 3. Tolerance of human subjects in the for hand-held tools. Another measurementstanding or supine position to re- technique cites the level of vibration in db

. petitive vertical impact pulses re- units; in this system, a vibration level is 20presentative of Impacts from pile times the loglo of the ratio of a weighteddrivers, heavy tools, heavy traffic acceleration to a reference acceleration ofetc. Subjective reaction is plotted as Im/s. Rasmussen's weighting scheme usesa function of the maximum displace- different time constants for the several bands:ment of the initial pulse and its risetime. <1 s for the 0.1 to 1 Hz range

<10 ms for the 1 to 80 Hz rangeTools such as chain saws, motorized grin- (whole body)

-. -ders, and chipping hammers can cause physi- <1 ms for the 10 to 1,000 Hz rangeological damage to the human operator when (hand/arm).used for long periods. After only a few min-

" utes of chain-saw work, partial numbness may Decisions about which axes to sense will dependU be. experienced in the hands; the effect is on the exposure situation. An overall rms-

probably the cause of many chain-saw mishaps; weighted acceleration can also be calculated; inas the grip is Involuntarily loosened there is research and evaluation studies, all the timeinsufficient "grip feedback" from the hands. In constants should be quoted, as they can affectextreme cases of long exposure to vibrating the computed outputs.power tools, "dead hand" or Raynaud's disease, A practical device for assembling vibra-with permanent disability, may result. Rasmus- tional data into a functional display would then

U sen and others have plotted guideline-risk take as inputs such parameters as the accelera-curves for hand-held tools; an examp!e is tions and frequencies on the X, Y, and Z axes,shown in Figure 4. Permissible exposure limits the rise and decay time constants for each

. can also be plotted as a function of time; human frequency band, and the signal-averagingpercentiles of "time exposed before very im- constants. The calculated outputs would repre-paired performance" have been published, and sent vibrational levels, perhaps in someit is likely that before long some of the

41 14#6

:-- --t . ...... . .. .. . *.- . . . - C-.. .. * - -. .. . . -. . . .._ . .. - ..- , , - , -.., - ... ., - .. . - . ° ' '-'-'

ESN 36-7 (1982)

practical unit uch as db. The outputs could like the BrOel and Kjaer meter, vibrationalalso be presented In a qualitative display. displays should become routine for many vehi-Rasmusens front-panel design (Figure 5) has cles and work stations. The time may well beseparate display units for motion sickness, ripe for convening an international meeting onwhole-body, and hand-arm readouts; simple vibration to facilitate the sharing of techniquesswitches are provided for such things as dis- and Ideas, to stimulate research and acceptanceplay mode and seat accelerometer specifications, of standards, and to help ensure that there isT There are many other features that could be no unnecessary overlap of projects.added; the present design and the analysesunderlying it will probably undergo extensive l.A. Bond, Jr.field trials In Denmark and other countries.The small package (front panel about 10x7 ONR Londoninches) could easily be put into any vehicleundergoing test and development. For detailedanalysis of the vibrating situation Itself, the

- Instrument could be supplemented with addi- VISIBILITY PROBLEMS IN JET AIRCRAFT" tional multiaxial tape recorders, special trans-

ducers, and so forth. It Is a bright European morning, withclear blue skies. Commercliil jetliner A is pro-ceeding on course at 33,000 feet. About 36miles away is commercial jetliner B, which has a

, nosas. *.0, contrail some seven miles long behind it. Un-.r known to the pilots of either plane, the two

:.- Iiairplanes have just been cleared to a collisiono., .rel::.'- 6 , ,course at the same altitude and are now closing~=i-N -t "at 600 miles an hour. After 2 minutes and 50= 0 1o I f"t. 7 seconds on this course, the wing of jetliner Ao. .,~,- . l ,._oslices through the cockpit and cabin of jetliner

Po-o. u B. All 176 persons aboard the two aircraft-floJ.' I .'( perish (amazingly, a couple of people, including

" o1-,, a baby, survived the crash but died shortlyLO 1 = = 0 thereafter).

' ., w- ,. The foregoing scenario, or something veryF59 lo o.C. much like It, occurred over Yugoslavia in 1976.* n l .-- As one of the worst mid-air crashes on record,

V-t it has been Investigated by many boards andcourts; damage suits and hearings are stillgoing on. There is no dispute that poor airtraffic controlling was one of the main causes of

Fig. 5 the accident. But the follow-on analysesshowed that many other precipitating factors

The transmitted accelerations of hand-held could be discerned. For example, there was avibrating implements are net the only para- heavy workload on the air traffic controllersmeters of Interest; energy transmitted between and bitter personal animosities among them.hand and tool may be a biologically significant Another item was the usually Innocuous requestmeasure, and such energy depends on the mean from the control center to aircraft A to put itsand variance of grip pressure. To measure the altitude transponder on STANDBY; when it isenergy coupling of hand and tool, BrOel and . set in that mode, there is temporarily no wayKjoer has designed a special handle; it is made for the controller to know the altitude of theof light metal and has built-in accelerometers, aircraft.Tests of the transfer function from tool handle At the cognitive level, there were also ato hand adaptor show a close tracking of vi- number of possibly contributing factors. Thebrational levels between hand and handle, pilot of" aircraft B had been proceeding acrossexcept for a slight overestimation of energy fed Europe at 33,000 feet for some time, so heto the hand at around 1,000 Hz. Thus it would could reasonably expect that a protective blockappear to be a conservative practice to take the of air around him at that altitude would behandle-energy-level measurements as sufficient maintained. On the other hand, all aircraft inIndicators of risky vibration. The adaptor the area must have known that the local areahandle, when fitted to a standard chipping was extremely congested; aircraft A, for exam-hammer, measured some vibrations in the 150-db pie, was not able to contact the upper sectorrange; the trial showed good tracking between controller for 2 minutes, because that controller

W hand-adaptor levels and those recorded from a was continually talking to other aircraft. Lan-stud-mounted accelerometer on the tool 1). If. guage may have been another contributing fac-

Transducers and setup standards t.. it tor: despite the multi-lingualism required of alland whole-body vibration are already , avC -'-Ae controllers, there are often problems with intel-for most practical situations. With the de- ligibillty; this is especially so In easternveloepunt and refinement of compact devices Europe. In fact, a crucial pert of the accident

147

ESN 36-7 (1982)

•~~ Y* VP r f r W U

investigation will never be definitely resolved, \ I i I /because of Intelligibility of key words spokenby the controllers.

Granted that the planes were improperly it Icontrolled and cleared, from the standpoint ofvisibility, how could the crew of aircraft Ahave not seen aircraft B? B had a long con-trail and was flying into the sun, while the sunwas behind aircraft A. A general answer tothe question is that aircraft are often surpris- Aingly hard to see; a specific answer in thiscase is that aircraft B, and its long contrail,may have been almost totally obscured by thewindshield posts in aircraft A! This possibilityhas been examined by Stanley Roscoe (NewMexico State Univ., US), who recentlypresented some of his findings at the 2ndEuropean Conference on Human Decision Makingand Manual Control, Bonn, Germany, June 2-4,1982.

Roscoe's analysis began with the layout ofthe captain's station in aircraft A. The geome- -try of aircraft B's approaching track indeedshowed that, for the last 3 minutes of flight,/much of aircraft B's contrail and body wouldhave been obscured by the posts, which were \ /over 4 inches wide in some places. In a seriesof laboratory trials with pilots of various ages,Roscoe also found that a pilot tends to have a"relaxed" eye focus at about arm's length (mean "*I Swanof 24 inches or less), and when a post is pre- LEFTSU on S

sent, there is a tendency to focus on the post(mean of about 12 inches). LJ9

To simulate a contrail-detection task, Lm-,ll I" Roscoe put pilot-observers in a laboratory setup ,s,- ,sm -

and presented contrails of various lengths for300 ms, with a white ganzfeld screen as back- The schematic diagram of Roscoe's labo-ground. Posts like those in aircraft A were ratory setup, including indications of thebuilt ir j obscure part of the image as would visible portions of simulated contrails of varioushappen in the real cockpit. The subject was angular lengths as they appeared to the rightasked to report the lateral location (right, left) or left of a simulated window post 4.62 inchesand elevation (high, middle, or low) of each wide and 12 inches in front of an observer's

* contrail target. A schematic view of the eyes.experimental setup is shown in the figure.

With young pilot subjects, post width had test of this conjecture, Roscoe gave three oldera drastic effect on the detection of targets that certified pilots the same task, and their perfor-were only 6 to 9 degrees to the left or right of mance indeed looked a little better than that ofthe post. At 6 degrees, for instance, the the younger men.wide-post (4.6 in.) condition resulted in a Roscoe's analysis of the cockpit visual sit-detection probability of about 0.10. Not until uation, along with his laboratory simulations ofthe contrail extended out to 9 degrees and contrails and obscuration, yield. a rather con-beyond did the estimated detection likelihood vincing interpretation of visual aspects of therise above 50 percent. The 21-in. post was accident. In all likelihood. the target simplymuch better, yielding detection probabilities was not conspicuous enough to override suchestimated to be in the 0.80 range. features as the total or pFrtial obscuration by

So it was established that when the pilot the window posts and the empty-field myopia ofwas looking straight ahead, contrail detection the pilots involved. To study further thewas difficult. Typically, though, pilots look cockpit stimulus environment for the last 3past one side of a post and then past the other minutes before the crash, Roscoe and hisside. When Roscoe's subjects were allowed to associates made an animated cartoon

* turn their heads, their performances improved presentation of aircraft B as it must havesignificantly, although length of contrail re- looked from the left-hand seat of aircraft A. Itmained a powerful factor in detection perfor- is a dramatic film. The seconds remaining tickmance. off in one corner. For much of the 3 minutes,

As the relaxed focal range increases with the "body" of aircraft B is either invisible to aage, it might be that older pilots would be less fixe,-head look, or is just barely past thesusceptible to "empty field myopia," and so post; and the contrail is similarly obscured,would be better at seeing contrails. In a small

* 148

ESN 36-7 (1982)

though less drastically so. Although it was notthe main purpose of the film, the viewer CNEMIUTRYreceives a startling view of what anapproaching airplane looks like, at high closing EUROPEAN CHEMICAL CONFERENCE ON MOL-speed. The approaching aircraft "blooms" so TEN SALTSsuddenly, that even though it is very likelythat both crews perceived the imminent collision The European Chemical (EUCHEM) con-in the last few closing seconds, no effective ferences on molten salts are held biannually inresponse was possible. years alternating with the Gordon conferences

Several analysts have concentrated on the on molten salts and metals, which take place inYugoslavian mid-air tragedy and have followed odd-numbered years in New Hampshire. Thenot only the technical and legal hearings but format of the European conferences closelyalso the fate of the air traffic controllers in- resembles that of their American counterpart,volved. Ronald Hurst (Reading, UK) recently which is not surprising as they were started indevoted an entire book (Cleared To Collide) to 1966 by the Norwegian group at Trondheim,the case; his report suggests that one control- many of whose members had attended the Gor-Ier, who was imprisoned for his mistakes, may don conferences. Since its inception, thehave been something of a scapegoat; the Zagreb conference has been held in nearly everyair traffic control system clearly was inadequate European country that has an active molten-saltfor the heavy international traffic using it program. The 1982 meeting was held from 24 toevery day. Hurst showed that the designation 28 May at La Gaillarde, France, about 30 milesof a scapegoat, and his subsequent incarcer- west of Cannes. It was chaired by Dr. M.ation, may have served to divert attention from Gaune-Escard, who heads a program at theother possible causers: the air control elec- University of Provence in Marseille.tronics people, the planners, the aircraft man- The scientific program was divided intoufacturers, and the certification agencies in eight groups: transport, electrochemistry,various countries. structure, reactions, computer simulation.

The likelihood of tragedies like the acci- metal-molten salt solutions, thermodynamics, anddent discussed here happening can be lessened applications. Each group contained one or twoby new proximity devices and by tightened sur- conference lectures (1 hour each), communi-veillance and procedures. In fact, the official cations (20 minutes), and posters. The sheerresponse of the air traffic control authorities number of papers, nearly 90, precludes aand laboratories has included such proposals. thorough discussion. Mention of specific papersIt is still true, however, that only a small frac- reflects the bias of the author.tion of commercial and military flights are con- The session on transport included a con-trolled or protected in a special regimen. And ference lecture by J. Franz (Indiana Univ.,the new generation of jetliner cockpits just now US) on the effect of electronic structure onentering service still has obscuring posts in the electrical conduction in alloys. Franz inter-cockpit. preted the rather odd maxima and minima in the

For the aircraft designer, eliminating the electronic conductivity-composition curve of* visual limitations arising from present-day metals that differ greatly in electronegativity,

cockpit window posts will pose a major problem. e.g., Cs-Sb, in terms of metal-nonmetal tran-As the object to be detected gets closer to the sitions resulting from strong scattering ofedge of a post, the empty-field myopia phenom- electrons by the atomic cores. Transport inenon becomes more serious. Perhaps one or molten salts and its relation to structuretwo jetliner generations from now, posts will be (molecular, simple ionic, or complex ions) waseliminated and there will be several levels of discussed. by A.R. Ubbelohde (Imperial College,electronic warning arrangements. London, UK). Other contributions in the area

The case shows, as most such tragedies dealt with what have become somewhat standarddo, how manifold the causes really are. Slight topics: the slight electronic conductivity inchanges in any one of at least half a dozen ionic melts (J.J. Egan, Brookhaven Nationalmessages and perceptions of events could have Lab.), the Chemla effect (cases in which theprevented the collision. A challenging ques- conductivity of the larger ion exceeds that oftion: while It would be theoretically possible to the smaller in some binary melts by a Japanesesample and test continually nearly every active group from the Tokyo Institute of Technology),element in an air-traffic-control environment, at and results of a search for more low-meltingwhat point would the system be spending so molten salts (by a group from the US Air Forcemuch of Its resources in monitoring and testing Academy).itself that its actual ability to do its job was Electrochemistry was one of the morereduced rather than enhanced? active areas at the conference, including 12

contributions. In this field, the thought ofN.A. Bond, Jr. applications never seems to be very far from

even basic studies. During the past several* ONR London years and aJso at this conference, topics

149

U ESN 36-7 (1982)

included molten salt batteries, fuel cells, and discussed the structure of KCI near an elec-electrodeposition of metals (particularly as trode. Transport papers included computerrelated to aluminum production). In addition, simulation studies of ion migration in ionicelectrochemists are always looking for new liquids and glasses (C.A. Argell, Purduetechniques to help them interpret their mea-. Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana), molecularsurements. One of these currently under dynamics in Y!CI-KCI (F. Lantelme, Univ.active development is spectroelectrochemistry. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris), and transferenceIt was discussed in a conference lecture by G. numbers in a one-component salt (B.R. Sund-Mamantov" (Univ. of Tennessee, US), who has helm, New York Univ., NY). The currentbeen responsible for much of the progress. efforts in this field seem to be centered onThe technique consists of observing spectral relating transport properties to structure.changes (UV-visible transmission, electron spin As usual, thermodynamics was an activeresonance, and Raman resonance) occurring topic, with 15 contributions. In a conferencesimultaneously with changes at the electrodes. lecture, B. Cleaver (Univ. of Southhampton,Extensive use is made of transparent elec- UK) discussed the extension of his organi-trodes, such as fine wire grids. The method zation's active high-pressure program to theholds great promise for Improving the con- effect of pressure on miscibility. Three papersnection between chemistry inferred from (H.A. Oye, Trondheim; M. Blander, Argonnechanges in electrochemical parameters and N.L.; U. Gesenhues, Inst. for Chem. Techn.,spectroscopy, which is tied more closely to Darmstadt, FRG) were concerned with chlora-chemical species. Among papers treating de- luminate melts. A talk on the application ofposition were a presentation by D. Inman state equations to halide melts of divalent and(Imperial College, London, UK) on the suc- trivalent metals was given by I.G. Murgulescucessful deposition of chromium by the reduction (Polytechnical Inst. of Bucharest, Romania),

of Cr+2 from LiCI-KCI melts; a study of K2 TiF6 one of the major figures in molten salt chem-reduction in molten fluoride, by M.J. Barbier istry since the 1950s, who was exempted fromreucin nmoe fuoieb "MJ the requirement that all talks be in English.(CNRS, Saint-Martin D'heres, France); and a He read his paper in French.

discussion of the first electrodeposition of a H retaperltn French.

refractory carbide (TaC, Ta2C) by simultaneous . Metal-molten salt solutions have been of+3 2 interest ever since the 1950s when a group at

reduction of Ta and CO -from molten fluo- Oak Ridge National Laboratory determined thephase relationships of alkali metals in their

rides, by K.H. Stern (Naval Research Lab., molten salts, e.g., K-KCI. In general, themWashington DC). The deposition of aluminum addition of the salt drastically lowers the con-

from chloride melts, a process that should lead ductivity and also leads to magnetic transitions,to improved efficiencies over current processes, topics that were discussed by J. Thonstadwas ctiscussed by J. Thonstad (Norwegian Inst. (Univ. of Trondheim, Norway) and W.W. Warrenof Technology, Trondheim).The structure of molten salts, i.e., the (Bell Labs., US), respectively.

ad rolex ins.in the Several papers dealt with molten salts asarrangement of simple and complex ions In the reaction media and as reactants. G. Pedroliquid, is a subject of perennial interest to both Smith (Oak Ridge NL, US) described the re-theorists and experimentalists. Thirteen suits of a larqe program in which SbC13-richpapers, introduced by a conference lecture by melts serve as a reaction media for the trans-J.E. Enderby (Univ.' of Bristol, UK), on dif- formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Reactionfraction experiments of isotopic substituted salts mechanisms involve radical cations generated by

and the Information derivable from the results,

were presented in the section on structure. reduction of Sb+3 and also carbonium ions. The* Several of the computer-simulation presentations interest, in industrial S0 2 /0 2 catalysts spawned

were also concerned with structure. The papers on V2 05 in sulfates by D.H. Kerridgepapers dealing with structure were somewhat (Univ. of Southampton, UK) and (less directly)more experimental than usual, including also N.J. Bjerrum (Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Lyng-some work on transport. Techniques described by). Reactions between oxides in molten salts,included Raman spectroscopy of SnCI 2-AICI 3 a topic of interest in molten salt corrosion,melts (B. Tremillon, Univ. Pierre et Marie were discussed by B. Durand (Univ. Claude

i Curie, Paris) and df salt vapors (G.N. Papa- Bernard, Villeur-bonne, France). For example,theodorou, Univ. of Patras, Greece), EXAFS NIO and AI 203 react in molten salts to form(B.R. Sundhelm, New York Univ., NY), hyper- NiAI 2Q4 through the operation of various equil-sonic relaxation by Brillouin spectroscopy (L.M. ibria. In a similar vein, complex formation ofTorrell, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Gote- Cu (I) and Cu(ll) in KCI-AICI 3 melts wasborg, Sweden), and vibrational and reorlenta- examined both potentlometrically and spectro-tional relaxation 'in nitrates (R. Martin, Univ. scopically by J.H. Von Barner, (Technical

* of Provence, Marseille). Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby).In contrast to previous meetings, at which There were relatively few papers (7)

computer studies were more heavily weighted directly labeled "Application." Among them wastoward structure, there seemed to be more an enthusiastic presentation by K.. Furukawa on

- emphasis on molecular dynamics and transport. the molten salt reactor program of the JapaneseJ.H.R. Clarke (Univ. of Manchester, UK) Atomic Energy Research Institute, in which

molten fluorides are used for breeding. The

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* corresponding French program was discussed byM. Brigaudau (Commissariat a I'EnergyAtomique). Other papers dealt with aluminumproduction (U. Gesenhues, Inst. of Chem.Techn., Darmstadt, FRG, and W.E. Haupin,Alcoa, US), and metalliding by niobium (P.Taxil, Lab. de Chimle, Toulouse).

The next conference will be In Denmark in1984I.

N.H. sterni

NRL Washington, DCaonimd

IENVIRONMENTAL

- COASTAL PROBLEMS AND THE MEDIT-TERANEAN SEA

During the last 5 years the Commission on 0the Coastal Environment of the InternationalGeographical Union has held nine symposia.The most recent was convened on 10 May 1982in Venice, Italy, to consider "Coastal Problemsin the Mediterranean Sea." The eight previoussymposia, held in Canada, France, Japan,Nigeria, Sweden. and the United States, dealtwith a variety of themes.

The Mediterranean Sea symposium, or-ganized by Prof. Paolo Fabbri and his col-leagues of the University of Bologna, attractedsome 35 participants. Twenty-one were from 10countries other than Italy. Mediterraneancountries represented included France, Italy, RVENNASpain, Tunisia, and Turkey. In addition,coastal scientists from Belgium, West Germany, a

* The Netherlands, Norway, and the US were Inattendance.

Because the organizers considered that the SIROCCObest way to familiarize outsiders with localcoastal problems was discussion in the field, 3of the 5 days were field-oriented. On the firstday (see map), the group was Immersed in theproblems of the Venice Lagoon via an all-day,70-km boat trip around the lagoon. Thisorientation wasfollowed on the second day by apaper session in the Italian Consiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerchi (CNR) building in Venice. Thethird day was spent examining the Po RiverDelta and the Adriatic coast south to Ravenna,and the fourth day Involved a field survey ofthe long recreational coastal zone south of

q Ravenna. On the last day a number of papers(mostly about Mediterranean coasts outsideItaly) were presented.

problems of the lagoon. Sixteen specific loco-The Venice Lagoon tions, many with short stops, had been selected

The boat trip in the lagoon began at the for detailed discussion. Included were state-Lido (see map), and progressed counter- ments about the development of the historicalclockwise around the lagoon south of Venice center of Venice, the first and second Indus-during the morning and counterclockwise around trial zones, tidal flats of what is called thethe lagoon north of Venice during the after- dead zone of the lagoon, land fill in the lagoon,noon. On the trip, a number or researchers the nature of the living lagoon, Malamocco andfrom CNR and other Italian organizations pre- Lido Inlets, the lagoon's canals, and some ofsented a running account of the nature and

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the famous islands including Torcello, Durano, of flooding in Venice is related to theand Murano. 18.61-year lunar declination cycle and that the

The lagoon Is 52 km long, varies in width high-water part of that cycle will occur betweenfrom about 8 to 14 km, and has an area of 1982 and 1987.586 km2 . However, of this total only 276 km2 Silvia Cavazzoni (Istituto lo Studio della(47 percent) are still connected to the sea via Dinamica delle Grandi Masse, CNR, Venice) readthe three tidal Inlets. The rest of the lagoon a paper entitled "Recent Erosive Processes in(referred to as dead) has been separated from the Venetian Lagoon." Her research was donethe sea by dikes. Although the average depth by comparing bathymetric and morphologic dataof the lagoon is only about 1 m, the maximum for the years 1901, 1934, and 1971. Becausedepth, at the Malamocco inlet, is 45 m. This is circulation in the central part of the lagoon isthe deepest spot in all of the north Adriatic largely controlled by a wide, straiqht, aod JeepSea. Of the 800 km of canals in the lagoon canal, there has been siltation and shorteningabout one-fifth are over 4 m deep. The canals of the side channels as well as the disappear-leading to the industrial and commercial sections ance of the submerged channel levees. Inof the lagoon are about 14 m deep, a depth contrast, erosion has resulted in an increase inmaintained by dredging. width and length of the channels in the north-

Reclamation within the lagoon has been ern and southern basins of the lagoon. Themore or less continuous for centuries. Recent- result has been to decrease bottom relief in thely, however, several laws were passed that limit central part of the lagoon and increase it to thelagoonal modification. The concern for the north and south.lagoon resulted in the shelving of plans to Laura Carbognin of the same instituteestablish a third industrial zone. Although a spoke on "The Lagoon of Venice and Subsi-number of problems exist throughout the lagoon dence." As a member of the international(erosion, sedimentation, pollution, and the like) commission on land subsidence, she has con-most attention has been focused on Venice centrated much of her research effort on sub-itself. The "Maladies of Venice," as the prob- sidence as induced by groundwater withdrawal.

" lems have been called, are numerous and solu- After a review of the physical nature of thetions are difficult. Among them are: (1) aquifer-aquitard structures and the history ofsubsidence, both natural (compaction and groundwater rise, she presented data on thetectonic lowering) and man induced (ground- correlation of subsidence and groundwaterwater withdrawal); (2) rising sea level because withdrawal. The piezometric levels droppedof eustacy; (3) flooding caused by high tides 20 m in Marghera (the industrial zone) andand by strong winds such as the bora and 10 m in Venice in 1969 and land sank 14 cm insirocco (see map); (4) erosion caused by Marghera and 10 cm in Venice. Althoughhuman alteration of lagoonal dynamics through pumping is now restricted and subsidence duethe construction of jetties and dams and be- to water withdrawal has ceased (indeed a slightcause of subsidence; and (5) pollution, both rebound has been measured), the subsidencewater and air, among others. caused by former withdrawal has aggravated

Four of the eight papers presented during flooding in Venice.the second day of the symposium provided Paolo Rosa Salva, a Venetian urban arch-

* details on many of the above problems. Paolo itect, treated lagoonal ecology. He noted thatA. Pirazzoli (Laboratoire de Geomorphologie de because of human modifications the central parte'Ecole Pratique de Hautes Etudes, Montrouge, of the lagoon is now more marine than it was inFrance) lectured on "Flooding (acqua alta) In the past and that only the northern part isVenice (Italy): A Worsening Phenomenon." He more or less typically lagoonal. He pointed outnoted that in the city of Venice, flooding that the conflict between the development offrequency has recently been on the increase, port traffic and the protection of the lagoonHis research has shown that during the past environment led to a stalemate that has lasted110 years (for all of which tide records are for more than a decade. Rosa Salva statedavailable), the acqua alta level has increased by that, given the present social and economic40 cm, 27 cin because of local rise in mean sea climate of the, Venetian area, it is a stalematelevel and 13 cm because of the tidal changes that needs to be resolved soon.caused by man. The dredging of man-madechannels, tidal flat reclamation, and the crea- The Po Deltation of fish ponds have all contributed to the On the third day the group went by buschanges. south of Venice to Ravenna, visiting the Po

Pirazzoli discussed a project that Is being River delta on the way. This part of the tripproposed for further dividing the lagoon by was led by Marcello Zunica (Univ. of Padua).constructing a dike south of Venice. It is Zunica is probably the foremost authority onconsidered that such a dike would increase the the Po delta, a region in which he has studied

q danger of flooding in Venice during the bora, both physical and human aspects.i.e., northeast winter winds that are often The Po River drains more than 70,000 kmz

quite strong. Even If such a dike Is not (nearly I of Italy). The water and sedimentsconstructed, the next few years are likely to of the delta originate in both the Apennines andwitness more than average flooding In Venice. the Alps. The delta, like most deltas, has hadPirazzoli's research has shown that the Intensity a dynamic geomorphic history. During the

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R Homan era the shoreline between Chioggia and diking is necessary. Diking (whether for. Ravenna was a series of long coastal ridges, agriculture, fish breeding, or flood protection)

the remnants of which range from 3 to 27 km has helped bring about subsidence within theInland from the present shoreline. Until about delta which, in turn, has led to changes in400 years ago the Po migrated relatively freely salinity. It has also led to the promotion ofup and down the coast. Some 10 former deltaic algal growth and to drainage difficulties. Suchlobes have been identified. The growth rate of changes affect both agriculture and fish breed-the early deltas averaged about 450 m per ing.century, which contrasts greatly with the In some parts of the delta most of theaverage of 7 km per century for the present subsidence was caused by the overpumping of

* deltaic lobe. subdeltaic water during the extraction of meth-The nature of the Po delta, unlike that for ane. Because this industry had such an ad-

most of the world's deltas, has been documented verse effect on the deltaic surface, methanesince at least the time of Pliny the Elder. As production was prohibited during the latethe Po River was an important route between 1960s. During. the previous 30 years, some

* the Adriatic Sea and the Alps, its coastal areas of the delta subsided by as much as 5 mextension was well known. Pliny the Elder and great expense was Involved in the almostnoted that the Po River had seven principal continuous levee construction that such subsi-outlets with its most northerly and most south- dence nfcessitated.erly channels being about 200 km apart. The One of the most recent changes in theshoreline itself was backed by lagoons that even delta has been a reduction in the rate ofin those days were connected by "fossae" or growth and even the initiation of erosion alongartificial channels. Thus littoral transport was some parts of the delta front. These- phe-relatively easy. The economic pursuits in the nomena have occurred mainly because of thedeltaic environments were varied and numerous. loss of sediment resulting from an increase inPig breeding, brick manufacturing, and char- river bed mining.

" coal production (there was even a town named At the present time, there are a number of* Carbonaria) were present although it is thought groups that have conflicting interests in the

that fishing and solar salt production were delta. The major friction is between thedominant. Salt ponds, for example, were farmers who would like to reduce further the

* responsible for the development of the city of amount of water-dominated area and the fisher-Comacchio (see map) in the eighth century. men who would like to increase it. Additional

The present Po delta is artificial in that conflicts are beginning to appear because of theits growth has been affected by a number of increasing interest in developing tourism and

.. human activities including deforestation in the initiating new industries.drainage basins, damming of the Po's tribu-taries, increased agriculture, and increased The Recreational Beachesconstruction of levees and dikes. Although man Immediately south of the Po delta is ahad been exerting some control over the Po for marshy plain that is bordered by woodedcenturies, it was not until 1604 that the di- dunes. The trees were pli4nted at the turn ofversion that set the stage for the growth of the the century to protect the agricultural areaspresent Po delta was opened. It was con- behind the dunes from sea winds and saltstructed in order to divert river flow from the spray. In 1960 a good road was constructed to

- Venice Lagoon and save it from silting up. The the coast and the area was opened to tourists.Venetian superintendent at the time (September Between this location, a few kilometers north of16, 1604) is quoted by Zunica as saying, Comacchio, and Cattolica, a distance of over 100"Today at 7 o'clock in the evening with the km, there is a vast array of artificial struc-

u grace of the Lord, water has been let into the tures designed to protect the shoreline and the- new cut channel..." numerous hotels developed for tourists. The

Since the diversion over 500 km2 of new structures include seawalls, offshore break-territory have been added along a stretch of waters, groins, and jetties, most of which arethe Adriatic coast about 30 km long. Most of made of rock. There are very few tetrapodsthe new territory is being used. The dominant along this coast. Some structures were made asactivity is agriculture, which increased many- much as 75 years ago, but most of the con-

* fold between World Wars I and II. Agricultural struction occurred in the last 20 years. As isactivities are varied and include growing sugar often the case where groins and offshore break-beets, cereal grains (such as wheat, corn, and waters have been constructed, the rate ofrice), animal fodder, hemp, and poplar trees erosion has increased in downdrtft locations.(for paper pulp) among others. Because of Trapping of sand has occurred and tombolossuch crops a number of small Industries (such (land-tied Islands-in this case, land-tiedas sugar refining, rope production, and paper breakwaters) have formed in some sections.

* manufacturing) have sprung up in the delta.The second most important activity in the Ravenna and the Coastal Zone

delta Is pond-fish production. Fishing has Ravenna, which served as base during thebeen a major occupation since the present delta last 3 days of the conference, Is one of thebegan to form and Includes mullet, sea bass, ancient cities of Italy and once was the base forand eels. In order to cultivate fish, extensive the Roman fleet in the eastern Mediterranean.

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At that time it was a coastal city but, because because of a poorly developed fluviomarineof accretion, it Is now some 8 km inland, wedge, (2) unstable building foundations, (3)Nonetheless; it Is still the second most impor- frequent channel changes in the two rivers thattant harbor on the Adriatic and supports large form the delta, (4) occasional extensive flood-petrochemical, fertilizer, and synthetic-rubber Ing of the region's marshes, and (5) an altera-industries. The port entrance is protected by tion between accretion and erosion along thethe two longest jetties (over 2.5 km long) on shoreline. Types of human modification theythe Adriatic Sea. They were built out to a noted ranged from drainage basin regulationwater depth of 8.5 m to avoid filling of the and dune fixation to the development of Venice-entrance by longshore drift, like tourist settlements.

P.Catto (CNR) presented a paper on the R. Paskoff of Tunisia, who has spent manysecond day that dealt with the Ravenna coast. field sessions investigating the Tunisia coast-He asserted that many of the problems in the line, concentrated on the changes occurringRavenna area are caused by subsidence, which along its sandy beaches. Beaches occupyamounted to more than 1 m between 1949 and 485 km of Tunisia's shoreline. He found that1977. He stated that in addition to having along 360 km (about 75%) of the coast thecaused "irreversible damage to historical monu- beaches are stable, along 115 km (most of thements" it also has jeopardized tourism because rest) they are retreating, and along only 10 kmof the imbalance it has caused in the coastal are they advancing. In some places (as in theregime. On the last day, M.Ferraresi (Isdroser Gulf of Tunis) erosion is severe. Reasons for

" SpA) discussed "A New Project for Littoral erosion are numerous and include human activi-Processes Control and Coastal Management in ties as well as natural processes. He said thatEmilia-Romagna." The paper was timely because the" development of tourism during the past 20during the two previous days the group had years has aggravated coastal erosion in someexamined the coastline in some detail and had. places. The rates of erosion along some Tunis-had an opportunity to see some of the problems Ian shores are relatively easy to calculate byfirsthand. Beach erosion, subsidence, and observing the numerous ruins (including mill-flooding (as much as two-thirds of the shoreline tary blockhouses and burial tombs) that areare susceptible.to flooding) are the dominant being destroyed by wave action.problems. The project, which is now beinginitiated, has as its principal purpose the Conclusionsmonitoring of all the physical factors related to Participants In this 5-day conference couldbeach erosion, coastal flooding, and subsidence. hardly leave without feeling somewhat uneasyIt will include a study of the impact that arti- about what is happening along, the shorelines official structures along the coast and within the the world as well as in the Mediterranean andcatchment basin are having on the shoreline, the Adriatic. It gave evidence that the pres-In addition, part of the research will be de- sures being exerted by man on coastlines arevoted to determining to what extent artificial both Intensive and extensive and that in mostnourishment of beaches should be employed, cases the pressures are proceeding well ahead

of relevant research. Therefore, it is notOther Mediterranean Shores surprising to find that many coastal modifi-

In addition to the papers devoted to the cations are necessitated by disasters that wereAdriatic seacoast, the symposium also had caused or at least aggravated by uninformedpresentations about other Mediterranean shore- approaches to coastal utilization. At the samelines. Three of those papers, each with a time, however, it was encouraging to note thatdifferent approach and emphasis, are discussed some meaningful research projects are underbriefly here. way in many parts of the world and that there

0. Erol of Turkey showed that his coun- appears to be an increasing interest in treatingtry's coastline is very" complex. Most of it, the coastline as an endangered element of thesuch as those parts on the Black Sea and environment.Mediterranean, is made up of highlands thatparallel the major mountain chains. The coasts H.J. Watke.

* have been little altered by contemporary pro-cesses. In contrast, the coastline along the Louisiana State UniversityAegean Sea crosses 'structural trends and is Baton Rouge, LAcharacterized by sizable deltaic plains that havedeveloped at the oceanic ends of structural C Itroughs. One of the impressive features of COMMUNICATIONErol's lecture was the use of a series of his iClENC IRgeomorphic diagrams of Turkey's coast.

M. Marquhs and R. Julil of Spain pre- INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ACOUS-sented Information about the small (100 km2) TICS, SPEECH. AND SIGNAL PROCESSINGdeltaic plain at Alt Emporea in northern Cata-lonia. It Is being downwarped, and this, in The International Conference on Acoustics,combination with regular deltaic processes, has Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP 82) wasresulted in a set of peculiar problems Including held In Paris, France, from 3 to S May 1982.(1) sallnlzation of ground water aquifers The sponsor, the Acoustics, Speech and Signal

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Processing Society of the Institute of Electrical the IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech andEngineers, changed its name about 10 years ago Signal Processing and will be available from the(from the Audio and Electroacoustics Group) to IEEE.reflect the growing interest in signal and As part of the conference there* was anspeech processing made possible by digital exhibition with 20 stands. The object was tocomputers and the development of the discrete avoid the appearance of a large commercialFourier transform and the fast Fourier trans- exhibition while adequately covering applications

* form. of new technology. Three of the stands wereICASSP 82 was the first such conference from Fi-ench nati~nal research organizations,

held outside the United States, a recognition of tCNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Sci-European, and especially French, contributions. entflque), CNET (Centre National d'Etudes desThere were more that 1,600 participants, nearly communications), and IRCAM (Institut dedouble the attendance of previous conferences. Recherche et de Coordination Acoustiuel "The number of parallel reviews was increased to Musiq ), and' most of the other exhibitors8. and there was a total of 540 papers. .mpas zed technical rather than commercial

The conference was formally opened by aspects. Speech synthesizers were shown byL.J. Libols, president of the French Section of CIT-ALCATEL, CNET, IRCAM, SILEC D.S.I.,the IEEE, and there ware remarks by R.D. Texas Instruments, and Thomson-CSF, andLarson, the president of IEEE. In the plenary analysers by Bruel and Kjaer, France, CNRS,session, conducted by Maurice Bellanger (T&l- Solartron, and Texas Instruments. CNET hadcommunications Radio6lectriques et T6l6- equipment designed to help the handicapped.phoniques, Plessis Robinson), there were three METRAVIB showed Intensity measuring systems,papers on the impact of digital signal pro- a multimicrophone directive array for acousticcessing on society. The first was by Maurizio imaging, and a pipeline leak detector system.Decina (Univ. of Rome). Decina is vice chair- There were several displays devoted primarilyman of CCITT SG XVII (the International to software and others to remote terminal dis-Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Commit- plays. Perhaps the most prominent exhibit wastee); his topic was CCITT activity in signal of TELETEL, the French remote-test-retrievalprocessing for integrated services digital- system for directory and catalog applications;networks. The networks are intended to the closed-circuit TV system of the conferencesupport a wide range of services, voice and center had a receiver in each meeting room tononvoice, with end-to-end digital connections relay a TELETEL display giving the status ofand a limited range of standard user-network the Individual sessions and other messagesinterfaces. The second paper was presented by relating to the conference.Goeste H. Granlund (Picture Processing Lab., As the IEEE conference proceedings con-Link6ping Univ., Sweden), who discussed an tain only the names of the exhibitors, many ofapproach for hierarchical processing of struc- whom may be relatively unknown in the US, thetural Information in artificial intelligence. He author has prepared an annotated list withgave two illustrations of its application, one to addresses; it may be requested from the ONRLimage coding, the compression of image data, librarian.and the other to Image enhancement. The finalplenary paper was by Richard A. Guedi G.L. Wilson

" (Thomson-CSF Labs. . Courbeville, Orsay) on* human-machine interaction and digital signal Pennsylvania State University

processing. Guedj asserted that there Is adefinite need to improve the quality ofman-machine interaction and suggested twodirections for research. The first is the OPTICAL COMMUNICATION RESEARCH INseparation of the symmetric from the asymmetric SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITIESpa,*t in the relationship. (He remarked thatgood interaction does not necessarily mean fast A particular advantage of using opticalor close interaction, but meaningful reaction, fiber in telecommunications systems is that aand that expressions used by each partner small fiber cable can transmit vastly greatershould be easily understood, though not amounts of Information than a much larger

q necessarily well formed). The second is that electrical cable. Fibers are thus particularlythe interface should not only be adaptable to applicable to areas where communications trafficthe user but also adaptable by the user. volume and cable densities are highest. The

Following the plenary session, the con- northeast corridor (Boston to Washington) fiberference was divided into eight parallel sessions project, now under development by the Bellof six 15-minute papers, and thereafter the System, is a good example.morning and afternoon sessions each contained Conversely, one might expect that the12 papers. There were sessions on digital Scandinavian countries (including, for presentsignal processing, audio and DSP applications, purposes, Finland but not Iceland) with lowunderwater acoustics and DSP applications, population densities and remote communities,Image processing, speech Image systems, speech would not find fiber systems particularly wellsynthesis and recognition, and speech coding suited to their needs. One finds, however,and analysis. The program will be published in that modern communications systems are

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particularly important in this part of the world, repeater design, for example-are also ad-Sweden, with a population density less than 10% dressed.that of West Germany or the United Kingdom, To broaden the context, laboratories of theleads Europe in telephones per capita. Den- Technical Research Center In Finland, in themark and Finland are in the top five. In same building, are particularly Interested inFinland, roughly one person in 200 has a mobile integrated optics and have recently completed a

* telephone and the number is Increasing at 10% fabrication facility for optical fiber, thusper year. With standardized automatic switch- making special fiber and components moreing through the Nordic Mobile Telephone Net- readily available to the Communications Labora-work, available soon, subscribers will be able tory. Another profitable liaison is with theto use the same mobile telephones throughout Finnish Post Telegraph and Telephone (PTT),Scandinavia. Along with the high demand for which not only provides support for certainservices come special problems-long links projects but, with Its own laboratories nearby,between isolated trunk exchanges, provision of provides other opportunities; for collaboration.

: service to a large number of islands, and In Stockholm, the Institute of Opticaldifficulties with terrain and weather. Meeting Research is one of several research institutesthe demand in this environment requires many on the campus of the Royal Institute of Tech-different techniques, including fibers, perhaps nology. Some of the institutes are funded,in unrepeated trunk or submarine links, along with the university, through the Ministry

But the demand alone does not explain the of Education. Others, including the Institute* existence of strong optical communications of Optical Research, receive their support- research in Scandinavian universities. In the through the Ministry of Industry and are, in'. US, where installation of fiber systems now theory at 'least, more likely to choose applied

approaches the routine, there are no major topics for research. The research here is not

programs of optical fiber communications re- communications-but primarily modern optics. Insearch at universities. The technical uni- collaboration with the Institute of Physics,versities in Norway, Denmark, and Finland, by there is some outstanding work on the pro-contrast, each have a significant program. In duction of holographic diffraction gratings thatSweden, where there are several technical has yielded efficient, tilazed gratings. In

/ universities, two are involved. The author another group, work on speckle interferometryvisited three of the five recently: the Coin- has resulted in an advanced prototype instru-munications Laboratory at Helsinki University of ment for vibration analysis. In all, the staff of

i Technology, the Institute of Optical Research at one or the other Institute concerned with opticsthe Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, numbers about 25.and the Electronics Research Laboratory at the In the optical-fiber area there is closeUniversity of Trondheim. (The others are at cooperation between the institutes and SievertsChalmers University in G6teborg and the Tech- Kabelwerk, a division of the multinationalnical University of Denmark at Lyngby.) communications company. L.M. Ericsson. Some

Helsinki University of Technology (as tnembers of the staff hold joint positions in thedistinguished from Helsinki University) is at two organizations, and recently the leader ofOtanlemi, near Helsinki. Optical fiber research the fiber and integrated optics group at theresides mostly in the Communications Labora- institute, Leif Stensland,. moved to Sieverts fulltory, a part of the Electrical Engineering time to head a section concerned with productDepartment headed by Prof. Seppo Halme. The developmet.group of 30 staff members and research stu- It is not surprising that much of the workdents also undertakes work on radio communi- at the institute is of fairly immediate, rathercations (one sizable project relating to the than long-term, interest to a manufacturer.Nordic Mobile Telephone Network, mentioned One area is spectral bandwidth measurements,

* earlier) and data communications. In the fiber that is to say bandwidth measured as a functionarea the group is best known for its work on of wavelength, which can be useful in opti-precision measurements of fiber parameters. mizing the refractive index profile of a multi-One subgroup, led by A.B. Sharma, has for mode fiber. Another Is differential mode delayseveral years studied the factors that relate to measurements--measurement of the relativethe precision of attenuation measuremehts on propagation times of various mode groups--

W multimode fiber. Emphasizing selective mode useful for the same purpose. Using a fiberdetection rather than excitation and with close Raman source to provide short pulses over a

* attention to stability of source and detector, range of wavelengths and suitable launchingthe group claims to have a more complete un- optics, the group is able to carry out bothderstanding of the factors causing measurement types of measurements on a single system andImprecision than most researchers and boasts thus provide a great deal of information usefulresults that are several times better than for optimizing process control. At the samegenerally available. Similar work is now under- time, work on extended-range optical-time-way on other measurement problems Including domain refiectometry (OTDR) using a shutteringdifferential modal delay. Though measurements scheme to extend the dynamic range is particu-dominate the group's efforts on fiber, problems larly useful to cable manufacturers concernedmore closely applied to the system-receiver and with jointing and splicing.

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Finally, members of the group foresee that a partial solution. Second, communicationsthe adaptation of fiber technology to the remote companies, though in some cases quite large,measurement of various quantities will be impor- also find it advantageous to support universitytant to Swedish industries. Accordingly, with research, especially given the willingness of thethe encouragement of the power Industry, they universities and the research institutes attachedhave just begun their first project in this to them to work on problems of fairly immediatearea--an examination of materials suitable for application. And finally, governments, con-magnetic field measurement by Faraday rotation. cerned not only with the availability of tech-

Norway's technical university is in Trond- nology for domestic needs but also with export,- helm. Though administratively separate, the are inclined to encourage the arrangement.. Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL) is cen- Within this framework lie also the reasons

trally located on the university campus over- why each of the groups described has empha-looking the city, and many of the staff at ERL sized work on fiber characterization. Thehave academic responsibilities as well. ERL is production of high-quality fibers requires afunded entirely by research contracts from certain amount of empiric adjustment of thegovernment and industrial sources outside the process; thus, companies setting up productionuniversity, facilities must have reliable -data from which to

Two technical areas dominate the group's improve their product. Fiber production is alsoefforts on optical fibers; one is the inves- notoriously irreproducible, to the extent that atigation of OTDR (sometimes also known as substantial number of measurements must bebackscattering) as a fiber diagnostic method, made by a manufacturer on each fiber sold andthe other is fabrication. This turns out to be by a user on each fiber purchased. Efficiency,a particularly useful combination. In OTDR one therefore, is almost as important as reliability,launches a short optical pulse into a fiber and, and it is likely that applied research on fiberwhile the pulse propagates along the fiber, the measurements will be important for some time to

. part of the light scattered back toward the come.* input is monitored. Some of the light comes. from Rayleigh scattering in the glass, but light G. W. Day. returned from breaks, joints, and parameter

fluctuations also contributes to the signal. University of SouthamptonWhen OTDR was first used several years ago, itwas thought that it would provide a superiormethod for fiber attenuation measurements, MAT1MALbecause the loss as a function of length could ECUNCE8be determined. It turned out, however, thatthe signals . were too difficult to interpret. SOME MATERIALS RESEARCH IN SWITZERLANDMore recently OTDR has been used primiarily to

* search qualitatively for such things as diameter The author recently visited several labora-variations along the fiber and other discon- tories in Switzerland where materials research istinuities. The ERL group has discovered that conducted.under certain excitation conditions, known as Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Eld-mode-filtered launching, it is possible to sepa- gensslsche Technische Hochschule-ETH),

* rate the signals due to the basic loss mecha- Zurichnisms-scattering and absorption-from those Prof. M.O. Speidel heads the Institut fOrdue to parameter fluctuations and in some Metallurgie at ETH Zurich. Speidel is known tocases, at least, to do so quantitatively. This many Americans for his work at the Boeing

, is where the fabrication group, which is nor- Scientific Laboratories on the application ofmally concerned with such things as more fracture mechanics methods in stress corrosionefficient glass deposition, becomes an even cracking research. After leaving Boeing,greater asset. Testing the OTDR analysis Speidel became leader of the physical metallurgy

. requires fibers with carefully controlled para- group -at the research laboratory of Brownmeter fluctuations, principally diameter and Boveri and Company Ltd., Baden, Switzerland,numerical aperture, built in. Using such fibers a position he held until his appointment to ETH

- produced in their own laboratory, Morton Zurich about 2 years ago. In Spledel's ab--i Eriksrud and his colleagues have pretty well sence, two of his associates, Dr. H.K. Feich-

verified their analysis and have thus made a tinger and Dr. P. Uggowitzer, outlined currentuseful advance in fiber diagnostics. and planned activities at the institute.

To return to the earlier question about For several years Felchtinger has carriedwhy Scandinavian universities have successfully out research on melting metallurgy in a well-established fiber research programs while equipped laboratory capable of handling mostAmerican universities have not, there seem to modern melting methods, including electroslagbe several significant factors. First, national remelting. His particular emphasis has been ontelecommunications administrations in Scan- the analysis of gases in metals, determination ofdinavia are faced with a strong demand for high gas diffusion rates in both liquid and solidtechnology communications for which, because of metals, and assessment of the influence oftheir size, they cannot provide sufficient R and melting practice on the soundness and prop-

. D facilities. Supporting university research is erties of alloys. Feichtinger's research has

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pro4uced sensitive techniques for determining Intergranular fracture that can occur whengases In metals, (e.g., a technique based on certain cold-worked alloys containing' a low-gas chromatography capable of detecting hydro- melting phase are heated rapidly for annealing;gen In the 10" ppm range). It-can be regarded as a special case of liquid

Uggowitzer came to ETH Zurich in 1981 metal embrittlement. Form's research on firefrom the Erich-Schmid-lnstltut fOr Festk~r- -cracking In Cu-18NI-19Zn-Pb alloys has con-perphysik in Leoben,. Austria, where ha had vinced him that the sensitivity of an alloy todone doctoral research on the mechanical prop- this type of cracking Is dependent on micro-ertles of ferritic-martensitic two-phase steels. pores around Pb at grain boundaries and im-Uggowitzer Is still. interested in the mechanical purities that enhance Pb wettability. Currentproperties of two-phase alloys, one phase of research focuses on the control of Pb wettabil-which is brittle and the other ductile. Cur- Ity by additives.rently he is studying the fracture behavior of For several years Form has been interestedalloys of the AI-Si system using the J-Integral in recrystallization, particularly the mechanismsmeasurement to quantify fracture toughness. responsible for the formation of annealingHe is attempting to model the fracture tough- twins, and he has used photoemission electronness of two-phase alloys in terms of the frac- microscopy extensively in his studies. As ature toughness values of the Individual phases result of his research, Form has put forward aand their microstructural geometry. hypothesis that annealing twins occur during

The research program at the Institute is recrystallization so as to provide an easier pathstill in the formative stages, but a major thrust for reducing the dislocation density in deformedwill certainly be on determining the effects of grains rather than to lower interfacial energymelting and solidification practice on the frac- as had been believed for many years.ture behavior of alloys as measured by fracturemechanics methods. Swiss Federal Institute of -Technology (EcoleU i uPolytechnic Federale) , LausanneUniversity of Neuchatel EPF Lausanne is the sister Federal Insti-

SThfor Structural Metallurgy Is tute of Technology to ETH Zurich. It was part

one of seven institutes in the Faculty of Natural of the University of Lausanne until 1969, whenSciences at the University of Neuchitel. The it was Incorporated into the federal system. Atinstitute is directed by Prof. G.W. Form and that time the Materials Department was formedhas a staff of about 14: At the time of the by-expanding and modifying a materials testingauthor's visit the building housing the institute Institute at the university. The department hasstill showed signs of damage caused by fire in laboratories devoted to mechanical, -physical,an adjoining building a year before. Research and chemical metallurgy, and others for cerem-programs are only now getting beck on sched- Ics, polymers, and building materials. Thereule. are 8 to 10 candidates for the diploma in mate-

About 50% of the research funds come from rials science and 15 to 20 PhD candidates.the Federal government 'through the Swiss Prof. D. Landolt, who is in charge of

*"National Foundation for Scientific Research. chemical metallurgy, has a well-equipped labo-The funds are used to support basic research ratory that permits him to apply both modernand to pay for the institute's effort as part of surface science techniques and classical elec-a large (five participants from both Industry trochemical methods to several Interestingand academe) national program of applied re- problems. For a number of years he has beensearch on high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) Investigating the process of high-rate dis-steels. The motivation for the program is the solution of metals that is especially relevant todesire to provide the Swiss hot-stamping In- electrochemical machining. His recent work industry, which represents a large segment of this area has included a study of high-rate

- the Swiss metals Industry, with 20- to dissolution of nickel In the transpassive region120-mm-thick HSLA steel strip of a single using pulsating current, investigation of the

, - composition that will have optimum mechanical role of mass transport on high-rate Ulssolutionproperties when processed into finished pro- of nickel and iron In chloride solutions, and a

* ducts. The program is entering the fourth combined coulometric and Auger electron spec-year of a 5-/ear effort and has reached the troscopy study of the role of anodic films on

* point at which the participants feel they can nickel during high-rate transpessive dissolutionspecify the steel composition to be used from in alkaline nitrate solutions. Landolt also hascommercially available German alloys. Pro- continued interest in passivaton mechanisms inceasing research on 10-ton quantities is now metals and receritly completed a study showingbeing carried out. Neuchltel's part in the the similar behaviors of W and Mo additions toprogram has consisted of mechanistic studies of stainless steels for improving pitting resistance.hot deformation processes and electron micro- He also has done a limited amount of research

11 graphic studies of thermomechanically processed on the electrochemistry of cathodic deposition ofmaterial. metals from fused salts. For example, he

Recent basic research at NeuchStel has' investigated the role of various metallic elec-Involved studies of the causes of fire cracking trode materials on the deposition of Na and Aland recrystallization studies, primarily of Cu from molten fluorides; W was identified as thebase alloys. Fire cracking Is the explosivelike

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most suitable material for electrochemical studies been developing a model for computing distri-of Al deposition from cryolite. butions of grain coordination numbers in poly-

Prof. W. Kurz is in charge of physical crystals, assuming that only two elementarymetallurgy programs. Kurz's particular interest transformations, disappearance of three-sidedis solidification. He is trying to understand grains and interchange of neighboring grains,the mechanisms in various solidification pro- take place in the system during normal graincesses that are responsible for the development growth and development of stable structures.of particular microstructures and to determine Comparison of the model with experimentalhow the microstructures contribute to the results has been encouraging. Finally, Mocellinmechanical behavior of alloys. Kurz has paid is interested in studying microcracking inspecial attention to the mechanisms responsible ceramics resulting from transformations oc-for the development of eutectic structures in curring during thermal cycling, e.g., theFe-C and Fe-Fe3 C alloys. He has been working practical problem of porcelain glaze degradationto develop a theory to explain the interphase due to transformations of quartz particlesspacing found in such alloys, which can be 2 to around 573 0 C. For experimental ease, however,10 times larger than predicted by current he is studying a system that behaves similarly,solidification theory. In addition, he recently V203 doped with Cr. Depending on the Crdeveloped a model relating tip radius, interface content, V 2 03 exhibits a transformation aroundundercooling, and primary-arm spacing in alloy 1000 C with sufficient expansion to producedendrite growth that permits a semiquantitative microcracking. Mocellin is using electricalprediction of growth morphology to be expected resistivity changes and acoustic emission toduring solidification in a positive temperature follow the transformation and structural changesgradient. In the area of structure-property and is correlating crack initiation with particlerelationships in cast alloys. Kurz has conducted, size, shape, and degree of cycling around theresearch on fracture initiation in dendritic, transformation temperature.two-phase alloys and fracture behavior in

U eutectic alloys containing brittle phases. Some Battelle Geneva Research CenterInteresting practical applications have come from The center Is part of the internationallythis research. such as the development of a known Battelle Memorial Institute.. About 400directionally solidified, cobalt-copper-rare earth persons are employed at Geneva of whom 150permanent magnet with fracture energy five are graduate engineers and scientists. Theytimes higher than conventional sintered SmCo 5 are distributed among three research centers:magnets and magnetic properties equal to those Industrial Technology, Toxicology and Bio-of PtCo magnets. Finally, Kurz has conducted sciences, and Applied Economics. The metal-significant research on practical problems lurgy group, headed by Dr. G. Haour, is inassociated with continuous casting of steel. In the Industrial Technology Center.particular, he has helped to identify the mecha- As much as 40% of the programs at Genevanisms responsible for surface roughness of are industrially sponsored paper studies in-continuously cast steels and has outlined para- volving surveys of the state of current tech-meters that must be controlled to improve nologies, market trends, etc. An example ofsurface quality, this type of program is a cold-forging survey

- Ceramics research at EPF Lausanne is that consists of both a worldwide technologyunder the direction of Prof. A. Mocellin. assessment and a European market surveyCurrent programs include studies of micro- resulting from 200 visits and 300 contacts.structural development, microstrvctural char- Experimental programs consist of fairly short-acterization, and microstructure-property rela- term projects with decisions to continue ortionships. Research on structural development discontinue made at about 6-month intervals.

* began with studies of such development in The following are examples of currently activeA120 3 , both with and without additives, during or recently completed research programs:hot deformation. In this work, high purity directional solidification studies on nickel-basepowders with grain sizes of 0.5 to 1.0 micro- superaloys, Mar-M-200 and 509. using a pat-meters have been hot pressed at 16000 C. ented process of dynamic undercooling thatDeformation of more than 50% was obtained by a showed the feasibility of producing alloys withmechanism akin to superplastic deformation, and structures and properties similar to conventional

• grain boundary sliding seemed to be the domi- unidirectionally solidified alloys, but withnant deformation mechanism. These efforts are higher growth rates and using simpler equip-continuing. At the same time, aluminum titan- ment; feasibility studies aimed at the applicationate formation is being studied. The material is of amorphous metal coatings to both sides ofof practical interest because of its inertness to steel sheets by a melt dragging technique; andglasses and nonferrous metals and of theoretical development of a new process for producingInterest because its orthorhombic structure and rapidly solidified powder. The last-named

* anisotropic thermal expansion behavior make It process, currently .being patented, is calleduseful in thermal-shock and thedinal-fatigue "quench atomization" and is claimed to bestudies. Mocellin's work with aluminum titanate capable of producing spherical powders withInvolves pressure sintering of single crystal diameters of about 10 Ism or 1-mm thick splatsdiscs of A1 2 0, and T10 2 while studying forma- with cooling rates In excess of 103 0C/s.tion reactions at the Interface. He has also

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Brown, Boveri and Company Ltd., Baden soon be Installed. Initial programs will prob-(Dittwil) ably be concerned with the development of new

.. rporate research, consisting of medium Al alloys with extended solid solubility in anto long-term projects, Is carried out in three attempt to increase the service temperaturecenters of Brown, Boveri and Company, one .in range for Al alloys.Heidelberg, FRG, one in Le Bourget, outside of Current investigations of the mechanicalParis, and one in Dittwill, near Baden, Swit- behavior of alloys include high-temperature,zerland. The Dittwill center- has about 200 low-cycle fatigue studies of nickel-base alloys,

. employees conducting research in solid state development of models for fatigue lifetime pro-physics, fluid physics, and materials. The diction, improvement in fracture toughnessmaterials group of about 30 people is headed by analysis in the elastic-plastic and plastic re-Dr. G. Gessinger, who will leave toward the gimes, and corrosion fatigue and stress cor-end of 1982 to head the company's Central rosion cracking of turbine materials using aLaboratories at Baden. fracture mechanics approach.

Materials research at Dfittwil falls into twocategories, alloy processing and mechanical P.A. CZark nbehavior. Because of the company's interests,most of the materials being studied are high- ONR Londontemperature alloys, titanium alloys, and high-strength steels. However, the laboratory hasalso had a long-term effort in shape memoryalloys aimed at developing alloys with higher MATHEMATICStransition temperatures than Nitinol. This hasled to the development of CuAINi alloys with THE FOURTH FORMATOR SYMPOSIUMtransition temperatures of 150 to 200 0 C. Al-though the alloy was originally cast with a large The Fourth Formator Symposium on Mathe-grain size and was brittle, research at the matical Methods for the Analysis of Large Scalelaboratory has led to the use of powder metal- Systems was held in Liblice, Czechoslovakia,lurgy6 for its production and complex thermo- during the period 18 to 21 May, 1982. (A

* mechanical treatment for stabilization. The formator was defined as a device in a systemalloy is currently being licensed in Europe and that acts on system variables to help controllicensees are being sought in the US. the system.) There were 47 participants from

Alloy processing research has included 11 countries, Including Austria, Brazil, Czecho-computer modeling of forging processes and slovakia, the FRG, France, the GDR, Theexperimental analysis of Isothermal forging Netherlands, Vietnam, the United Arab Repub-using model alloys. In the latter study, the lic, the US, and the USSR. Thirty-sevenInfluence of preform geometry on deformation papers, covering a wide range of system-controlflow, die filling, and uniformity of deformation topics, were presented. The proceedings willin Isothermal forging has been studied using a be published by the sponsor, The Institute ofSn-38.1 w/o Pb eutectic. This alloy, which Information Theory and Automation of thedeforms superplastically at ambient tempera- Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, (address:tures, was found to be useful for modeling 182 08 Praha 8, Pod vodfrenskou v1 4,superplastic processes in materials that normally Czechoslovakia).would be superplastic in the 600 to 1,0000 C The keynote address, "On Qualitativetemperature range. For example, the findings Analysis of Information For Control," wasof the research were In close agreement with delivered by A.A. Voronov (Institute of Sys-subsequent findings of the role of preform tems Study, Moscow). Voronov treated thegeometry on deformation flow patterns in procesling of Observer Information (expertTI-6AI-4V forged at about 925 0 C. detections) for use in controlling systems. He

A significant amount of the processing discussed the problems of using observer dataresearch of Gessinger's group has Involved to find estimates and of "organizing experts"oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) super- (which he proposed to do via statistical clusteralloys. The work on these materials, produced analysis).by mechanical alloying, has focused on their Approximately half of the presentations

U recrystallization behavior as a function of dealt with mathematical methods for the solutiondef'rmation, annealing, and hot working con- of systems of equations related to control

* ditlons, pnd the role of the oxide dispersolds problems. As one example, the paper entitledon grain growth. Gessinger feels that good "Continuous-Time Dynamic Programming

. progress has been made over the past decade. Models," by W.H.M. ZIjm (Universiteit vanespecially with the newer high y alloys, and he Amsterdam, The Netherlands), discussed thebelieves -that they offer great promise for behavior of systems of the formturbine applications despite their higher costand the more complex schedules required for

* processing them. -xt) max Q x(t)g x(O) , x, too,Gessinger's present programs do not dt QCI

include research on rapidly solidified powders,but an atomizer to produce such powders will

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where x(t) is an N-dimensional vector and M is used to measure horizontal forces between thea set of matrices generated by all possible skip and rails in the shaft, flexing of the steelinterchanges of rows within matrices taken from walls of the skip, acceleration of the skip ina finite set of ML-matrices. An ML-matrix is a three dimensions, and oscillations in the wind-square matrix with nonnegative off-diagonal ing ropes. Another device in the engine roomelements, measured torque moments of the engine shaft

The above model covers many situations and parameters of the electrical drive of thein Markov decision processes, queuing systems, winding machinery. All of the measured quan-branching processes, and Leontief substitution titles were functions of time and of position andsystems in mathematical economics. A system movement of the skip. The data were used todescribed by the model can be controlled con- analyze transients and reasons for observedtinuously in time to maximize the growth of the dynamic behavior of the system. A model,function x('). Such a system has a unique involving a system of nonlinear differentialsolution that is continuous and satisfies the equations, was developed to describe the be-differential equation almost everywhere (R. havior of the system and was validated byBellman, Dynamic Programming, Princeton Univ. comparison of numerical solutions to the equa-Press, 15. jmconcentrated on the asymp- tions with the measurement data. One of thetotic behavior of x(t) and on methods of de- difficulties encountered was the discovery thattermining an optimal control (that is, matrices some of the ropes carried much more load thanin M that maximize the growth of x() in time). others, due to differences in friction-wheelHe presented an exponential convergence result diameter and rope creep on the friction wheel.for undiscounted, continuous-time Markov From extensive analyses carried out withdecision processes and pointed out that the the mathematical model of the system, It appearsresult is useful in analyses of more general possible to design a formator that will bring amodels. number of improvements to coal-mine winding

About a quarter of the presentations systems. The anticipated improvements includetreated the development of mathematical models the removal of the heavy rope-balancing devicefor various physical systems. One such paper currently used on each skip, dramatic decreaseswas "The Shaping and Reconfiguration of Poly- in the weight of each skip, increases in thehedral Diagrams," by J. Beneg, who heads the skip loads, and-increases in the winding rates.Operations Research Sector of the Institute of While the symposium was small, the mate-Information Theory and Automation (Prague, rial presented was Interesting, useful, and ofCzechoslovakia). Benel discussed the analysis good quality. The sponsors did an excellentof sets of vectors representing thrusters or job of organizing the meeting and ensuring thatflywheels used to generate desired attitude the sessions ran smoothly.changes of a satellite in space. He consideredsystems of vectors perpendicular to faces and D. R. Baredges of a dodecahedron and other regularsolids. Using combinatoric methods, he evalu- ONR Londonated the number of ways to generate certainforces on a space body. Benel called thecollection of such values the spectrum of the THE INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON ANALYSISbody. An application of this work would be to OF SAMPLE SURVEY DATA AND ON SEQUEN-prestore vectors in a formator that would TIAL ANALYSISautomatically reconfigure thrusters on a satellitein such a way as to work around failed thrus- The International Meeting on Analysis ofters. Sample Survey Data and on Sequential Analysis

The remainder of the papers presentations was held on the Mount Scopus campus of Thewere reports of specific applications to oper- Hebrew University of Jerusalem during theating systems. They included a paper entitled, period 14 to 18 June, 1982. Among the 13"Analysis and Synthesis of a Coal-Mine Winding organizations sponsoring the event were the USSystem by Computer jAssisted Simulation," by Office of Naval Research and the Israel Sta-t. Peutil and Z. Sebela (Stavebni Fakulta tistical Association. There were more than 100CVUT, Prague). According to the authors, attendees from 16 countries. While the areas ofmultirope winding systems in deep mines are sample survey methods and sequential analysischaracterized by complicated dynamical behavior are usually treated as being quite distinct, theyof the skips and winding mechanism. The do have some common features; one of the goalspurpose of their study was to examine the of the meeting was to explore the similarities inpotential effects of introducing a formator unit the two procedures. This was done in a jointinto the winding system control by assessing session en the first day. During the remainderthe Improvements that might be possible and of the meeting, there were parallel sessions onevaluating the design characteristics (inputs, analysis of sample survey data and on sequen-outputs, and control equations) of the formator. tial analysis.As a preliminary step, rope tension measure- An interesting paper in the joint sessionments were made on the multirope system at a was "On Triple Sampling Schemes for Cate-coal mine in Czechoslovakia. A device placed gorical Data with Misclassification Errors," byon one of the two skips used in the system was T.T. Chen (Univ. of Texas). Y. Hochberg

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(Tel-Aviv Univ.), and A. 'enenbein (New York variable that is linearly related to an observableUniv.).' There had been much previous work variable. The values of the observable variableon the use of double-sampling schemes for are assumed to be available for the wholeInference from categorical data that are subject sample, but the variable is not included in theto misclassification. Some of these schemes use regression relationship of interest. Severala sample of n units that are classified by both alternative estimators have been proposed fora fallible and a "true" device, and another the situation, including a two-stage estimatorsample of n2 units that are classified only by a (Heckman, Econometrica, 1979) and othersfallible device. The authors treated a triple- based on a sampling theory approach. In thesampling scheme Incorporating an additional latter case, the observations are viewed assample of n, units that are classified only by being obtained from a subsample, selected onthe true device. They considered the problem the basis of the observable variable (Nathanof optimal allocation of sample sizes for triple and Holt, Journal of the Royal Statisticalsampling, which would minimize the cost of Soiety, Serle- "8 0 .- A I mulaion com-achieving a given variance of estimation of a son of the estimators and the ordinary leastbinomial parameter. The authors concluded that squares estimator was presented, based onunder many circumstances, either a single or expressions for their conditional biases anddouble sampling scheme could 'be used. The variances under the assumption of multivariateproblem of determining maximum likelihood normality of all the variables involved. Theestimates under various misclassification struc- results indicated that the two-stage estimator istures was also discussed. not. robust, while the other estimators are

The sequential analysis sessions concerned similar to each other in robustness. It was alsosequential selection and multiple comparisons, indicated that, in terms of mean square error,Bayesian and optimal sequential procedures, the sampling-theory-based estimators have littlesequential detection of change, sequential advantage over the ordinary least squarestesting, and bounded and truncated sequential estimator.

w procedures. Worthy of note was the presen- The participants had the opportunity totation "On the Reduction of Optimal Decision visit the Central Bureau of Statistics. Dr.Problems to Optimal Stopping Problems in Con- Moshe Sicron, government statistician and

* tinuous Time," by V. Mammitzsch and R. Rhiel scientific director of the bureau, presented an(Fachbereich Mathematik der Philipps- overview of Israel's national statistical system,Universitit, Morburg, Germany). For many which is concerned with statistical support forsequential-decision problems in continuous time, virtually all government activities in Israel.the problem- of finding an optimal sequential- Examples include sampling to provide infor-decision procedure can be reduced to an optimal mation about housing, maintenance of cost-stopping problem for a certain stochastic pro- of-living indices, and health-care-system sta-cess {Xt}. The authors used Martingale theory tistics. Development and maintenance of datato establish conditions under which the process bases in areas of Interest to the governmentto etabish ondtios uner hic theproess and research on statistical methods are alsohas continuity properties that yield the exis- ndere on t ai methodsare atence. of an optimal stopping time. They undertaken by the bureau. Sicron said thatshowd tat n sme ases fo exmpl, were there is close cooperation between the bureauv, showed that In some cases, for example, where and statisticians In Israeli universities.

*-. the terminal decision is based on observation ofa stochastic process such as a Gaussian process D.R. arrwith independent increments, an explicit repre-sentation of (Xt) can be given. The authors ONR London

indicated that explicit solutions of the optimalstopping problem can be found in variousspecial cases. SPACE

The sessions concerning analysis of sample SCIENCESsurvey data included papers on categorical dataanalyses, design effects for complex statistics, THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY AND THEanalyses based on time-related models, imputa- PROPOSED K-PLER MISSIONtion and analytical treatment of non-response,

* analyses for survey design strategies, the use European space programs are in increasingof auxiliary information in model-based analysis, measure determined by the European Spaceapplications of analytical techniques to sample Agency (ESA). ESA was formed in 1975 as ansurvey data, and design of analytical surveys, outgrowth of earlier cooperative space organiza-One of the papers in the analysis of sample tions and has 11 member nations. Its primarysurvey data sessions was "A Simulation Com- objective is to provide and to promote cooper-perlson of Estimators for a Regression Coef- ation among European nations in space re-ficlent under Differential Non-Response," by G. search, technology, and applications for exclu-Nathan (Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem). Nathan sively peaceful purposes. Not surprisingly,discussed the estimation of a regression coef- ESA Is a complex organization with regard tofklent in a linear regression when observations administrative structure, governing procedures,

. are missing due to nonrespons. He assumed operations, and budget (which approximatedthat response Is determined by a nonobservable $850 million in 1981). To fulfill Its mission,

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S ESA aims to elaborate and implement a long-term maintaining a viable planetary explorationEuropean space policy and a European space program has been to create a "Planetary-program, progressively "Europeanize" the Explorer Program.' The Explorer satelliteseparate space programs of the member states, program has operated continuously since theparticularly In regard to applications satellites, earliest days of the US space program andand elaborate and implement an industrial includes among its many successes .the discov-policy, ery of the Van Allen radiation belts. In es-

Many of ESA's scientific activities to date sence, the Explorer program provides forhave been in close cooperation with the United low-cost, highly focused satellite missionsStates through participation in NASA missions. designed to address rather specific scientificThe largest undertaking of this sort has been questions. By no means have Explorer missionsSpacelab, designed and developed by ESA at a been "poor-boy" or second-class efforts, butcost exceeding $1 billion, which Is scheduled their scope and cost are by design limited. Infor an early Shuttle launch. With the develop- addition to its scientific merit, the Explorerment and recent successes of Ariane, however, program has provided a continuity of effort forESA now has an independent launch capability many research groups, and this has beenwith impressive payload capacity even for deep crucial in actually maintaining the scientificspace exploration. The new launch capability is community involved. In many ways, the pro-a major step towards space parity and enables posed Kepler program fits the description of athe European conglomerate to conduct ''pure" Planetary-Explorer mission.ESA space missions with full independence of The Kepler mission would place a satellitethe US and USSR. Indeed, dissatisfaction in in Mars orbit, with the objectives of determin-the European sector regarding the reliability of ing or exploring the planet's magnetic field,international space program agreements may magnetic interaction with the solar wind, plasmaspur the occurrence of such "pure" mission environment, aeronomy, -meteorology, clima-activity. Or course, the ability to conduct an tology, topography, gravitational field, andindependent space program is also essentially 'interior structure.one of the declared aims of ESA. Mission objectives and planned experiments

Completed ESA space projects have been build upon previously obtained results on Marsbroadly based, imaginative, and of high qual- and address major questions or uncertaintiesity. Projects currently under development that have evolved. For example, the magneticinclude several novel missions that will refine field of Mars has been the subject of muchand advance our. knowledge in certain areas controversy and the polar regions have been(e.g., the position and structure of X-ray largely unexplored.sources and improvements in astrometry) or The satellite orbit would have a largeventure into totally new areas (e.g., the Giotto inclination with respect to the ecliptic to allowmission to Halley's Comet and the first out- for good viewing of the polar regions. Theof-the-ecliptic mission to explore the regions of orbital period would be set at 4.8 hours corre-space over the poles of the sun). sponding to five rotations per Earth day.

Planning efforts at ESA for prospective Periapsis would correspond to an altitude offuture space missions continue co build upon 130 km and apoapsis to- 3.1 Mars radiithe US program and to complement planned or (7,100 kin). The mission lifetime would be 1.1likely US initiatives. This is a sound approach Mars years (about 2 Earth years) allowing forthat will clearly serve to advance our collective complete coverage of planetary local time in thescientific knowledge most expeditiously. One course of the mission. The proposed mission-planning effort, which is Independent of any US launch date is 17 July 1988 with Mars encounterinitiative and is briefly described in the remain- on 9 January 1989. The next solar maximumder of this article, is the so-called Kepler will be in 1991, when the mission would end.mission to Mars. Kepler does not have the In transit to Mars, Kepler would monitor thestatus of an approved ESA mission and, indeed, solar wind.will have stiff competition from other quarters Kepler design features would use thebefore achieving that status. Kepler would be successful experience of the recent US Pio-a pure ESA mission requiring no more than neer-Venus mission. Thus, Kepler would be acurrent Ariane launch capabilities, low-cost planetary mission (,.$150-200 million),

* The Kqpler mission Is an engaging one for carrying 10 instruments with a total mass oftwo reasons: (1) It Is configured instru- 45 kg and 50 watts power. The planned trans-mentally and fiscally In a manner shown to be mission rate is 1 k bits/sec. The satellitesuccessful by NASA; (2) It gives high prior- would be spin stabilized with the spin axisity to planetary exploration and this. appears to oriented towards Earth with a pointing accuracybe contrary to the planning trend In the US of about ±0.150, all simple and easily achievedspace program. NASA's recent retreat in the design conditions.planetary exploration area was prompted bybudgetary problems-many of which related to R.L. CarovilZanothe Shuttle-and other factors still widelydiscussed In the scientific community. Oneapproach that many US space scientists have ONR Londonrecommended in the interest of economy and

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EUROPEAN X-RAY ASTRONOMY the black hole, in which the entire matter ofthe star is concentrated into a microscopically

The US Naval Research Laboratory (NP') small volume. There is evidence that at leastconducts collaborative work with organizatiorns one X-ray source, Cygnus X-1, may contain aIn various countries as part of its program of black hole. This state of matter may be rep-space sciences. Recently the author and Dr. resentative of coriditions in which the universeRaymond Cruddace of NRL visited three such originated.establishments in Europe: the Institute for In addition to the above objects, it hasExtraterrestrial Physics of the Max-Planck- been found that ordinary stars in our galaxyIrstitut (MPI) in Garching, FRG; the Mullard are much brighter in X-ray emissions than hadSpace Science Laboratory (MSSL) of University been expected, that shock wavei generated inCollege London; and the Physics Department of the interstellar medium by supernovae canthe University of Leicester, UK. This is a produce X-rays for thousands of years afterreport of the visits and a general discussion of the initial explosion, and that the object exist-the status of X-ray astronomy in Europe. ing at the very center of our galaxy is a

This year will mark the 20th anniversary source of X-rays. Indeed, almost every kindof the discovery, during a sounding rocket of astronomical object in the galaxy is now seenflight from the White Sands Missile Range in as an X-ray source at some level.New Mexico, of X-ray emission from beyond the Outside the galaxy, X-ray emission issolar system. The discovery was a result of observed from another diverse set of objectsdeliberate policy by the US Department of including normal galaxies and the gas thatDefense to support basic astronomical research occupies the space between individual galaxiesat high altitudes that had begun more than a in clusters of galaxies. Also, active galaxies,decade earlier using balloons, rockets, and Seyfert galaxies, and quasars are strongorbiting satellites. The X-ray-discovery flight sources of X-rays and make up much of whatwas carried out in 1962 by a group of scientists once was seen as a diffuse, uniform backgroundat American Science and Engineering, Inc., of X-rays.Cambridge, Massachusetts, under contract to Overall, the conditions that lead to X-raythe US Air Force. Pioneering work in the same emission, notably large regions of million-degreegeneral area had been carried out at NRL plasma, are a pervasive feature of the uni-(e.g., the discovery and study of X-ray emis- verse-existing around stars and at' the centerssion from the sun). of galaxies, in the region between the stars,

Additional exploratory work was carried and in the region between the galaxies. Fur-out under Navy and Air Force sponsorship in thermore, nature has found ways, not fullythe 1960s. Eventually the bulk of the activities understood, to store and release energy explo-were sponsored by NASA; however, even now sively in the form of X-rays in amounts thatX-ray astronomy is being conducted at NRL dwarf most other astronomical phenomena and onunder joint Navy and NASA sponsorship. time scales from seconds to months.

The basic discovery in X-ray astron'omy is The US space research X-ray effort has* that there are classes of objects and phenomena been concentrated in a number of satellite

in the universe, hitherto undiscovered, that experiments: Uhuru, SAS-3, HEAO-1, and theproduce X-rays in prodigious amounts. The recently completed EINSTEIN Observatoryfirst source observed, Scorpius X-1, is 104 Mission. The last-named comprised a largetimes more luminous than the sun, virtually all grazing incidence telescope for focusing X--ays,of the luminosity being in the form of X-rays. along with imaging and spectroscopic instru-By contrast, only one millionth of the sun's ments in the focal plane. This complement ofluminosity is at such wavelengths. Scorpius instruments yielded sensitivity improvements ofX-1 and other strong X-ray sources are now three orders of magnitude; it also producedknown to be double-star systems containing a astronomical pictures of a quality comparable tocollapsed star, neutron stars or white dwarfs, those normally achieved in visible light.and possibly black holes. In such stars, the A significant effort in X-ray astronomy hasmatter has been condensed to forms that are been emerging in Europe. The national spaceunobservable from earth. In a white dwarf, programs in the UK and Holland provided smallthe density is %,106 that of ordinary matter and satellites dedicated to X-ray astronomy (Ariel 5electrons are totally separated from their parent and 6, ANS). The European Space Agencyatoms. In a neutron star, the matter density is (ESA) will launch its first satellite dedicated toU1012 that of ordinary matter and both electrons X-ray astronomy (EXOSAT) late this year. Theand discrete atoms have disappeared, leaving FRG national program is centered on ROSAT,only a dense &as of neutrons. Neutron stars an X-ray telescope mission with imaging capabil-were first seen as the radio pulsars. ity comparable to that achieved on EINSTEIN.

Only the nuclear force is operating to ROSAT will also carry a pair of telescopes,* provide pressure balance in a neutron star. If supplied by the UK, that will operate in the

the pressure due to gravitational attraction soft X-ray range (50 to 200A). Other missionswere to Increase further (e.g., by addition of in the area of X-ray astronomy have beenmore mass to the star) the nuclear forces proposed to ESA and to the UK and FRG forbetween the neutrons would be exceeded and their national programs. National groups inthe object would collapse to yet another state, Denmark, France, Holland. and Italy also are

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involved in X-ray astronomy and in space geographic compactness- the institutions areastronomy generally. Although the European within a few hours drive of each other. It isprogram Is based principally on the Arlane as if most US space science (including NASA)launch vehicle, certain of the national missions were concentrated between Boston and Hartfordwill make use of the US Space Shuttle. in New England or between San Francisco and

The Europeans have a strong program in Monterey in California. As in Germany, the UKother space astronomy disciplines, including a space program has both a strong nationalmajor astrometry mission, HIPPARCHUS. They component and an important involvement In bothhave also benefitted substantially from being the European and US programs.able to participate in the US space science The research at MSSL, about 25 miles fromprogram. European instruments are flying as London, is directed by Prof. R.L.F. Boyd, onepart of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) and of the notable pioneers in the space sciences.the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and The scientific activities are concentrated on

• are planned for the Gamma Ray Observatory solar physics and X-ray astronomy in the soft(GRO) and the Space Telescope (ST). In X-ray regime. With the Lockheed Corporation,

* addition, individual experiments will be part of the laboratoey has responsibility for a highthe Spacelab program on the Shuttle. Euro- resolution X-ray spectrometer on NASA's Solarpeans often have been allowed to compete freely Maximum Mission. With the University of Lei-for opportunities on US satellites. cester, it will be providing the instrument to

MPI has a broad program of space sci- fly on the West German ROSAT mission, namelyences, including gamma-ray astronomy, infrared a grazing incidence telescope designed to oper-astronomy, and magnetospheric investigations In ate in the XUV range. As with other spaceaddition to its X-ray astronomy program. In science groups, Boyd and his people suffer

* the space of a few years, MPI has achieved the from the general decline in 'space opportunities.status of one of the important institutions in Thus, they expect more of their activities inthe world conducting space science, with signif- the future will be in applications and areicant sclentifid discoveries and technical ad- making an effort to develop devices for oceano-vances. The West German scientists appear to graphy.be trying to leapfrog their scientific competitors The space science activity at the Univer-by attempting to develop advanced instruments. sity of Leicester is centered in the PhysicsClearly this is a high-risk approach, but the Department. The effort is directed by Prof.scientific payoff would be substantial in those Kenneth Pounds and is principally In the areaareas where they were successful. For exam- of X-ray astronomy. With MSSL, the depart-pie, in the area of X-ray astronomy they are ment has had an important role in developing,concentrating on the development of large- hardware for ESA's EXOSAT mission and will beaperture, high-quality, X-ray optics. In a major participant -in its use. EXOSAT has anaddition, they are developing transmission interesting history. It was conceived as a highgratings for use at X-ray wavelengths that are ellipticity mission to observe lunar occultationsperhaps the best being produced In the world of discrete X-ray sources, as occultationstoday. In the area of gamma-ray astronomy, provide a powerful means of obtaining veryMPI scientists have pioneered in the develop- precise positions. Such one-dimensional mapsment of the Compton telescope, now scheduled of astronomical objects have been used in bothto fly on NASA's GRO mission. This device is radio and optical astronomy. However, only aacknowledged to provide the best angular limited number of objects can be examined inresolution (imaging) for gamma-rays In the MeV this way. Since originally conceived, therange. In infrared astronomy, the major thrust requirement for precise positions has been metis in the area of very high resolution spectro- by other techniques and the EXOSAT missionscopy using superheterodyne techniques and has evolved to allow for monitoring X-rayMichelson interferometers. Also in the infra- sources with a large-area detector and conduct-red, the Germans are pursuing a space mission Ing other source studies with a grazing incl-that would use a liquid-helium-cooled telescope dence telescope. One unique feature of the(German Infrared Laboratory, GIRL). mission Is that about 40 hours of continuous

The UK has been Involved in the space viewing of single objects would be availablesciences ever sirce the capability to carry because the high orbit limits earth occultation.payloads to high altitudes develpped in the On the other hand, the background radiation1950s. As in the US, interest stemmed from would be significantly higher for EXOSAT thanscientific activities begun before World War II is encountered in the low-altitude orbits normal-involving the .lonsphere and solar activity. The ly used In X-ray astronomy missions.groups at MSSL and the University of Leicester The major new initiative of the group athave major responsibility for space experimqnta- Leicester will be providing hardware for thetion in the UK. Important experimental activi- ROSAT mission. In addition, the group has aties arek also being carried out at Birmingham history of collaboration with US groups, e.g.,University, University College, London, the It Is currently working with X-ray astronomersAppleton Laboratories, and tt)e National Physical at MIT on a sounding rocket program.Laboratory. There is strong theoretical sup- The Europeans are pursuing the spaceport at Oxford and Cambridge universities. An sciences, especially X-ray astronomy, aggres-Important element in the UK program is sively. They recognize the high scientific

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return in the space sciences and the rewards of COMITE ARCTIQUE INTERNATIONAL AND THEhaving a strong program of X-ray astronomy. FRAM STRAIT PROJECTWith EXOSAT and ROSAT they have oppor-tunities not available to US scientists-the next The Comitb de Arctique International (CAI)major US mission, AXAF (an observatory class was founded in Monaco in 1979. It is a multi-facility using grazing incidence telescope), has disciplinary, non-governmental organization

* not been approved by Congress yet and prob- dedicated to increasing knowledge and under-ably could not fly until 1990 at the earliest, standing of the Arctic region. It is concernedThe European outlook can be summarized by the with promoting Arctic research and development

, following paragraph that appeared in the British activities in a manner similar to the Scientificjournal New Scientist (Nigal Henbest, 18 March Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR). The1982, p. 724): "Until the mid-1990's, the way CAI advises, supports, and reviews the activi-is clear for the Europeans to lead in X-ray ties and programs of other organizations having

, astronomy, and possibly in that period to build interests in the Arctic, and it sponsors re-up a lead which will be unassailable by the time search programs on its own.that another major X-ray observatory-American The CAI is currently administered by anor Japanese-is launched. After two decades of 8-member Executive Committee (including con-solid work, which in the public eye at least has troller and treasurer) and a 12-member Council.always seemed half a step behind their trans- The members come from Denmark, Iceland,atlantic colleagues, European X-ray astronomers France, Canada, United Kingdom, Federal

, are now emerging-just a little dazed-from the Republic of Germany, Japan, Greenland, Swe-American shadow into the sunshine of world den, *United States, and Monaco. The Councilleadership." meets semiannually; the Executive Committee

may meet more frequently.H. Gursky One function of the CAI is the sponsorship

of conferences. These have included "TheNRL Washington, DC Arctic Ocean-The Hydrographic Environment

and the Fate of Pollutants," held at the RoyalGeographic Society, London, in March 1980, and

NEW S & NOTES "The History and the Discovery of the ArcticRegions as seen through the Work of Carto-

MOD TO CHANGE ITS WAYS graphers from Early Antiquity to the 18thCentury," held within the Vatican State, Rome,

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) in Great in October 1981. On 22-24 September 1982, theBritain is the approximate equivalent of the US CAI will sponsor a conference in Oslo, NorwayDOD, but it also vests within itself the roles of on "Arctic Energy Resources; and in May/Junethe research offices and technology procurers 1984 it will sponsor a conference in Stockholm,of the US military services. Inflation, being a Sweden on "Medical Problems of Diving andrespecter of neither persons nor organizations, Underwater Operations in Arctic Areas."is striking hard at the MOD. In addition, The first. major research project to beproduct sophistication and versatility require- undertaken by the CAI will concentrate on thements are accounting for an additional 10% over Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard.and above inflation. A straight line extra- The project will include sea ice and heat budgetpolation of the MoD defense budget as a con- studies. Planning is well underway, but thestant percent of the expected gross tational time frame for the project has not yet beenproduct has been made by Lord Trenchard, fixed, pending negotiations for funding.Minister of State for defense procurement. In The CAI produces a newsletter. The first

l his projection, the Royal Navy will be down to issue was published in May 1982 and providedone frigate and the Royal Air Force down to a the Information given above. For furthersingle combat aircraft by the year 2000. details, readers should contact the secretariatClearly, changes are required. in Monaco: 16, Boulevard de Suisse, MC-98000

To combat the trend in the near term MoD Monte Carlo, Principality of Monaco.has instituted an eight-point plan directedtoward Improved planning and management. For LCDR R.W. Bookerthe longer term MoD seeks (1) greater indus-trial participation in funding to be balanced by ONR Londonexport sales, (2) a critical examination of theresearch program to ascertain that priorities arein accordance with MoD equipment policy, and ACOUSTICS AT GRENOBLE, FRANCE(3) greater specialization of R&D with consid-eration for reducing the spectrum of capabilities The Centre d'Etude des Phnombnes

U and concentration on a more limited range of Alatiore et G~physiques (CEPHAG) is one ofweapon technologies. (excerpted from Elec- four laboratories of the Ecole Nationale Super-tronics Weekly, No. 1124, 7/7/82) leure d'inginleurs Electriciens de Grenoble

(ENSIEG), itself a part of the Institut NationalH.S. Yoda Polytechhique de Grenoble (universit6). It is

at the Domaine Universitaire at Saint-Martin-ONR London d'Hdres, an "astern suburb of Grenoble.

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Prof. Jean-Louis Lacoume, the director of pipes and transmission through silencers areCEPHAG, has a staff of 24 research scientists just beginning. The most important facility is aand 10 engineers, technicians, and supporting room in which models of urban location on astaff. There are also several students for the scale of 1:100 or 1:200 are erected to predictDEA (Diplome d'Etudes Approfondbes), roughly the effect of new road construction and othercorresponding to the US master's degree. civil engineering projects on the acoustic en-Activities are primarily in signal processing vironment. It is equipped with a computer-with applications to underwater acoustics and controlled probe to sample the three-dimensionalgeophysics. sound field. The studies are usually solicited

* Dr. Genevibve Jourdain heads a group in the planning stages of specific projects;concerned with the characterization of the though I saw several detailed reports they domedium for underwater acoustic communication. not usually appear in the general scientificThe group is attempting to model transmission literature.between two points In the ocean In terms of alinear filter that operates on the transmitted G. L. VI18onsignal to form the signal that Is actually re-ceived. The filter model must.take Into account Pennsylvania State Universityfrequency dispersion in the medium at multipathtransmission and may vary with time. When thetransmission properties of the medium have been MICROPROCESSORS THAT CAN SMELL?adequately described, they hope to be able toprocess the received signal In such a way as to In a recent move Imperial College Londonimprove the accuracy of reproduction for a has transferred its experimental fermentationbinary-coded transmitted signal. The work is plant to a private company. The college is nowpartly theoretical and partly practical. They in the market for three new faculty members -collaborate directly with the Marine Laboratory one professor and two lecturers, all three to be

l at Le Bruse and also with the UK Admiralty paid by noncollegiate sources. One result willUnderwater Weapons Establishment (Drs. Westen be a Center for Biotechnology, of which Prof.and Pyelt) and with a Norwegian defense estab- Brian Hartley will be chairman. Thus thelishment. fermentation plant, which was not very useful

A second group, headed by Lacoume, is to the college, has been marketed and, inconcerned primarily with different signal- effect, tonverted to a new research center.

* processing and spectral-analysis schemes. Hartley foresees two lines of research forThey are concerned with both classical and the new center. One is the development ofparametric methods and adaptive processing of microorganisms that can digest wood and otherstationary and nonstationary signals. They materials and convert them Into useful chem-have developed a series of plug-in modules for icals. The other is the development of enzymehigh-speed modeling of different functions, electrodes or sensors so as to couple the activ-somewhat on the principle of an analog machine, ity of biochemical enzymes directly to a semi-but carried out numerically, with many bits for conductor device. Hartley says they may behigh accuracy. able to make microprocessors that can smell.

A third group is concerned with the (From Nature, 297, p. 618, 1962.)* physics of propagation in different media, in-

cluding the ionosphere and the magnetosphere F.A. Rlohardas well as in a marine environment.

Also on the campus is a regional estab- ONR Londonlishment of the Centre Scientifique et Techniquedu Batiment (CSTB). Under the direction ofMr. Robert Jasse, CSTB has about 50 people, FUNGUS FOOD FROM HIGH WYCOMBE, ENG-half in acoustics and half in the physics and UNDchemistry of construction materials, particularlywith regard to aging and fatigue. In psycho- One of the more promising micro-organismsacoustics they are studying the effect of noise is the A315, a Fusarium fungus that was origi-on people, particularly noise from two-wheeled nally found in the soil near High Wycomb,vehicles (mopeds), using a listening room England. When suitably grown on a feed stockoriginally set up in connection with the Con- such as wheat or potatoes, A3/S yields a con-corde program. A pair of separately Isolated sistent product of about 45% protein, 13% fat,but adjacent rooms is used for studying the and 22% dietary fiber. These levels resembletransmission of different wall constructions, those found in beef, and according to Johnthough flanking transmission Is still a problem. Elkington of Environmental Data Services, Ltd.,Another large room with a replaceable end wall London, UK, the material can be flavored toIs used for studying infrasound effects, for taste like chicken and veal and made intowhich a loudspeaker is used as a source from Imitation drumsticks and chops. A mixture of20 to 50 Hz; a large vibrating piston between 2 A3/5 and real fish also makes a satisfactory fishand 20 Hz, and below 2 Hz a large fan whose stick. The growth process is efficient: eachspeed Is controlled through an amplifier. kilogram of carbohydrate yields 1.08 kilogramsStudies on the transmission of noise In water of wet food product and 136 grams net of

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protein. A chicken fed on the same carbo- 77% of Japanese children have a higher IQ thanhydrate would yield only about 50 grams pro- the average American child.tein. Dissemination of these findings has already

Production of A3/5 has been developed inflamed many critics in Britain, and everypst the pilot plant stage and is now ready for cohort study cited by Lynn can be contested onscaling up. UK's Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM), some ground or other. The stock criticismswhich owns the patents, has used A315 In many against any mental testing have been reiteratedanimals and has also carried out volunteer trials in the British press. As computerized testingwith humans; the results with humans are gets cheaper and better, we can expect furtherencouraging, with only one minor negative research in this arena to be superior on tech-reaction reported in some 400 people. As nical and sampling grounds, but we should notElkington observes, useful microorganisms have expect the test scores themselves, or theirbeen found in strange places: the source of social meanings, to be free of controversy. Incephalosporium antibiotics (which are now any event, the alleged Japanese-Westernoutselling penicillin) originated in a sewer disparity will continue to engage the attentionoutfall in Italy, and recently it was found that of many analysts and educators.a bacterium from the hot springs of YellowstonePark could convert xylan (a sugar found in N.A. Bond, Jr.woody plants) into ethanol.

ONR LondonN.A. Bond, Jr.

ONR London SCRAMBLED CALVES

For perhaps the first time, calves have9• been produced that genetically have two fathers

JAPANESE AND AMERICAN IQ SCORES and two mothers. The experimental work wasdone by Steen Willadsen and Carol Fehilly at

Japan now has the highest "Wechsler IQ" the Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge,of any nation in the world. This conclusion UK. In the normal mammalian cloning pro-comes from Richard Lynn, of the New Univer- cedure, an embryo is removed from a cow orsity of Ulster, Londonderry, UK. Reporting in sheep and divided into pieces; these pieces,Nature, Lynn compared the results from a when inserted into the uterus of a host mother,sample of 1,100 Japanese children (100 at each eventually result in genetically Identical ani-age level 6-16) with American score norms on mals. The novelty in the recent Cambridgethe Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children demonstration was the employment of two pairs(WISC). The obtained Japanese mean is now of parents during early embryonic fusion. Thisabout 111, compared to American mean norms innovation was achieved as follows:slightly above 100. Furthermore, there arerather consistent Japanese superiorities across (1) A Frisian cow and a Herefordmany cohorts; when Lynn plotted test results cow were artiflealy inseminatedover the past six decades, although various with semen from a bull of thesamples of Japanese have always tended to show same breed.slightly higher scores than Americans over theyears, the results showed that the disparity is (2) The two embryos were removedapparently increasing. The Japanese testees from the cows after a few cell

S born before 1946 scored only a few points divisions, when they consisted ofhigher than their American counterparts, while 20 to 30 cells.those born since 1946 tended to show a greatersuperiority, which is now on the order of 10 (3) Each embryo was divided intopoints, four parts. These parts were

A simple-minded look at Lynn's numbers put together in a culture, whereindicates that Japan has raised Its child lQs by they fused to form four mixed

1P seven points over the last generation. As this embryos.increase is measurable among 6-year-olds, It Isprobably not due directly to the educational (4) The four mixed embryos weresystem, but to such factors as nutrition and implanted, in pairs, into twohome "early achievement pressure" on Japanese host cows.children.

If the criterion of "giftedness" is set at a Four calves were born; one was pure Frisian,W WISC 10 of 130, then nearly 10% of Japanese one was pure Hereford, and the other two

children would qualify, compared to about 2% of calves contained cells from all four parents.American or West German children. Another The two "chimerical" calves provide a mostway Lynn puts It Is that, assuming data ade- interesting genetic outcome. They are notquacy and taking populations as a whole, about crosses, in which there are combined some

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genes from both breeds in every cell of their What! No fracture mechanics for fun? Nobodies; instead, every cell in their bodies is playing with polymer chemistry? Vo lazyingeither pure Frisian or pure Hereford# Ac- with lasers? No statistics for starters?cording to the investigators, some of the mostobvious gross manifestations are In the skin, F.A. Riohardewhere tiny patches of Frislan and Hereforddistinctive color may be observed. ONR London

Quintuplet lamb clones also have beenproduced In the Cambridge laboratory. Theexperiments may lead to the successful growing MATERIAL SCIENCES MEETING FOR THEof finer embryonic fragments; with present RETIREMENT OF PROFESSOR NJ. PT ,methods, division into more than four viable FRS, UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE,fragments is extremely difficult. GLASGOW

N.A. Bond, J,. A meeting on "The Yield, Flow and Frac-ture of Polycrystals" is to be held at the Uni-

ONR London verslty of Strthclyde, 15-16 September, 1982,in honor of Professor N.J. Petch, FRS, who isretiring from the Chair of Metallurgy. The

FINDING WATER LEAKS IN NEW CARS Chair was founded in 1686 and was held pre-viously by such equally outstanding persons as

A watertight way of detecting leaks in new Professors C.H. Desch and J.H. Andrew. Thecars means that dashboard drips and soggy meeting has been organized by Dr. T.N.carpets should become things of the past in new Baker, Department of Metallurgy, University ofBritish Leyland (BL) cars. Strathclyde. telephone (Glasgow) 041-552-4400.

Robot "sniffers" have been introduced on The indications are that the meeting has beenthe assembly line at BL's Cowley, Oxford, UK, arranged in a relatively quiet manner so as to

* plant to spot potential water leaks. They will keep the audience small and informal; atten-take the place of water spray tests, which BL dance is nearly fully booked. The intent is tohas used in common with other car manufac- publish the proceedings.turers. A tentative description of the meeting is as

The new system involves forcing a mixture follows:of air and helium gas into the car as it nears 15 September -the end of the production line. Robots with Session I: Yield and Flow in Polycrystls;sensitive sniffers then scrutinize each seam, Chairman, Professor J. Nutting., Universitydoor and window seal to find out whether any of Leeds.of the gas mixture is escaping. R.W. Armstrong, ONR London - the

A leak is identified on a computer print- yield and flow stress dependence onout for each car showing where rectification grain size.work* -Is necessary. Hand-held sniffers then N.J. Petch and E. do los Rios, Univer-check that the work has. been effective. sity of Strathclyde - the deformation

behavior of aluminum.J. Gurland, Brown University - the

plastic flow of two-phase alloys withDOLPHIN SUMMER CAMPS-LET YOUR KIDS MIX coarse microstructures.ROBOTICS AND SAILING! J.W. Hancock, University of Glasgow -

the strength properties of porous* A flyer for Dolphin Summer Camps at materials.

Sevenoaks and Mill Hill,. UK, has come to ONRLondon. For young people age 11 through 17, Session I1: Fracture of Polycrystallineprograms in fencing, photography, robotics, Materials;computing, riding, sailing "and many others" Chairmen, Professor D. Hull, University ofcan be combined to form a unique holiday. The Liverpool, and R.W. Armstrong.campers will be given an opportunity to J.F. Knott, University of Cambridge -

: - "unwind the mysteries. of film and video, and microstructural aspects of fracturingdiscover more about robots and computers..." processes.They can pick and mix the ideal program, "in J. Congleton, University of Newcastleany one day you could find yourself arguing Upon Tyne - crack branching duringwith a robot, directing your own video or the fracturing of alumina.

r animated film, or taking advantage of coaching Sir A.H. Cottrell, FRS, University of- in a wide range of sporting and outdoor activi- Cambridge - perspectives on the* ties." nature and importance of fracturing

All places at the camps have been sub- processes..sidized by government and Industry.. Get to E. Smith, University of Manchesterknow the world of high technology at the Institute of Science and Technology-remarkably low price of k70 (or $120) a weekl strain localization at the crack tip.

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" 16 September - solve problems in sequential analysis. ReveszSession Ill: Applications of the Hall-Petch talked on the approximation of local time ofand CottrelI-Petch Relationships; Chair- Brownian motion and of partial sums of inde-men, Professor G.W. Greenwood, Univer- pendent. identically distributed random vari-sity of Sheffield, and Professor K.H. ables. Related results were discussed by E.Jack, FRS, University of Newcastle Upon Csaki and A. F61des (Mathematics Inst., Hun-Tyne. garian Academy of Sciences). The remarks of

T. Gladman, British Steel Corporation, Revesz and other speakers emphasized theSwinden Laboratories, and F.B. remarkable influence and power of the result onPickering. Polytechnic of Sheffield - strong approximation of partial sums of Inde-role of grain size in determining the pendent. identically distributed random vari-properties of steel. ables (with appropriate moments) by Brownian

W.B. Morrison and R.C. Cochrane, motion due to Komlos, Major and TusnadyBritish Steel Corporation, Teeside (1975).Laboratories, and B. Mintz, City In a session on curve estimation, theUniversity of London - development of author discussed smoothing spline estimates oflow alloy, ferrite-pearlite steels, regression functions. B. Silverman (UK) talked

R.R. Preston, British Steel Corporation, about his modification of the Good-GaskinsTeeside Laboratories - effect of penalized likelihood estimates of density func-pearllte in structural steels. tions; rates of convergence and expected mean

J.H. Woodhead, University of Sheffield - square rate of error are estimated. M. Cs6rg6determination of the Hall-Petch con- (Canada) spoke about the total time on test in astants. nonparametric setting of a reliability question.

T.N. Baker, University of Strathclyde - A.V. Skorohod (USSR) discussed stochasticmicrostructural features relating to equations of complicated (possibly infinitethe Hall-Petch friction stress. dimensional) systems.

Discussion: There was a session on probabilistic prob-J.M. Gray and F. Heisterkamp, Niobium lems motivated in part by questions in statis-

Products Limited. tical physics. P. Breuer (Hungary) describedA.M. Sage, Highveld (Steel and Vana- his work in collaboration with P. Major on

dium Corporation Limited). central limit theorems for non-linear functionsof Gaussian fields. D. Szasz discussed re-

Session IV: Flow and Grain Size Depen- search on local limit theorems for random walksdance of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys; with Internal states (i.e., random walks in aChairman, Professor N.J. Petch. random environment).

N. Hansen, Risd National Laboratory, C. Cu~rg6 (Hungary) gave an interestingDenmark - Hall-Petch analysis for talk on empirical characteristic functions andnon-ferrous systems. some of their applications, e.g., to problems of

J.D. Embury and H. Chandra-Holm, statistical estimation. P. Deheuvels (France)McMaster University - development of discussed a strong approximation result forsubstructure In aluminum and alumi- extreme values using in part the result ofnum alloys. Komlos, Major and Tusnaday. W. Phillips (US)

presented material on the approximation ofR.V. Armetrong partial sums of Banach space valued random

variables in the stationary strong mixing caseONR London by corresponding Gaussian partial sums.

The meeting provided a valuable forum anda congenial environment in which researchers

CONFERENCE ON LIMIT THEOREMS IN PROB- from the East and West could meet and discussABILITY AND STATISTICS topics of mutual Interest.

One should also remark that there was aThe above conference was held at Vesz- minute of silence In memory of J. Blum of the

pren, Hungary, from 20 to 26 June 1982. US, who expected to attend this meeting, butApproximately 120 people from the US, UK, died about a month ago.FRG, France, and Holland and also from theUSSR, Poland, East Germany, and Czecho- N. Roenbtattslovakla attended, with the greatest numberfrom Hungary, the host country. University of California

The welcoming address was given by P.

Revesz, who has been responsible for theorganization of the meetings In the past. J. THE FIRST ARCTIC MODELING MEETINGDurbin (UK) gave the opening lecture onapproximations for boundary crossing prob- A meeting was held at the Department ofabilities for Gaussian processes. The ap- Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics,proxlmatlons are applied to obtain percentiles University of Cambridge (UK), 21-23 June 1932,

* for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics when to bring together modelers and observationalistsparameters are estimated and are also used to concerned with the physical environment of the

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ESN 36-7 (1982)

Arctic basin and its margins. Twenty-eight V. Squirescientists representing the U.S., Canada, UK, (Polar, Cambridge) Modeling of e floeNorway. Sweden, Denmark, and France at- motions due to ooeantended. The discussion of models Included waves.general and shelf circulation on various scales,ice growth and melt. upwelling, and frontal A. Semtnersystems. The observational talks tended to (NCAR) Modeling the wateremphasize variability and other factors that masses of the ArcticInfluence the design and corroboration of mod- Ocean and their relation

Modeling of Arctic processes is in its earlystages, except for sea ice, which has attained a J. -C Gascardrelatively high degree ,of sophistication. Sev- (L d'HN, Paris) Deep convection problemseral approaches were discussed, ranging from in general circulationsimple to complex knowledge of the environment models.and considerable discussion was held on models,physical processes, and field programs. It was D. Rothrocknoted that parameterization schemes need to be (AIDJEX. Seattle) Ice motion and atmo-developed and tested for the Arctic region, spheric pressure--basic

The meeting was sponsored by the Sclen- data for studying air-tific Commission for Ocean Research (SCOR) sea-ice interactions.Working Group 58 and the Comitd ArctiqueInternational. It was timely In that two large B. RudelsArctic field programs are being planned for the (Bergen) Some implications of thenear future: MIZEX and the Fram Strait Pro- YMER observations atject. Similar meetings may be scheduled in the 790N.future on a biannual basis.

L. LewisAttendees and subjects: (FSRG, Sidney) Observations north of

Spltsbergen., 1981.P.D. Killworth(DAMTP, Cambridge) A flawed model of the P. Wadhams

Arctic pycnocline. (Scott Polar,W.D. Hibler Cambridge) Statistical properties of(USA Cold Region sea ice thickness distri-Res.) On modeling seasonal and bution.

interannual fluctuationsof Arctic Sea ice. E.C. Carmack

(CCIN, Vancouver) Discussion of modelingJ.J. O'Brien problems in the Arctic.(Tallahassee) Long-term plans for

modeling the marginal icezone and adjacent ocean. WwDR R.N. Booker

L.P. Roed ON R London(Inst. for Geofysikk,Oslo) Ice-edge upweling.

W K. Hunkins DR. ARMSTRONG APPOINTED VISITING(Lamont-Doherty) The polar front in Frm PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE

Strait observed byhelicopter CTD surveys Dr. Ronald W. Armstrong, who recentlyin the springtime. arrived at ONR London as a Liaison Scientist in

Materials, has been appointed Visiting Professor* T. Vinje in the Department of Metallurgy. University of

(Norsk Polar- Strathclyde. The appointment extend* until 30Inutltutt, Oslo) Special features in the September 1985, well beyond his expected tour

Fram Strait area of in ONR London.importance to modelers. The appointment of Professor Armstrong

indicates his recognition in the field of metal-R. Bourke lurgy and will enhance his value to the Navy as(Naval Postgraduate a liaion scientist.School, Monterey) Early winter observations Dr. Armstrong is on leave from the

of the polar front. University of Maryland.

P.A. Rchards

OWR London171

ESN 36-7 (1982)

ONRL STAFF CHANGES 4th Europhysical Topical Conference onLattice Defects in Ionic Crystals. Dublin.

iIn the past month we welcomed aboard Ireland, 30 August - 3 September 1982.liaison scientists Dr. David Mosher, Dr. Vivian 2nd International Workshop on "Ion Forma-Stannett, and Mr. Max N. Yoder. Dr. Moshor tion from Organic Solids I1," Munster, Ger-is a physicist from the Naval Research Labo- many, 7-10 September 1982.ratory, Washington, DC; Dr. Stannett Is a 4th International Symposium on Gas Flowchemist from North Carolina State University, and Chemical Lasers, Stresa, Italy, 13-17Raleigh; and Mr. Yoder is a physicist from the September 1982.Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia. 14th Europhysics Conference on Macro-

molecular Physics, "Polymer Crystals: Struc-ture 8 Morphology," Vilafranca del Penedes,Spain, 21-24 September 1982.

OBITUARY

* Dr. Edward I. Salkovitz, Director of ResearchPrograms, ONR Arlington, died on 24 June.Condolences are extended to his wife, Suzanneand to their children, Daniel, Judith, and Lisa.Dr. Salkovitz had a long association with theNavy, beginning with his appointment to theMetallurgy Divison of the Naval Research Labo-ratory in 1942. In 1959 he received the NavyMeritorious Civilian Service Award. He wasScientific Director of ONR London during1970-1972. In 1982 he received the WashingtonChapter of the American Society of MetalsGeorge Kimball Burgess Memorial Award foroutstanding contributions to the field of metal-lurgy. Among the articles he wrote for ESNwas "The Death of a Pioneer" (ESN 25-7:237119711 for Professor E.N. da C. Andrade, FRS,whose work in Materials Science Ed Salkovitzadmired. There will be many friends andreaders of ESN who will feel the same wayabout Ed.

R. N. ArintzongF.A, RichardsONR London

ONR COSPONSORED CONFERENCES

ONR London can nominate tworegistration-free participants Inthe conferences it supports.Readers who are interested in suchparticipation should contact theChief Scientist, ONR London, assoon as possible.

NATO ASI on Numerical Taxonomy, BadWindsheim, FRG, 4-16 July 1982.

1st Biennial National Atomic SpectroscopySymposium, Sheffield, UK, 13-15 July 1982.

International Conference on PracticalBayesian Statistics, Cambridge, UK, 21-24 July1982.

lXth IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry,Univ. of Pau, France, 25-31 July 1982.

Xl International Symposium on MathematicalProgramming, Bonn, FRG, 23-27 August 1982.

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EUROPEAN VISITORS TO THE US SUPPORTED BY ONR LONDON

Visitor Affiliation Navy Lab.Org. to be• Visited

Dr. L. Bengtsson ECMWF, Reading. Berks NEPRF, Monterey(June or July)

Dr. J. Cousins Propellants, Explosives, and NWC, China Lake,Rocket Motor Establishment. (1 July 1982)Westcott, Aylesbury, UK US Navy Consultant,

Inst. of Technology.Pasadena, CA,(28 June 1982)

Dr. Alon Gany Technion, Haifa, Israel NWC, China Lake(15 September 1982)NPS, Monterey(17 September 1982)

Prof. N.S. Kopelka Ben-Gurlon Univ. of the NOSC, San DiegoNegev, Israel (August 1982)

Prof. Dr. E.J. Neuhold Institut for Infomatik, ONR (19 July 1982)Univ. of Stuttgart NSWC, White Oak

(20 July 1982)NSWC, Dahlgren(21 July 1982)

Dr. W.J. Stronge Univ. Engn. Dept., NRLCambridge, UK NWC, China Lake

NPS, Monterey(Late June or earlyJuly)

Dr. Eli Turkel School of Math. Science, NEPRF, MontereyTel Aviv Univ., Israel (19-22 July 1982)

- IONL REPORTS

* R-1 -62 Area Report: Antenna and Progagation Related Work In Europe and Israel,* by T. C. Cheston.

This is a report of visits made by the author to universities, industrialand other technical establishments while serving as a liaison scientist at ONRLondon from October 1979 to October 1981. The report begins by high-lighting the most important topics, then goes on to describe research inFrance, Israel, Italy, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Turkey, West Germany,and Yugoslavia. A previous report covered activities in Denmark, Norwayand Sweden.

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