Limited Forensic Assessability of Soft Tissue Injuries. Contrastive
Acute Soft Tissue Injuries - University of...
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Acute Soft Tissue Injuries
Classic Soft-Tissue Injury
Response Sequence: inflammatory phase proliferative phase maturation phase
Inflammation
pathologic process consistingof dynamic complex ofcytologic & histologic reactionsthat occur in affected bloodvessels & adjacent tissues inresponse to an injury …
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Classic Injury & Healing Phases
inflammatory phaseis critical period(2hrs – 6 days)
first 72 hoursimportant
poor managementmay lead to long termadverse sequelae
InInflammation, Proliferation & Remodeling
InBleeding
InInflammation
InProliferation
InRemodeling
InHours Days Weeks Months
Classic Acute Management
Relative rest Ice Compression Elevation
Avoid H.A.R.M
HeatAlcoholRunMassage
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Classic S&S of Inflammation
Pain Swelling Redness Heat Dysfunction
Soft-Tissue Injury & HealingPlatelets
Fibrin meshwork
NeutrophilsMacrophages
LymphocytesFibroblasts
Collagen depositionAngiogenesisCollagen remodeling
Scar maturationProl
ifera
tion
Mat
urat
ion
Vas
cula
rR
espo
nse
Capillary dilation
Infla
mm
atio
n
Inflammatory Phase
Accumulation of clotting blood,serum fluid & necrotic tissue
Migration of cells to area: Erythrocytes Leukocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes & Macrophages Fibroblasts towards end
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Cellular Activities
Neutrophils (A)Macrophages (B)
Fibroblasts (D)
Lymphocytes (C)
Time Post-InjuryHrs Days Wks MthsR
elat
ive
Cel
l Num
bers
InflammationProliferation
Maturation A
B
C
D
Inflammatory Phase Vascular Changes
Vasodilatation mediatedinitially by histamine
Continued by serotonin,prostaglandin, bradykinin
Increased capillarypermeability by bradykinin
Proliferation of capillaryendothelial buds Prepatellar Bursitis
Inflammatory Phase
Oedema & increasedwater content
Collagen Increased content Increased turn over Type 3 > Type I Increased GAG &
DNA Olecranon Bursitis
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Proliferation & Remodeling PhasesProliferationAngiogenesisFibroblasts: collagen; ECM -glycoprotiens, glycosaminoglycans,proteoglycans, elastin, fibronectinprogressive fibroblast apoptosis
Maturation & Remodelingtype III collagen degradedreplaced by type I collagendisorganized fibers rearranged,cross-linked aligned (tension lines)
Classic S&S of Inflammation
Pain Swelling Redness Heat Dysfunction
Redness & Warmth
Chemical release Histamine Substance P
Vasodilation Increased blood supply Within several hours
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Pain
Trauma Cell hypoxia Chemical release
Bradykinin Prostaglandin Histamine
Pressure on nerve endings
Role of CNS in Pain & Injury
Swelling Bleeding
minimal, rarely arterial distorts tissue and clots
Chemical release serotonin, leukotrienes,
histamine, prostaglandin increase cell membrane
permeability Osmotic gradient
high concentration of extra-cellular protein draws fluidinto extracellular space andincreases oedema
Lymphatic stasis blocked by thick exudate
Acute swelling(within 2hrs – 4 ds)
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Clinical Aspects of Inflammation Characterised by
fluctuating swelling functional limitation
Management reduce local tissue temp / reduce pain limit / reduce inflammatory exudate reduce metabolic demands of tissue protect from further injury protect newly-formed fibrin bonds promote collagen fibre growth &
realignment Maintain CV / MSK fitness
Classic Soft-Tissue Injury Management
Rest, Ice, Compression,Elevation
Excludesevere pain, immediate/profuseswelling, deformity, extremeloss of function, unusual/falsemotion, noises at injury site
AcronymsRICER / ICERICE / PRICER
R.E.C.I.P.E
Relative RestElevationCompression IcePain Limited
Exercise
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Relative RestClinical Objectives protect / prevent further
injury(strength loss 4-6 days)
reduce pain balance immobilisation to
maintain anatomicalalignment of injuredstructures with mobilisationto reduce atrophy effects
Early Mobilisation vs Immobilization
Soft-Tissue Hysteresis & Creep
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Elevation (Justifications) reduce capillary pressure assist lymphatic drainage
prevent accumulation /assists dispersal ofinflammatory exudate
reduce tissue pressure /pain (when due toincreased pressure)
intra-arterial pressurereduced
elevation alone effective inreducing oedema
Elevation:Guidelines / Contraindications
compression should beremoved when limb elevated
caution with acutecompartment syndrome
rebound phenomenon(dependent limb positionfollowing elevation)
Compression (Justifications)♣ increase hydrostatic pressure of
interstitial fluid: ⇒ counteracts osmolarity drive⇒ facilitates lymphatic & venousdrainage⇒ prevent accumulation ofoedema / assists in dispersal
♣ inhibit seepage, disperse fluid♣ Airaksinen et al (‘90) – RCT @
1wk & 4wk compression grouphad less oedema / pain, increasedROM / improved function
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CompressionGuidelines / Contraindications
distal to proximal applied in spiral fashion check for diminished circulation acute compartment syndrome too much pressure counterproductive
Ice (Justifications) inexpensive & widely used
therapeutic modality decrease pain decrease metabolism decrease swelling decrease muscle spasm decrease circulation effects on inflammatory
process
Ice & Sport Participation
pain reduction aftercooling 10-15deg
reduce motor/sensorynerve conduction
decrease blood flow decrease local blood flow decrease soft-tissue blood
flow
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Ice Precautions skin health / diseases
diabeteschronic corticosteroid usePVD
prior adverse reactions cold averse
Raynaud’s phenomenon blue/white (cold) extremities
pain / excess cold on application
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Ice Guidelines not overly cold 20-25°C not 5-15 duration
until numb <15minutes re-apply
sensation / temp normal remove
excessive pain in first min’sto avoid skin burn
don’t apply to fractures,open wounds (infection),dislocations
Pain Limited Exercise facilitate lymphatic / venous
drainage assist phagocytosis⇒ reduce swelling
increase deep blood supply⇒ assist regeneration
facilitate appropriate architectureof collagen bundle⇒ functional healing scar tissue
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Flexibility StrengthProprioception
EnduranceMotor Re-Learning
Pyramid of Recovery
Return toParticipation
Inflammation or Degeneration inSports Injuries?
-itis: Inflammation e.g., tendinitis “acute”-osis: degeneration (diseased) e.g., tendinosis “chronic”
Nor
mal
Te
ndon
Deg
ener
ativ
eTe
ndon