1.EXAMINATION OFEXAMINATION OF THE ABDOMENTHE ABDOMEN Dr.Sreejoy PatnaikDr.Sreejoy Patnaik

2. ACUTE ABDOMENACUTE ABDOMEN One of the most common causes for hospitalizationOne of the most common causes for hospitalization Meaning = acute abdominal symptoms which leadMeaning = acute abdominal symptoms which lead patients to ER , excluding obvious abdominalpatients to ER , excluding obvious abdominal injuriesinjuries May or may not require immediate operationsMay or may not require immediate operations 3. Acute Abdomen ObjectivesAcute Abdomen Objectives Definition of acute abdomen.Definition of acute abdomen. To be able to distinguish between a medical orTo be able to distinguish between a medical or surgical abdomensurgical abdomen To be able to obtain a history to facilitate theTo be able to obtain a history to facilitate the diagnosis:diagnosis: Immediate Management of Life threateningImmediate Management of Life threatening problems: perform a brief examination, identifyproblems: perform a brief examination, identify candidates for urgent surgery.candidates for urgent surgery. Further evaluation of patient with acute abdominalFurther evaluation of patient with acute abdominal pain: H & P / lab. INV./ X-Rays/ special studies.pain: H & P / lab. INV./ X-Rays/ special studies. 4. Acute Abdomen objectivesAcute Abdomen objectives Identify and describe the common localized abdominalIdentify and describe the common localized abdominal massesmasses - umbilical hernia, incisional hernia, epigastric hernia,- umbilical hernia, incisional hernia, epigastric hernia, diastases recti, and lipoma.diastases recti, and lipoma. Describe normal and abnormal-Describe normal and abnormal- - Bowel sounds ( exaggerated)- Bowel sounds ( exaggerated) - Bruits, Venous hum, Friction rubs- Bruits, Venous hum, Friction rubs 5. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen objectivesobjectives Identify the areas commonly auscultated forIdentify the areas commonly auscultated for BRUITS. i.e., renal artery stenosisBRUITS. i.e., renal artery stenosis Describe the significance of the abdomen in ALLDescribe the significance of the abdomen in ALL FOUR QUADRANTSFOUR QUADRANTS Describe the common abnormalities that can causeDescribe the common abnormalities that can cause IRREGULAR PERCUSSION NOTES of theIRREGULAR PERCUSSION NOTES of the abdomenabdomen -ovarian tumor, pregnant uterus or GI obstruction-ovarian tumor, pregnant uterus or GI obstruction 6. Acute Abdomen objectivesAcute Abdomen objectives Define and describe the changes associated with lightDefine and describe the changes associated with light and deep palpationand deep palpation To assess any degree of tenderness, i.e. reboundTo assess any degree of tenderness, i.e. rebound tenderness, guardingtenderness, guarding =peritoneal irritation or distended viscous.=peritoneal irritation or distended viscous. 7. Acute abdomenAcute abdomen objectivesobjectives Recognize and perform the special techniques inRecognize and perform the special techniques in examining the abdomen for specific findings:examining the abdomen for specific findings: (1) rebound tenderness(1) rebound tenderness (2) shifting dullness in ascites(2) shifting dullness in ascites (3) Fluid wave in ascites(3) Fluid wave in ascites (4) hooking technique for palpating the liver(4) hooking technique for palpating the liver (5) Murphy's sign for acute cholecystitis(5) Murphy's sign for acute cholecystitis (6) ballottement(6) ballottement (7) the techniques of assessing possible appendicitis(7) the techniques of assessing possible appendicitis 8. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Differential Dx. of Acute Abdominal Pain -Differential Dx. of Acute Abdominal Pain - Anatomic correlation of abdominal painAnatomic correlation of abdominal pain Types of abdominal painTypes of abdominal pain Causes of abdominal pain by quadrantsCauses of abdominal pain by quadrants Parietal pain, visceral pain and referred pain.Parietal pain, visceral pain and referred pain. 9. What does the pain feel likeWhat does the pain feel like ?? Sharp Pain : Biliary ColicSharp Pain : Biliary Colic Tearing Pain : Aortic DissectionTearing Pain : Aortic Dissection PainPain Penetrating Pain : PancreatitisPenetrating Pain : Pancreatitis 10. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen H&P: Obtain a complete HxH&P: Obtain a complete Hx Vital signs Vital signs Blood pressure ( standing or sitting position)Blood pressure ( standing or sitting position) Pulse & asses peripheral perfusionPulse & asses peripheral perfusion AlertnessAlertness Temperature of skin and extremitiesTemperature of skin and extremities Immediate management of life threateningImmediate management of life threatening Problems: bleeding, shock, hypotensionProblems: bleeding, shock, hypotension 11. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Location of Problem: Chest, abdomen (upper,Location of Problem: Chest, abdomen (upper, middle, lower/ sides)middle, lower/ sides) Time of Onset: Date, time?Time of Onset: Date, time? Type of Onset: How: Sudden? Gradual?Type of Onset: How: Sudden? Gradual? Original Source: Triggers, what were youOriginal Source: Triggers, what were you doing? (setting at time of occurrence)doing? (setting at time of occurrence) Severity: Interfere with ADLS? (Activity ofSeverity: Interfere with ADLS? (Activity of daily living)daily living) Time Relationship: How often, when?Time Relationship: How often, when? Duration: How long an episode?Duration: How long an episode? 12. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Course: Getting better, worse?Course: Getting better, worse? Association: Any other manifestation?Association: Any other manifestation? Source of Relief: Changes inSource of Relief: Changes in medication, diet? What makes itmedication, diet? What makes it better?better? Source of Aggravation: What makes itSource of Aggravation: What makes it worse?worse? Relevant Data & Pertinent NegativesRelevant Data & Pertinent Negatives 13. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Gynecological Hx for females: last menstrualGynecological Hx for females: last menstrual period, pregnancies, STDs.period, pregnancies, STDs. Associated symptoms: nausea, anorexia,Associated symptoms: nausea, anorexia, vomiting, change in bowel habits.vomiting, change in bowel habits. 14. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Dyspnea, SOB, pain, wheezing, crackles, orthopnea,Dyspnea, SOB, pain, wheezing, crackles, orthopnea, (?) Pillows, cough, sputum, emphysema, bronchitis,(?) Pillows, cough, sputum, emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, URL, chest x-rayasthma, URL, chest x-ray Changes in:Changes in: appetite, weight, N/V. abdominal pain, (?) Diet,appetite, weight, N/V. abdominal pain, (?) Diet, digestion, tastes, bowel habits/ stool.digestion, tastes, bowel habits/ stool. Urine: color, polyuria, oliguria, nocturia, dysuria,Urine: color, polyuria, oliguria, nocturia, dysuria, frequency, urgency, stonesfrequency, urgency, stones 15. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Mental statusMental status Abdominal examination (gently) looking for signs ofAbdominal examination (gently) looking for signs of acute abdomen.acute abdomen. Identify and describe the common localizedIdentify and describe the common localized abdominal massesabdominal masses Pelvic(gynecological) exam for females and rectalPelvic(gynecological) exam for females and rectal exam for both male and femaleexam for both male and female (gross blood, asses sphincter tone, and any other(gross blood, asses sphincter tone, and any other evidence of trauma).evidence of trauma). Check for blood in stools: UC, diverticular ds orCheck for blood in stools: UC, diverticular ds or diverticulitis, haemorroidsdiverticulitis, haemorroids 16. PARTS OF THE GUTPARTS OF THE GUT Stomach to 2ndpart of duodenum, includingStomach to 2ndpart of duodenum, including liver, biliary trees, pancreas, and spleen areliver, biliary trees, pancreas, and spleen are derived from FOREGUTderived from FOREGUT 33rdrd and 4thpart of duodenum, jejunum, ileum,and 4thpart of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, appendix, ascending colon to proximal 2/3 ofappendix, ascending colon to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon are derived from MIDGUTtransverse colon are derived from MIDGUT Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canalDistal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above dentate line are derived fromabove dentate line are derived from HINDGUTHINDGUT 17. Pathophysiology of Abdominal painPathophysiology of Abdominal pain Visceral pain from organs derived from FOREGUTVisceral pain from organs derived from FOREGUT and MIDGUT is at midline and above or around theand MIDGUT is at midline and above or around the umbilicus.umbilicus. Visceral pain from organs derived from HINDGUT isVisceral pain from organs derived from HINDGUT is at midline and below the umbilicusat midline and below the umbilicus.. 18. ANATOMIC ESSENTIALSANATOMIC ESSENTIALS Abdominal pain isAbdominal pain is typically derived fromtypically derived from one or more threeone or more three distinct pain pathwaysdistinct pain pathways 1. Visceral,1. Visceral, 2.Parietal (Somatic )2.Parietal (Somatic ) 3.Referred3.Referred 19. Peritoneum innervationsPeritoneum innervations VISCERAL PATHWAYVISCERAL PATHWAY Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerveSympathetic and parasympathetic nerve innervations(C fibers)innervations(C fibers) CharacterCharacter -dull or cramping pain-dull or cramping pain -insidious-insidious -sensitive to distension, ischemia, squeezing,-sensitive to distension, ischemia, squeezing, torsiontorsion -insensitive to heat, cutting, or electrical shock-insensitive to heat, cutting, or electrical shock 20. The visceral Abdominal painThe visceral Abdominal pain Visceral pain fibers areVisceral pain fibers are bilateral, unmyelinated andbilateral, unmyelinated and enter the spinal cord atenter the spinal cord at multiple levels .multiple levels . The visceral abdominal pain isThe visceral abdominal pain is usually dull , , poorly localizedusually dull , , poorly localized and experienced in the midline .and experienced in the midline . 21. Visceral Abdominal PainVisceral Abdominal Pain Visceral Abdominal PainVisceral Abdominal Pain is usually caused byis usually caused by distention of hollowdistention of hollow organs or capsularorgans or capsular stretching of solidstretching of solid organs.organs. 22. Visceral Abdominal PainVisceral Abdominal Pain Less commonly , it is caused by ischemia orLess commonly , it is caused by ischemia or inflammation.inflammation. The tissue congestion sensitizes nerve endings ofThe tissue congestion sensitizes nerve endings of visceral pain fibers and lowers the threshold forvisceral pain fibers and lowers the threshold for stimulus.stimulus. 23. Visceral Abdominal PainVisceral Abdominal Pain If the involved organ isIf the involved organ is affected by peristalsis,affected by peristalsis, the pain is oftenthe pain is often described asdescribed as intermittent, cramp, orintermittent, cramp, or colicky in naturecolicky in nature 24. PARIETAL PATHWAYPARIETAL PATHWAY Somatic nerve innervations (A fibers)Somatic nerve innervations (A fibers) Somatic nerve distribution (T7-L2, umbilicus at T12)Somatic nerve distribution (T7-L2, umbilicus at T12) CharacterCharacter -----sharp and exquisite pain-----sharp and exquisite pain Sensitive to mechanical stimuli (stretching, pinprick,Sensitive to mechanical stimuli (stretching, pinprick, pinch), heat, electrical shock, chemical stimulus,pinch), heat, electrical shock, chemical stimulus, infection-inflammationinfection-inflammation 25. Parietal (Somatic) AbdominalParietal (Somatic) Abdominal painpain Results fromResults from ischemia, ,ischemia, , inflammation , orinflammation , or stretching of thestretching of the parietalparietal Peritoneum.Peritoneum. 26. Parietal (Somatic ) AbdominalParietal (Somatic ) Abdominal PainPain Myelinated afferent fibersMyelinated afferent fibers that transmit the painfulthat transmit the painful stimulus to specific dorsalstimulus to specific dorsal root ganglia on the same sideroot ganglia on the same side and dermatomal level at theand dermatomal level at the origin of the painorigin of the pain 27. Parietal (Somatic ) AbdominalParietal (Somatic ) Abdominal PainPain The parietal pain , in contrast to visceral painThe parietal pain , in contrast to visceral pain pain, , often can be localized to the region ofpain, , often can be localized to the region of the painful stimulus.the painful stimulus. This pain is typically sharp, knife- like andThis pain is typically sharp, knife- like and constant; coughing and moving are likelyconstant; coughing and moving are likely likely to aggravate it.likely to aggravate it. 28. The classic presentation ofThe classic presentation of appendicitis involves bothappendicitis involves both visceral and parietal pain.visceral and parietal pain. The pain of early presentation isThe pain of early presentation is often periumbilical (visceral )often periumbilical (visceral ) but localizes to the right lowerbut localizes to the right lower quadrant ( RLQ) when thequadrant ( RLQ) when the inflammation extends to theinflammation extends to the peritoneum (parietalperitoneum (parietal).). 29. REFERRED PAINREFERRED PAIN Is defined as pain felt at aIs defined as pain felt at a distance from the diseaseddistance from the diseased organ .organ . It results from sharedIt results from shared central pathways forcentral pathways for afferent neurons fromafferent neurons from different locations .different locations . 30. ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT 2 MOST IMPORTANT THINGS in assessment of the2 MOST IMPORTANT THINGS in assessment of the patients are--patients are-- Careful and precise history taking, andCareful and precise history taking, and Physical examinationPhysical examination 31. BASIC HISTORY TAKINGBASIC HISTORY TAKING ONSETONSET 1. SUDDEN1. SUDDEN - Perforated PU, Gallstone, UC, Aortic dissection,- Perforated PU, Gallstone, UC, Aortic dissection, Rupture AAA, SMA Embolism, Ruptured ectopicRupture AAA, SMA Embolism, Ruptured ectopic preg., Ruptured corpus lateral or follicular cysts,preg., Ruptured corpus lateral or follicular cysts, Twisted ovarian cystTwisted ovarian cyst 2. INSIDIOUS2. INSIDIOUS - Acute Appendicitis, Acute pancreatitis, Intestinal- Acute Appendicitis, Acute pancreatitis, Intestinal obstruction, Acute pyelonephritis, Acute gastritis orobstruction, Acute pyelonephritis, Acute gastritis or gastroenteritisgastroenteritis 32. AGEAGE 1.1. CHILDHOOD:CHILDHOOD: Constipation, Acute appendicitis, Intussusceptions,Constipation, Acute appendicitis, Intussusceptions, Viral enteritisViral enteritis 2.ADULTS::2.ADULTS:: Infecion-inflammation,Female reproductive organsInfecion-inflammation,Female reproductive organs 3.MIDDLE TO OLD AGE :3.MIDDLE TO OLD AGE : Malignancies, Degenerative diseasesMalignancies, Degenerative diseases 33. NATURE OF PAINNATURE OF PAIN COLICKY SHARPSHOOTING,COLICKY SHARPSHOOTING, intermittent, restless, associated withintermittent, restless, associated with vomitingvomiting -is likely from acute obstruction of hollow-is likely from acute obstruction of hollow viscous organs (small bowel, biliary trees,viscous organs (small bowel, biliary trees, ureter,or even appendix).ureter,or even appendix). -SMA occlusion maybe possible-SMA occlusion maybe possible -Acute Gastritis, Gastroenteritis-Acute Gastritis, Gastroenteritis 34. SUDDEN,SHARP & PERSISTENT:SUDDEN,SHARP & PERSISTENT: -Leakage of irritating fluid, i.e. blood from-Leakage of irritating fluid, i.e. blood from Ruptured ectopic preg,Ruptured ectopic preg, -AAA,-AAA, -Corpus luteal or follicular cysts, --Corpus luteal or follicular cysts, - -HaematomaFluid from ovarian cyst,-HaematomaFluid from ovarian cyst, -Perforated PU-Perforated PU SHEARING OR TEARING:SHEARING OR TEARING: -Aortic dissection,-Aortic dissection, -Ruptured AAA-Ruptured AAA 35. ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMSASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS : Nausea,vomiting, resp.: Nausea,vomiting, resp. symptomssymptoms BOWEL HABITS :BOWEL HABITS : Diarrhea,constipation,Diarrhea,constipation, mucous bloody stoolmucous bloody stool GYNECOLOGIC HISTORYGYNECOLOGIC HISTORY :: menstruation,leucorrhea, sexual intercoursemenstruation,leucorrhea, sexual intercourse CONCOMITANT HISTORYCONCOMITANT HISTORY:: Underlying diseasesUnderlying diseases Family HistoryFamily History Drug usageDrug usage Substance expSubstance exposureosure 36. ABDOMINALASSESSMENTABDOMINALASSESSMENT LANDMARKSLANDMARKS 1. Xiphoid Process1. Xiphoid Process 2. Costal Margin2. Costal Margin 3. Abdominal Midline3. Abdominal Midline 4. Umbilicus4. Umbilicus 5. Rectus Abdominis Muscle5. Rectus Abdominis Muscle 6.Ant. Sup. Iliac Spine6.Ant. Sup. Iliac Spine 7. Inguinal Ligament7. Inguinal Ligament (Pouparts Ligament)(Pouparts Ligament) 8. Symphysis Pubis8. Symphysis Pubis 37. Position of the patient and exposure forPosition of the patient and exposure for abdominal examination. Note that theabdominal examination. Note that the genitalia must be exposed.genitalia must be exposed. 38. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN INSPECTION -- CONTOURINSPECTION -- CONTOUR TYPES OFTYPES OF ABDOMEN:ABDOMEN: FlatFlat rounded or convexrounded or convex ScaphoidScaphoid protuberantprotuberant 39. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Inspection -- ContourInspection -- Contour Flat is normalFlat is normal LARGE CONVEX ABDOMEN -- 7 FSLARGE CONVEX ABDOMEN -- 7 FS FatFat FaecesFaeces Fluid (ascites)Fluid (ascites) FoetusFoetus FlatusFlatus Fatal growth (malignancy)Fatal growth (malignancy) Fibroid tumorFibroid tumor 40. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN INSPECTION -- CONTOURINSPECTION -- CONTOUR CONCAVE OR SCAPHOID ABDOMENCONCAVE OR SCAPHOID ABDOMEN Decreased fat depositsDecreased fat deposits Malnourished stateMalnourished state Flaccid muscle toneFlaccid muscle tone CONVEX OR PROTUBERANT ABDOMEN -- 7CONVEX OR PROTUBERANT ABDOMEN -- 7 Fs: fat, fluid (ascites), flatus, faeces, foetus, fatalFs: fat, fluid (ascites), flatus, faeces, foetus, fatal growth (malignancy), fibroid tumorgrowth (malignancy), fibroid tumor 41. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN INSPECTION -- SYMMETRYINSPECTION -- SYMMETRY THE ABDOMEN SHOULD BE SYMMETRICALTHE ABDOMEN SHOULD BE SYMMETRICAL BILATERALBILATERAL Asymmetry indicatesAsymmetry indicates tumortumor cystscysts bowel obstructionbowel obstruction enlargement of abdominal organsenlargement of abdominal organs scoliosisscoliosis 42. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN INSPECTION -- RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLEINSPECTION -- RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE Normal -- no ridge separating the musclesNormal -- no ridge separating the muscles When a ridge is present - diastasis recti abdominusWhen a ridge is present - diastasis recti abdominus marked obesitymarked obesity past pregnancypast pregnancy increased intra-abdominal pressureincreased intra-abdominal pressure 43. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTRESPIRATORY MOVEMENT INSPECTIONINSPECTION Normally no retractions -- the abdomen rises andNormally no retractions -- the abdomen rises and falls with each respirationfalls with each respiration Abnormal due to abdominal disordersAbnormal due to abdominal disorders appendicitis with local peritonitisappendicitis with local peritonitis pancreatitispancreatitis biliary colic or ac. cholecystitisbiliary colic or ac. cholecystitis perforated ulcerperforated ulcer 44. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN Masses or nodulesMasses or nodules -- tumors, metastasis, internal malignancy, or-- tumors, metastasis, internal malignancy, or pregnancypregnancy Visible PeristalsisVisible Peristalsis -- indicative of obstruction-- indicative of obstruction PulsationPulsation -- aortic aneurysm or may occur in aortic-- aortic aneurysm or may occur in aortic regurgitation and in right ventricular hypertrophyregurgitation and in right ventricular hypertrophy 45. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN UMBILICUSUMBILICUS Umbilical HerniaUmbilical Hernia -- protrusion of the umbilicus-- protrusion of the umbilicus secondary to non closure of the ring permittingsecondary to non closure of the ring permitting intestine or omentum to protrudeintestine or omentum to protrude Sister Mary Josephs noduleSister Mary Josephs nodule -- nodule in the-- nodule in the umbilicus secondary to CA intra-abdominalumbilicus secondary to CA intra-abdominal Intra-abdominal pressureIntra-abdominal pressure -- protrusion from ascites,-- protrusion from ascites, masses, or pregnancymasses, or pregnancy 46. Some commonly used abdominal incisions. The midlineSome commonly used abdominal incisions. The midline and oblique incisions avoid damage to the innervation ofand oblique incisions avoid damage to the innervation of the abdominal musculature and the later developmentthe abdominal musculature and the later development of incisional herniaeof incisional herniae 47. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen PALPATIONPALPATION Please warm your handsPlease warm your hands To start avoid known tender areasTo start avoid known tender areas Tell the patient take slow deep breaths throughTell the patient take slow deep breaths through mouthmouth Begin with gentle pressure then increaseBegin with gentle pressure then increase If ticklish or with children palpate throughIf ticklish or with children palpate through their hand till ticklishness is gonetheir hand till ticklishness is gone Avoid quick, short jabsAvoid quick, short jabs Observe patients face for expressions of painObserve patients face for expressions of pain 48. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 25 March 2012 05:22 PM) 2005 Elsevier Correct method of palpation. The hand is held flat and relaxed, and 'moulded' to the abdominal wall. 49. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 25 March 2012 05:22 PM) 2005 Elsevier Incorrect method of palpation. The hand is held rigid and mostly not in contact with the abdominal wall. 50. Method of deep palpation in an obese, muscular or poorly relaxed patient. 51. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen PALPATION -- LIGHTPALPATION -- LIGHT Lightly palpate to noteLightly palpate to note Skin temperatureSkin temperature TendernessTenderness Large massesLarge masses 52. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- Abdominal Muscle GuardingPalpation -- Abdominal Muscle Guarding Use both hands -- one on each rectusUse both hands -- one on each rectus Check for tensing during expirationCheck for tensing during expiration When positive it is indicative of peritonealWhen positive it is indicative of peritoneal irritation -- peritonitisirritation -- peritonitis 53. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- DeepPalpation -- Deep You can use one or two handed methodYou can use one or two handed method Two handed method is usually used in obese orTwo handed method is usually used in obese or very muscular individualsvery muscular individuals Palpate all quadrantsPalpate all quadrants 54. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- Fluid WavePalpation -- Fluid Wave With an assistantWith an assistant placing the ulnarplacing the ulnar surface of their handsurface of their hand firmly in the midlinefirmly in the midline of the patientof the patient You tap from one sideYou tap from one side to feel the wave on theto feel the wave on the other sideother side Present withPresent with ascitesascites 55. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen PalpationPalpation ---- Liver -- Bimanual MethodLiver -- Bimanual Method Left hand under patientsLeft hand under patients right flank (11th-12thright flank (11th-12th rib) press upwardrib) press upward Place right hand at levelPlace right hand at level of dullness -- have patientof dullness -- have patient take a deep breathtake a deep breath Push in deeplyPush in deeply note -- size, shape,note -- size, shape, consistency, or massesconsistency, or masses 56. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- Liver -- Hook MethodPalpation -- Liver -- Hook Method Place both hands side byPlace both hands side by side below the level of liverside below the level of liver dullnessdullness Hook fingers in and up andHook fingers in and up and have the patient take a deephave the patient take a deep breath inbreath in Note the size, shape,Note the size, shape, consistency, and any massesconsistency, and any masses I prefer to do this in a sittingI prefer to do this in a sitting positionposition 57. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- Liver -- HepatomegalyPalpation -- Liver -- Hepatomegaly Enlarged liverEnlarged liver congestive heart failurecongestive heart failure hepatitishepatitis encephalopathyencephalopathy cirrhosiscirrhosis cystcyst cancercancer 58. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- Liver -- Murphys SignPalpation -- Liver -- Murphys Sign Palpate the liver margin at the lateral borderPalpate the liver margin at the lateral border of the rectus muscleof the rectus muscle Have the patient take a deep breathHave the patient take a deep breath If patient exhibits pain and stops inhaling thisIf patient exhibits pain and stops inhaling this is a positiveis a positive Murphys SignMurphys Sign present inpresent in CholecystitisCholecystitis 59. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- Spleen -- Bimanual TechniquePalpation -- Spleen -- Bimanual Technique Pull up with left hand andPull up with left hand and push in with right hand onpush in with right hand on inspirationinspiration Will only be able to feel if 3Will only be able to feel if 3 times normal sizetimes normal size SplenomegalySplenomegaly inflammationinflammation congestive heart failurecongestive heart failure cancercancer cirrhosiscirrhosis 60. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- Kidney -- Bimanual TechniquePalpation -- Kidney -- Bimanual Technique Place one hand on thePlace one hand on the costovertebral angle of thecostovertebral angle of the back and the other handback and the other hand just below the costaljust below the costal marginmargin Increase pressure duringIncrease pressure during inspiration then haveinspiration then have patient hold breathpatient hold breath 61. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- KidneyPalpation -- Kidney The right kidney maybe difficult to distinguishThe right kidney maybe difficult to distinguish from an enlarged liverfrom an enlarged liver Left kidney enlargement maybe difficult toLeft kidney enlargement maybe difficult to distinguish from an enlarged spleendistinguish from an enlarged spleen Enlarged palpable kidneys are secondary to:Enlarged palpable kidneys are secondary to: hydronephrosishydronephrosis neoplasmsneoplasms polycystic diseasepolycystic disease 62. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Palpation -- AortaPalpation -- Aorta Assess the width of theAssess the width of the aorta by placing youraorta by placing your hands on each side ofhands on each side of the aorta just abovethe aorta just above the umbilicusthe umbilicus Abdominal aorticAbdominal aortic aneurysmaneurysm -- width-- width greater than 4 cm withgreater than 4 cm with lateral pulsationslateral pulsations 63. AssesAssessment of the Abdomensment of the Abdomen Rebound TendernessRebound Tenderness Apply firm pressure for several seconds to theApply firm pressure for several seconds to the abdomen with hand at right angles and fingersabdomen with hand at right angles and fingers extendedextended Quickly release the pressureQuickly release the pressure Test away from site where pain is initially determinedTest away from site where pain is initially determined 64. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Rebound TendernessRebound Tenderness Pain at site is direct rebound tendernessPain at site is direct rebound tenderness Pain at another site is referred reboundPain at another site is referred rebound tendernesstenderness Indicative of peritoneal inflammationIndicative of peritoneal inflammation If in the RLQ think appendicitisIf in the RLQ think appendicitis (McBurneys point -- to be discussed later)(McBurneys point -- to be discussed later) 65. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Rovsings SignRovsings Sign Press in the LLQ evenly for 5 secondsPress in the LLQ evenly for 5 seconds and note if patient has pain in RLQ -and note if patient has pain in RLQ - positivepositive Gas is pushed through the ileocecalGas is pushed through the ileocecal valve thus distending the cecumvalve thus distending the cecum InIn appendicitisappendicitis pain is notedpain is noted 66. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Cutaneous HypersensitivityCutaneous Hypersensitivity Either lift the skin or stimulate the skin withEither lift the skin or stimulate the skin with gentle jabbing with a sterile pingentle jabbing with a sterile pin Indicates a zone of peritoneal irritationIndicates a zone of peritoneal irritation RLQRLQ -- appendicitis-- appendicitis Mid Epigastrium --Mid Epigastrium -- peptic ulcerpeptic ulcer 67. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Iliopsoas Muscle TestIliopsoas Muscle Test Place your hand overPlace your hand over the right thigh andthe right thigh and push downward as thepush downward as the patient is trying topatient is trying to raise the leg, flexingraise the leg, flexing the hipthe hip Positive RLQ painPositive RLQ pain associated with aassociated with a retrocecal orretrocecal or perforated appendicitisperforated appendicitis 68. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Obturator Muscle TestObturator Muscle Test Flex the right leg at theFlex the right leg at the hip and knee at a righthip and knee at a right angle then rotate the legangle then rotate the leg internally andinternally and externallyexternally Pain indicative ofPain indicative of inflammatory processinflammatory process over obturator muscleover obturator muscle Ruptured appendixRuptured appendix Pelvic abscessPelvic abscess 69. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen BallottmentBallottment Used to displaceUsed to displace excess fluid in theexcess fluid in the abdominal cavity byabdominal cavity by using stiffened fingersusing stiffened fingers in a jabbing motionin a jabbing motion Determines a freeDetermines a free floating massfloating mass If pain is associatedIf pain is associated with an inflammatorywith an inflammatory processprocess 70. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Bladder PalpationBladder Palpation Using deep palpationUsing deep palpation start at the symphisisstart at the symphisis pubis and palpate uppubis and palpate up Nodular bladder --Nodular bladder -- malignancymalignancy Asymmetrical bladderAsymmetrical bladder tumor in the bladdertumor in the bladder abdominal tumorabdominal tumor causing compressioncausing compression 71. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Percussion -- GeneralPercussion -- General Visualize all organs as youVisualize all organs as you percuss all quadrantspercuss all quadrants Tympanitic-Tympanitic- heard mostlyheard mostly -- hollow organs.-- hollow organs. DullDull sound- over solidsound- over solid organsorgans Dull sound in area whereDull sound in area where it should be tympanitic --it should be tympanitic -- mass or tumor, pregnancy,mass or tumor, pregnancy, ascitesascites Liver dullness- obliteratedLiver dullness- obliterated in perforation.in perforation. 72. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Percussion -- Liver SpanPercussion -- Liver Span Percuss 7cm upward -- midclavicular line above thePercuss 7cm upward -- midclavicular line above the umbilicus -- typany to dull -- markumbilicus -- typany to dull -- mark Percuss downward -- midclavicular line -- tympany toPercuss downward -- midclavicular line -- tympany to dull - markdull - mark Normal - 6-12 cm in males & 10.5 cm in femalesNormal - 6-12 cm in males & 10.5 cm in females 73. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Percussion Ascites (Shifting Dullness)Percussion Ascites (Shifting Dullness) Percuss from above and below from dullness toPercuss from above and below from dullness to tympany while patient on their backtympany while patient on their back Place patient on left side and percuss fromPlace patient on left side and percuss from dullness to tympanydullness to tympany 74. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Percussion -- AscitesPercussion -- Ascites The umbilical area percusses dull because theThe umbilical area percusses dull because the ascitic fluid pools in the dependent areaascitic fluid pools in the dependent area Ascites is present in cirrhosis and other liverAscites is present in cirrhosis and other liver diseasesdiseases 75. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Fist Percussion -- KidneyFist Percussion -- Kidney Direct fist percussion -- strike the costovertebral angleDirect fist percussion -- strike the costovertebral angle with one fistwith one fist Indirect fist percussion -- place palm overIndirect fist percussion -- place palm over costovertebral angle and strike with other handcostovertebral angle and strike with other hand Pain indicative of infllammatory conditionPain indicative of infllammatory condition 76. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Fist Percussion -- LiverFist Percussion -- Liver Palm down RUQ --Palm down RUQ -- strike with other handstrike with other hand Tenderness can occurTenderness can occur with:with: PyelonephritisPyelonephritis CholecystitisCholecystitis HepatitisHepatitis 77. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Percussion -- BladderPercussion -- Bladder Percuss from symphisis pubis (urinePercuss from symphisis pubis (urine filled gives dull sound) - if patientfilled gives dull sound) - if patient unable to empty it is secondary to:unable to empty it is secondary to: Neurogenic dysfuntionNeurogenic dysfuntion Benign prostatic hypertrophyBenign prostatic hypertrophy Post-op casePost-op case Urethral strictureUrethral stricture Some medicationsSome medications 78. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN AUSCULTATIONAUSCULTATION Use diaphragm of stethoscopeUse diaphragm of stethoscope lightly placedlightly placed RLQ->RUQ->LUQ->LLQRLQ->RUQ->LUQ->LLQ Bowel sounds 5-30/minBowel sounds 5-30/min High-pitched always heardHigh-pitched always heard RLQ-ileo-ceacal areaRLQ-ileo-ceacal area Borborygmi -- stomachBorborygmi -- stomach growling -- normal,growling -- normal, hyperactive, gurgling soundhyperactive, gurgling sound 79. BOWEL SOUNDSBOWEL SOUNDS Bowel Sounds are high pitched sounds & are classifiedBowel Sounds are high pitched sounds & are classified into 4 categoriesinto 4 categories 1.Normal1.Normal 2.Hypoactive2.Hypoactive 3.Absent3.Absent 4.Hyperactive4.Hyperactive 80. Normal Bowel SoundsNormal Bowel Sounds Normal Bowel Sounds areNormal Bowel Sounds are high pitched with Clicks andhigh pitched with Clicks and Gargles , which occur every 5Gargles , which occur every 5 to 15 seconds intervalsto 15 seconds intervals 81. HYPOACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDSHYPOACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDS 82. ABSENT BOWEL SOUNDSABSENT BOWEL SOUNDS 83. HYPERACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDSHYPERACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDS 84. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMENASSESSMENT OF THE ABDOMEN AUSCULTATION -- BOWEL SOUNDSAUSCULTATION -- BOWEL SOUNDS Absent bowel sounds -- no sound for 4-5minutes--Absent bowel sounds -- no sound for 4-5minutes-- Late intestinal obstructionLate intestinal obstruction Mechanical obstruction -- adhesions, hernias,Mechanical obstruction -- adhesions, hernias, massesmasses Non-mechanical obstruction -- no intestinalNon-mechanical obstruction -- no intestinal contraction (paralytic ileus) -- physiological,contraction (paralytic ileus) -- physiological, neurogenic, and chemical imbalancesneurogenic, and chemical imbalances 85. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Auscultation -- Bowel SoundsAuscultation -- Bowel Sounds Hypoactive bowel sounds -- indicatesHypoactive bowel sounds -- indicates decreased motilitydecreased motility PeritonitisPeritonitis Non-mechanical obstructionNon-mechanical obstruction InflammationInflammation GangreneGangrene Electrolyte imbalancesElectrolyte imbalances Intraoperative manipulation of theIntraoperative manipulation of the bowelbowel 86. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Auscultation -- Bowel SoundsAuscultation -- Bowel Sounds Hyperactive bowel sounds -- increasedHyperactive bowel sounds -- increased motility of the bowelmotility of the bowel GastroenteritisGastroenteritis DiarrheaDiarrhea Laxative useLaxative use Subsiding ileusSubsiding ileus 87. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Auscultation -- Bowel SoundsAuscultation -- Bowel Sounds High pitched tinkling hyperactive bowelHigh pitched tinkling hyperactive bowel soundssounds Caused by powerful peristaltic actionCaused by powerful peristaltic action indicative of partial obstructionindicative of partial obstruction Abdominal crampingAbdominal cramping 88. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Auscultation -- Venous humAuscultation -- Venous hum A continuous pulsing or fibrillary soundA continuous pulsing or fibrillary sound If present in the periumbilical area isIf present in the periumbilical area is secondary to portal vein obstructionsecondary to portal vein obstruction Portal hypertension caused by cirrhosisPortal hypertension caused by cirrhosis 89. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Auscultation -- Friction RubsAuscultation -- Friction Rubs Using the diaphragm of the stethoscopeUsing the diaphragm of the stethoscope a sound similar to rubbing sandpapera sound similar to rubbing sandpaper togethertogether Sound increases with inspirationSound increases with inspiration TumorsTumors InflammationInflammation InfarctionInfarction 90. Assessment of the AbdomenAssessment of the Abdomen Other Examination:Other Examination: Hernia ExaminationHernia Examination Pelvic ExaminationPelvic Examination Rectal examinationRectal examination Laboratory ExaminationLaboratory Examination Diagnostic ImagingDiagnostic Imaging 91. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Associated symptoms.Associated symptoms. ECG: inferior wall MI may present withECG: inferior wall MI may present with epigastric or upper abdominal painepigastric or upper abdominal pain with no clear disorder identifiedwith no clear disorder identified Identify conditions for urgent surgery:Identify conditions for urgent surgery: hypotension without GI bleeding,hypotension without GI bleeding, aneurysm, rigid abdomen in a pt withaneurysm, rigid abdomen in a pt with abdominal pain,.abdominal pain,. 92. Acute abdomenAcute abdomen Treat shock.Treat shock. Determine shock severity:Determine shock severity: 1) compensated shock1) compensated shock 2) decompensated shock2) decompensated shock 93. Acute abdomenAcute abdomen -First Understand the-First Understand the -Anatomic correlation of abdominal pain-Anatomic correlation of abdominal pain - Types of abdominal pain:- Types of abdominal pain: -Causes of abdominal pain by quadrants,-Causes of abdominal pain by quadrants, -Parietal pain, visceral pain and referred pain.-Parietal pain, visceral pain and referred pain. -Most common surgical Causes of-Most common surgical Causes of RUQ:RUQ: abdominal painabdominal pain -Perforated duodenal ulcer-Perforated duodenal ulcer -Cholecystitis-Cholecystitis 94. The Acute AbdomenThe Acute Abdomen Rapid Onset of PainRapid Onset of Pain 95. The Acute AbdomenThe Acute Abdomen Slow Onset of PainSlow Onset of Pain 96. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Hepatic abscessHepatic abscess Retrocecal appendicitisRetrocecal appendicitis Appendicitis in pregnant womanAppendicitis in pregnant woman RLQ:RLQ: AppendicitisAppendicitis Cecal diverticulitisCecal diverticulitis Meckels diverticulitisMeckels diverticulitis 97. Acute abdomenAcute abdomen LLQ:LLQ: Splenic ruptureSplenic rupture Splenic abscessSplenic abscess LUQ:LUQ: Splenic ruptureSplenic rupture Splenic abscessSplenic abscess Diffuse pain:Diffuse pain: Bowel obstructionBowel obstruction Leaking aneurismLeaking aneurism MesentericMesenteric IsquemiaIsquemia Periumbilical:Periumbilical: Early appendicitisEarly appendicitis Referred pain fromReferred pain from small bowelsmall bowel 98. Acute abdomenAcute abdomen NonSurgical causes of abdominal pain:NonSurgical causes of abdominal pain: RUQ:RUQ: (RLL) pneumonia(RLL) pneumonia Biliary colicBiliary colic CholangitisCholangitis HepatitisHepatitis Fitz-Hugh-Curtis SyndromeFitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome (perihepatitis associated(perihepatitis associated c chlamydial infection of cervix)c chlamydial infection of cervix) 99. Midepigastric:Midepigastric: PUD non perforatedPUD non perforated MIMI EsophagitisEsophagitis PEPE PancreatitisPancreatitis Herpes ZosterHerpes Zoster Rectus sheat hematomaRectus sheat hematoma 100. Acute abdomenAcute abdomen RLQ or LLQ:RLQ or LLQ: Ureteral calculiUreteral calculi Regional enteritisRegional enteritis (Crohns Ds)(Crohns Ds) InflammatoryInflammatory bowel Diseasebowel Disease (Regional enteritis,(Regional enteritis, UC)UC) PIDPID EndometriosisEndometriosis ProstatitisProstatitis MittelschmerzMittelschmerz UTIUTI Ruptured ovarianRuptured ovarian cystcyst LUQ:LUQ: LLL pneumoniaLLL pneumonia Gastritis,Gastritis, SplenomegalySplenomegaly 101. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Diffuse:Diffuse: Abdominal wallAbdominal wall hematomahematoma Spider biteSpider bite Lead poisoningLead poisoning Addisonian crisisAddisonian crisis Sickle cell crisisSickle cell crisis Diabetic ketoacidosisDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)(DKA) DiabeticDiabetic gastropathygastropathy Opiate withdrawalOpiate withdrawal 102. GI emergenciesGI emergencies AppendicitisAppendicitis AscitesAscites Biliary ColicBiliary Colic Boerhaave SyndromeBoerhaave Syndrome CholangitisCholangitis Cholecystitis, AcuteCholecystitis, Acute CirrhosisCirrhosis Colitis, IschemicColitis, Ischemic Colitis, UlcerativeColitis, Ulcerative Crohns DiseaseCrohns Disease DiverticulitisDiverticulitis DiverticulosisDiverticulosis GastritisGastritis GastroenteritisGastroenteritis Gastroesophageal RefluxGastroesophageal Reflux DiseaseDisease HemorrhoidsHemorrhoids Hepatic AbscessHepatic Abscess Hepatic EncephalopathyHepatic Encephalopathy Hepatitis, AlcoholicHepatitis, Alcoholic Hepatitis, ViralHepatitis, Viral Incarcerated HerniaIncarcerated Hernia Intestinal ObstructionIntestinal Obstruction Irritable Bowel SyndromeIrritable Bowel Syndrome Mallory-Weiss SyndromeMallory-Weiss Syndrome Meckel DiverticulumMeckel Diverticulum Pancreatitis, AcutePancreatitis, Acute Peptic Ulcer DiseasePeptic Ulcer Disease Perforated peptic ulcerPerforated peptic ulcer Variceal BleedingVariceal Bleeding 103. Acute AbdomenAcute Abdomen Suprapubic:Suprapubic: Ectopic pregnancyEctopic pregnancy Ovarian torsionOvarian torsion Tubo-ovarian abscessTubo-ovarian abscess Incarcerated groin herniaIncarcerated groin hernia 104. Which of the following is the MOSTWhich of the following is the MOST common cause of painful rectal bleeding?common cause of painful rectal bleeding? a. internal hemorrhoida. internal hemorrhoid b. external hemorrhoidb. external hemorrhoid c. diverticulitisc. diverticulitis d. anal fissured. anal fissure e. rectal foreign bodye. rectal foreign body 105. QUESTIONSQUESTIONS ANDAND ANSWERS SESSIONANSWERS SESSION 106. Plain xray of abdomenPlain xray of abdomen 107. ERCP Film showing a hypoecheoicERCP Film showing a hypoecheoic shadowshadow 108. Plain xray chest showsPlain xray chest shows 109. Plain xray abdomen in errect posturePlain xray abdomen in errect posture 110. Plain xray abdomen in errect posturePlain xray abdomen in errect posture 111. AnswerAnswer Intestinal ObstructionIntestinal Obstruction due to an Adhesivedue to an Adhesive BandBand 112. AnswerAnswer Intestinal ObstructionIntestinal Obstruction 113. ANSWERANSWER Intestinal ObstructionIntestinal Obstruction Gallstone IleusGallstone Ileus 114. AnswerAnswer Intestinal Obstruction-Intestinal Obstruction- following obstructedfollowing obstructed Umbilical HerniaUmbilical Hernia 115. AnswerAnswer Intestinal ObstructionIntestinal Obstruction Incarcerated &Incarcerated & Strangulating &Strangulating & gangrenous umbilicalgangrenous umbilical Hernia at laparotomyHernia at laparotomy 116. AnswerAnswer Intestinal ObstructionIntestinal Obstruction Following an incisional HerniaFollowing an incisional Hernia with Incarceration andwith Incarceration and StrangulationStrangulation 117. AnswerAnswer Intestinal obstructionIntestinal obstruction alongwith gangrene ofalongwith gangrene of the small bowelthe small bowel following an incarceratedfollowing an incarcerated ventral herniaventral hernia 118. A. Anal fissures result from a linear tear of theA. Anal fissures result from a linear tear of the anal canal beginning at or just below theanal canal beginning at or just below the dentate line and extending distally along thedentate line and extending distally along the anal canal.anal canal. B. Pts complain of sharp, cutting pain, mostB. Pts complain of sharp, cutting pain, most severe during and immediately after a bowelsevere during and immediately after a bowel movement.movement. C. Bleeding is scant and bright red.C. Bleeding is scant and bright red. D. Anal fissures are especially painful b/c of theD. Anal fissures are especially painful b/c of the rich supply of somatic sensory nerve fibersrich supply of somatic sensory nerve fibers located in the anodermlocated in the anoderm 119. All of the following are true regarding acalculousAll of the following are true regarding acalculous cholecystitis EXCEPTcholecystitis EXCEPT A. It occurs in 5-10% of pts with acuteA. It occurs in 5-10% of pts with acute cholecystitischolecystitis B. Pts are frequently elderly and have aB. Pts are frequently elderly and have a history of DMhistory of DM C. It often occurs as a complication of anotherC. It often occurs as a complication of another processprocess D. Diagnosis is difficult due to the subtleD. Diagnosis is difficult due to the subtle clinical presentationclinical presentation E. Gallstones are absentE. Gallstones are absent Answer DAnswer D 120. Answer DAnswer D A calculus cholecystitis occurs in 5-10% of ptsA calculus cholecystitis occurs in 5-10% of pts c cholecystitis.c cholecystitis. Pts frequently are elderly and have h/o DMPts frequently are elderly and have h/o DM There are 2 distinguishing features ofThere are 2 distinguishing features of acalculous cholecysititisacalculous cholecysititis 1. it frequently occurs as a complication of1. it frequently occurs as a complication of another processanother process 2. pts frequently are gravely ill on initial2. pts frequently are gravely ill on initial presentationpresentation 121. Which of the following drugs is NOTWhich of the following drugs is NOT associated with acute pancreatitis?associated with acute pancreatitis? a. Heparina. Heparin b. Furosemideb. Furosemide c. Rifampinc. Rifampin d. Salicylatesd. Salicylates e. Warfarine. Warfarin 122. Answer AAnswer A Drugs and toxins are major causes ofDrugs and toxins are major causes of acute pancreatitis.acute pancreatitis. Some of the meds assoc c the occurrenceSome of the meds assoc c the occurrence are OCPs, glucocorticoids, rifampin,are OCPs, glucocorticoids, rifampin, tetracycline, isoniazid, thiazide diuretics,tetracycline, isoniazid, thiazide diuretics, furosemide, salicylates, indomethacin,furosemide, salicylates, indomethacin, calcium, warfarin, and acetominophen.calcium, warfarin, and acetominophen. Other etiologic factors contributingOther etiologic factors contributing include infection, collagen vascular dss,include infection, collagen vascular dss, metabolic disturbances, and traumametabolic disturbances, and trauma 123. In working up a patient with acute abdominal pain,In working up a patient with acute abdominal pain, which of the following etiologies is LEAST likelywhich of the following etiologies is LEAST likely to represent an immediate life threat?to represent an immediate life threat? a. Myocardial infarctiona. Myocardial infarction b. Splenic ruptureb. Splenic rupture c. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysmc. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm d. Perforated duodenal ulcerd. Perforated duodenal ulcer e. Ruptured ectopic pregnancye. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy 124. Answer DAnswer D When approaching a pt c acute abd pain, the clinicianWhen approaching a pt c acute abd pain, the clinician must consider conditions that can be an immediatemust consider conditions that can be an immediate threat to the patients life.threat to the patients life. Splenic rupture, ruptured ectopic pregn, and AAA canSplenic rupture, ruptured ectopic pregn, and AAA can all be associated with massive bleeding and rapidall be associated with massive bleeding and rapid decline.decline. Extra abdominal conditions that present with abd painExtra abdominal conditions that present with abd pain such as MI can also be life threatening.such as MI can also be life threatening. Perforated duodenal ulcer are serious but almost neverPerforated duodenal ulcer are serious but almost never result in significant hemorrhage, and thus are notresult in significant hemorrhage, and thus are not usually an immediate threat to life.usually an immediate threat to life. 125. Which of the following statements is TRUEWhich of the following statements is TRUE regarding acute abdominal pain?regarding acute abdominal pain? A. Peritonitis causes visceral type of pain and isA. Peritonitis causes visceral type of pain and is secondary to peritoneal inflammation from an irritantsecondary to peritoneal inflammation from an irritant B. Obstruction of a hollow viscus produces colicky,B. Obstruction of a hollow viscus produces colicky, diffuse visceral pain assoc with N/Vdiffuse visceral pain assoc with N/V C. Intra abdominal causes of pain include bacterialC. Intra abdominal causes of pain include bacterial peritonitis, bowel ischemia, and tub ovarian abscessperitonitis, bowel ischemia, and tub ovarian abscess D. referred pain from the abdomen may radiate to theD. referred pain from the abdomen may radiate to the back or groin, but not into the thoraxback or groin, but not into the thorax E. Metabolic disorders are rarely a significant sourceE. Metabolic disorders are rarely a significant source of acute abdominal painof acute abdominal pain 126. Answer BAnswer B Three types of pain responses are possible with acute abd. painThree types of pain responses are possible with acute abd. pain Peritonitis is a somatic pain and is usually sharper, morePeritonitis is a somatic pain and is usually sharper, more constant, and more localized than visceral pain.constant, and more localized than visceral pain. Obstruction of a hollow viscus is a common cause of visceralObstruction of a hollow viscus is a common cause of visceral pain and is colicky, intermittent, and usually mid-line.pain and is colicky, intermittent, and usually mid-line. Referred pain is often felt in the back, groin, or thighs. PtsReferred pain is often felt in the back, groin, or thighs. Pts may also c/o pain in the supraclavicular region especially ifmay also c/o pain in the supraclavicular region especially if the diaphragm is irritated by collections of blood or pus.the diaphragm is irritated by collections of blood or pus. Abd pain can arise from intraabd, extraabd, metabolic, orAbd pain can arise from intraabd, extraabd, metabolic, or neurogenic origins.neurogenic origins. 127. Intrabdominal origins of pain are divided intoIntrabdominal origins of pain are divided into 3 categories:3 categories: Peritoneal inflame, obstruction of a hollowPeritoneal inflame, obstruction of a hollow viscus, and vascular etiologies.viscus, and vascular etiologies. Extraabd sources can arise from the abd wall,Extraabd sources can arise from the abd wall, thorax, or pelvis (as in the case of tubo-ovarianthorax, or pelvis (as in the case of tubo-ovarian abscess)abscess) Metabolic disorders such as DKA and Sickle cellMetabolic disorders such as DKA and Sickle cell crisis often present with diffuse abd paincrisis often present with diffuse abd pain 128. All of the following are TRUE regarding theAll of the following are TRUE regarding the evaluation of a patient with acute abdominalevaluation of a patient with acute abdominal pain EXCEPTpain EXCEPT AA. The onset, location, and severity of pain are. The onset, location, and severity of pain are useful differentiating factorsuseful differentiating factors B. The most important physical examinationB. The most important physical examination modality is palpationmodality is palpation C. The WBC may be normal even in inflammatoryC. The WBC may be normal even in inflammatory conditions such as appendicitisconditions such as appendicitis D. Ultra-sonography is a valuable imaging toolD. Ultra-sonography is a valuable imaging tool increasingly availableincreasingly available E. Analgesic medications should be withheld until aE. Analgesic medications should be withheld until a surgeon evaluates the patient because they may obscuresurgeon evaluates the patient because they may obscure the diagnosis.the diagnosis. 129. Answer EAnswer E The evaluation of abd pain should begin with a detailed hx.The evaluation of abd pain should begin with a detailed hx. The onset, severity, location, and character of pain and theThe onset, severity, location, and character of pain and the presence of associated symptoms guide work-up and tx.presence of associated symptoms guide work-up and tx. Although a complete PE is necessary, palpation of the abd isAlthough a complete PE is necessary, palpation of the abd is the most important modality for dx.the most important modality for dx. Lab tests are useful adjuncts, but the limitations of a CBCLab tests are useful adjuncts, but the limitations of a CBC must be recognized.must be recognized. Helpful imaging modalities include standard XR, U/S,Helpful imaging modalities include standard XR, U/S, barium contrast studies, and CTbarium contrast studies, and CT IV opiate analgesia is humane and may actually assist in dxIV opiate analgesia is humane and may actually assist in dx by facilitating PE in a pt who could otherwise not tolerate it.by facilitating PE in a pt who could otherwise not tolerate it. 130. Which of the following is the most commonWhich of the following is the most common cause of upper GI bleeding?cause of upper GI bleeding? A. Esophageal varicesA. Esophageal varices B. Mallory-Weiss tearB. Mallory-Weiss tear C. PUDC. PUD D. Erosive gastritisD. Erosive gastritis E. Arteriovenous malformationsE. Arteriovenous malformations 131. Answer CAnswer C Upper GI bleeding is defined as bleeding that originates proximal to theUpper GI bleeding is defined as bleeding that originates proximal to the ligament of Treitz.ligament of Treitz. PUD, including gastric, duodenal, and stomachal ulcers, is the MC cause ofPUD, including gastric, duodenal, and stomachal ulcers, is the MC cause of upper GI bleeding (60%)upper GI bleeding (60%) The next MC are erosive gastritis, esophagitis, and duodenitis (15%)The next MC are erosive gastritis, esophagitis, and duodenitis (15%) Gastric irritants such as ETOH, salicylates, and NSAIDS, predispose pts toGastric irritants such as ETOH, salicylates, and NSAIDS, predispose pts to upper GI bleeding.upper GI bleeding. Varices (only 6%) from portal HTN in Ethers carry a high mortality rate.Varices (only 6%) from portal HTN in Ethers carry a high mortality rate. Mallory-Weiss syndrome is due to a mucosal tear in the esophagus and isMallory-Weiss syndrome is due to a mucosal tear in the esophagus and is classically assoc c repeated bouts of retching.classically assoc c repeated bouts of retching. AV malformations are an uncommon cause of upper GI bleedAV malformations are an uncommon cause of upper GI bleed 132. A Pt presents with what appears to be a massiveA Pt presents with what appears to be a massive lower GI hemorrhage. Which one of the followinglower GI hemorrhage. Which one of the following is the LEAST likely etiology?is the LEAST likely etiology? A. DiverticulosisA. Diverticulosis B. AngiodysplasiaB. Angiodysplasia C. Gastric varicesC. Gastric varices D. Duodenal ulcerD. Duodenal ulcer E. HaemorrhoidsE. Haemorrhoids 133. Answer EAnswer E The MC cause of what initially appears to be lower GI bleeding isThe MC cause of what initially appears to be lower GI bleeding is actually bleeding from an upper GI source.actually bleeding from an upper GI source. Brisk bleeding from either varices or PUD can be the cause ofBrisk bleeding from either varices or PUD can be the cause of apparent lower GI hemorrhage.apparent lower GI hemorrhage. Diverticulosis and angiodysplasia are the MC causes of confirmedDiverticulosis and angiodysplasia are the MC causes of confirmed lower GI bleed.lower GI bleed. Both occur more commonly in elderly, are painless, and may beBoth occur more commonly in elderly, are painless, and may be massive.massive. Although hemorrhoids are a common etiology of minor lower GIAlthough hemorrhoids are a common etiology of minor lower GI bleed, usually not significant hemorrhagebleed, usually not significant hemorrhage Other less frequent sources of lower GI bleed include malignancies,Other less frequent sources of lower GI bleed include malignancies, IBD, polyps, infectious gastroenteritis, and Meckels diverticulum.IBD, polyps, infectious gastroenteritis, and Meckels diverticulum. 134. Which of the following scenarios may representWhich of the following scenarios may represent acute appendicitis?acute appendicitis? A. a 4 y/o male with vomiting and lethargyA. a 4 y/o male with vomiting and lethargy B. a 75 y/o female with fever and abdominal painB. a 75 y/o female with fever and abdominal pain C. a 26 y/o female who is 32 weeks pregnant withC. a 26 y/o female who is 32 weeks pregnant with right upper quadrant painright upper quadrant pain D. a 45 y/o male with AIDS and who hasD. a 45 y/o male with AIDS and who has vomiting and diarrheavomiting and diarrhea E. All of the aboveE. All of the above 135. Answer EAnswer E Certain groups of pts have atypical presentations and are at risk forCertain groups of pts have atypical presentations and are at risk for delayed dx of acute appendicitis.delayed dx of acute appendicitis. Children 50. After biliary and ETOH = drugs (1/2 of remaining cases)After biliary and ETOH = drugs (1/2 of remaining cases) 144. A 55 y/o female presents to the ED with a feverA 55 y/o female presents to the ED with a fever 4 days after undergoing a laparscopic4 days after undergoing a laparscopic cholecystectomy. What is the MOST likelycholecystectomy. What is the MOST likely cause of the fever?cause of the fever? a. Pneumoniaa. Pneumonia b. Thrombophlebitisb. Thrombophlebitis c. Urinary Tract infectionc. Urinary Tract infection d. Wound infectiond. Wound infection e. Deep venous thrombosise. Deep venous thrombosis 145. Answer CAnswer C Laparoscopic procedures and early postsurgicalLaparoscopic procedures and early postsurgical discharge are becoming increasingly commondischarge are becoming increasingly common cost-effective alternatives to laparotomy.cost-effective alternatives to laparotomy. As a result, more pts are presenting to the EDAs a result, more pts are presenting to the ED with postoperative fever.with postoperative fever. Fever postopFever postop 5d 146. A pt with suspected cholelithiasis presents to the ED.A pt with suspected cholelithiasis presents to the ED. What is the initial imaging study of choice?What is the initial imaging study of choice? a. abdominal plain filma. abdominal plain film b. abdominal ultrasoundb. abdominal ultrasound c. abdominal CTc. abdominal CT d. Radionuclide scan (HIDA)d. Radionuclide scan (HIDA) e. Barium contrast radiographye. Barium contrast radiography 147. Answer BAnswer B U/S has emerged as a valuable tool for certain conditions in the ED.U/S has emerged as a valuable tool for certain conditions in the ED. It is the initial study of choice for eval of pts with RUQ pain,It is the initial study of choice for eval of pts with RUQ pain, and can accurately detect cholelithiasis.and can accurately detect cholelithiasis. Plain film is a poor imaging choice to detect gallstones (onlyPlain film is a poor imaging choice to detect gallstones (only 15%), but is useful in evaluating obstruction or suspected perforation.15%), but is useful in evaluating obstruction or suspected perforation. CT is the diagnostic tool of choice for many abdominal conditionsCT is the diagnostic tool of choice for many abdominal conditions including pancreatitis, some trauma, and selected AAA, but is moreincluding pancreatitis, some trauma, and selected AAA, but is more costly and invasive than U/S for evaluating gallstones.costly and invasive than U/S for evaluating gallstones. HIDA scan is a useful adjunct if U/S results are inconclusive orHIDA scan is a useful adjunct if U/S results are inconclusive or acalculous cholecysititis is suspected.acalculous cholecysititis is suspected. Barium studies are useful for imaging in some GI conditions, especiallyBarium studies are useful for imaging in some GI conditions, especially suspected intussusception, but not for eval of GBsuspected intussusception, but not for eval of GB 148. Which of the following diagnostic study is mostWhich of the following diagnostic study is most useful in the evaluation of a patient in the acuteuseful in the evaluation of a patient in the acute stages of diverticulitis?stages of diverticulitis? a. CT scana. CT scan b. barium enemab. barium enema c. ultrasound of the abdomenc. ultrasound of the abdomen d. colonoscopyd. colonoscopy e. sigmoidoscopye. sigmoidoscopy 149. Answer AAnswer A Both endoscopy and barium enema areBoth endoscopy and barium enema are contraindicated in pts during acute stages ofcontraindicated in pts during acute stages of diverticulitis b/c of risk of perforation.diverticulitis b/c of risk of perforation. 150. A 28 y/o man has complaints of intermittent, colicky,A 28 y/o man has complaints of intermittent, colicky, periumbilical, and lower-quadrant pain for 24 hours. Theperiumbilical, and lower-quadrant pain for 24 hours. The patient admits to nausea and decreased appetite. He is afebrile.patient admits to nausea and decreased appetite. He is afebrile. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a. acute appendicitisa. acute appendicitis b. acute pancreatitisb. acute pancreatitis c. pyelonephritisc. pyelonephritis d. gastroenteritisd. gastroenteritis e. peptic ulcer diseasee. peptic ulcer disease 151. Answer DAnswer D The pain pattern is most consistent with a dx ofThe pain pattern is most consistent with a dx of gastroenteritis.gastroenteritis. Acute appendicitis typically causes periumbilical pain thatAcute appendicitis typically causes periumbilical pain that migrates to the RLQmigrates to the RLQ Acute pancreatitis radiates to the back or shoulderAcute pancreatitis radiates to the back or shoulder Pyelonephritis is loin to groinPyelonephritis is loin to groin PUD is typically located in the epigastrumPUD is typically located in the epigastrum 152. A 7 y/o boy presents with c/o flank pain, fever,A 7 y/o boy presents with c/o flank pain, fever, frequency, dysuria, and hematuria for 1 day. The UAfrequency, dysuria, and hematuria for 1 day. The UA shows >10 WBCs per high-powered field, RBCs, andshows >10 WBCs per high-powered field, RBCs, and WBC casts. Of the following, the most likelyWBC casts. Of the following, the most likely diagnosis is:diagnosis is: a. pyelonephritisa. pyelonephritis b. acute cystitisb. acute cystitis c. urethritisc. urethritis d. renal calculid. renal calculi e. urinary incontinencee. urinary incontinence 153. Answer AAnswer A Pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal parenchyma,Pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal parenchyma, accompanied by systemic sx such as fever, N/V and assocaccompanied by systemic sx such as fever, N/V and assoc with WBC casts in the urine.with WBC casts in the urine. In pediatric male pt, its occurrence would warrantIn pediatric male pt, its occurrence would warrant additional eval to r/o anatomic abnormalities in theadditional eval to r/o anatomic abnormalities in the urinary tracturinary tract 154. The most common cause of acute renal failure is :The most common cause of acute renal failure is : a. prerenal azotemiaa. prerenal azotemia b. acute parenchymal renal failureb. acute parenchymal renal failure c. exogenous nephrotoxinsc. exogenous nephrotoxins d. obstructive uropathyd. obstructive uropathy e. rhabdomyolysise. rhabdomyolysis 155. Answer AAnswer A Prerenal azotemia results from renal hypoperfusionPrerenal azotemia results from renal hypoperfusion and can be reversed upon restoration of blood flow.and can be reversed upon restoration of blood flow. It is not associated with structural damage to theIt is not associated with structural damage to the kidney and is the most common cause of acute renalkidney and is the most common cause of acute renal failure.failure. 156. y/o woman with amenorrhea is seen for vaginaly/o woman with amenorrhea is seen for vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. An ectopic pregnancy isbleeding and abdominal pain. An ectopic pregnancy is suspected. Which of the following would support thesuspected. Which of the following would support the suspicion?suspicion? a. enlarged boggy uterusa. enlarged boggy uterus b. ruptured fetal membranesb. ruptured fetal membranes c. adnexal massc. adnexal mass d. weak fetal heart beatd. weak fetal heart beat e. painless profuse bleedinge. painless profuse bleeding Answer CAnswer C Classic features of an ectopic pregnancy are abdominal pain,Classic features of an ectopic pregnancy are abdominal pain, bleeding, and adnexal mass in a pregnant woman.bleeding, and adnexal mass in a pregnant woman.