Activity 8-spinal cord-eye-ear-2
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Transcript of Activity 8-spinal cord-eye-ear-2
Activity #8:
Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves,
& Sensory Organs
Chapters 16 & 19 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.
Objectives:
• Identify structures in the gross anatomy of the spinal cord on both models and cadavers or wet specimens.
• Identify structures in the cross section of the spinal cord on classroom models.
• Identify the nerve plexuses and specific nerves from each.
• Identify structures from the human eye on models.
• Dissect a cow eye and identify the structures listed.
• Identify structures of the ear on classroom models.
• Histology: Observe and identify structures in a histology slide of the cochlea.
1Compilation: Lisa Radmall
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy
2
• Cervical enlargement
• Thoracic region
• Lumbar enlargement
• Conus medullaris
• Cauda equina
• Filum terminale
• Spinal Nerves
• Cervical (C1-C8)
• Thoracic (T1-T12)
• Lumbar (L1-L5)
• Sacral (S1-S5)
• Coccygeal (Co1)
• Denticulate Ligaments
Fig. 16.1
Spinal Cord: Cross Section
3
Spinal Cord: Cross Section
4
Spinal Cord: Meninges & Spaces
5Fig. 16.2a
Spinal Cord: Meninges & Spaces
6
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Spinal Nerves: Plexuses
7
• All ventral rami except T2-T12 form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses.
• Major nerve plexuses are found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions of the spinal cord.
• Each resulting branch of a plexus contains fibers from several spinal nerves.
• Thoracic spinal nerves T2-T12 do not form a plexus; branch to intercostal nerves.
• You will be responsible to know the listed nerves and (only) the muscles they innervate from your muscle anatomy labs.
Spinal Nerves: Cervical Plexus
8Fig. 16.8
Phrenic Nerve – Innervation of Diaphragm
9
Spinal Nerves: Brachial Plexus
10Fig. 16.9a
Spinal Nerves: Brachial Plexus
11
• Axillary nerve
• Median nerve (center of “M”)
• Musculotaneous nerve (lateral on “M”)
• Radial nerve
• Ulnar nerve (medial on “M”)
• Long thoracic nerve
• Medial pectoral nerve
• Lateral pectoral nerve
Fig. 16.9c
Brachial Plexus – Axillary Nerve
12
• Axillary nerve
• Innervation
• Deltoid
• Teres minor
Table 16.4
Brachial Plexus – Median Nerve
13
• Median nerve (center of “M”)
• Innervation: Anterior forearm muscles
• Pronator teres
• Flexor capri radialis
• Palmaris longus
• Flexor digitorum superficialis
• Flexor digitorum profundus
• Flexor pollicis longus
Table 16.4
Brachial Plexus – Musculocutaneous Nerve
14
• Musculotaneous nerve (lateral on “M”)
• Innervation
• Biceps brachii (both heads)
• Brachialis
Table 16.4
Brachial Plexus – Radial Nerve
15
• Radial nerve
• Innervation: Posterior arm muscles
• Triceps brachii (3 heads)
• Innervation: Posterior forearm muscles
• Brachioradialis
• Supinator
• Extensor carpi radialis
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor digitorum
• Extensor pollicis longus
• Extensor pollicis brevis
• Abductor pollicis longus
Table 16.4
Brachial Plexus – Ulnar Nerve
16
• Ulnar nerve (medial on “M”)
• Innervation
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Flexor digitorum profundus
• Most hand muscles
Table 16.4
Brachial Plexus – Long Thoracic Nerve
17
• Long thoracic nerve
• Innervation
• serratus anterior
Brachial Plexus – Pectoral Nerves
18
• Medial pectoral nerve
• Innervation
• Pectoralis Major
• Pectoralis Minor
• Lateral pectoral nerve
• Innervation
• Pectoralis Major
Spinal Nerves: Intercostal Nerves
19
• Intercostal Nerves
• Branch from spinal nerves
• Do NOT form a plexus
• Innervation: intercostal muscles
Fig. 16.7
Spinal Nerves: Lumbar Plexus
20Fig. 16.10
Lumbar Plexus – Femoral Nerve
21
• Femoral nerve
• Innervation: Anterior thigh
muscles
• Illiacus
• Psoas major
• Pectineus
• Sartorius
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus intermedius
Table 16.5
Lumbar Plexus – Obturator Nerve
22
• Obturator nerve
• Innervation: Medial thigh muscles
• Gracilis
• Adductor longus
• Adductor brevis
• Adductor magnus
• Pectineus
Table 16.5
Spinal Nerves: Sacral Plexus
23Fig. 16.11
Sacral Plexus – Gluteal Nerves
24
• Inferior gluteal nerve
• Innervation
• Gluteus maximus
• Superior gluteal nerve
• Innervation
• Tensor fasciae latae
• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus minimus
Sacral Plexus – Tibial Nerve
25
Sciatic nerve
(branches into tibial and common fibular nerve)
• Tibial nerve
• Innervation: Posterior thigh & leg
muscles
• Biceps femoris long head
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus
• Adductor magnus
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Popliteus
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Flexor hallicus longus
• Plantar surface of footTable 16.6
Sacral Plexus – Common Fibular Nerve
26
• Common fibular nerve
• Innervation: Biceps femoris (short head)
• Branches into deep and superficial fibular nerve
• Deep fibular nerve
• Innervation: Dorsal surface of foot
• Innervation: Anterior leg muscles
• Tibialis anterior
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Extensor hallicus longus
• Superficial fibular nerve
• Innervation: Lateral compartment
• Fibularis longus
• Fibularis brevis
Table 16.6
27
Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Lateral view
Orbital
fat pad
Palpebra
(eyelid)
28
Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Medial view
Extrinsic Eye Muscles – Innervation & Movement
29
The six (6) extrinsic eye muscles, innervation, and movement of the eye:
1. Inferior Oblique
• (CNIII) elevates and turns eye laterally
2. Inferior Rectus
• (CNIII) pulls eye inferiorly
3. Superior Rectus
• (CNIII) pulls eye superiorly
4. Medial Rectus
• (CNIII) pulls eye medially
5. Lateral Rectus
• (CNVI) pulls eye laterally
6. Superior Oblique
• (CNIV) depresses and turns eye laterally
Accessory Structures of the Eye
30Fig. 19.10
Layers of the Eye Wall
31
• Conjunctiva
• Surrounds most of eye, covers sclera
• Fibrous Tunic (outermost layer)
• Anterior cornea – Transparent and avascular. Nourished by lacrimal fluid.
• Posterior sclera – “White” of eye. Gives shape and protection to eye.
• Vascular Tunic (middle layer)
• Choroid – Capillary network. Supplies nutrients and oxygen to retina.
• Ciliary body & muscles – Smooth muscle & epithelium affect tension on
suspensory ligaments, altering shape of lens.
• Iris – Color of eye. Smooth muscle, controls pupil size & diameter.
• Neural Tunic (innermost layer)
• Retina – Pigmented layer provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells in
Neural layer.
Layers of the Eye Wall
32
Structures of the Eye
33
Ora serrata
Cavities of the Eye
34Fig. 19.16
Cow Eye: External & Internal Anatomy
35
Sensory Organ: The Ear
36
The ear is composed of three regions: the external ear, located mostly on
the outside of the head, and the middle and inner ear, which are housed
within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
Sensory Organ: The Ear
37Fig. 19.19
Structure of the Middle Ear
38Fig. 19.20
Structure of the Inner Ear
39Fig. 19.21
Structure of the Cochlea and Spiral Organ
40Fig. 19.26
Histology of Cochlea
41
Sensory Organ: The Ear
42Fig. 19.19
Auditory Transduction
43
Image References
44
3- studyblue.com
5-www.slccanatomy.com
6-
9- studyblue.com
17-
18-
24- https://web.duke.edu/anatomy/Lab13-15/lab13images/lab13-step4a.jpg
27-30- http://medical-transcriptionist-reference.blogspot.com/2012/05/eye-muscles.html
https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu
33- google
43- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeTriGTENoc
Accessory Structures of the Eye
45
Lacrimal caruncle
Nasolacrimal duct
Palpebra
(eyelid)