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Transcript of Active with the People's Republic of China
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CHINAACTIVE WITHTHE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
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China and the OECDA mutually beneficial partnership
Chinas economy has continued to grow strongly in recent years despite
a difficult international environment. Keeping up this performance in the
future, and ensuring that the benefits are enjoyed by all the population,
will require a new round of reforms in critical areas such as financial and
labour markets, land use, and the tax system, among many others.
The countrys new leadership has shown its determination to step up reforms and to further integrate China inthe global economy. Rebalancing is ongoing, externally and internally, paving the way for a more consumption-
led growth, and a new growth model based on higher value added products and innovation, as China catches up
with the global technological frontier. Considerable efforts have also been made to improve energy efficiency and
raise environmental standards. However, challenges remain and China is now at a crossroad to advance the reforms
needed to ensure broad, sustainable and equitable growth in the years to come.
The OECD continues to strengthen its cooperation with China in support of the countrys reform agenda.
Achieving prosperity through economic and social development has indeed been at the heart of our work since the
foundation of the Organisation more than fifty years ago. Together with our Member and Partner countries, we workto build a stronger, cleaner and fairer world economy. By bringing together the expertise of a wide range of countries
and policy communities, our evidence-based analysis and the accumulated experience of our Members and Partners,
we aim at informing and improving policy making in countries around the world, to the benefit of all.
The OECD has relevant expertise in many policy areas which feature as priorities for the Chinese leadership,
such as structural reform, social inclusion, urbanisation, education, green growth and good governance. As a major
economy and a source of innovative policy practices, China is a Key Partner to the OECD. The participation of Chinese
government officials in OECD Bodies and horizontal projects has increased over the years, enriching the policy debatewith new perspectives. China itself benefits from its active participation in the work of the Organisation, in areas such
as taxation and fiscal affairs, transport, science and technology and innovation policy.
The OECD takes pride in its co-operation with China. Today, with Chinas increasing importance as a dynamic
engine for the world economy, this partnership is more relevant than ever. We look forward to continuing to
strengthen and deepen this partnership. This brochure provides just a glimpse of the scope, depth and richness of our
joint work and highlights the great potential that lies ahead for our future cooperation in order to design, promote
and implement BETTER POLICIES FOR BETTER LIVES.
ANGEL GURRA, OECD Secretary-General
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CONTENTS. 1
EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 31
Seeking Best Practices of Social and Health Policies 32
Improving the Labour Market Prospects of Youth 34
Supporting SME Development and Strengthening
Local Skills 35
Fostering Skills through Education and Training 36
Promoting Effective Consumer Policy 37
INDUSTRY AND INNOVATION 38
Building a Knowledge Economy 39
Meeting Transport Infrastructure Needs 40
Developing First-Class Shipbuilding and Steel Capacities 41
Enhancing Chemical Safety 43
Boosting Tourism 45
ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY 46
Towards a Cleaner and Healthier Environment 47
Combating Climate Change 48
Water 49
Providing Clean and Affordable Energy 50
Developing Clean and Safe Nuclear Power 51
ANNEXES
Participation in OECD Bodies and Related Organisations 52
Adherence to OECD Instruments 52
Participation in OECD Asian Networks 52
THE OECD AND CHINA 2
SUSTAINABLE, BALANCED AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH 8
Maintaining Economic Resilience 9
Supporting Green Growth Initiatives 10
Promoting Regional Development and Urbanisation 11
Increasing Agricultural Productivity and Food Security 12
Promoting Development and Effective
Cooperation Worldwide 13
Better Data for Better Policies 15
SMOOTH FUNCTIONING OF MARKETS 16
Enhancing Cooperation on International Investment 17
Promoting Trade and Upgrading in Global Value Chains 18
Regulating Export Credits 19Promoting Sound Competition 20
Developing a Robust Financial System 21
Improving Financial Education 22
PUBLIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 23
Regulatory Reform and Administrative Simplification 24
Budgeting and Public Expenditures 25
Improving Tax Transparency and Compliance 26
Fighting Transnational Corruption 28
Enhancing Public Sector Integrity 29
Raising the Bar on Corporate Governance 30
CONTENTS
Contents
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2. ACTIVE WITH THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
The OECDs Global Relations strategy seeks to make the Organisation a more effective and
inclusive global policy network, in particular through the close cooperation with five Key
Partners (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa) and other dynamic emerging
economies worldwide. The OECD and China have a longstanding and mutually beneficial
relationship that has steadily developed since the mid-1990s.
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China participates in the substantive work of many of the OECDs specialised
Committees, where senior officials from member and partner countries meet to
advance ideas and review progress in specific policy areas, such as economics,
trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. China is Associate,
i.e. participating on equal footing with OECD members, in the Project on BaseErosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), International Transport Forum and the Global
Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. China is also
Participant in the Programme for International Student Assessment, the Committee
on Fiscal Affairs and its subsidiary bodies as well as the Committee for Scientific and
Technological Policy and its subsidiary bodies.
Moreover, information on China is now systematically incorporated in many of
the OECDs statistical databases, for instance the OutlooksandAt a Glanceseries.
Country-specific Policy Reviews of China such as the biennial Economic Surveysare
regularly produced, which allows the OECD to deepen its understanding of Chinas
policy environments and integrate its perspectives and innovative practices. China
also enjoys the opportunity to participate in all stages of discussions of key OECD
projects, especially those related to G20 mandates such as the BEPS project.
THE OECD AND CHINA. 3
JWang Jun, Commissioner of the Chinese State Administration of Taxation, and Angel Gurra, Secretary-General of the OECD, after Chinas signingof the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, August 2013, in Paris.
THEOECDANDCHINA
http://www.oecd.org/ctp/beps.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/http://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/http://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/http://www.oecd.org/pisa/http://www.oecd.org/ctp/beps.htm -
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The Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) is the key interlocutor coordinating the
cooperation between the OECD and the Chinese Government, with teams based
respectively in the Department of International Trade and Economic Affairs inBeijing, and in the Chinese Embassy in France. Over the years, it has played an
important role in developing and guiding this cooperation, which involves a broad
range of ministries and agencies. On the OECD side, the Global Relations Secretariat
coordinates OECDs relations with China and other non-members, as well as other
international organisations.
In November 2013, a joint OECD-MOFCOM Seminar on China-OECD Cooperation
was held in Beijing. 26 ministries and agencies were represented, as well as 18 OECD
countries and the EU. During the seminar, representatives of the MOFCOM, the
Office of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs, the Ministryof Education as well as the Development Research Centre of the State Council
expressed appreciation for the fruitful cooperation with the OECD.
OECD plays an influential role internationally in economic and social policy research. Its research
results, along with experiences of its member countries, provide valuable references for China in
deepening reform, further opening up and participating in global economic governance. In recent years,OECD has worked together with more partners and in more fields. It has not only extended its bilateral
communication and cooperation with non-members, but also actively engaged in global affairs. I believe
China and OECD hold great potentials in dialogues and cooperation. We can further win-win cooperation
on such issues as trade, investment, global value chain and green growth.
WANG SHOUWEN, ASSISTANT MINISTER OF COMMERCE
Keynote speech at the Seminar on China-OECD cooperation, 7 November 2013, in Beijing.
4. ACTIVE WITH THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
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In order to keep playing a key role
in global governance, the OECD must
adapt to globalisation. In a timewhen emerging countries including
China in particular are playing an
increasing role on the international
scene, we should find ways to work
with these new partners. Our cooperation with China
thus constitutes a priority in the relations between the
Organisation and the rest of the world.
PASCALE ANDREANI
Ambassador of France to the OECD
Chair of the External Relations Committee (which oversees the
Organisations overall global relations)
Chinas partnership with the
OECD has been long and fruitful.
As China enters an exciting newphase of market reforms, and all of
our countries seek more balanced,
inclusive and sustainable economic
approaches, there is scope for a
deepening of the relationship. The OECDs strengths in
domestic structural reform and standard-setting can lead
to enhanced and mutually beneficial cooperation in areas
such as urbanisation, healthcare, corporate governance,tax and green growth. I look forward to the China
Informal Reflection Group contributing to this effort in
2014 and beyond.
NICK BRIDGE
Ambassador of the United Kingdom to the OECD
Chair of the China Informal Reflection Group
THE OECD AND CHINA. 5
THEOECDANDCHINA
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Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative
Assistance in Tax Matters, Paris Declaration on Aid
Effectiveness, Declaration on Access to Research Data
from Public Funding, Declaration on International
Science and Technology Cooperation for Sustainable
Development and Agricultural Schemes and Codes:
Official Testing of Agriculture and Forestry Tractors.
Bringing China and other partner countries closer to
OECD instruments is an important priority for the
Organisation. Currently, a concerted effort is being
made to further integrate the perspectives of China
and other partner countries in the OECDs standard-
setting activities. In particular, the participation
of China and other Key Partner countries in the
development of new instruments and the revisionof existing ones is crucial to ensure their global
relevance. For China, a special programme has been
set up, supported and coordinated by MOFCOM, to
facilitate the participation of Chinese officials in the
discussion concerning the revision and development of
OECD instruments.
Instruments: Facilitating international coordinationand diffusion of best practices
The OECD has created several legal instruments,
which derive from the substantive work carried out
in the Organisations Committees. They are based on
in-depth analysis and reporting undertaken within
the Secretariat and cover a wide range of topics from
anti-corruption to environment. These instruments
are of different types. They can be formal agreements
ratified by countries, such as the OECD Conventionon Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in
International Business Transactions, and the Codes of
Liberalisation of Capital Movements and of Current
Invisible Operations. They can be standards and
models, for example the Standards of Transparency
and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, or
Recommendations, for example the Recommendation
on Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement. Theymay also take the form of Guidelines, for example the
Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.
In many cases, norms developed within the OECD
have become standards applicable worldwide.
China currently adheres to five OECD instruments:
6. ACTIVE WITH THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
http://webnet.oecd.org/OECDACTS/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=157&InstrumentPID=153&Lang=en&Book=http://webnet.oecd.org/OECDACTS/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=157&InstrumentPID=153&Lang=en&Book=http://webnet.oecd.org/OECDACTS/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=157&InstrumentPID=153&Lang=en&Book=http://webnet.oecd.org/OECDACTS/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=157&InstrumentPID=153&Lang=en&Book=http://webnet.oecd.org/OECDACTS/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=157&InstrumentPID=153&Lang=en&Book=http://webnet.oecd.org/OECDACTS/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=157&InstrumentPID=153&Lang=en&Book=http://webnet.oecd.org/OECDACTS/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=157&InstrumentPID=153&Lang=en&Book=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/exchangeoftaxinformationagreements.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/exchangeoftaxinformationagreements.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/exchangeoftaxinformationagreements.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/RecommendationOnFightingBidRigging2012.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/RecommendationOnFightingBidRigging2012.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/oecdguidelinesformultinationalenterprises.htmhttp://webnet.oecd.org/OECDACTS/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=157&InstrumentPID=153&Lang=en&Book=http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/oecdguidelinesformultinationalenterprises.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/RecommendationOnFightingBidRigging2012.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/exchangeoftaxinformationagreements.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htm -
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To cultivate like-mindedness and reinforce ties between
the Chinese administration and the OECD, a Programme
of Temporary Assignments for Chinese Government
Officials to the OECD was set up in 2012, co-financed by
the Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
The Programme gives Chinese mid-level officials the
opportunity to take part in the activities of the OECDin Paris for several months, on a specific assignment in
relation to their area of work. Through these stay, the
Chinese officials help their Ministry of origin gain a better
understanding of the OECD and its work, and in return
help the OECD better integrate Chinas perspectives in its
analyses.
In 2012-13, the Programme welcomed 11 Chinese officialsto work on policy issues identified as priority of the
governments 12th Five-Year Plan for National Economic
and Social Development. The assignments have covered a
wide range of policy areas, from urbanisation, innovation,
green growth and environment, to measuring well-being,
governments revenue management, aid effectiveness,
services trade restrictiveness index, and the latest project
on PISA for development. These officials have been sent
from the National Development and Reform Commission,
the Development Research Centre of the State Council,
Ministries of Finance, Commerce, Science and Technology,
Environmental Protection and Transport. They also form
the basis of the OECD-China alumni network.
Working in the OECD through temporary assignment
helps benefit the secondee with regard to gaining
knowledge, building network with experts inside
and outside the OECD, and improving professional
capacity. Moreover, it will contribute to the cooperation
between the OECD and the sending organisation when
the secondee can play a catalytic role in coordination
between both sides.
SHI XIAOYONG, Ministry of Science and Technology
Seconded to the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and
Industry. Between March 2013 and February 2014
Secondees:OECD-China alumni
THEOECDANDCHINA
THE OECD AND CHINA. 7
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8. ACTIVE WITH THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Like many countries in the world, China is confronted with the
challenges of transforming economic growth into sustainabledevelopment that benefits all citizens. Creating resilient economic
structures that can withstand external shocks, building liveable
cities and lowering urban-rural divides, improving agricultural
efficiency, and promoting global stability and prosperity through
effective development cooperation are all important issues for
China in moving towards a more balanced and inclusive growth.
SU
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How can economies increase resilience to resist to
economic shocks or recover quickly from them?
Does structural reform positively impact a countrys
economic resilience?
Through three series of publications, the OECD
examines macroeco nomic and structural policies
and developments, as well as their interaction. TheEconomic Outlook, released twice a year, analyses recent
developments in the global economy and provides
economic projections for 41 economies, including China.
Going for Growthprovides a comparative overview of
structural policy developments and reform priorities for
maintaining strong and stable growth across economies.
The 2013 edition highlighted the gains China could reap
from further education reform, stronger social protectionof migrants, and easier private sector entry in sectors
dominated by state-owned enterprises.
The Economic Surveys, published biennially for each
OECD member and Key Partner country, analyse major
economic challenges in those countries and propose
reform options drawing on international best practices.
The Third Economic Survey of China, prepared incooperation with Chinas State Information Centre, was
released in Beijing in March 2013. It focused on how to
keep growth strong and environmentally sustainable,
with an in-depth analysis of Chinas urbanisation process.
It also examined the need to reform the fiscal policy
framework in order to promote smooth growth while
ensuring governments at all levels can fund essential
public goods.
Maintaining economicresilience
The Surveywas well received by the Chinese authorities
and public, with appreciation expressed publicly by core
State entities such as the Office of the Central Leading
Group for Financial and Economic Affairs, the Research
Office of the State Council and the Central Party School of
China. Moreover, the reforms discussed in this Survey are
needed for China to become a high income country by the
end of the current decade. These include implementingfurther financial sector reforms, strengthening innovation
and competition, fostering inclusive urbanisation,
reforming sub-national finance to promote geographical
equity and facilitate urbanisation, and greening the
economy through concerted efforts. The next Survey,
scheduled to be released in 2015, will focus on human
capital and innovation, as well as on agriculture and rural
development.
www.oecd.org/eco
SUSTAINABLE, BALANCED AND INC LUSIVE GROWTH. 9
USTAINABLEGROWTH
SCAN TOREAD THE
SURVEY
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The world faces two major challenges: making lives
better for a global population set to rise to around
9 billion by 2050, and addressing environmental
pressures that, if left unchecked, could undermine
growth and development. Implementing green
growth policies can thus respond to these two
challenges.
The OECDs Green Growth Strategyis built upon
three reports Towards Green Growth, Towards Green
Growth: Monitoring Progress OECD Indicatorsand
Tools for Delivering on Green Growth through which
the OECD provides concrete and targeted advice to
member and partner countries as they design and
implement economic, environmental, investment
and innovation policies. When tailoring green growthstrategies to developing countries, the OECD assesses
the links between green growth and poverty reduction,
and identifies the changes needed in sectors such as
agriculture and infrastructure to make these more
supportive of sustainable development.
The OECD participates in the Task Force on Evaluation
and Prospects for a Green Transition Process in Chinaunder the China Council for International Cooperation
on Environment and Development (CCICED). The CCICED,
a high-level advisory body composed of leading experts
in the field of environment and development, has been
providing extensive support for China since 1992 in
building a resource-saving and environmentally friendly
society. So far, The OECD has hosted several expert
seminars with the Task Force members on issues relatedto green growth.
Supporting green growthinitiatives
China is also included in the research project Towards
Green Growth in Emerging and Developing Asia,
which seeks to promote green growth in countries of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in line
with the regions development objectives. The final report,
together with a database of green-growth indicators for
Asian countries, will be released in 2014. Beyond that, the
OECD has also been assessing policies for green growthin Asias fast-growing cities in the project Urban Green
Growth in Dynamic Asia.
www.oecd.org/greengrowth
www.oecd.org/greengrowth/asia.htm
10. ACTIVE WITH THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
SCAN TOREAD THE
REPORT
SU
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The OECD examines how territorial development
policies can best promote regional competitiveness
and effective and innovative territorial governance.
The OECD also sets standards to promote good
practices in regional policy.
Urban development is a key policy concern in China,
with the environmental and social sustainability ofcities increasingly prominent on the policy agenda.
In partnership with the China Development Research
Foundation, the OECD produced in 2013 a joint report
on Urbanisation and Green Growth in China, which
focused on how the central government could facilitate
the implementation of urban green growth policies
to meet the objectives highlighted in both the green
development and urbanisation pillars of Chinas 12thFive Year Plan. The 2013 report on The Competitiveness
of Global Port-Citiesincluded two case studies on how
to improve the port performance and governance of
Shanghai and Hong Kong, China.
In cooperation with the National Development and
Reform Commission (NDRC), the OECD is actively
conducting a National Urban Policy Review of China,which is expected to be completed by end-2014. The
Review will consider a wide range of national policies
affecting Chinas urban development.
The OECDs first territorial review of a Chinese region
was devoted to Guangdong Province, in 2010. The review
discussed how some OECD principles and best practices
on regional development could help address the
Promoting regional developmentand urbanisation
economic and environmental challenges the province
faced. In addition, several Chinese cities such as Dalian,
Tianjin, Qingdao and Yantai had also been included
in the study Trans-border Urban Cooperation in the Pan
Yellow Sea Region(2009).
To facilitate comparative analysis at a sub-national
level, the OECD has established comprehensive regionaland metropolitan databases on demographic, economic,
labour market and innovation. The OECD is working
actively with Chinas National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
to incorporate Chinese data into these databases.
www.oecd.org/gov/ruraldevelopment
www.oecd.org/gov/cities
SUSTAINABLE, BALANCED AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH. 11
STAINABLEGROWTH
SCAN TO READTHE REP ORT
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China has made major progress on food security: the
number of undernourished fell from 254 million in
1990-92 to 158 million in 2010, representing 73% of
the worldwide drop. Access to sufficient food remains
still a struggle for many households, especially among
the poorest in rural areas.
OECDs collaboration with China on agriculture-relatedissues has intensified in the past year. In October 2013, the
OECD and the Agricultural Trade Promotion Centre of the
Ministry of Agriculture organised in Beijing the workshop on
Policies to Enhance Agricultural Innovation and Productivity:
Focus on China. Participants discussed ways to ensure
that global agricultural productivity growth, particularly in
China, is sufficient to meet growing demand in a sustainable
manner. This effort falls within the context of Chinas keyagricultural directive (Document No.1) issued in 2012, which
focused on investment in agricultural science and technology
to help boost agricultural production and farmers incomes.
Policymakers and other stakeholders are interested in
knowing how much support governments provide to
agriculture and in what form, how this support has changed
over time, and how it compares between countries. TheOECD publishes its annual update of trends in the Producer
Support Estimatesindicator to monitor and evaluate the
level and composition of support provided to agriculture,
for member countries and a growing number of emerging
economies, including China. The results are published in
the reportAgricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation.The
2013 edition examined Chinas government interventions
in agricultural commodity markets in 2011-12, and the
corresponding impacts on trade and domestic economy.
Increasing agricultural productivityand food security
12. ACTIVE WITH THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
SCAN TOREAD THE
CHAPTER ONCHINA
The OECD and the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation
(FAO) publish jointly an annual Agricultural Outlook, which
includes detailed projections of the medium-term outlook
for commodities for major economies. The 2013 edition,
released in Beijing at the World Agricultural Outlook
Conference in June, featured a chapter on the prospects
and challenges in Chinas agro-food sector in the next
decade, which was prepared with the Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciences (CAAS). Collaboration with the CAAS
has further expanded in 2014: CAAS placed an analyst with
the OECD to work on the Outlook this year.
The OECD is also a key reference for the certification and
standardisation of certain agricultural and forestry inputs
and commodities, which aim to facilitate international trade.
China has been an active member of the OECD Tractor Codessince 1988, and is currently nearing completion of its formal
application to join the OECD Seed Schemes in 2014.
www.oecd.org/agriculture
www.oecd.org/agriculture/code
SUS
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The OECD Strategy on Development, adopted in the
2012 Ministerial Council Meeting, gives fresh impetus
to OECDs founding mission of contributing to the
development of all countries by sharing knowledge and
policy experiences. As Chinas international assistance
continues to expand, the OECD stands ready to support
China to improve its management of the South-South
Cooperation and the effectiveness of its foreign aid.
The OECDs Development Assistance Committee (DAC) is
a unique international forum where bilateral providers
of development cooperation and multilateral agencies
work together to improve the quantity and quality of their
development cooperation. It is actively engaging with China,
in particular through the China-DAC Study Group which was
formed in 2009 to share knowledge and exchange experienceson promoting growth and reducing poverty in developing
countries. The current focus of the Study Group is on the
evaluation of the effectiveness of development cooperation.
China participates in DAC High and Senior-Level Meetings, as
well as in the OECD Global Forum on Developmentand in the
OECD-WTOs work on tracking of aid for trade. Building on the
findings from two joint study visits to Tanzania and Zimbabwe,the China-DAC Study Group organised in Beijing in 2013 the
Roundtable on Effective Development Cooperation: Drawing
Lessons from Agricultural Development in Africa. The OECD
also organised in September 2013 with the PRC Embassy in
France a seminar to share views on promoting development.
www.oecd.org/dac
www.oecd.org/dac/cdsg
Promoting developmentand effective cooperation worldwide
Knowledge sharing through the Development Centre
As an independent platform for knowledge-sharing
between the OECD and non-member countries, the OECD
Development Centre works closely with developing
economies worldwide, through policy dialogues in areas
such as growth, poverty alleviation and the reduction of
inequality. Current members of the Centre include non
OECD countries such as Brazil, India, Indonesia, SouthAfrica, Thailand and Viet Nam.
The Centre has been collaborating with China since
the early 1980s. In recent years, cooperation has been
strengthened with the Development Research Centre (DRC)
of the State Council in the area of competitiveness in the
services industries, with focus on how productivity and
efficiency in services industries can be boosted to becomea more prominent driver of economic growth, employment
creation and more equitable income distribution. This
work will feed into the publication Perspectives on Global
Development2014, which will also include an analysis on
the different development paths of Brazil, Russia, India,
SUSTAINABLE, BALANCED AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH. 13
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Indonesia, South Africa and China. The publication is
regularly presented at DRC, the Chinese Academy of Social
Sciences (CASS) and more recently Renmin University.
The Perspectives on Global Development Industrial
Policies in a Changing Worldoffers a solid basis for
well-informed social and economic policies that
could facilitate Chinas transmission to a high income
country.
GAO SHI-JI: Director General, Institute for Resources
and Environmental Policy Studies, Development
Research Centre of the State Council, at the seminar onthe Perspectives on Global Development 2013 organised
with the DRC, 18 November 2013, in Beijing.
In addition, there have been continuous interactions
between China and the Centre regarding the latters
regional work in Emerging Asia, Africa and Latin
America. An Economic Outlook is published annually
for each region. The 2014 edition of the EconomicOutlook for Southeast Asia, China and Indiawas
dedicated to policy priorities for growing beyond
middle-income trap in Emerging Asia, with a country
note on China addressing in particular the role of local
governments in fiscal reforms. Beyond the Outlook,
China also plays an active role in the Regional
Roundtable on Macroeconomic Policies, Economic
and Development Planning, which is a platformfor open dialogue among Asian countries on near-
term macroeconomic and structural policies, jointly
organised by the OECD, the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic
Research Office (AMRO) and the Asian Development
Bank (ADB). In Africa, Chinas growing impact has been
at the core of the analysis on theAfrican Economic
Outlook: the 2013 edition discussed the potential of
Chinese foreign investments and trade in the natural
resources sector for Africas structural transformation.
Finally, cooperation with China on the Latin American
Outlookhas benefitted from frequent collaboration with
CASS in recent years.
The Centre launched in 2007 its Emerging Markets
Network (EmNet) initiative, which serves as a
platform for experience-sharing among OECD-based
multinational corporations and their counterparts in
emerging countries. China is active in EmNet through
the China International Council for the Promotion of
Multinational Corporations (CICPMC), an association
for business promotion linked to the Ministry ofCommerce. CICPMC-EmNet joint sessions have been
organised since 2010 in Beijing.
14. ACTIVE WITH THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT:Zhang Shaogang, Director General, MOFCOMs
Department of International Trade and Economic Affairs; Rintaro Tamaki,
Deputy Secretary General of the OECD; Carl Dahlman, Head of Global
Research of the OECD Development Centre, during an EmNet meeting in
Beijing, November 2013.
SUST
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The OECD maintains comprehensive databases
of comparable statistics to support its analytical
and policy work. The Organisation also develops
and promotes international statistical standards
and coordinates statistical activities with other
international organisations.
China has been included, for a number of yearsnow, in some of the most high profile and important
OECD databases.These include a range of short-
term economic statistics, for example, international
trade, monthly financial statistics such as monetary
aggregates and interest rates, balance of payments,
production indices, and prices. These frequently-
consulted statistics provide an overview and
comparison of recent international economicdevelopments and are used in the modelling of the
business cycle. Additionally, China has been included
in the National Accounts databases and in 2012 its
quarterly GDP in volume terms were published for the
first time. The OECD Factbook,an extensive, annual
compilation of economic, environmental and social
statistics, features a growing range of Chinese statistics
covering a widening selection of statistical topics.
A crucial element of the deeper engagement between
the OECD and China is the development of the full
range of standardised, comprehensive statistical
indicators as the basis for making meaningful
comparisons between China and OECD partner
countries.To this end, a technical dialogue with Chinas
NBS has been ongoing since 1996, in particular in the
Better datafor better policies
area of National Accounts. Furthermore, the OECD is
leading work in areas such as international trade in
value added (TiVA), green growth and gender indicators
that will help to ensure international statistics to
remain relevant and meaningful.
In 2013, China was included in the OECD publication
Hows Life? Measuring Well-being.Representatives ofthe Development Research Centre of the State Council
participated through secondment to work closely with
the Organisation for the OECD Better Life Initiative.
www.oecd.org/std
www.oecd.org/statistics/howslife .htm
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Well-functioning markets are essential to growth
and development. In China, reform and opening-
up has been the key to its economic success
over the past three decades. While the public
sector remains a pillar of the Chinese economy,
the market is expected to play a decisive role in
allocating resources. Making rules more open, fair,
transparent and predictable for trade, investment,
competition and financial sector is key to the
success of reform in China.
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International investment has played a central role in
Chinas successful integration in the global economy.
China is now a major investor abroad, especially
in developing regions. As such, China has a strong
interest in an open, fair and rules-based international
investment regime.
The OECD promotes investment policy reform andinternational investment cooperation, with a view to
enhancing the contribution of international investment
to growth and sustainable development. In particular,
the OECD monitors investment protectionism in the
context of the G20, produces statistics on foreign direct
investments, and develops international instruments and
tools which are used worldwide, such as the Declaration
on International Investment and MultinationalEnterprises, the Codes of Liberalisation of Capital
Movements, the Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible
Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected
and High-Risk Areas, and the Policy Framework for
Investment. The OECD also hosts the inter-governmental
Freedom of Investment (FOI) Roundtable, through which
governments exchange information and experiences on
investment policies and emerging issues for instance,recipient countries policies towards sovereign wealth
funds, international investment law and the investor-state
dispute settlement system.
Enhancing cooperationon international investment
China, as a major capital-importing and exporting
country, has made important contributions to enriching
the discussions in investment-related areas in the OECD.
China has contributed throughout the years to a wide
range of OECD activities, including the FOI Roundtable
and the Global Forum on International Investment, and
is expected to be involved in the update of the Policy
Framework for Investment. At the invitation of theChinese government, the OECD is also a permanent co-
sponsor of two major annual investment events in China,
the China International Fair for Investment and Tradeand
the China Overseas Investment Fair.
www.oecd.org/daf/investment
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Trade liberalisation has played a key role in Chinas
economic transformation. Developing the multilateral
trading system and keeping markets open is of
mutual interest for the OECD and China, as both share
a strong interest in promoting a better understanding
of global value chains (GVCs) and their trade policy
implications.
The OECD has a long history of studying value chain
dynamics. Most recently, the OECD-WTO Trade in Value
Added (TiVA) database was developed to measure trade in
value added terms and to generate new insights about the
commercial relations among economies and the process
of value creation. The second release of the database in
May 2013 provided metrics that more precisely measure
the value of goods and services traded in 57 economies,including China, covering the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008
and 2009 and broken down by 18 industries. Further work
on the mapping of GVCs will provide additional evidence
on the position and role of China in GVCs. In addition,
the policy implications of GVCs across different domains
trade, investment, upgrading and competiveness are
also under examination.
At the invitation of the Chinese government, the OECD
is a co-sponsor of the China Beijing International Fair for
Trade in Services and is invited to co-organise a Global
Forum on Services in GVCs with MOFCOM at the event
this year. Additionally, the OECD is compiling a regulatory
database of services regulations, encompassing 17
services sectors and sub-sectors in 40 countries, including
China. This qualitative database is being complementedby quantified indices of services trade restrictiveness
Promoting trade and upgradingin global value chains
(the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index STRI) which
provide the information needed to assess the impact of
planned domestic reforms, and to guide their sequencing
and successful implementation. The indices will be
indispensable for trade negotiators as they consider
different options and approaches to liberalisation. An
official from MOFCOM worked on the STRI project at the
OECD in 2013.
The OECD Trade Facilitation Indicatorsidentify priority
areas for reform in order to improve border procedures
and reduce trade costs for countries at various stages of
development. The OECD-MOFCOM conference on trade
facilitation, which took place in Beijing in July 2013,
allowed the exchange of information on related OECD
work and Chinas endeavours to modernise the customsand border process and promote trade facilitation.
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http://oe.cd/tiva
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Eliminating subsidies and unfair practices in economiccompetition helps form the foundation of a healthy
and dynamic global economy. OECD export credits
work is precisely one of the basic building blocks of
the ever growing structure of global trade agreements
that aim to maintain open and efficient markets.
The OECD provides a forum for discussion and
coordination of national export credit policies relating to
Regulating exportcredits
good governance issues, such as anti-bribery measures,environmental and social due diligence, and sustainable
lending. OECD-housed rules ensure that export credit
programmes conform to anti-subsidy obligations made
under the auspices of the WTO and contribute to open
markets and fair trade.
The Arrangement on Officially Supported Export
Credits stipulates the most generous financial terms
and conditions for officially supported export credits.
The resulting export credits disciplines apply first and
foremost to OECD members. However, many non-
members, including Brazil, China, India and South Africa,
are invited to participate and/or observe meetings of the
Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees
and of the Participants of the Arrangement.
www.oecd.org/trade/xcred
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The discussion on global value
chains (GVCs) has made significant
progress. It has established the
positive correlation between trade
and peoples welfare, growth andemployment. It has also highlighted
the many areas that need to be
improved in trade statistics and policies. These findings
will help foster an international trade environment
of greater freedom, equality and inclusiveness ()
China has taken an active part in the study on GVCs.
We will work closely with the WTO and the OECD and
further participate in the discussion on the impact of
GVCs on trade policies.
H.E. AMBASSADOR YU JIANHUA,
Deputy International Trade Representative of China
and Former Assistant Minister of Commerce
Intervention during the Trade Session at the Ministerial Council
Meeting, 30 May 2013, Paris
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Regulatory barriers to competition can potentially
hamper development and prevent consumers from
benefiting from economic growth.
In order to promote sound competition principles
and build mutual understanding and cross-border
convergence, the OECD has developed international best
practices on cooperation between competition enforcers,on hard core cartels and on assessment of government
policies for anti-competitive effects. A Competition
Assessment Toolkit provides a checklist methodology
to review laws and regulations that could restrain
competition. The OECD has also developed Guidelines
for Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement to assist
governments in raising awareness of the risks and costs of
collusion in public procurement.
Promoting soundcompetition
During the early stages of implementation of Chinas
Anti-Monopoly Law, the OECD held a series of capacity
building events with judges from Chinas Supreme
Peoples Court and officials from MOFCOM, NDRC and the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce. In 2010
and 2011, OECD, ADB and MOFCOM jointly hosted the
first meetings on competition policy of the State Councils
Anti-Monopoly Commission, bringing together seniorofficials from a wide range of State entities.
Since then, cooperation with China has expanded
as Chinas competition authorities increase their
enforcement capabilities. Officials from China frequently
attend meetings of the Competition Committee and
participate in the Competition Programme of the OECD/
Korea Policy Centre. Following a training session incompetition law provided by the Korea Centre in 2012 in
Beijing, another workshop is now being planned in 2014
specifically for the Chinese authorities.
In 2013, the OECDs Competition Committee embarked
on an ambitious programme to promote and improve
cross-border cooperation in enforcing competition law.
As business becomes more globalised, competitionauthorities increasingly face the need to work together.
Further simplifying and improving cooperation will
remain a focus of the OECDs work in competition
through, and most likely beyond, 2014.
www.oecd.org/competition
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The OECD promotes efficient, open, stable and sound
market-oriented financial systems, based on high
levels of transparency, confidence and integrity. It
monitors and surveys current market developments
and structural changes, publishing its key findings in
the biannual publication Financial Market Trends.
The OECD also assesses and develops reform measuresrelated to banking, securities and institutional investors
(in particular, insurance companies and private pension
schemes). In addition, it facilitates policy dialogue and
exchange of experiences, for instance, on capital market
reform, financial education and financial consumer
protection.
In China, good macroeconomic fundamentals, soundregulations and a limited exposure to international
markets have helped to promote the smooth functioning
of the financial system and to shield it from major
Developing a robustfinancial system
repercussions of the global economic and financial
crisis. However, strong credit growth risks have been
accumulating, especially in the shadow banking sector,
which will bear watching and may require further policy
action. Moving forward, China will continue to integrate
and gain importance in world financial markets as
a result of its economic growth and rising shares in
world trade and investment.
China participates in the OECD/ADB Institute
Roundtable on Capital Market Reform in Asia, the
OECD Global Forum on Public Debt Managementas
well as the OECD/World Bank/IMF Global Bond Market
Forum. China attended the first Asian Roundtable on
Financial Consumer Protection and has contributed to
and supported the work of the G20/OECD Task Force onFinancial Consumer Protection.
www.oecd.org/daf/fin
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The global financial crisis brought to the forefront
the need for comprehensive financial education
programmes in economies at different stages of
development. Financial education is necessary to
develop awareness and skills among both consumers
and investors.
China in particular needs to enhance access to and useof financial services for its citizens, particularly in remote
and underserved areas of the country. It should also
support investor education in order to promote better
investment habits by its middle class and the wealthier
members of society.
China is currently developing its National Strategy for
Financial Education, which follows the recommendationsof the OECD in this respect and is based on the
cooperation between public authorities with an interest
and mandate in financial consumer empowerment,
as detailed in Chinas contribution to the G20-OECD
PublicationAdvancing National Strategies for Financial
Educationunder the Russian Presidency in 2013.
Shanghai-China also participated in 2012 in the first ever
Financial Literacy Assessment in the OECD Programmefor International Student Assessment (PISA).
Improving financialeducation
The OECD formulates recommendations through the
International Network on Financial Education (INFE)
and through its participation in the work of the G20.
Established in 2008, the OECD/INFE brings together public
experts from more than 270 public institutions and 107
economies in order to undertake analytical work and
develop good practices. China has a strong presence in
this network. Official members include the Peoples Bankof China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and
the China Institute for Educational Finance Research.
www.oecd.org/finance/financial-education
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China is committed to develop a modern legal,
institutional and regulatory framework for a market
economy. Good governance of the public and privatesectors requires streamlining the administration,
reforming tax and fiscal relations across levels of
government, combating corruption in business and
public sectors, and strengthening the efficiency and
transparency of corporate practices for both private
and state-owned enterprises.
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Regulatory policy touches many aspects in every
sector of the economy and affects the everyday life of
businesses and citizens.
Through the Guiding Principles for Regulatory Quality and
Performance and the APEC-OECD Integrated Checklist on
Regulatory Reform, the OECD helps countries to design
and implement regulations to enhance the functioningof markets, protect health, safety and environment,
deregulate when appropriate and encourage more open
competition. The OECD also works on administrative
simplification, regulatory compliance and enforcement,
regulatory impact assessment, transparency and
communication, and alternatives to regulation.
While China has made enormous progress in developinga modern legal and regulatory foundation for a market
economy, important challenges remain. These include
further clarification of the scope of state ownership,
reform of relations among central and local governments
to ensure greater policy coherence, firmer establishment
of the rule of law, and the strengthening of regulatory
institutions and processes.
Regulatory reform andadministrative simplification
The Regulatory Reform Review of China, conducted
in cooperation with the NDRC in 2009, advised the
government to improve its regulatory capabilities,
ensure transparency of regulation and simplify, revise
or eliminate regulation when necessary. In March
2013, the Plan on Structural Reforms and Functional
Transformation of the State Council set out a new
institutional framework for regulating various sectorsand announced important administrative and regulatory
reforms in terms of reducing the States intervention in
economic activities. The OECD is currently developing
a set of Best Practice Principles for the Governance
of Regulators, which can provide a useful reference
for China as to the level of independence, funding,
management and organisation of regulators.
www.oecd.org/gov/regref
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Maintaining fiscal discipline, allocating resources to
where they are most valued, and achieving greater
efficiency in government operations have a crucial
impact on overall national economic performance.
The OECD carries out research across the full range of
budgeting issues through reviews of country budgeting
systems and comparative analysis of specific aspects ofthe budgeting, and maintains a comprehensive Database
on International Budget Practices and Procedures. The
results of this work are published in the OECD Journal on
Budgeting.
The OECD has collaborated with the Chinese Ministry
of Finance on the design of reforms for the budget
formulation and implementation process since the1990s. In addition, the OECD has worked with the
Budgeting andpublic expenditures
National Peoples Congress in reforming the budget
approval process. Currently, cooperation with China
focuses on the issue of the public governance of public-
private partnership (PPPs) arrangements.
China is also an active participant in the OECDs Senior
Budget Officials Regional Network for Asia, which brings
together budget directors and senior officials from Asianand OECD countries in order to share policy experiences
and discuss common budgetary issues. The work of
this Network is based on three pillars: cross-country
analytical studies in order to identify best practices; peer
reviews or profiles of the budgeting systems of countries
in the region; and a database of budget institutions and
practices in the Asian region.
www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting
PUBLIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE. 25
GOVERNANCE
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Since the mid-1990s, the OECD is committed to
interaction with China on domestic tax reform and
on enhancing international tax cooperation in a
partnership, through which tax officials work at the
front line to exchange opinions on key policy issues
and to shape together the international tax landscape.
In the past 20 years, cooperation with China has resultedin the delivery of around 120 technical training events
on taxation, attended by more than 15,000 Chinese
tax officials. The events have helped China implement
taxation and administrative measures that are in line
with international best practices and standards.
Since 2004, China has been a regular and active
Participant in the OECD Committee on Fiscal
Affairs. China is also a member of the Forum on
Tax Administration, which brings together the Tax
Commissioners from over 40 economies to improve tax
compliance, as well as an Associate in the joint OECD/
G20 project on Base Erosion and Profiting Shifting, which
aims to give governments the domestic and international
instruments to prevent corporations from paying little or
no taxes.
China plays a leading role in the Global Forum on
Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax
Purposes as Vice-Chair of the Steering Group. The Forum,
gathering about 120 OECD and non-OECD jurisdictions,
monitors the implementation of internationally-agreed
standards on transparency and exchange of information
for tax purposes through country peer reviews.
Additionally, China is also a member of the Steering
Improving tax transparencyand compliance
Group of the newly launched Global Forum on Transfer
Pricing as well as the Global Forum on Value Added Tax.
In April 2013, the State Administration of Taxation and
the OECD signed a Memorandum of Understanding
which sets out a wide range of areas of cooperation on
tax policies. In August 2013, China signed the Multilateral
Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in TaxMatters, which is a multilateral agreement designed
to facilitate international cooperation among tax
authorities to improve their ability to tackle tax evasion
and avoidance and ensure full implementation of their
national tax laws, while respecting the fundamental
rights of taxpayers.
www.oecd.org/taxation
www.oecd.org/tax/globalrelations
26. PUBLIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
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G
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PUBLIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE. 27
Commissioner of Chinas State Administration of Taxation WANG Jun, with the OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurra, at the signing ceremony of
Chinas adherence to the OECD Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, on 27 August 2013 in Paris.
GOVERNANCE
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As China expands its global trade and investment
network, Chinese companies encounter increased risk
of corruption in the global marketplace.
China has participated in meetings of the WGB since 2007.
In October 2010, the OECD and the Ministry of Supervision
(MOS) jointly organised a technical seminar on foreign
bribery and the Convention. In May 2011 Chinas foreign
bribery offence came into effect. As a member of the G20
Anti-Corruption Working Group, China has joined other
G20 members in formally calling for active engagement
with the WGB with a view to exploring adherence to the
Convention. In addition, China has been a member of the
ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the
Pacific since 2005, and has endorsed the ADB/OECD Anti-
Corruption Action Plan for Asia and the Pacific. In August
2014 in Harbin, the OECD will co-organise with MOS a
workshop on the bribery of foreign public officials in the
margins of the meeting of the APEC Anti-Corruption Task
Force Working Group.
Becoming a Party to the Anti-Bribery Convention
would enable China to more effectively contribute
to international standards and policy making on
foreign bribery, and actively participate in monitoring
implementation of these standards by its trade and
investment partners and competitors. The reputation for
clean and transparent conduct by Chinese enterprises
in cross-border business would increase with Chinas
adherence to the Convention. Meanwhile, foreign
companies doing business in China would be more
reluctant to engage in corrupt activities in China,
thus contributing to sustainable economic growth.
Fighting transnationalcorruption
Enforcement of Chinas bribery laws would also be
enhanced, due to the Convention framework for providing
effective legal assistance in trans-border bribery
investigations and proceedings, including confiscation
of bribe proceeds. Moreover, accession to the Convention
would provide China with an important platform for
sharing its good practices, including for preventing and
detecting corrupt activities by state-owned enterprises
conducting business in foreign markets.
www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/
www.oecd.org/site/adboecdanti-corruptioninitiative/
www.oecd.org/corruption
28. PUBLIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
GO
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There are growing concerns in China to ensure that
the integrity of public decisions is not compromised
by public officials private interests, and that waste in
the public sector is minimised.
The new leadership of the Central Commission for
Discipline Inspection (CCDI) have vowed to speed up
anti-corruption efforts in the public sector and proposedto improve regulations governing the conduct of public
servants. The OECD stands ready to support the CCDI and
the Ministry of Supervision by providing hands-on policy
advice on the instruments, processes and structures to
effectively map and mitigate integrity risks, implement
a code of conduct, support education and manage asset
disclosures in order to build a culture of integrity in the
public sector.
More widely, Asian countries have paid increasing
attention to the need to enhance public sector integrity
systems. In supporting these efforts, in July 2013 in Dili,
Timor-Leste, the 12th Regional Seminar of the ADB/
OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific
shared experiences of Asian countries in designing and
implementing an effective whistle-blower protection
system. The seminar also discussed ways to strengthen
anti-corruption agencies in the region.
www.oecd.org/gov/ethics
Enhancing public sectorintegrity
OVERNANCE
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30. PUBLIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The rapid growth of the Chinese economy and the
expansion of Chinas equity markets have pushed
corporate governance high on the national reform
agenda. Healthy capital markets and efficient,
transparent corporate practices are essential for
growth and innovation. The degree of state ownership
in both listed and unlisted companies is a source of
concern to domestic and foreign competitors. As China
is an important player in the world economy, efforts to
reform its governance practices are of global relevance.
For over a decade, the OECD has engaged closely with China
to support its reform efforts and benefit from its experience.
This cooperation takes place through the Corporate
Governance Committee, the Working Party on State
Ownership and Privatisation Practices, the Asian Roundtable
on Corporate Governance and the China-OECD Policy
Dialogue on Corporate Governance. Two OECD instruments,
the Principles of Corporate Governance(Principles) and the
OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned
Enterprises(Guidelines) serve as references for this work.
The Principles, used across the globe as a reference point for
domestic reforms, are intended to help countries evaluate
and improve their legal, institutional and regulatory
framework for corporate governance, and to provide
guidance and suggestions for stock exchanges, investors,
corporations and other parties involved in the development
of good corporate governance. They are recognised by the
Financial Stability Board (FSB) as one of the key standards
for international financial stability, and form the basis for
the corporate governance component of the World Bank
Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes.
Raising the baron corporate governance
The Guidelines, developed based on the Principles, take
as a starting point that state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
should be as accountable to the general public as private
enterprises should be to their shareholders. They help
governments organise their ownership and regulatory
roles, while ensuring efficient and transparent governance
of individual SOEs. Well-governed SOEs can in turn help
boost national competitiveness and limit the risk of
fiscal drainage. Furthermore, SOEs which operate with
higher standards of governance are also better equipped
to pursue commercial and non-commercial priorities
instructed by their government owners.
In 2014, the OECD is undertaking a review of the Principles
and the Guidelines. China, alongside other FSB members,
has been invited to participate in the review as an
Associate, i.e. on an equal footing with OECD members, so
as to ensure that the updated standards truly reflect an
international perspective. In autumn 2013, two seminars
were organised in Beijing to facilitate Chinas participation
in the revision of the two instruments by deepening its
understanding of the review process, the relevance of the
instruments and possible issues for review. Both seminars
featured high-level representatives of the relevant Chinese
government organs. The Chinese Securities Regulatory
Commission and the State-owned Assets Supervision
and Administration Commission of the State Council
respectively have confirmed a willingness to take part in
the revision processes of the two instruments.
www.oecd.org/daf/corporateaffairs
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China has increased its efforts to put in place an efficient andequitable welfare model, covering a greater proportion of its
population. Health, pensions, education, vocational training
and consumer policy are key components of the Chinese
social security system. All these are essential to enhancing
human capital, increasing social cohesion and achieving more
inclusive economic growth.
EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. 31
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SOCIETY
OECDs work on social policy
covers a wide range of issues
and continuously seeks new best
practices with regard to changing
socio-demographic factors and
labour market conditions.
In December 2011, the OECD published jointly with
the OECD/Korea Policy Centre Society at a Glance
Asia/Pacific, which includes a special focus on unpaid
work and the ways to facilitate womens access to
employment in China. A new edition is scheduled for
publication in the coming summer, which will feature
a special chapter on gender equality in education,
employment and entrepreneurship (the three Es) in
Asian countries, as well as 25 social indicators.
In the context of the OECD Gender Initiative, a report
on Closing the Gender Gap: Act Nowwas published in
Seeking best practicesof social and health policies
December 2012, together with the new OECD Gender
Data portal that covers OECD members and Brazil,
China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The
report examined latest trends on gender equality in
the three Es and discussed ways to best close the
remaining gender gaps in these areas.
www.oecd.org/els/social/indicators/asia
www.oecd.org/gender/equality
PENSIONS
China is facing considerable
socioeconomic and demographic
shifts that call for continued
pension reforms to offer greater
protection to citizens while
keeping costs in check.
The OECD analyses retirement income systems,
providing a reference for pension comparison across the
32. EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
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OECD and the Asia-Pacific region. The OECD also works
with Chinese authorities on general pension reform and
risk awareness and reduction initiatives. The biennial
publication Pensions at a Glance Asia/Pacificcovers 11
economies within the Asian region, including China, and
presents key pension indicators such as replacement
rates and pension wealth. The 2013 edition provided a
reference for pension comparison throughout the region
www.oecd.org/els/social/pensions
HEALTH
As the global financial and
economic crisis is forcing countries
to seek ways to rein in public
spending, health systems need
to increase their efficiency and
deliver value for money.
The OECD monitors health-related data such as health
status, health care resources, expenditure and financing,
as well as indicators on the quality of care in OECD and
Asia/Pacific economies. It advises countries on policies
to prevent disease and improve health-system efficiency
through care coordination and the implementation of
information technologies. The OECD also helps countries
design pharmaceutical policies and address future
health workforce and long-term care needs.
The OECD is increasing its reach to China and other
countries in the region. Much of this work with Chinas
health authorities has been conducted through the Korea
Policy Centre, which organises meetings and workshops
to exchange policy experience between China and the
region to promote the use of health expenditure data
and foster quality improvement programmes. The 2012
edition of Health at a Glance: Asia/Pacificpresented a set
of key indicators on health systems for 27 Asia/Pacific
economies. The report showed notably that Chinas
per capita health expenditure was still lower than the
regional average in 2010, although the figure had been
progressing rapidly over the past 10 years. China